{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/qv3bz62f2w/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Birnbaum, Bernard"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2001-12-04 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Birnbaum, Bernard (1936-2006) (Interviewee)","Ghitis, Sara (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBernard Birnbaum was interviewed by Sara Ghitis on December 4, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eBernard Albert Birnbaum was born in Paris, France in 1936. He was the only child of Georges and Pesla Birnbaum. While his family escaped the Vel d’Hiv roundups in 1942, his father was later shot by the Germans. With the help of the underground, Bernard and his mother survived the rest of the war in hiding.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Bernard and his mother returned to their apartment in Paris and resumed their lives. After finishing school, Bernard was drafted into the French Army. He served two years in Algeria and Morocco. Upon his discharge, Bernard determined to leave Europe.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1960, Bernard immigrated to the United States. He lived in New York City, making his living first as a cart pusher, a dry cleaner, and later a clothing salesman. IN 1962, he met Anna Zwern, the daughter of Holocaust survivors. They were married in 1966 and soon moved to California. Bernard went to work for a fabric company as a salesman and eventually became an executive with the company. Bernard and Anna had one son and one daughter.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1974, Bernard and Anna moved their family to Atlanta, Georgia. Bernard started his own successful textile import company in 1983, where he continued to work in until his death. He was a member of Congregation Or VeShalom and Hemshech where he served on the board in recent years. Bernard established the Anne \u0026amp; Bernard Birnbaum Holocaust Education Fund in the hope of providing continuity for educating adults and children about the Holocaust and need for teaching tolerance. Bernard passed away on December 9, 2006.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eBernard recollects his early childhood in Paris. He recounts his parents’ backgrounds. Bernard talks about hiding in a church and narrowly escaping discovery. He remembers life after liberation. Bernard recalls his life after he and his mother returned to Paris. He explains his involvement in a Zionist group and ties to Israel. Bernard talks about the antisemitism he encountered in France after the war. He recounts his family’s luck in escaping the Vel d’Hiv roundups. Bernard discusses his experiences serving in Algeria after he was drafted into the French Army. He remembers the antisemitism he encountered in the army. Bernard talks about his desire to leave Europe. He remembers his first years in the United States, adjusting to a new language and culture. Bernard shares why his Jewish identity is important to him. He talks about meeting his wife and beginning his career. Bernard introduces his children. He credits his survival on luck. Bernard recalls his family’s interactions with the Atlanta Jewish community. He reacts to the September 11th attacks and shares his thoughts on Palestinian-Israel conflicts. The interview closes with Bernard’s thoughts on his faith and his hopes for future generations.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28923"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Birnbaum, Bernard (personal name)","Birnbaum, Annie Zwern (personal name)","Gomulka, Wladyslaw (1905-1982) (personal name)","de Gaulle, Charles (1890-1970) (personal name)","Disraeli, Benjamin (1804-1881) (personal name)","Netanyahu, Benjamin (b. 1949) (personal name)","Ichay, Rabbi Solomon Robert (1929-2012) (personal name)","Bin Laden, Osama (1957-2011) (personal name)","Chamberlain, Arthur Neville (personal name)","Jabotinsky, Vladimir (1880-1940) (personal name)","Begin, Menachem (1913-1992) (personal name)","Beilin, Yosef (b. 1948) (personal name)","Arafat, Yasser (1929-2004) (personal name)","Sadat, Anwar (1918-1981) (personal name)","Velodrome d'Hiver (corporate name)","Zim Lines (corporate name)","Vichy Government (corporate name)","French Army (corporate name)","Likud (corporate name)","Congregation Or VeShalom (corporate name)","Eternal Life-Hemshech (corporate name)","Chelm, Poland (geographic term)","Paris, France (geographic term)","Montfermeil, France (geographic term)","Le Puy-en-Velay, France (geographic term)","Morocco (geographic term)","Algeria (geographic term)","Brooklyn, New York (geographic term)","Catskills Mountains (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Nazis (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) (topical term)","Liberation (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","Zionism (topical term)","Kaddish (topical term)","Inquisition (topical term)","Crusades (topical term)","Pogroms (topical term)","Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship (topical term)","American Soviet Jewry Movement (topical term)","Yom HaShoah (topical term)","September 11, 2001 (topical term)","Camp David (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBernard Birnbaum was interviewed by Sara Ghitis on December 4, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBernard Albert Birnbaum was born in Paris, France in 1936. He was the only child of Georges and Pesla Birnbaum. While his family escaped the Vel d\u0026rsquo;Hiv roundups in 1942, his father was later shot by the Germans. With the help of the underground, Bernard and his mother survived the rest of the war in hiding.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Bernard and his mother returned to their apartment in Paris and resumed their lives. After finishing school, Bernard was drafted into the French Army. He served two years in Algeria and Morocco. Upon his discharge, Bernard determined to leave Europe.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1960, Bernard immigrated to the United States. He lived in New York City, making his living first as a cart pusher, a dry cleaner, and later a clothing salesman. IN 1962, he met Anna Zwern, the daughter of Holocaust survivors. They were married in 1966 and soon moved to California. Bernard went to work for a fabric company as a salesman and eventually became an executive with the company. Bernard and Anna had one son and one daughter.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1974, Bernard and Anna moved their family to Atlanta, Georgia. Bernard started his own successful textile import company in 1983, where he continued to work in until his death. He was a member of Congregation Or VeShalom and Hemshech where he served on the board in recent years. Bernard established the Anne \u0026amp; Bernard Birnbaum Holocaust Education Fund in the hope of providing continuity for educating adults and children about the Holocaust and need for teaching tolerance. Bernard passed away on December 9, 2006.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBernard recollects his early childhood in Paris. He recounts his parents\u0026rsquo; backgrounds. Bernard talks about hiding in a church and narrowly escaping discovery. He remembers life after liberation. Bernard recalls his life after he and his mother returned to Paris. He explains his involvement in a Zionist group and ties to Israel. Bernard talks about the antisemitism he encountered in France after the war. He recounts his family\u0026rsquo;s luck in escaping the Vel d\u0026rsquo;Hiv roundups. Bernard discusses his experiences serving in Algeria after he was drafted into the French Army. He remembers the antisemitism he encountered in the army. Bernard talks about his desire to leave Europe. He remembers his first years in the United States, adjusting to a new language and culture. Bernard shares why his Jewish identity is important to him. He talks about meeting his wife and beginning his career. Bernard introduces his children. He credits his survival on luck. Bernard recalls his family\u0026rsquo;s interactions with the Atlanta Jewish community. He reacts to the September 11th attacks and shares his thoughts on Palestinian-Israel conflicts. The interview closes with Bernard\u0026rsquo;s thoughts on his faith and his hopes for future generations.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/167/351/small/Birnbaum_Bernard.mp4_1663960030.jpg?1663960031","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Birnbaum_Bernard.mp4"]},"duration":4725.221,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/167/351/small/Birnbaum_Bernard.mp4_1663960030.jpg?1663960031","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/167/351/original/Birnbaum_Bernard.mp4?1663960027","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":4725.221,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Birnbaum, Bernard [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Today is December 4, 2001. We are in Atlanta, Georgia. Interviewing\nMr. Bernard Birnbaum. For the record, could you pronounce your name?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Beirnbaum or Birnbaum. It depends which way you like to say it. Some\npeople say 'Beirnbaum' and some people say 'Birnbaum.' ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whichever way, it's fine\nwith me.\n\nGHITIS: Your first name is?\n\nBIRNBAUM: [It] is Bernard.\n\nGHITIS: Where were you born?\n\nBIRNBAUM: In Paris [France].\n\nGHITIS: In what year?\n\nBIRNBAUM: 1936?\n\nGHITIS: What are some of your early memories of your life in Paris?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Very little. I can remember, I was born near what you call here now\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pletzl, near the Place des Vosges, near the Jardin Francs Bourgeois-Rosiers,\nwhere it's very famous. It was the Jewish place. I can remember maybe playing in\nthe square Place des Vosges, which is very famous. That's really about all. I\ncannot remember that much from three, four years old. I really don't know too ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know how your ancestors made their way to France?\n\nBIRNBAUM: On the side of my father, I am fifth generation French. That I know.\nThey mostly come from [the region of] Alsace--Lorraine. This is where the name\nBirnbaum is [from]. I don't know too many of them because many converted [to\nChristianity] and became part of the French ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aristocracy. I don't know too much\nand I don't want to know even.On the side of my mother, it's something very\ninteresting. She was born in Poland. She's from Chelm. Chelm is a very famous\ncity among Jews because this is where we say in Yiddish, [unintelligible; 2:24].\nSholem Aleichem, most of his jokes come from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chelm. Chelm is a very important\ncity in Jewish folklore.\n\nGHITIS: What is it close to, what big city?\n\nBIRNBAUM: It's close to Lublin, as far as I look at a little map near the\nRussian border. It used to be. It's near to Lublin.\n\nGHITIS: What were your parents' names?\n\nBIRNBAUM: My father was George Birnbaum and my mother's name ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was Pesla\nBuchshtaber. That's what it is. She had also some brothers, three brothers. She\nwas, I think, [one of] eight or nine [family] members. One brother moved to\nIsrael in the 1920s or 1930s with their mother. Two boys stayed during the war\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became staunch communists in Poland. Under [Wladyslaw] Gomulka, they were\nvery important people, until sometime in Poland, I think in 1956 or 1955, when\nthey decided that Jews were non-grata. One brother went to Israel. One brother\nwent to Canada.\n\nGHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are going to move forward in time to liberation. What memories come\nto your mind about it?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Liberation? I was -- After an interim period of about two years, I\nended up in a little town called Montfermeil, which was not far from Paris.\nSince I was very young, I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a choral boy over there in the small church. I was\nthere for--I don't know; I don't remember--a few months or something until, one\ntime, we went to a little city called Le Puy. It was a P-U-Y. It's in the county\nof Auvergne, which is one of the regions of France. Way on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"top was a monument,\nwhich was the Virgin Mary. I remember there were a lot of young people like me.\nThe priest made prayers and everything. I don't know. He asked me, \"Pray for\nyour sins,\" or something. I say, \"I don't have sins.\" I think that was true. I\ndid not know. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guess it did something to him because he looked at me. As far as\nI can recall, about that same evening, one of the ladies who was cleaning the\nchurch or something mentioned that I should be careful because he's thinking\nthat I'm a Jew, and I'm in hiding, and he may call the Gestapo. I ran away ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\ntried to find my mother, who was working on a farm not far away. We were there\nwith the underground [resistance organization]. I don't remember exactly how I\nended up -- I know I found my mother after a few days, two, three days. We were\nin the town, I guess, with some other friends of my mother, who were hiding. I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember vividly that they were shooting from one side of the little town back\nand forth, and somebody said, \"The Americans are coming.\" We all jumped out and\nsuddenly they said, \"The Germans are coming back.\" We started running. We\ncouldn't jump over a wall. We said, \"Okay, that's the end of us,\" but it was the\nAmericans. Then, my mother, I, and a little friend called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pauline, I remember we\njumped on a train. The beauty of that moment is that a couple of the American\ntankists were from Brooklyn and talked Yiddish to my mother and my friend. That\nwas a very memorable souvenir with the Americans. Not only were we free, but\nthere were Jews in the tank. Since that time, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really -- For me, the Americans\nhave a special place in my heart.\n\nGHITIS: Could you understand what they were saying?\n\nBIRNBAUM: I don't really remember. I know there was a lot of hugging and I got\nmy first little block of chocolate, [which I hadn't eaten] for I don't know how\nmany years. I know that some of the bullets were still flying because the\nGermans were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still shooting. Nobody cared at that time. Just to know that we\nhave freedom --\n\nGHITIS: Did you have any siblings?\n\nBIRNBAUM: No, I don't. I shouldn't say [that]. I know I have a half-sister from\nthe first marriage of my father, but I met her one time and that's it. It was\nwhen I was very small. No.\n\nGHITIS: There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberation and you were with your mother. Where was your father?\n\nBIRNBAUM: My father in 1942, I think, was shot by the Germans. That's the story\nthat I mentioned before. I don't want to go in that this time.\n\nGHITIS: What happened next? Where did you go once you found your mother and the\nAmericans liberated you?\n\nBIRNBAUM: I think we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stayed in the town for a little while. We were really\nscrounging for food. That was the only time we were scrounging for food. I was\nworking on the farm with my mother. Some farmers [were] really -- some were good\nand some real bad. It was a tough time. I remember I have a friend, who still\nlives. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guess I did better than he did, because my mother told me--that I don't\nremember--that I was happy because I got a bigger barn than he got. It was-- I\nthink [or] I guess we went back, I would imagine, to Paris after a while. From\nthat period, I know -- It was not far away from us. On the Place des Vosges used\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be a caserne [French: barrack], what we called, where fire fighters was, and\na lot of Americans were there. We were under the windows waiting for them to\nthrow [us] some canned food or whatever.\n\nGHITIS: How old were you at that time?\n\nBIRNBAUM: In 1944, I was eight and a half years old.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of work did you do on the farm?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Everything [like] picking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up the potatoes, or feeding the cows, or\ncleaning all the things [like] the manure, all the goodies -- really a farmer's work.\n\nGHITIS: What did your mother do?\n\nBIRNBAUM: The same thing.\n\nGHITIS: You worked on that farm after you left this small town on your way to Paris?\n\nBIRNBAUM: No, we were on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the underground. We worked on the farm, too, after I\nleft the church. After, I think we worked there for a little while until -- I\ndon't think Paris was liberated at that time. I think we were liberated first.\nIt was on the way to Paris, I think. After, then we went back to Paris. I think\nmy mother was a good tailor. Most ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish people at the time were a tailor. She\nstarted working as a tailor, making pants. That I remember.\n\nGHITIS: Where did you live once you got to Paris?\n\nBIRNBAUM: The same as I lived before. I think the apartment was closed by the\nGermans--I guess the Nazis; I shouldn't call [them] German--or the French\nPolice, or--I don't know--the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gauleiter [a regional Nazi official]. We came back\nand the apartment was there. We went back to the same place.\n\nGHITIS: What was your life like at that time?\n\nBIRNBAUM: I think I went back to school. The school was really near the Place\ndes Vosges. It was right at the corner where Victor Hugo lived. It was a very\nhistorical area [in the] Fourth Arrondissement. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think I did what most kids\ndid. I didn't have it worse; I didn't have it good. We all tried to survive with\nfood--that was the number one thing. Altogether, I think I was pretty lucky,\none, to have survived, and to be where we were.\n\nGHITIS: Did you have any involvement with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Jewish community at that time?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Yes, at that time we had a lot at the Pletzl. You had to make some\nmoney--a lot with dollars, with watches coming from Switzerland, with radios --\nI was there. I did a little black market with dollars, with watches, trying to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get those things. Americans used to come there. Those kind of things, like the\nblack market, yes, I was involved. My mother [was], too, besides working. We did\nsome supplementing that way.\n\nGHITIS: How about your life as a Jew? Did you go to the synagogue?\n\nBIRNBAUM: At the time, really, I don't think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so. The only thing I did was really\na yahrzeit. I went to say Kaddish for my father. I didn't belong right away to a\nshul. There were a little school with the Rosier nearby. Fleischman it was\n[called]. It's still there. Maybe 25 people can fit in it. [There were] lot of\nlittle shuls [Yiddish: synagogues]. Everything is Orthodox in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France. Really, to\nget involved -- I don't think -- We were a little maybe shell shocked about what\nhas happened during that period. The only thing what I remember, what we became\n-- in 1948, was Israel. I became a Zionist. I remember having cut off a little\npicture of our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"newspaper, a young woman from Israel shooting with a rifle. I cut\nout from the newspaper and put it there. I was attracted at that time by Israel\nhaving a country after that. I didn't understand the full extent of it,\nobviously, but that's the way --\n\nGHITIS: When you look back now, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do you understand what about Israel was so\nappealing to you?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Yes. I think what was appealing was we had a country of our own and we\nwere fighting back. Even at nine years old [or] ten years old, just the fight,\nthat we were fighting back, and we would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a country of our own. I didn't\nunderstand at the time, but all the countries shut the doors on us. Having an\nopen door and seeing the picture at the time. I don't know if -- You were not\neven born. I shouldn't say. But you had, before a movie, going to the movie, you\nhad what we called 'actualite' [French: news]. It was the news like a movie.\nThey always showed Jews onboard going to Israel, kissing, going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel,\npeople from concentration camps. It always made an effect on me. I'd say, \"Here\nwe are!\" I think without knowing -- Also, my mother had her mother and a brother\nin Israel, so right away, they started to get back in touch and things like\nthat. [They said,] \"Why don't you come? It's where you belong,\" and things like\nthat. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had a special attraction. In our lives, we -- I always had to fight in\nschool, because even after the war, when I started going to school, there was\nalways great antisemitism in school. Always I had to fight about [them saying],\n\"Sale Juif [French: dirty Jew]! You dirty Jew, why don't you go back to\nPalestine?\" and all that, even after the war -- It was always -- I took\ninspiration from the Jews in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel and I always fought back.\n\nGHITIS: Did the thought of moving to Israel ever cross your mind?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Yes, especially my mother. We tried. This was a little later. I joined\na Zionist group, Habonim Dror. I don't remember the full name. In 1953, I went\nto Israel with that group. At ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the time, Israel, I think they had two boats: the\nSS Artza and the SS Negba. I was on the Negba. I remember I was in the bay of\nHaifa when my uncle came to visit me on the ship, bought me oranges, with my\ncousin, the whole mishpocha [Yiddish: extended family] was there. When I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came\nback, my mother said, \"Maybe we should go.\" We went there for a year. But my\nmother fell very ill. She couldn't endure all the heat over there. We came back.\nI was the only son. For some reason, I didn't want to get separated from my\nmother. Yes, I always had the --\n\nGHITIS: You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experienced antisemitism in school?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: What about other places? How did it feel for you to be a Jewish kid\noutside of school?\n\nBIRNBAUM: You are a Jew. Imagine something. I'm fifth generation French. I'm\nmore French than some of the French who called me 'dirty Jew.' But, for them,\nI'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not considered a true French. This happened when I was in the army fighting\nfor France, when I was in Morocco and Algeria. I had the same the same under\nfeeling that, \"Being a Jew, you are not true French,\" regardless of what you do.\nMy father fought [for France] in World War One. The only thing during World War\nTwo, I can tell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you, if you want to go back, [is] one thing. On the 17th of\nJuly, 1942, in Paris, it was the biggest roundup of Jews. I don't remember how\nmany thousand in there were in the velodrome called Vel d'Hiv. We lived in an\napartment. I think it was five stories [or] six stories upfront, and then a\ncourtyard also. My parents knew those people, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't know, fifteen years, or\nwherever the [amount of] time they were there. You could hear yelling in the\nstreet and the French police--especially the French police--rounding up the\nJews. We asked everybody we knew, \"Just let us sleep [here], pass the night,\nuntil they finish.\" Nobody opened the door. Nobody from all the people we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew\nfor years. We said, \"That's it. We're going to be taken.\" My father put on one\nof his old uniform, I don't know, put his medals [on]. The French police knock\nat the door. My father opened the door, I guess, in his [uniform with] metals.\nThe French police just looked at him, shut the door, and let us free. Sometimes\nit didn't work; sometimes it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took what you call 'mazel,' [Yiddish] luck. That's\nit. You [asked], \"How does it feel to be a Jew?\" You feel like you're a Jew.\nEven in America, people tend to forget. We you have a very good life here. We\nmingle and we think we are no longer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews. I know from experience and I believe\nthat very ardently in my heart, if something happens here--you can be three\ngeneration American--if something happened -- There's Jews who tend to forget.\nThere's American Jews who forget their Jewishness. They are still considered\nJews. They don't realize it. I hope it never happens, but this is the story of\nwhat I went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through.\n\nGHITIS: Let us go back to your years as a youth.\n\nBIRNBAUM: Okay.\n\nGHITIS: What was your life like?\n\nBIRNBAUM: My life was going to school, having friends, playing, watching,\nespecially the American movies, the westerns, Hopalong ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cassidy, The Last Ranger.\nAs I grew older, obviously, girls were very attractive to me. I did the normal\nthings that youth would do, but always during that period, Israel was always in\nmy mind. After joining this [Zionist group], I was collecting -- The French had\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coin made of bronze, I think. I collected it and we gave it to some\norganization to send it to Israel, to melt it, to make bullets of it or\nwhatever. My mother was working. It was not an easy life. We were not wealthy. I\nguess we are happy to be alive. We ate. We didn't have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any -- After that period,\nI ate as much as I want to of the best [unintelligible; 24:08], like we say,\nuntil I went to the army.\n\nGHITIS: You went to the French Army?\n\nBIRNBAUM: [Yes,] I was drafted. After a period, I was drafted. It was the war in\nAlgeria. I was mostly in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Morocco, but we were an incursion in Algeria and we fought.\n\nGHITIS: What were some of the experiences?\n\nBIRNBAUM: If you speak about Jews, the one of the worst experience [was] we were\n-- At one time, I was -- They sent me in the Camel Corps. I was in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sinai\nDesert at the Libyan border trying to stop armaments coming to Algeria. You had\ntanks and things like that. When people got free [discharged], we always had a\nparty and things like that. The only thing you did was you was drinking a lot.\nThere was nothing besides sand, camels, and wine or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beer. One evening, the\ncolonel from our battalion was speaking. There were another Jew with me called\nYitzhak, I think. Suddenly in the speech congratulating the people who are going\nto go back to France, he said, \"Yes, but I want to talk to the true French\npeople,\" he said, \"from really good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"roots. We have some of the Jews here who\nwill never fight the way it should be. They stay in the rear,\" the whole time\nabout Jews. Here we were. We didn't hide. We didn't do anything. We had what to\ndo. My friend and I went to -- It's a little free for all. We said, \"Could you\nlike to remove your stripes?\" Because if you strike an officer, you are in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deep\n[trouble], but if he removed his stripes, [it was] meaning that he's okay. He\nremoved the stripes and we jump up on him. We really beat him up. He put back on\nhis stripes and, then, we go in front of a military court. Anyway, it ended up\nthat they were indulgent to us because he removed his stripes. But you speak\nabout antisemitism. It was everywhere. Even when you fought for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France, that\nundercurrent -- [They said,] \"You don't get killed first, so you must be a Jew.\nYou are hiding.\" [They said] things like that. [They said,] \"You work in the\noffices. You are not at the frontline.\" We were [at the frontline] all the time,\nbut [there] was that feeling and [unintelligible; 27:22]. It was a good one for you.\n\nGHITIS: Now, what was in your heart when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you went to fight this war? How did you\nsee the conflict between Algeria and France?\n\nBIRNBAUM: At the time, when we were there, we really didn't understand the\nextent of it. But when we were there, we did realize that it was a colonial war\nand a group of people wanted to keep, at the time, they started discovering\nnatural gas, oil, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything. We did realize that we fought for them, not\nreally for France. If you follow the history, when [Charles] de Gaulle came to\npower, at the time, the people from the professional army wanted to turn against\nFrance and attack the government. Really, the people -- Why it didn't happen was\nbecause of us, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"draftees from the French army. We didn't want to do it. We\ndidn't follow. This is where really it stopped. It was an experience, again.\n\nGHITIS: How long did you serve in Algeria?\n\nBIRNBAUM: I supposed to serve eighteen months, but because of the war, they kept\nus, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think, two and a half years.\n\nGHITIS: What happened after you were discharged?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Then, I had my fill of Europe. That's really when -- I had a friend\nwho came just came back from the United States and studied. [He asked,] \"What\nare you doing in France? You have to go to America. You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just bend over, there is\ngold on the street. Young guy like you, what you gonna do here?\" It put some\nseed in my mind. I said to myself, \"Well, what did I have?\" In the Holocaust --\ngo back to before they had the Inquisition, the Crusades, the pogroms.\nEverything happened in Europe. Even though I just came back from the army, I'm\nfighting, and they still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"calling me a 'dirty Jew.' It's time to change\ncontinents. At the time, it wasn't a problem for me to come. I went to the\nAmerican Consular or Embassy and filled out some papers. I had -- After the war,\nsomebody was freed from the concentration camp. My mother was a very good\nhearted person. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She washed his shirts with some other young people, and gave\nthem food, and things like that. Then, he went to America. He said, \"If one day\nyou want to come, I'll send you an affidavit.\" At the time, you needed an\naffidavit. We talked and I said, \"Ruben,\"--I remember his name--I said, \"Would\nyou send me an affidavit? I want to come to America.\" He sent me an affidavit.\nAfter a year, it was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quick. I came back. My mother was born in Poland.\n[She] couldn't. There was still a quota. They didn't ask for your citizenship,\nbut the place where you were born. For my mother, to wait was eight or nine\nyears. Even in America, they were antisemitic, even at that time. I came first\nand I was in Brooklyn. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first experience was on Pitkin Avenue, which I could\nhave gone back.\n\nGHITIS: How did you finance the trip?\n\nBIRNBAUM: To finance, my mother and I was working for a year's time. I can tell\nyou exactly. I came with] $35 in my pocket. My friend -- His mother-in-law -- I\ngot a little room in her house and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"I'll pay as soon as I work.\" I think\nI pushed carts on Seventh Avenue. I didn't speak English. I do more now, but I\ndidn't [then]. I pushed carts on Seventh Avenue in the garment industry. Then, a\nfriend of my friend, they say, \"You know what? You can make a lot of money in\nthe Catskills. Come. You'll become my busboy.\" I became a busboy in the\nCatskills. Then, I saw another side of America that I didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"realize was -- with\na bit with American men and woman with their young people. That was also an\nexperience, that, obviously. It was the Fieldston Hotel, I remember, in Swan\nLake. It was near all those big hotels and everything. I really did make good\nmoney over there. I did. Then, I came back. I became all this, like a dry\ncleaner, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"salesman -- until I marry and become in a company. Then I became a\nhot shot in the company and went on my own. That's it. No big deal.\n\nGHITIS: Let us go back.\n\nBIRNBAUM: Okay.\n\nGHITIS: How old were you?\n\nBIRNBAUM: When I came to America?\n\nGHITIS: Yes.\n\nBIRNBAUM: I was an old guy comparatively. I was 24 in 1960.\n\nGHITIS: Did your mother ever make it here?\n\nBIRNBAUM: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My first city [unintelligible; 33:33] was New York. I worked in New\nYork. I brought her after a couple of years, I think, to New York. She lived\nwith me. But she wasn't a young person. New York would have been okay, but I got\nmarried and moved to California, so she had to go back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France. Then, in\nCalifornia, I brought her over there. In California, obviously, if you don't\nhave a car -- I lived outside [the city], in the hills. [It was] a little house.\nShe was stuck there all day. Then, I wanted to get her a little apartment near\nCanter's, the delicatessen, where all the Jews were there. She couldn't -- She\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used to our little neighborhood. She knew the butcher. She knew everybody.\nThey knew her for years old. She knew the language if she to go out on the\nstreet. She couldn't get acclimated. It didn't work. She went back to Paris.\n\nGHITIS: What impressions come to your mind about your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrival and your first\ndays in this country?\n\nBIRNBAUM: A little crazy, I must say. It was quite the -- First of all, coming\nback from the boat, being sprayed with DDT [an insecticide] at that time, at\ncustoms. My friends were waiting, though. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They didn't have a car. We took the\nsubway to Brooklyn, I remember an hour, things like that. People, in a way, were\nalready materialistic, very cold already. You are on your own. Tough luck. You\nhave to do it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only thing, really, where I felt good--it seemed even from\nthe boat or even when I was in in New York, and then, maybe a few days later,\nthey took me outside of New York--was the vastness. I don't know if I can -- It\nseemed that the America is almost unlimited miles, and miles, and miles, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nkind of freedom. It's something difficult to talk to [about] and explain. It's\nso big and very -- space. [When] you're in Paris, [on the] little street where I\nlived, my apartment was built [during the reign of] Henry IV in 1610 [with]\nlittle stairways, little rooms, things like that. Here, it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big, immense.\nThat was the first impression.\n\nGHITIS: What about the way people related to you?\n\nBIRNBAUM: His parents-in-law in the little house was not too good. Okay. I\ncouldn't even buy grapes and put it in the refrigerator. They didn't let me do\nit. At work on Seventh Avenue, people were nice. I must say, there were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very few\nAmericans already. It was only immigrants, people from different origins. People\nwere warm. At work, they were really warm. When I was a busboy on the thing, I\nhad some good experience and bad experience. Jews are a tough people to deal\nwith some time. Even [though] we are Jews, we can say a thing. We won't let\nnon-Jews say ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, but we can. For example, there was a family. The lady was a\nreal bitch, I guess. I went, too, because I spoke Yiddish, but I didn't speak\nEnglish. She wanted some iced tea, but when you don't know the language, I\nalways used to replace a word either by Yiddish or French. I say sometimes it\nworks, sometimes doesn't work. To me, when she knew I wasn't speaking English,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she asked me, \"Iced tea.\" Iced tea in Yiddish is hot tea, heys. It's a little\nthing. [I thought she said,] \"Give me heys tea.\" [I thought,] 'Oh, she wants hot\ntea,' so I bring her heys tea. Boy, did she make a scene. She wanted [them] to\nfire me, to talk to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"manager. [She said] I don't serve her well, what [do\nthey hire] people who don't speak English and blah, blah. If you if you are a\nnon-Jew, you could become an antisemite right on the spot. But then you had some\nvery good people. But some of those experiences -- The biggest experience was\nlanguage. I made a lot of mistakes. I don't know if you want to hear some of the\ngoodies, because some are really -- You may have to edit those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ones. You want\nto? The people I was working [for] and his wife, they had two little daughters.\nI don't think I remember their name. One time, they made a big dinner for\nShabbos. All the mishpocha was there--maybe 20, 30 people--I don't remember\nexactly--many people. I felt good. He was trying to help me. I said to him, \"You\nknow, I really like to go to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the zoo, take your two daughters. You'll have a\nfree afternoon, a free day.\" I don't remember the name of them. I say, \"You\nknow, we going to see the giraffe, we going to see the lions, and we going to\nsee the fuck.\" Everybody stop at the table and look at me. Everybody's\n[unintelligible; 40:28]. I say, \"Oh, yes, they'll enjoy the fuck.\" To make a\nstory ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"short, I wanted to -- in French, P-H-O-U-Q means a seal. I did not know\nthe name of seal. Kids like seals. I say [to myself], 'Okay, like I usually do,\nI'm going to use the French word,' so I say it to the family. Gosh, it was like\na big [unintelligible; 40:57] on that Shabbas evening. [There were] things like\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. I was at the hotel working. Across the table, they wanted to go to the big\nhotel. I was still working. Across the room, he says, \"We go to the hotel\ntonight. We're going to go dancing, have fun.\" I said to him, \"Wait a minute,\nI'm not ready. I need to take my douche.\" Everybody looked at me. [It was] a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"few\nhundred people. We survived. In French, douche is shower, douche et bain\n[French: shower and bath]. You had the municipal thing: douche et bahn. What do\nI know? I tell them I'll take my douche. Everybody was looking at me, \"[He's]\nmeshuggah [Yiddish: crazy].\" Things like that, I have more. But those were\ncoming in a foreign country. Really, it was innocent. I wasn't trying to -- But\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then, after I learned, when I was in business, that double language, I can get\naway with murder and make a good thing. It did help me later on, but those are\nthe funny things.\n\nGHITIS: Did you have any moment where you wondered whether you made the right decision?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Yes, especially -- Really, it took me five years to get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"acclimated,\nespecially the first year. When you are in Pitkin Avenue and Sarasota, it's not\nthe most, shall I say, enticing place at the time. When you see people, you live\n[with] don't even let you even put grapes or a soda in the refrigerator -- I was\nstruggling from being a busboy, pushing car doors, things like that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could\nhave a better life in Paris at the time. I was doubting and, yes, many times I\nhad some doubts and things like that. I guess, like many other people.\n\nGHITIS: Did you connect with the organized Jewish community?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Very little. I was more with the French community. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In order to escape,\nI belonged to a soccer team, a French team. Every Sunday, I used to play soccer.\nI used to go out sometimes with some of the French. Very little with Jews. It\nseems I always had a bad experience. At that time, on Yom Kippur or Rosh\nHaShanah, I wanted to go to a shul. They didn't let me in. I couldn't afford the\nticket. I came to the door and [they said,] \"Ticket? No ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ticket, no nothing.\" I\ndidn't have such a great experience with the American Jews.\n\nGHITIS: How about dating?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Dating, that was easy. It seems that the American girls like a French\naccent. I wouldn't say I am Don Juan, but I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had my fair share. I didn't have any\nproblem on that part.\n\nGHITIS: Were there --\n\nBIRNBAUM: They were young women, college girls, and things like that, some older\nwomen. When you are alone or things like that, whatever you can put your hand\non, you do. I have to be honest with you. But I never -- Most of them were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice.\nThe only -- Really, it's not even something to laugh -- when you don't know the\nlanguage. I remember one date, meeting or talking with a girl and trying to set\na date with. I guess, she, like you say goodbye, [said,] \"I'll see you later.\" I\ntook it literally. I was waiting. She said, \"I'll see you later,\" I thought\nshe'll come later. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She never showed up. I was waiting. In general, I think the\nyoung women in America were quite nice and pleasant. I find them not as -- in\nFrance, we are more open. We didn't we didn't have so many hang-ups. In America,\nit was a little different. You had to adjust to -- In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, in the middle of\nthe street, I could kiss my girl. There, nobody would pay attention. Here in\nAmerica, you couldn't do that. Things of that nature. You adjust.\n\nGHITIS: Were most of the young women you dated non-Jewish or Jewish?\n\nBIRNBAUM: I would say the majority were Jewish.\n\nGHITIS: Did the thought of marrying someone who was not Jewish ever cross your mind?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BIRNBAUM: It never did. I'll tell you why. When I came back -- At one point, I\nwas wounded in Morocco, so I got a furlough to come to Paris. I came to Paris.\nOne day, at the table, we were talking with my mother. My mother, like I told\nyou, she's from Chelm. She's very straight; no monkey business. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But you know\nwhat? She knew what she was talking. She had common sense. She said to me from\nthe blue sky, \"You know, now you're a big man. You're an officer. You get\nwounded. You do whatever. There is nothing much I can tell you what to do or not\nto do. I will not tell you.\" This was in Yiddish. I am saying it in English. She\nsaid, \"But, I want to let you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know that the day you marry a non-Jew, you lose\nyour mother. But do what you want.\" That was that was the only discussion we had\nwith Jews or non-Jews. [She said,] \"You marry a non-Jew, you lose your mother.\"\nAlthough I wasn't -- I knew in my heart I'll never marry a non-Jew.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Why?\n\nBIRNBAUM: First of all, one, for respect for my mother. Second, as I grew older,\nI did realize that I'm a survivor of -- I don't know how many thousands of years\nof Jews who went through hell [for] being a Jew. Some may have been religious;\nsome may not have been. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said to myself, \"I will not be the branch who is going\nto be cut from the tree.\" Too many Jews -- I don't know their name. I don't know\nwhere I come from really, but their struggle to remind -- to be Jew. It will not\ncome from me. I must have the continuity. I must be the continuity. Later ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on, I\nsaid to myself, 'We gave the world'--I don't need to tell you--'the Bible,\n[Albert] Einstein, whoever.' They all caught us. Here, you have books from\n[Benjamin] Disraeli to whoever you want to know. We have a long line of Jews who\nreally bought the world a lot of good. They destroy us, but we aren't -- do not\nsulk. How ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many millions of kids would die from polio? Think about it. All those\nthings put together what we brought to the world, I didn't want the sacrifice of\nmy ancestors--wherever they are--I didn't want to be the branch that got cut\nfrom the tree. My mother was a real survivor. I wouldn't have never done that to\nher. It didn't even enter my mind.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: How did you meet your wife?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Right. Very interesting. That's a good story. After all this, somebody\nasked me to work in a dry cleaner. Her parents owned the dry cleaner. Actually,\nI worked for her parents. Since I was alone for Yontif, they ask me to come. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nguess over a few times, she took a liking to me. I took a liking to her. We are\na big age difference. It was not easy. That's the way it started. I met her\nworking for her father.\n\nGHITIS: Where was this?\n\nBIRNBAUM: In New York. She was in Queens.\n\nGHITIS: What is your wife's name?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Annie.\n\nGHITIS: Her maiden name as well?\n\nBIRNBAUM: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zwern, Z-W-E-R-N. He also was a survivor from a camp and her mother\nalso was hiding during the war.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of work did you do for her father?\n\nBIRNBAUM: I helped. I went to school in New York. I had to learn how to dry\nclean with all the chemical, spots. I was at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"front getting the costumers. I\ndid everything, spotting, helping with the costumers. I did everything.\n\nGHITIS: Where did you get married?\n\nBIRNBAUM: In New York.\n\nGHITIS: What do you remember about the wedding?\n\nBIRNBAUM: The wedding was a beautiful wedding. It was at [unintelligible: 51:52]\nin Central Park. It was a small wedding, by comparison here. [We had] about 50\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, but very elegant, very nice. My mother was a part of this. It was really\nvery nice.\n\nGHITIS: What happened after you got married?\n\nBIRNBAUM: We were on our honeymoon to California and we liked it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From the few\nmoney I got, I bought a car, [put] all our belonging in the car, and we [drove]\ncross-country to California. [We] ended up in Los Angeles. She had just finished\nher college [at] NYU, so she had her teaching license. It was during the summer,\nso she was lining up a job. I didn't have anything. One of her cousin in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"textiles asked me if I want to be a salesman. He said, \"Did you sell textile?\" I\nsaid, \"No.\" He said, \"Okay, you're hired.\" I started it from the bottom. One\ntime, I became vice-president of the company, which is one of the largest in the\nUnited States. After a while, when that gentleman died, I didn't want to work\nfor his partners. I went on my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own. I'm on my own close to twenty years.\n\nGHITIS: What is the name of the company?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Which one? That I work for? My own, or the one before?\n\nGHITIS: Both.\n\nBIRNBAUM: The one before was Fabrika. They are in Tulsa, Oklahoma. This is their\nhome office. My company's Biran, B-I-R-A-N, limited. [It comes from] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birnbaum.\nMy cousin in Israel, his name is from [Unintelligible: 54:05] or whatever. He\nmade it B-I-R-A-N, too. It was quite a coincidence.\n\nGHITIS: Could you tell me about your business?\n\nBIRNBAUM: What I do, I import woven goods, especially for the home, upholstery\nfabric and a lot of trimmings, what we call passementerie [French: trimmings],\ntiebacks, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tassels. I sell to distributors, who distribute to decorators, who\nsells to consumers.\n\nGHITIS: How did you end up in Atlanta?\n\nBIRNBAUM: My company at one time had an office in Tulsa, in Portland, and in Los\nAngeles, when I worked there. He wanted to open the southeast and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"east.\nAtlanta was a very well located place. He said to me--the owner, \"I'd like for\nyou to take charge of it. Build me a business over there.\" I came here and for a\nfew weeks. I traveled to Florida, Alabama, all this. I brought Annie. We had, at\nthe time, two small ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids. We didn't like too much Los Angeles. It was -- Los\nAngeles, especially in that area, it's really people with a facade. [They all\nsay,] \"I do this. I do that.\" They're not really close friends. We felt good in\nthe community. We went to a few shuls and things like that. Annie said, \"This\nwould be a good place to raise our kids.\" That's what we decided. Yes.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: How many kids do you have?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Two.\n\nGHITIS: What are their names?\n\nBIRNBAUM: One is Natalie. She's 27 year old. My son is going to be 32 in January.\n\nGHITIS: What can you tell me about your daughter?\n\nBIRNBAUM: My daughter is a very beautiful. Can I show you a picture here?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Her name ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is Natalie. This, as you can see, is my son.\n\nGHITIS: We were talking about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your daughter.\n\nBIRNBAUM: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: Your daughter is married, I understand.\n\nBIRNBAUM: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: Do you have other descendants?\n\nBIRNBAUM: I have just one granddaughter.\n\nGHITIS: What is her name?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Sigi, for the name of my father-in-law, who died a couple of years ago.\n\nGHITIS: What about your son? What is his name?\n\nBIRNBAUM: George, for the name of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father. He's a pretty great guy, too.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of work does your son do?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Now, what he does -- He was for quite a while he was the right end of\n[Benjamin] Netanyahu. He lived in Israel during the election, the winning and\nthe losing. He was always involved in politics, even in America. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He graduated\nfrom [Florida Institute of Technology] in Florida, space science and physics. He\nhas the brain, but he was always interested in politics. Now, he works for a\nJewish company in Florida who do venture capitalism, meaning they go to Israel,\nfind out some companies, and develop some nice new product, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and get some money\ntogether, and bring it to the United States. One of their biggest customers is\nWal-Mart. They try to go to Wal-Mart with how many thousands of stores. That's\nwhat he does. He's still very involved in politics. He's still in touch with\nNetanyahu and the other people in Israel, which are mostly the Likud.\n\nGHITIS: When ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you were raising your children, what did you want to transmit to them?\n\nBIRNBAUM: I really wanted continuity: who we are, what we are, where we come\nfrom, and how beautiful we are. We are not perfect. We are [unintelligible;\n59:27], but when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we compare, again what we gave to the world and what we are, we\nare really a special people. We did a lot and we brought a lot to the world. We\nhope that you love the continuity of Judaism and what we are.\n\nGHITIS: Do you ever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think about why you survived?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Obviously, I did, and I do, even now. The only think I can answer to\nyou is luck. There is no other solution I can give ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you. Just plain luck. That's\nreally -- I think almost any survivor would tell you that we couldn't do\nanything. That especially -- It's just plain luck. For example, I had [wondered]\nwhy I could escape with false papers and things like that. During the war, they\nsaid all the Jews ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have -- talk of crooked noses and everything. I was a small\nboy. I had blonde hair, blue eyes. I didn't fit the pattern. Maybe that was\nanother side. But later, it was just plain luck, like the priest wanted to give\nme to the Germans. If that lady wouldn't have to tell me. She did not know me. I\ndid not know her or where she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came from. It's just plain luck.\n\nGHITIS: How long have you lived in Atlanta?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Twenty-three years.\n\nGHITIS: What were your initial impressions of this city?\n\nBIRNBAUM: We go again with another joke. We were here one week. I wasn't here. I\nwas working. I guess, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Baptist ring at the doorbell. I guess I wanted to\nconvert or leave literature. He looked at my wife, and then looked at the\nmezuzah on the door, and said to my wife, \"Why do you have a can opener at your\ndoor?\" When I came back, Annie said, \" Let's go back. Let's pack up. After New\nYork and Los Angeles, if they don't know what a mezuzah is, it's not the place\nfor us.\" But we developed. We sent our kids to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school, which was terrific. My\nson went to Yeshiva, also. We have very close friends. We found some really\nclose friends. I belong to Or VeShalom. Rabbi [Robert] Ichay is a terrific man.\nHe's from Tunisia and Blanchette [Ichay] is from Switzerland, so I have a little\nmore rapport with them. We just we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just loved it. I think it was a good place to\nraise our kids.\n\nGHITIS: Your son went to Yeshiva high school?\n\nBIRNBAUM: [Yes.]\n\nGHITIS: Where did your daughter go?\n\nBIRNBAUM: She went to Hebrew Academy. Then, she tried Yeshiva, but my son was\n[friends with] the son of the rabbi who had a bad name over there. They're kids.\nThey did a lot of crazy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things. When Natalie started the Yeshiva, they said,\n\"Oh, you are the sister of George.\" That's it. She had a black mark. She had a\nhard time, so she went to Dunwoody High School.\n\nGHITIS: What other involvement did you have?\n\nBIRNBAUM: My wife worked a lot for the Russian Jews when they came here. She was\nreally involved very deeply. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm vice president of Hemshech from the survivor,\nthe original -- I was one of the small founders of the Breman Museum. A couple\nof years ago, I established a fund for teaching Holocaust, a small fund. Again,\nwe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hope -- things like that. Annie was always in charge of the [Yom HaShoah\nceremony], preparing guest speakers, and things like that. I started to -- For a\nwhile, I spoke to schools, until 1997. Then, I got my first cancer, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I had to\nstop. Then, by the time I got back on my feet, I had the second time in 1998.\nThen, when I started to feel better this year, it appeared on my lung. I got\npart of my long cut off, so I lost some of my will to -- But, I'll go back--I\nhope next year--because they need ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those things. They need speakers. We are a\nbreed who disappear with age, which is normal. Since I am one of the few\nwitnesses still left, I hope that I'll be in good physical shape to speak again\nand to make myself available. That's the best way I know how to do.\n\nGHITIS: A lot has happened in this country, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Israel, and in the world\nrecently. Could you share some of your reflections on the recent events?\n\nBIRNBAUM: We from Europe, or we Jews -- although we didn't have buildings. We\nare always frightened. Even now, we are always frightened. I think there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a\nchange now since September 11. I would say that America, the American people\nperhaps have realized that it's really an attack on a certain way of living, a\ncivilization. I think the people have become more determined, are asking more\nquestions than they would have before. How ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come Saudi Arabia is giving money to\nabout 11,000 institution of learning the Koran when they teach only eight?\nThings like that. They are supposed to be our friend. Egypt, we send them\nlately--I don't know if you realize--the most modern armament and everything.\nFifty percent of the people are illiterate. I don't know if you read. I've been\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the Internet. I go to Media Watch. They translate from Arabic to English what\nthey say. To us, they're speaking English one way, but beyond, they speak\nanother language. It's a very trying time. It's not the end of [Osama] bin\nLaden. Terrorism is going to be with us a good time. There is also the oil.\nTwenty-five ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"percent of the oil comes from Saudi Arabia. They can strangle us. In\nEurope, there is constant antisemitism. You can see France. Saudis, when I hear\nthem speak, even now, I think it's Munich again speaking, or the Vichy\ngovernment. I'm sorry to tell you, Europe don't have any [unintelligible;\n1:08:22]. They all give in. They don't realize that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terrorists against Israel is\nterrorists against them, too, down the road. It's a way of life. It's\ncivilization. As for us Jews, I'm really sorry to see what's happening, whether\nit's in France with my own friends or whether it's America. We are assimilating\nat a very quick pace. Really, the center of our continuity will become ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel.\nIt won't be America. It won't be France. We are disappearing breed. There will\nalways be Jews--I don't want to say that--but we start to lose power, we revert,\nwe don't have the same way. Again, like I told you, people think we -- immune\nfrom things which have happened. I don't think so. I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's very viable. We\nhave to be careful. The event has proven again. Like we say in France, plus ça\nchange, plus ça reste le même. The more it changes, the more it remains the\nsame. That's what it is. You speak about people speaking like [Neville]\nChamberlain. You speak people like Paul Reynaud. You speak -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you change the\ndates and the name, it's the same speeches as 1930, or something like that, or\nbefore. I don't know why people are so blind. I feel very frustrated by that,\npersonally. My wife is always accusing me that I leave too much in the past, but --\n\nGHITIS: What should ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel do at this time?\n\nBIRNBAUM: At this time, there is really no solution per se. I think what they\nshould do -- My personal feeling -- I'm a [Ze'ev] Jabotinsky guy. I'm\n[supportive of] Menachem Begin. I'm that type. I'm not part of the Labour\n[party], like Yossi Beilin, [who believes we should] give [and] give. At the\nend, when you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see the Palestinian kids are being taught in school--if you look\nthere and I follow that closely--there are books in school that don't show a map\nof Israel. Our map doesn't say 'state of Palestine' with the state of Israel. To\nthem, Palestine includes Israel, too. If [Yasser] Arafat didn't make peace at\nCamp David -- what he couldn't win on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"battlefield. He wanted the return of\nsix [or] seven million Arabs, meaning they want to win demographically instead\nof on the battlefield. They really don't want the state of Israel there. Until\nwe can convince them that we are here to stay and they can teach the future\ngenerations, that there is a state of Israel. We may change the map. I'm also\nnot saying if some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"settlers are all over there, just let them bring in in\nIsrael. There are discussions. But to say we don't exist doesn't make sense. If\nI would be really in the Israeli government, I would call all the Europeans and\nI would call all the Americans. I would lay it out on the table. I would say:\nYou have a great interest that Israel should stay in good health. You know that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have the nuclear arms? It was very good between America and Russia to play\nblackmail. What are we going to do the same thing with you. If you think Israel\nis gonna disappear, then everybody else is going to disappear. If you think we\nare cowards, we know every oilfield where you pump your gasoline, where you make\nyour industry. If you want to be on the edge of really something terrible, then\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"press the other side to destroy us or to reduce us. Your interest is to keep us\nalive, well, with fairly defensive borders. But that we do exist. Until you\ndon't relate the message to the Arabs that State of Israel is here to stay--with\nsome modifications; I don't mind--but teach your kids and teach the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people that\nthere is a map of Israel. Until somebody can speak [unintelligible; 1:13:40],\nlike we say in Yiddish -- They want a little piece of that street of Jerusalem;\nthey want a little piece of that -- It's meaningless. They want, really, the\ndisappearance of the state of Israel. Unless we talk to them that their interest\nof [unintelligible; 1:13:58], I think this will happen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again. I wish -- I don't\nsee any other way in in we shouldn't be afraid of Arafat, of his regime. If it\nfollows down, let it fall down. Maybe in 50 years there'll be another Anwar\nSadat gonna come. Maybe it's not the right time now; maybe it's in the future,\nbut we shouldn't be afraid. We should hit back. I'm sure that Europe and America\n-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They don't have that strength of character.\n\nGHITIS: That is the Zionist in you.\n\nBIRNBAUM: But practical, too.\n\nGHITIS: What can you tell me about your religious faith?\n\nBIRNBAUM: It is -- The Holocaust made a big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difference. Many times, I guess all\nof us [question] is there are G-d or not a G-d. In one way, we still survived\nafter all those thousand years, when all those all those tribes, all of those\npeople have disappeared, like the Philistines, et cetera. We are still here. We\nstill ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[continue]. There is a center, the Torah. What else can I say? I lost my\ntrain of thought. I wanted to -- Repeat your question, because I was --\n\nGHITIS: We were talking about your religious faith.\n\nBIRNBAUM: This is it. I'm vacillating. I don't know. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometime I say, would that\nG-d let a million and a half innocent children go to the gas chamber? [For] what\npurpose? On the other hand, some people say, \"Well, there may be a purpose.\" I\nreally don't have a straight answer. The only thing I can say -- the closest I\ncan come is maybe one time I saw in Atlanta, Elie ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wiesel. A young student asked\nhim, \"What is a Jew?\" His answer was very brief and maybe that's what made me\nthink. He said, \"Well, a Jew can be for G-d, can be against G-d, but cannot be\nwithout G-d.\" In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a nutshell, it's -- You can be against; you can be for. Can we\nbe without? Does that mean without G-d, we disappear? I don't know, but I\npersonally think so. But to believe after what's happening--and it's not just\nthe Holocaust; it was, again, the Inquisition, the pogroms, all that we are\ngoing through for so many thousands of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years--it is tough.\n\nGHITIS: What would you like to tell future generations?\n\nBIRNBAUM: Be proud of what you are. Look what we have accomplished throughout\nthe ages. Really, in a way, we may have saved the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world. Just be a good person.\nJust be what you are. Be a good person. Just be proud of what you are. You carry\nsomething which is worthwhile. I don't think any people on this earth can be as\nproud as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/transcript/40122/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we. You have to continue it. Don't drop it; continue it.\n\nGHITIS: Thank you very much.\n\nBIRNBAUM: It was a pleasure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4710.0,4740.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe neighborhood Bernard is referring to is called Marais, in the 4th arrondissement. After an influx of Jewish immigrants fleeing pogroms in Eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries settled in the area, it became known as the \u003cem\u003ePletzl \u003c/em\u003e[Yiddish: little place]. The Place des Vosges, originally Place Royale, is the oldest planned square in Paris, France. It is located in the Marais district, which is known for its narrow cobblestone streets and many gardens, such as the Jardin Francs-Bourgeois-Rosiers, which is between rue des Francs-Bourgeois and the rue des Rosiers.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChelm is a city in southeastern Poland, located south-east of Lublin, near the present day border with Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSolomon Naumovich Rabinovich (1859-1916), better known under his pen name Sholem Aleichem [a Hebrew phrase meaning “[May] peace [be] upon you,” was a Yiddish author, humorist, and playwright. Considered one of the founding fathers of modern Yiddish literature, he is best known for his stories about Tevye the Dairyman, which were adapted into the popular 1964 musical “Fiddler on the Roof.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn East European Jewish folklore, the Polish city of Chelm [Yiddish: Khelem] functions as an imaginary city of fools, where “wise men” are a common ironic feature.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWladyslaw Gomulka [Polish: Władysław Gomułka] (1905-1982) was a Polish communist politician. He was the de facto leader of post-war Poland from 1947 until 1948, when the Polish United People's Party was being formed. Gomułka's attempted defiance of Stalinism led to his dismissal in 1948 and imprisonment in 1951. In 1956, he was restored to power on the intervention of Khrushchev. He helped to sustain a degree of post-Stalinist liberalism, but his reforms were only half-hearted. In 1969, he changed Poland’s policy toward West Germany and in December 1970, signed a treaty that normalized relations between the two countries. He later resigned following popular disturbances amid a failing economy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the early 1950s, tensions between the Soviet bloc and Israel and the West prevented Jews from emigrating. After the death of Stalin in 1953, however, relationships with Israel and the West improved. Stalin’s “no exit” policy was revised and Soviet authorities began to permit Jews to obtain visas for emigration. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMontfermeil is town in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France, about 10 miles (17 kilometers) from the city center. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLe Puy-en-Velay is a town in southern France. The 12th-century Romanesque Notre Dame Cathedral has frescoes and a cloister. Perched on a volcanic rock, St-Michel d’Aiguilhe chapel dates from the 10th century. Nearby, an 1860 statue of the Virgin Mary looks over the town from another volcanic outcrop.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGestapo \u003c/em\u003eis an abbreviation of \u003cem\u003eGeheime Staatspolizei\u003c/em\u003e, which means “Secret State Police,” the \u003cem\u003eGestapo \u003c/em\u003ewas established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The \u003cem\u003eGestapo\u003c/em\u003e acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe liberation of France began when the Allies invaded Normandy in June 1944. By July, Allied forces began pushing south, east and west across France. By August, all of northern France had been liberated. Paris was not liberated until August 25, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVictor-Marie Hugo (1802-1885) was a French Romantic writer and politician. During a literary career that spanned more than sixty years, he wrote in a variety of genres and forms. He is considered to be one of the greatest French writers of all time.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written \u003cem\u003eTorah \u003c/em\u003eand the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSynagogue Roger Fleischman [French: L’oratoire Roger Fleischman] is a small synagogue founded in 1931 on rue des Ecouffes in Paris’ Pletzl neighborhood. It is part of the Roger Fleischman Foundation and also a school for religious instruction for Yiddish-speaking children. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: holy] is a hymn of praises to God found in the Jewish prayer service that is recited aloud while standing. The central theme of the \u003cem\u003eKaddish \u003c/em\u003eis the magnification and sanctification of God's name. Along with the \u003cem\u003eShema\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAmidah\u003c/em\u003e, the \u003cem\u003eKaddish \u003c/em\u003eis one of the most important and central elements in the Jewish liturgy. Mourner's \u003cem\u003eKaddish \u003c/em\u003eis said at all prayer services and certain other occasions. Following the death of a parent, child, spouse, or sibling it is customary to recite the Mourner's \u003cem\u003eKaddish \u003c/em\u003ein the presence of a congregation daily for 30 days, or 11 months in the case of a parent, and then at every anniversary of the death. It is important to note that the Mourner's \u003cem\u003eKaddish \u003c/em\u003edoes not mention death at all, but instead praises God. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEach year, mourners light a special \u003cem\u003eyahrzeit \u003c/em\u003e[Hebrew: anniversary] candle and recite the \u003cem\u003eKaddish \u003c/em\u003eto observe the anniversary of the death of a relative. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZim Lines was incorporated in 1945 by the Jewish agency, the Labour Federation and the Israel Maritime League established a company called Zim Lines. Its main task was transporting hundreds of thousands of immigrants to Palestine. Its first ship was the \u003cem\u003eSS Kedma\u003c/em\u003e, which sailed to the future state of Israel in the summer of 1947. After the State of Israel was established in 1948, the company was renamed ZIM Israel Navigation Company Ltd. The company continued to purchase more ships, among them \u003cem\u003eSS Negba\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSS Artza\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSS Galila\u003c/em\u003e. Zim still operates today (2022) as a cargo shipping company known as Zim Integrated Shipping Services Ltd. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFollowing World War II, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia—three territories of what was known as French North Africa—remained under French imperial rule. A brutal war erupted in Algeria in 1954 as the Algerian National Liberation Front fought for independence, which the French finally agreed to  in 1962. Meanwhile, in neighboring Morocco and Tunisia, popular nationalism forced a French withdrawal in 1956.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Vélodrome d'Hiver [French: winter cycling track], known colloquially as Vél d'Hiv was an indoor bicycle racing cycle track and stadium that opened in Paris, France in 1909. It was also used for other events and sports such as ice hockey, wrestling, boxing, roller-skating, circuses, and bullfighting. When the Germans invaded France in May 1940, thousands of immigrants who held German citizenship or were of German descent were concentrated in the Vélodrome d'Hiver in Paris. These immigrants were considered enemy aliens. Many of the detainees were deported to the Gurs concentration camp near the French-Spanish border. In 1942, the track was at the center of the largest French deportation of Jews during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWith the agreement of the Vichy government, German officials and the French police conducted a series of roundups across both the occupied and unoccupied zones of France in the summer of 1942. Over the course of two days, from July 16 to July 17, 1942, the French police arrested some 7,000 Jews, among them almost 4,000 children, in Paris. For five days, they were crowded into the\u003cem\u003e Vel d’Hiv \u003c/em\u003esports arena with no food, water or sanitary facilities. They were then sent to transit camps outside Paris and eventually onto concentration camps and killing centers in the east. Deportations of Jews from France continued until August 1944. In all, some 77,000 Jews living on French territory died in the camps. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe French Army stationed in French North Africa began using camels in 1902, eventually establishing the\u003cem\u003e Compagnies Méharistes\u003c/em\u003e [French: Camel Calvary]. Camel mounted units were used by the army until the end of French rule in 1962. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles de Gaulle (1890-1970) was a French statesman who the Free French government during World War II while it was in exile and President of France after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCatholic monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile established the Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition, commonly known as the “Spanish Inquisition,” in 1478. It was originally intended to ensure the orthodoxy of those who converted to Catholicism from Judaism and Islam. Those Jews who converted were called conversos (converts), and were regarded with deep suspicion by the tribunal. Eventually, all Jews who refused to convert were totally expelled from Spain in 1492. The figures vary dramatically from 800,000 to more modern figures of 40,000 (with about 40,000 Jews converting to avoid expulsion). The Jews immigrated first to Portugal (which in turn expelled them in 1497), and then to North Africa. Some went to Italy, Greece, and other places in Europe. These became the “Sephardim.” The conversos who remained in Spain were heavily persecuted, and, if accused and convicted of being a “crypto-Jew,” were often burned at the stake. Other minorities suffered as well.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The wars were intended to recover Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Islamic rule.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePogrom is a Russian word meaning \"to wreak havoc, to demolish violently\" that historically refers to violent attacks on by local non-Jewish populations on Jews. Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire were large-scale, targeted, and repeated anti-Jewish rioting that first began in the 19th century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (Federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Catskill Mountains, often referred to as the “Catskills,” are a large area in the southeastern portion of that state of New York. The Catskills and its many large resorts are well known in American culture as a vacation destination in the mid-twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCanter’s Deli is a Jewish-style delicatessen that first opened in 1931 in the Boyle Heights neighborhood of Los Angeles, California.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat \u003c/em\u003e(Hebrew) or \u003cem\u003eShabbos \u003c/em\u003e(Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat \u003c/em\u003eobservance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah \u003c/em\u003eblessing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: “day of atonement”] is the most sacred day of the Jewish year. \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting \u003cem\u003eyizkor \u003c/em\u003efor deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the \u003cem\u003eshofar \u003c/em\u003e(a ram’s horn). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRosh HaShanah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on \u003cem\u003eRosh HaShanah\u003c/em\u003e, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e may revoke these decisions. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Disraeli (1804-1881) was a British statesman and Conservative politician who was born to a Jewish family. Disraeli twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He played a central role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party, defining its policies and its broad outreach.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYontif refers to a Jewish holiday, especially one on which work is prohibited, and is a term most commonly used among Orthodox Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Netanyahu (1949- ) is an Israeli politician and current prime minister (2021) of Israel. Netanyahu was born in Israel, served in the Israel Defense Force and then went into politics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLikud, officially known as Likud – National Liberal Movement, is a major center-right to right-wing political party in Israel. It was founded in 1973 by Menachem Begin and Ariel Sharon in an alliance with several right-wing parties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA mezuzah \u003c/em\u003e[Hebrew: doorpost] is a parchment scroll often contained in a decorative case that is fixed on the right side of doorpost of a home. The parchment scroll made by a scribe contains the handwritten text of the first two paragraphs of the \u003cem\u003eShema\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva Atlanta (YA) was a private, Orthodox Jewish high school for boys in Atlanta, founded in 1970. In 2014, YA merged with Greenfield Hebrew Academy to become what is now Atlanta Jewish Academy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Or VeShalom was established in Atlanta, Georgia by refugees of the Ottoman Empire, namely from Turkey and the Isle of Rhodes. The Sephardic congregation began in 1920 and was based at Central and Woodward Avenues until 1948 when it moved to a larger building on North Highland Road. Or VeShalom’s current synagogue is located on North Druid Hills Road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Solomon Robert Ichay (1929-2012) was born in Tunisia and studied to become a rabbi in London. He married Blanchette Lieberman in 1957 in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1959, he moved to Salisbury, Rhodesia, to serve as associate rabbi at the Sephardic Hebrew Congregation of Rhodesia. In 1969, he moved to Atlanta, Georgia, to serve as rabbi to Congregation Or VeShalom. He became Rabbi Emeritus in 2002 after serving as chief rabbi for 33 years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBernard is referring to the American Soviet Jewry Movement, a human rights campaign that advocated for the right of Jews in the Soviet Union to emigrate. A protest movement on behalf of Soviet Jewry spread throughout the United States during the 1960s and 1970s in response to the closure of synagogues, imprisonment and execution of Jewish leaders, and antisemitism experienced by Soviet Jews. When Soviet performers visited the United States, Jewish pickets demanding rights for Soviet Jews often greeted them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEternal Life-\u003cem\u003eHemshech \u003c/em\u003eis an organization of Atlanta Holocaust survivors, their descendants and friends dedicated to commemorating the 6,000,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Approximately 100 Holocaust survivors living in Atlanta, Georgia founded Eternal Life-\u003cem\u003eHemshech \u003c/em\u003ein 1964. \u003cem\u003eHemshech\u003c/em\u003e is a Hebrew word that means “continuation.” Their purpose was to \"perpetuate the memory of their beloved families along with all of the six million Jewish victims of the Holocaust.\" The group wanted the memorial to serve as a place to say \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e, the Jewish prayer for the dead. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYom Hazikaron laShoah ve-laG'vurah \u003c/em\u003e[Hebrew: Day of (remembrance of) the Holocaust and the Heroism] known colloquially in Israel and abroad as \u003cem\u003eYom HaShoah\u003c/em\u003e, or in English as Holocaust Remembrance Day. It marks the anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and is on the 27th day in the month of Nisan. In Atlanta, Georgia, a \u003cem\u003eYom HaShoah\u003c/em\u003e service is held annually at the Memorial to Six Million in Greenwood Cemetery. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe September 11th attacks, often referred to as 9/11, were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamist terrorist group Al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The attacks resulted in 2,977 fatalities, over 25,000 injuries, and substantial long-term health consequences, in addition to at least $10 billion in infrastructure and property damage. As of 2022, It is the single deadliest terrorist attack in human history and the single deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOsama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden, or Osama Bin Laden (1957-2011), was the founder of al-Qaeda, the organization that claimed responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States, along with numerous other mass-casualty attacks against civilian and military targets.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunich, Germany was known as the “Capital” of the Nazi movement. The first Nazi Party rally took place in Munich in 1923. Munich is also where Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party led a failed coup d’etat in 1923 that became known as the Beer Hall Putsch. When Hitler and the Nazi Party later took power, Munich became a special place in the narrative of the Nazi movement and German state.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1] France was conquered by Nazi Germany in June 1940 and was divided into two parts: the northern region, which was under direct German rule, and the southern one, where a so-called Free French regime was headed by Marshal Pétain with Vichy as its capital. In November 1942, German troops occupied Vichy's formerly “free zone.” As German allies, Italian forces had occupied the southeastern corner of France in 1940. When Italy surrendered to Allied forces in September 1943, German forces took over the area, making all of France occupied.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrance was conquered by Nazi Germany in June 1940 and was divided into two parts: the northern region, which was under direct German rule, and the southern one, where a so-called Free French regime was headed by Marshal Pétain with Vichy as its capital. In November 1942, German troops occupied Vichy's formerly “free zone.” As German allies, Italian forces had occupied the southeastern corner of France in 1940. When Italy surrendered to Allied forces in September 1943, German forces took over the area, making all of France occupied.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArthur Neville Chamberlain was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940. Chamberlain is best known for his appeasement foreign policy, and in particular for his signing of the Munich Agreement in September 1938, conceding the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany. Chamberlain is famous for returning from Munich, getting off the plane, waving a piece of paper and saying the world had “peace for its time.” One year later Germany invaded Poland in September 1939 and World War II started. Chamberlain lasted as prime minister for a few more months and then Winston Churchill was appointed to the post.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaul Reynaud (1878-1966) was a French politician and lawyer prominent in the interwar period, noted for his stances on economic liberalism and militant opposition to Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVladimir (Ze’ev) Jabotinsky (1880-1940) was born in Russia. He was a Revisionist Zionist leader, author, soldier and founder of the Jewish Self-Defense Organization in Odessa (Ukraine). He split from the mainstream Zionist movement in 1923 to form his own Zionist movement, which was militant in nature, openly training Jews in warfare and the use of arms. The Revisionist youth group was called Betar. In the 1930s Jabotinsky became deeply concerned about the situation of the Jewish community in Eastern Europe, particularly Poland. He warned the Jews that there “were living on the edge of the volcano” and warned them to leave for Palestine as soon as possible. Jabotinsky died of a heart attack in New York City on August 4, 1940, during a visit to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMenachem Begin (1913-1992) was an Israeli politician, founder of Likud and the sixth Prime Minister of Israel. Before the creation of the state of Israel, he was the leader of the Zionist militant group Irgun, the Revisionist breakaway from the larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah. He proclaimed a revolt, on 1 February 1944, against the British mandatory government, which was opposed by the Jewish Agency. As head of the Irgun, he targeted the British in Palestine. Later, the Irgun fought the Arabs during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine and its chief Begin was also noted as \"leader of the notorious terrorist organisation\" by British government and banned from entering the United Kingdom.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYosef \"Yossi\" Beilin (b. 1948)  is an Israeli politician, peace negotiator, and scholar. Beilin served in multiple ministerial and leadership positions in the Israeli government until he retired in 2008. Much of his political career was in the Labour Party. He also served as chairman of the Meretz-Yachad political party.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf al-Qudwa al-Husseini, popularly known as Yasser Arafat (1929­2004), was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and then President of the Palestinian National Authority (PND). He was also the leader of the Fatah political party and paramilitary group which he founded in 1959.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn July 2000, United States President Bill Clinton convened a meeting, known as the Camp David Summit, between Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat. The meeting was to finalize a peace agreement first negotiated in Oslo, Norway in 1993. The summit ended without an agreement, however, and hostilities soon resumed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMuhammad Anwar El Sadat (1918-1981) was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace for his diplomatic efforts that culminated in a peace treaty with Israel in 1979. His moderate policies and relationship with the West generated considerable domestic opposition. Sadat became the first Arab leader ever to visit the state of Israel in 1977. On November 9, 1977, Sadat had offered to travel to Israel during a speech to his parliament. Israel’s Prime Minister Menachem Begin issued an official invitation and, on November 20, 1977, Sadat addressed the Israeli Knesset. The gesture was significant for breaking an Arab policy of not dealing publicly with the Jewish state created in 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Philistines were one of a number of people of Aegean origin who settled on the southern coast of modern-day Israel at the end of the Bronze Age, around the 12th century BCE. They settled on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, between modern-day Tel Aviv and the Gaza Strip, in the area that later became known as Philistia, or the Land of the Philistines. It was from this designation that the Greeks later called the country Palestine. The Philistines expanded into neighboring areas and soon came into conflict with the Israelites, who had arrived around the same time.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTorah \u003c/em\u003e[Hebrew: teaching] is a general term that covers all Jewish law including the vast mass of teachings recorded in the \u003cem\u003eTalmud \u003c/em\u003eand other rabbinical works.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/annotation_set/887/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe best and most commonly accepted estimate of Jewish victims is six million. Among the estimated six million Jews killed during the Holocaust, Germany and its collaborators killed around 1.5 million Jewish children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=4560.0,4590.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/index/51857","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Birnbaum, Bernard [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/index/51857/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Background and Family History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=16.0,241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/index/51857/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For the record, could you pronounce your name?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=16.0,241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/index/51857/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alsace-Lorraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bernard Birnbaum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chelm, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communists","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George Birnbaum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jardin Francs-Bourgeois-Rosiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lublin, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pesla Buchshtaber Birnbaum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Place des Vosges","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wladyslaw Gomulka","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=16.0,241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/index/51857/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Memories of Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=241.0,532.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/index/51857/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are going to move forward in time to liberation. What memories come to your mind about it?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=241.0,532.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/index/51857/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Tanks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gestapo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Le Puy, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montfermeil, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Underground Resistance Organization","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=241.0,532.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/index/51857/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Surviving with His Mother After Liberation and Working on a Farm","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=532.0,702.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/index/51857/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What happened next? Where did you go once you found your mother and the Americans liberated you?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=532.0,702.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/index/51857/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Farm Work","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food Scarcity","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Place des 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What about other places? How did it feel for you to be a Jewish kid outside of school?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351#t=1137.0,1357.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79351/file/167351/index/51857/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Semitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"French Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frenchmen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish 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