{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/qj77s7kv45/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Solnik, Bella"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2001-01-21 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Solnik, Bella (Interviewee)","Kent, John (Interviewer)","Einstein, Ruth (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eIn a two part interview, Bella Solnik is interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on January 21, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eBella Urbach Solnik was born on August 22, 1925 in Zdunska Wola, Poland and grew up in Pabianice, a suburb of Lodz. She was the second of seven children—five girls and two boys—born to Abraham David (1896-1942) and Golda Taube Urbach (1898-1942). Her father owned a factory in Lodz and the family enjoyed a comfortable life. Bella enjoyed growing up in an observant household with lots of siblings to play with and a large extended family nearby.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn February 1940, shortly after the Nazis occupied Poland, the Urbach family was forced into the Pabianice ghetto. In May 1944, Bella and one brother were sent to the Lodz ghetto, where they lived with an uncle. The rest of her family was transported to Treblinka in September 1944, where they were all killed. Bella’s brother died in the Lodz ghetto. Then, Bella was sent as slave labor to an ammunition factory in Czestochowa, Poland. As the Russians advanced in the fall of 1944, Bella was then sent from concentration camp to concentration camp. She survived Ravensbrück, Buchenwald, and Dachau. In March 1945, Bella escaped from a death march. She took refuge on a nearby farm and was cared for by a Bavarian woman whose sons were German soldiers. When the war ended and the woman discovered Bella’s Jewish identity, she took her to a nearby DP camp. There, Bella recovered from years of starvation and illness. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eWhile in the Bad Worishöfen DP camp in Germany, Bella was reunited with a cousin—the only other family member to have survived. She also met another Polish survivor, Pinkus Solnik (1924-2001), and his two brothers. In 1946, Bella and Pinkus married and decide to go to Palestine. However, when it was discovered Bella was pregnant, they were turned away and registered instead for immigration to the United States. In February 1949, Bella and Pinkus welcomed a daughter and on October 9, the young family arrived in New Orleans, Louisianna aboard the SS General Leroy Eltinge.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eThe Pinkus family settled in Atlanta, where two more daughters were born. Pinkus worked as an electrician until he bought a small grocery store. Bella helped run the store when she was not busy raising their children. Bella and Pinkus became active members of the Jewish community, joining Ahavith Achim synagogue and Eternal Life-Hemsheck, and sending their children to the Hebrew Academy. Eventually, they sold the grocery store and Pinkus became a successful real estate investor. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAfter retirement, they enjoyed spending time with their seven grandchildren, traveling, and attending the theater. Bella began actively sharing her story with school children. In 2010, she was honored by the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum as a candle lighter in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda during the national Days of Reembrace. After a battle with Alzheimer’s, Pinkus died in 2001. Bella died November 26, 2016. Today, their three daughters continue to share their family’s experiences with new generations at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum as well as the Florida Holocaust Museum. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eBella reminisces about her childhood and how life changed when the Germans invaded Poland. She recounts the end of the war and her escape from a death march. Bella mentions looking for survivors and meeting her husband. She explains why she wanted to go to Palestine but was turned away. Bella details starting over in the United States. She reports learning about the extermination camps. Bella expresses how hard it was to talk about her experiences. She recalls the Atlanta Jewish community. Bella remembers encountering Jim Crow laws. She discusses raising her children. Bella mentions her husband’s illness. She gives an overview of her experiences during the war and searching for family after. Bella describes her husband and their wedding. She speaks about her husband and their emigration. Bella recounts building a new life in Atlanta. She shares memories of raising her children. Bella relates how the Holocaust impacted her children. She considers the resiliency of survivors. Bella reflects on memorials and accomplishments.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29307"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eIn a two part interview, Bella Solnik is interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on January 21, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBella Urbach Solnik was born on August 22, 1925 in Zdunska Wola, Poland and grew up in Pabianice, a suburb of Lodz. She was the second of seven children\u0026mdash;five girls and two boys\u0026mdash;born to Abraham David (1896-1942) and Golda Taube Urbach (1898-1942). Her father owned a factory in Lodz and the family enjoyed a comfortable life. Bella enjoyed growing up in an observant household with lots of siblings to play with and a large extended family nearby.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn February 1940, shortly after the Nazis occupied Poland, the Urbach family was forced into the Pabianice ghetto. In May 1944, Bella and one brother were sent to the Lodz ghetto, where they lived with an uncle. The rest of her family was transported to Treblinka in September 1944, where they were all killed. Bella\u0026rsquo;s brother died in the Lodz ghetto. Then, Bella was sent as slave labor to an ammunition factory in Czestochowa, Poland. As the Russians advanced in the fall of 1944, Bella was then sent from concentration camp to concentration camp. She survived Ravensbr\u0026uuml;ck, Buchenwald, and Dachau. In March 1945, Bella escaped from a death march. She took refuge on a nearby farm and was cared for by a Bavarian woman whose sons were German soldiers. When the war ended and the woman discovered Bella\u0026rsquo;s Jewish identity, she took her to a nearby DP camp. There, Bella recovered from years of starvation and illness.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eWhile in the Bad Worish\u0026ouml;fen DP camp in Germany, Bella was reunited with a cousin\u0026mdash;the only other family member to have survived. She also met another Polish survivor, Pinkus Solnik (1924-2001), and his two brothers. In 1946, Bella and Pinkus married and decide to go to Palestine. However, when it was discovered Bella was pregnant, they were turned away and registered instead for immigration to the United States. In February 1949, Bella and Pinkus welcomed a daughter and on October 9, the young family arrived in New Orleans, Louisianna aboard the SS General Leroy Eltinge.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eThe Pinkus family settled in Atlanta, where two more daughters were born. Pinkus worked as an electrician until he bought a small grocery store. Bella helped run the store when she was not busy raising their children. Bella and Pinkus became active members of the Jewish community, joining Ahavith Achim synagogue and Eternal Life-Hemsheck, and sending their children to the Hebrew Academy. Eventually, they sold the grocery store and Pinkus became a successful real estate investor.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAfter retirement, they enjoyed spending time with their seven grandchildren, traveling, and attending the theater. Bella began actively sharing her story with school children. In 2010, she was honored by the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum as a candle lighter in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda during the national Days of Reembrace. After a battle with Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s, Pinkus died in 2001. Bella died November 26, 2016.\u0026nbsp;Today, their three daughters continue to share their family\u0026rsquo;s experiences with new generations at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum as well as the Florida Holocaust Museum.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBella reminisces about her childhood and how life changed when the Germans invaded Poland. She recounts the end of the war and her escape from a death march. Bella mentions looking for survivors and meeting her husband. She explains why she wanted to go to Palestine but was turned away. Bella details starting over in the United States. She reports learning about the extermination camps. Bella expresses how hard it was to talk about her experiences. She recalls the Atlanta Jewish community. Bella remembers encountering Jim Crow laws. She discusses raising her children. Bella mentions her husband\u0026rsquo;s illness. She gives an overview of her experiences during the war and searching for family after. Bella describes her husband and their wedding. She speaks about her husband and their emigration. Bella recounts building a new life in Atlanta. She shares memories of raising her children. Bella relates how the Holocaust impacted her children. She considers the resiliency of survivors. Bella reflects on memorials and accomplishments.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/263/227/small/Solnick_Bella.mp4_1740073550.jpg?1740073550","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Solnick_Bella.mp4"]},"duration":7209.254,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/263/227/small/Solnick_Bella.mp4_1740073550.jpg?1740073550","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/263/227/original/Solnick_Bella.mp4?1740073545","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7209.254,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Solnik, Bella [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=0.0,7.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Okay, let us start with your name and also what your name was at birth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=7.0,11.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Okay. I am Bella Solnik. I was born Bella Urbach in a family. We were seven children, two boys and five girls. My father was a textile manufacturer and he worked with two cities. I'm born in Poland, Lodz, Poland and ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=11.0,46.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Can you describe what your parents ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=46.0,47.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I'm the only one, only survivor. I'm not going to answer the phone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=47.0,51.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Well, continue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=51.0,52.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I'm not going to answer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=52.0,56.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Could you describe what your parents were like as people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=56.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: My father was a religious man, very religious man, and he was a businessman, so he had to be ... And my mother didn't work. She took care of ... Of course, [she] had her hands full with seven children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=60.0,84.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What are some of your memories of being a child growing up in that family when you think back?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=84.0,96.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Is good memories, but it's just ... It's wonderful memories because with seven children, we grew up together and we were so close of each other. One watched the other one, make sure that everything is fine. But it's painful to think about those memories. My father was a strict father, but he also was very lovable, making sure that we learn, we do the homeworks, and we are dressed properly. He used to buy some clothes he brought home for the children, for the girls. This was unusual for a father to do. I have wonderful memories about my parents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=96.0,151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What were you like as a young person?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=151.0,153.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I was still in school, in elementary school. I was 14 years old when the war broke out. And, of course, we were ... When the war broke out, we started running away. We thought [Adolf] Hitler won't come further than that. That's how far, but Hitler caught up with everybody.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=153.0,182.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What was your understanding at that time of the whole threat to Jewish people and what that was all about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=182.0,190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Extremely scary. That word \"Hitler\" was scary. We had a lot of German people, of course, who lived in Poland that worked for my father. They knew that something's going to happen, you know, that Poland is going to fall into Nazi Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=190.0,218.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: At the time, can you make any general comments on how the Polish people felt about that whole situation and the Jewish people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=218.0,229.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, to tell you the truth, I hate the Poles because the Poles helped so much to the Germans, the Nazis. They were, like, enjoying helping them. Their enjoyment, you can see it. One time even, when we were in the ghetto, I didn't look Jewish and I decided to get out from the ghetto, take off the yellow stars and get out of the ghetto. And when I walked in the street, one of the Poles started screaming, \"To jest Żydówka! To jest Żydówka!\" [Polish] That means that is a Jewish girl, you know. But I, like, pretend I don't know who she meant and I went further, but since that time, I was scared to get out from the ghetto.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=229.0,285.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Can you review the war period? I know you have already done a testimony, but if you could, give an overview of what happened to you during the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=285.0,295.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, we were in the ghetto and from the ghettos, they were sending us--I'm going to make it very briefly--sending us to a larger ghetto. I wasn't in the larger ghetto maybe a year. And I stayed with my father's cousin. And I was already separated from my family. Only a brother. And my brother died in the ghetto because he was in a stage was growing and he didn't have any proper food to eat for his height, how fast he was growing. And so he got tuberculosis and died from tuberculosis. I went through in the same time, typhus, stomach typhus, in the same time when he died and survived that. Then I was sent to ammunition factory. In ammunition factory, I was working for the ... making ammunition for the Nazis. Can you imagine how we felt? But I'm doing it very briefly and updating. This was in Czestochowa and there, I had inflammation on my joints. And I was very sick also. And I survived that, too. Then they closed it up, the factory, and they sent us to the concentration camps on ... trains. And I went ... The first thing I went to Ravensbruck. And from Ravensbruck, they sent us to Buchenwald. From Buchenwald, they send us to a smaller place from Dachau. But I'm doing is very briefly. It is a lot to talk about those things. But I don't want to make it a long story about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=295.0,430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Continue through the end of the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=430.0,434.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Okay. When I was in a small ... I found out I have tuberculosis and I always had a close friend next to me. When we were in a small concentration camp, it was [unintelligible] from Dachau. And they started saying that they going to transfer us to another camp. But actually, it was not another camp, but it was a death march. But I made my mind up before I knew they said, \"death march,\" that I'm going to escape. I'm not going to live anyway. So, I [thought], \"If they catch me and shoot me, let them shoot me and let me die and not in a crematorium, let me die and let them bury me in wherever, but not through a crematorium.\" I escaped and then I was hiding, and I saw a barn. They didn't catch me, of course. I'm here. They didn't shoot me, but I was ... After, it's getting dark already, and I was sitting in a ditch, and waiting for everything to quiet down. I said, \"What I'm going to do next?\" So, I went on a road and I went back the other way, and I saw a farmhouse. I went in the farm. There was fresh hay laying there. I was lying down on the hay and fell asleep. In the morning, I said, \"I don't know what to do,\" again. Anyway, a young man from Ukraine was working at that farm and he asked me ... He talked [Ukrainian] and I talked [Polish] and I told him, \"I'm a Pole and I was in a working camp.\" I didn't say, \"I am Jewish.\" Of course, not. He told me he's working there, too. He was brought down to work on a farm, but if he can help me, he be willing to help me. I said, \"Yes,\" if I could only go inside in the barn and sleep a little bit. So, he took me up on the haystack indoor and I fell asleep. I slept all day and all night. In the morning, I heard a policeman coming and they started talking German, \"What are you doing here?\" I told them the story that I fainted and I didn't know what to do, so I went up there, because that Ukrainian guy told me if they catch me, not to mention his name or that I saw him. So, I'm going to make the story very short because I slept there three nights. Then, I found out it belongs at the police station to the German police station in Bavaria, so I escaped middle of the night. In the morning, I was ... [I am] also going to make the story short. I was taken into a German farm lady because two Ukrainian people were working there and they made sure that ... They saw that I am a foreigner with just the way I was dressed and the way I was ... and they went through into the farm lady and asked her to come and help me. They saw what I want and I wanted to sleep. I was sick, of course, and I need to sleep. I said I would like to sleep in the barn. I didn't even knew how to ask anymore to sleep on a bed. So, they took me to sleep in the barn. When I woke up, there was ready a bed and clothes from head to toe, fresh clothes, new clothes. She took me in, took me upstairs with starched linens, and she said this is the room what I'm going to be, and that's going to be my room. Then, she told me she has three sons, all three are in the army and one got killed already in action. One was captured by the Russians--this was the same thing like would be killed--and one is still alive, the youngest. She took care of me. My mother couldn't take care as good of me. She took me to doctors. I don't know if she knew that I have tuberculosis. I didn't want to tell her. I didn't want to tell them, \"I'm Jewish,\" and I didn't want to tell her, \"Tuberculosis.\" But I started eating and I had stomach problem because you could not digest food the way ... Your stomach wasn't used to digesting everything, you know? And they fed me with everything, so I had a lot of the stomach problems. I still have it. But then, when the war ended, she said that her son, the youngest son, was shot, and he is in a hospital, and when he comes home, she wants me to marry him. I should marry him. That's [why] I told her that I'm Jewish. She starts screaming a head of her lungs that any excuse is fine, but not an excuse like that, to say that I'm Jewish. It took me a long time to convince her that I am Jewish. The minute she heard that I'm Jewish, she found out that other Jewish people, survivors, are not far from that little city or whatever you want to call it ... country. She took me there and dropped me off. There, they cured me with the tuberculosis. I weighed ... When I went into that German lady, I weighed 75 pounds or maybe 78, something like that. But she was trying to feed me and feed me until I got away from her. I weighed already a little bit more. But I was sent to people like a rehabilitation center. So, it's a ... I saw people were eating like oatmeal with cream of wheat with small spoons, not to ruin their stomach, to get used to food again. So, that's how I survived. That was my survival. You have any more questions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=434.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Yes. How many of your family members were still alive at that point?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=891.0,897.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: In that point, that's all what I wanted, of course, when I felt already a little stronger and I gained already a little weight. That's all I want: to find out if any of my family are alive, if I have any sisters or a brother. But one of, I knew it because one brother died, the younger brother was it. So, that's all what we did is we hoped month after month, looked in all the papers and all the things where in the world may be list from survivors so I can find somebody. I found one cousin. That's all. He's now in New York in a Jewish Technology seminar. He is a professor of Talmud, and that's my whole family now. But then I met my husband there and we got married in Germany in that city named Bad Worishofen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=897.0,970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How did you first meet him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=970.0,973.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, he was in the same rehabilitation center where I was, and with being alone, finding out that I'm all alone, and alone is not easy to be, and so I ... We got married. We got married and after a couple years, two, three years, we had our oldest daughter. She was born in Germany, [in] Bad Worishofen. Can you stop? I need a Kleenex. I met my husband and my husband had two older brothers and they were together. Of course, they were very close with each other, but they had a difference surviving the way I had. They were in all the small concentration camp, what belonged ... But my husband went through Auschwitz-Birkenau and they sent them from one camp to another camp. In the last camp where he was, the Nazis knew that it's the end for them, it's the last hours, that the Americans are coming in any minute, any hour. They put kerosene around the block and made everybody go inside, and while they were lighting the light around--this was a miracle--they looked outside and they saw the gates open and foreign military coming in. They didn't know if this was English or American, but that's how he survived. Then, they took them all to that rehabilitation center where I was, and that's how we met. But for him, it was a little easier, with having ... being three brothers. For me, was much harder because I didn't have anybody. Little by little, I found out that I don't have nobody. I'm still looking. I'm still every gathering where there was I went and had big signs on me that I'm looking for Urbach family from ... explained where I'm from and who I am.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=973.0,1133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Where any organizations in that area--whether Jewish or political--who were helping the survivors?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1133.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Yes, there was. Was the HIAS, I think [it] was, and they did help. They ... Everybody registered and that's how we ... You know, from every city there were DP camps and that's where I was. [It] was not a DP camp, but there were DP camps and there were whole list of survivors from the DP camps. That's where I was looking for my family. I went to Landsberg. I went to Feldafing. They were DP camps. Feldafing was a DP camp. Landsberg was a DP camp. I was looking around to find any survivors but looks like nobody survived. Not the grandparents, not the aunts and uncles ... [Just] that one cousin from all my cousins [survived] and we were a big family because from religious families, they had a lot of children, and I come from a very religious family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1140.0,1204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Do you remember your last encounter with your family before you left?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1204.0,1211.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Yes. My father had the feeling that he was not going to survive, but he was so sure my brother will survive. We, the younger generation, will survive. He had a bunch of papers--I don't know what the papers said--and put it in my brother's pocket from his coat pocket. And he said, \"If you survive, take care of those papers.\" I don't know if they were insurance papers or they were papers of people owed him money. It was a lot of papers. Of course, he didn't survive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1211.0,1255.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How did you and your husband decide what to do next?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1255.0,1262.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, we decided we wanted to go to Palestine at that time and we are registered to go on to Palestine. In that time where we are registered, I didn't even think of having a baby, but when they called us to go into Palestine--we had to go on to Italy and smuggled from there--they found out that I'm pregnant. They put us off and didn't want to let us go on that trip. I was crying like a baby. I didn't want to stay in Germany and didn't know what to do. I want to go on to Palestine. I want to be in a country where Jewish people lived. I want to be with Jewish people. But then we decided we don't have another choice but to register to go to the United States of America. It didn't took us too long because the baby was only six months old when we were called that we got to go into Bremerhaven [Germany] and go with a boat to the United States. But we were not very happy to come to the [United States]. I would be much happier to go into Palestine at that time. First thing, I had an aunt. My mother's sister lived before the war broke out in Palestine. I felt that is the only family I have. I want to be there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1262.0,1359.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Did your husband also have that strong Jewish identification?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1359.0,1365.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Yes, he comes from a religious home, but not as religious as I come, but also very religious. He was brought up very religious, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1365.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Where was he from?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1380.0,1382.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: He was from Lodz and I was ... My father had a factory in Lodz and we lived in Pabianice, which is not far from Lodz, a small city.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1382.0,1396.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Could you describe your husband in the early days? What was he like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1396.0,1402.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: He was a happy man. He was not as depressed as I was because he had two brothers and he was ... I guess that's the reason I married him, because he was very refreshing for me and I needed somebody. It was a very refreshing ... You know, he was full with life, lots of life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1402.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What was it like for you to have a child in that condition and circumstance?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1438.0,1445.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: It was scary. I didn't know if the child's going to be normal. I didn't know if the child's going to ... I didn't know how the tuberculosis was working. Because I knew that I still have the tuberculosis but [unintelligible] you know, they closed and I didn't know if this ... if having a child will affect something. It was very scary, but my daughter is a happy, beautiful daughter. I can show you pictures from them. That's my oldest daughter, [who] was German born. That's the one who was born in Germany. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1445.0,1497.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What is her name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1497.0,1498.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Her name is Golda.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1498.0,1501.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: And the other ones?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1501.0,1502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: This is Betty Sunshine and this is Rosalie Wolfe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1502.0,1511.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How did you pick their names?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1511.0,1514.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, Golda is named after my mother; Betty is Bluma, after my husband's mother; and Rosalie was named after my older sister, which we were very close. My mother dressed us alike and a lot of people thought we were twins. We were actually a year and a half the difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1514.0,1541.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Well, continue describing what life was like in those early days when you were starting out with your husband. Like, when did you move to the United States? Why don't you put the picture down here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1541.0,1554.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Okay, thank you. You can put that down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1554.0,1563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: When did you move to the United States?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1563.0,1566.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: On October 11, 1949--my daughter was born in 1949--we came through New Orleans [Louisianna]. From New Orleans, the HIAS, of course, took care, were waiting for us, took us on a train, and brought us to Atlanta. I couldn't even pronounce Atlanta. \"Atlanta, Gee-or-gee-ah,\" I said, because you pronounce it the way you read. Somebody said, \"Georgia.\" I said, \"That's a 'geh.' That's not a 'G.'\" It was funny, but finally ... They took care of us for a few months, for a couple months till my husband found a job. He was working as an electrician in the United States because his family comes from like electricians. Actually, that's the most reason why the three brothers survived. His father died actually a month before the liberation because he was working as electrician and the Germans did need electricians when they make propaganda films. My husband was working on a lot of time propaganda films, taking care of the big lights when them filmed them. He had a lot of stories about that. He told me a lot of stories about us propaganda films, how they make Jews pray or shofar ... blowing shofar, or Rosh HaShanah made it and the Jews with beards, and tallits, and tefillin, all those things and send it off that the Jews had it good, they resettled them, and they have their life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1566.0,1699.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Maybe before we go on the Atlanta part of your story. You still lived in Germany for four years after the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1699.0,1706.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1706.0,1708.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Could you describe a bit of what life was like in Germany right after the war, especially for Jewish people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1708.0,1717.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, in that time, the Jews were ... the Germans, I'm sorry, were afraid of Jews. They were afraid. They were doing anything you ... I mean, we asked them to do, but we didn't ask nothing. We didn't. We walked around painful and lived four years with pain there. We still have pain. In the back of our minds are still a lot of pain and a lot of ... still dreaming about it at night sometimes, about the war, about family. Mostly about my father I dream a lot. So, that's all what I was occupied in Germany. Even when I was married already, I looked for family. Came to the United States, where they said there was a gathering ... gathering in Washington [D.C.] or gathering in Philadelphia [Pennsylvania], I was everywhere. The only reason [was that] I hopped I'm going to find somebody. If not a brother or sister, I hoped for a cousin, but nobody survived from my father's side. The cousin what survived is from my mother's side. From my father's side, nobody survived.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1717.0,1810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Did you ever learn what happened to your family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1810.0,1815.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Yes, I learned that they put them to Treblinka and they all were vanished in the crematoriums-- sisters, and brothers, and everybody. I had an older sister. I got to tell you that about the segregation. My sister was a year and a half older than I and I was the second from the oldest. When they separate us, she was on the side where I was. My mother with the younger children were on the other side and she said ... My father was already gone and [she] says ... Not died, but already they took him away. She said how my mother wouldn't be able to take care of all the children, \"I got to see to do something, to go and be with my mother,\" because they were sure--everybody was sure at that time--that the elderly people and the children, they going to send them back home and the younger people they're going to take to work. So, she heard in front of her that one of the lady says that she's pregnant. They asked her if she's pregnant and she said, \"Yes.\" They send her on the other side. She starts screaming, \"I'm pregnant, too!\" She was a young girl. They took her and she was happy that she's going there, because who knew which side going to go on [to the] crematoriums? Nobody even think about crematoriums. Oh, I got to tell you a story about a lady who ... Actually, this was in end of ... I think it was in 1941, when they just built the crematoriums and the gas chambers. A lady was standing with a grandchild in a line to get into a shower--what it says [is] a shower room. She was very close by and she heard these people screaming inside, \"Sh'ma Yisrael, Adonai Eloheinu, Adonai Echad!\" [Hebrew: Hear, O Israel, Adonai is our G-d, Adonai is One!] And they are not letting ... Where water is supposed to come down, gas came down and they were gassing those people. She sneaked out and sneaked back with her grandchild to the city where we lived. She told people about it and people were saying, \"That lady's crazy.\" I mean, how could it be? Nothing like that would happen in the 20th century. I mean, it's ... She's crazy. I was a little girl and she came up to me, \"They think I'm crazy. They don't believe me. You believe me, don't you?\" I'll never forget those words. Later on, we found out that she was actually right. We did not believe her. Nobody believed her that something like that can happen in the 20th century with a country like Germany, which were so civilized, and so advanced, and everything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1815.0,2039.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How did you hear that particular story? How did you know that? That person came to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2039.0,2046.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: They came to my parents. They talked to my parents and they told her that ... I mean, parents, aunts, and uncles in that time. She was very hurt for listening, that people don't believe her. So, she came up to me, to a child. She thought, \"Well, a child will listen to me. They don't want to even listen to me, but you're going to listen to me.\" It was ... When somebody said they couldn't believe that something like that happened, I can understand. I can understand, because we didn't believe that lady who escaped, who ... In that time, it wasn't fenced, wasn't closed completely, and she escaped from the ... Actually, she heard that they gassing people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2046.0,2104.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: After the war, did you go back to Poland during those years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2104.0,2107.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: No, I could never go back to Poland. It was too painful for me. People said that I had, you know, properties from my grandfather and from ... I said, \"I don't want the property. I want to go back to Poland. I don't want to hear about the Poles.\" I was very ... I mean, I still ... I can't say the word, \"hate,\" because I don't like that word, \"hate,\" but I don't like Poles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2107.0,2143.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Even though you lived in Germany for four years amongst ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2143.0,2146.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I lived in Germany, but I had several times that Germans who saved my life. I had one time in the factory, in the ammunition factory, one German saved my life. And one time, the German lady who took me in, even though she didn't know that she's saving a Jew, but she saved my life. The Poles didn't have to be ... I mean, they didn't have to go and help out. They did that voluntarily. In Germany, they had ... The propaganda was so big on Jewish people that I asked that German lady who kept me if she ever saw a Jew. She said, \"No,\" but she was reading a lot about Jewish people. So, you see, the propaganda was so big that they started believing everything what they were reading.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2146.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Continuing back in with your time in Atlanta, what was Atlanta like when you first came here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2218.0,2225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: It was a small city. It was not as big as now. The Jewish community--especially the German Jewish community--helped us a lot. And, of course, my husband was young, and we had a child, and we were ... My husband found a job as electrician. After being a few years as electrician, he bought ... One of the Jews from Atlanta--I think Sidney Gold was his name--he lent him some money. He said, \"Go in business. Go open a grocery,\" and he opened a neighborhood grocery store and that's how we started, too. And then we had another child, another daughter, and life has to go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2225.0,2288.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What neighborhood was the store in?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2288.0,2291.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: The store was in a black neighborhood. But let me tell you, we worked very hard. I helped my husband in the grocery business. We worked long hours, but I think if we didn't have that kind of work, and take care of the children, and had pleasure from the children, we probably would have gone crazy. We would lose our mind. That's what saved us, is staying busy, as busy as possible, and I think this is the thing that saved our lives--to work, work, work, and take care of the children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2291.0,2334.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: When you say, 'losing your minds,' what were you not doing or what were you turning away from?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2334.0,2343.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I mean, if we wouldn't stay that busy, we would think. That's all what our minds would be, our past. How could it be that we are? I felt like I was born from a rock after the war. Didn't have no nobody. So, it was not easy. It was very hard and the only thing that took my mind away from those things is staying busy, working, raising the children, being with the children, enjoying to raise our children, and enjoying each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2343.0,2383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How much of that do you suppose your children could feel from you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2383.0,2387.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I beg your pardon?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2387.0,2389.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How much of all that do you suppose your children sensed?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2389.0,2395.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, it really was very hard for me to talk to my children about my past. I didn't want to hurt them. I loved them too much, so I didn't want to hurt them. I felt telling them my past would hurt them very much. But they knew it anyway. They knew it. They don't have to ask questions when they were young. [For] my husband, it was easier to talk. For me, it was harder to talk. They knew that we went through hell, but personal hell, what I went through, I couldn't talk to them. I didn't want to hurt them. They would be very hurt. Like, when it was [Albert] Eichmann's trial ... I have three daughters and, you know, everybody's different. Everybody has different personality. So, my middle daughter was watching Eichmann's trial. That's how they found out a lot of things what they didn't found out from me. So, I had ... She had trouble sleeping. She started walking in sleep. She was talking. All what she was talking is about Eichmann. I had to take it to the doctor. The doctor said just to take her into bed and sleep with her and not to let her watch any television, not to let her read any papers about it because [it] effects on every child different. On that one, [it] effects terrible. On the others, it didn't affect as much as this one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2395.0,2502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Were you conscious of raising your children in any specific way or with any particular values because of your past?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2502.0,2510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, yes, I was very conscious for my children to known that they're Jewish, to have Jewish education, send them to Hebrew Academy, and it was ... I mean, I would be very painful ... would be a terrible pain if my children would marry a non-Jewish person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2510.0,2539.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What is it about Jewishness that is meaningful to you in particular?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2539.0,2545.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, after what you ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2545.0,2549.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Is it religion or ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2549.0,2549.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I beg your pardon?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2549.0,2549.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Is it that you are religious? Is it the culture? Is it ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2549.0,2553.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I guess it is the culture more than the religious because religious telling you the truth. Hitler didn't took away from me only my family. He took away that I have doubt. How could G-d see what's going on [with] six million Jews and didn't do absolutely nothing about it? I mean, you have a doubt what ... If it is a G-d, how could he let it happen like that? How in the world he took people who never sinned--children never sinned, religious people who day and night prayed to him--and he let it happen? Something like that, you can't help it but you have a doubt. But the culture is important to me, yes. And I never ... My children never found out that part of me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2553.0,2617.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What was your husband's reaction to that whole thing? How did he deal with it? What did Jewishness mean to him? How did he carry his experiences? Can you speak for him a little bit?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2617.0,2633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I really can't speak much for him. I knew that he got along with me whatever I ... if I said I want to send the children to Hebrew Academy, let them learn Jewishness and religion. I thought that, you know, he was agreeing with me. He's not ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2633.0,2663.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: You said that you were quite young when you were separated from your family. As far as the culture, like, say, recipes that your mother had or things that you used to like about your childhood, is there anything that you were able to bring into your own children's lives?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2663.0,2679.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: No, I was 14 years old when the war broke out and at that time, my parents didn't let us stay in the kitchen. I was too young and I didn't ... I just knew how to set the table. If comes a holiday, or Friday, or Friday night, or Saturday morning, we always had ... Saturdays, we always had people, strange people who are poor people, who didn't have anywhere to go for Shabbat. They sat with us at the table. This I knew and I still ... I took this approach over to my children and told them that we always ... It is a mitzvah [good deed] to have poor people around the table on holidays or Shabbat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2679.0,2737.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Did you ever try to recreate any of the things that you ate as a child? I mean, I know American food is so different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2737.0,2744.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Yes, I do. I make kreplach. I make gefilte fish. Not that I learned from my mother, but I learned. You know, I knew what is the ingredients, what was in it. So, I knew, you know? And Jewish meals, European Jewish meals, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2744.0,2766.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Did you have people in your life who were like parents to you after the war, who could help you, people you could talk to? Who were the people in your life other than your husband after the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2766.0,2782.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, after I was born or after the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2782.0,2787.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: After the war, you did not have a family. Did you have any other adults that you could talk to and that could teach you things?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2787.0,2793.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Not in Germany, but I did have a neighbor in, I think, the second year or the third year when I came to Atlanta and [if] I had any problems, I did. I went to her, but I didn't want to ... I tell you the truth, that people in the United States, didn't want to even hear if I wanted to tell them something about my past, or what happened in Germany, or what happened. In the beginning, they didn't want to listen. They said, \"We know. We know. You don't have to talk about it.\" I thought maybe they don't want to listen or they didn't want me to talk about it because it's too painful to talk about. I don't know. But later on, when ... Like, now, everybody wants to know everything and that's already gone on for tens of years what they want to know, and don't forget, I'm here already 55 years. But I would say [it was] 30 or 35 years [before] everybody wants to hear and everybody wants to listen. I used to go into schools and talk about it, and to churches and talk about it, even to a religious school, to Jewish religious school and talk about it. I was in New Orleans. I went to a synagogue and the children, the students in the synagogue, I talked for them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2793.0,2894.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: After the war, did you continue with any kind of education for yourself?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2894.0,2901.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I wish I would. I did not. I should. But with having one child after the other, and I ... With helping my husband in the grocery business, you didn't have too much time to make it sure your child is not different than the neighbor's child or the school friends, and make sure that they are dressed alike, they got everything what they need not to be feel different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2901.0,2937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: How did you help them with English? I mean, how did they ... How did your relationship around English, how did that ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2937.0,2943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Okay. Well, in the beginning, we ... With my husband, I always spoke Yiddish and when the children were little, we talked to them Yiddish, too. But then, when they got a little bit older, they didn't want me to talk Yiddish. They said, \"Mother, speak English. Speak English. That's how you going to learn English. Speak English,\" and we did. They didn't even want to answer in Yiddish, even if I talked to them Yiddish. Now, they're dying to learn words. They are so happy to hear somebody talks to them Yiddish, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2943.0,2986.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Describe the Jewish community in Atlanta in those earlier years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2986.0,2992.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: The Jewish community what we came into?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2992.0,2995.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Yes, what was that like here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2995.0,2996.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, first thing, it was not a big city. Everybody knew everybody. It was not too many. It was only three synagogues. It was the AA, Shearith Israel, and the Temple. The German Jews helped us a lot. The mostly German Jews, they came to visit us, they make sure that if we need something, they provided. Like, when I came with a infant, to make sure if I needed an infant bed, or I need playpen, or I need ... They all ... They came. Some of them came even daily and some of them came weekly and they ... mostly German Jews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2996.0,3050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Do you remember at the Temple then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3050.0,3051.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I remember the Temple.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3051.0,3054.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Did you join a synagogue?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3054.0,3056.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I joined the AA because ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3056.0,3059.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: That was the Russian Jews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3059.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: That was the Russian Jews, right, and it was not the German Jews. But the German Jews helped us and we went to the Temple a few times. But the Temple was not religious enough even, you know, first thing. Then, the AA was on Washington Street in that time, which [was] walking distance. My husband went to [AA] for prayers, Friday night prayers, or ... It was like walking distance. And that's how we belonged to the AA and we still belong today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3060.0,3096.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: There were other survivors who joined the AA around the same time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3096.0,3100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: A lot of survivors joined AA, but not all of the survivors. A lot of them [joined] Shearith Israel, Rabbi [Emanuel] Feldman's synagogue, the ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3100.0,3114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How much did you associate with the other survivors?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3114.0,3117.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I do still associate with the other survivors. Of course, I have American friends and I have survivor friends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3117.0,3129.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Would you talk to them about the past?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3129.0,3133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: We did talk, yes. We talked a lot. We talked to each ... yes. We talked to them a lot about the past, yes. To them, we were easier to talk to them about the past than to anybody else because they went ... Everyone went through another miracle of surviving and we did talk about those things. We talked about almost everything with the survivors about the past, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3133.0,3166.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What was it like for you to have to be involved with black people when you first came here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3166.0,3172.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I had an experience. Of course, in the beginning, I didn't have no cars. We had to go on busses. At that time, the black people had to sit in the back and the white people in the front. I wasn't educated in those things that I have to sit in the front. I went and sat down next to a black lady, an elderly black [or] late middle aged black lady. She still stays in front of my eyes. Some people came up and said I should go sit in the front and I said, \"Why?\" [They] said, \"Because you can't sit next to a black lady,\" and I said, \"Hitler, is dead. Nobody will tell me what to do. I'll sit here.\" So, another person came up and told me to move, to go in the front. I didn't want to move. I felt nobody can tell me now anymore because it is after the war. I'll sit wherever I want to. You know, the black lady got up and she walked away from her seat. So, that was my experience about ... I felt sorry for them. I felt ... You know, me, as being a slave, and to treat people different, not equal, it was painful for me, too, to see it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3172.0,3271.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Was there any particular attitude that you picked up from white people towards Jewish people in those days?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3271.0,3280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: In the United States?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3280.0,3282.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Yes, here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3282.0,3285.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Not really. The only thing what I remember when I lived in Atlanta and I went to New York because my husband's brothers settled in New York and people, you know, Jewish people who are lived here for years and didn't went through the Holocaust, they said, \"Why you live in the South? They are Ku Klux Klan. The antisemitism is so big in the South,\" but I didn't feel it. I personally didn't feel it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3285.0,3325.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Talk about yourself a little bit more. What qualities in you do you suppose helped you get through the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3325.0,3334.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I beg your pardon?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3334.0,3336.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: What qualities about you personally helped you survive beyond just luck and circumstances?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3336.0,3344.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, the only ... I mean, I wanted to survive very badly. Even when I escaped and [went] in that ditch to hide when we were marching, in that time, I said, \"If I survive, I'll probably be the only one survivor from the Holocaust.\" After the war, when I was with the German family, I thought that I'm the only survivor, nobody survived from those concentration camps, and I'll be able to tell the world the real truth what happened. But that's what ... I mean, that's the reason I wanted to survive. That's the reason I wanted to live and survive, and I think that's why I survived, because I wanted to survive. I went through so many sickness--typhoid, rheumatic fever, tuberculosis--and I survived and in those conditions. I weighed maybe 78 pounds when I came to that German family, but still, I'm survived.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3344.0,3437.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Continue what you were saying at the very beginning about how this history has affected your children, what you said about not having grandparents and so on ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3437.0,3446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: How affected my children?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3446.0,3448.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Yes, talk about that some more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3448.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, it effected a lot my children. My children, they were ... When they were little, they went to school. All the other children they were talking about grandparents or their grandparents came to see them to kindergarten or nursery school, and aunts, and uncles, and they felt they don't have it. They're different. It was painful for them. So, later on, when I moved in another house, in another apartment, actually, and there lived a Jewish lady. Her name was Sarah Kinsler, and she was a middle-aged person. She had one son only and her son was married and didn't have children. I was very close with her. She and I told the children to call her 'Aunt Sarah.' So, the children and I adopted Harold and Sarah. But my children adopted [her and would say], \"My grandmother is Aunt Sarah.\" But then the other children said, \"How can it be an aunt and it's a grandmother?\" So, the children were ... I mean, they were ... They felt different. They felt they don't have no grandparents. They have no aunts and uncles, cousins like other [kids].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3450.0,3542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: When they were older and you started telling them a bit about the war, how did you teach them? What did you teach them? Or did you? Did you go into ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3542.0,3558.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I never taught them to hate. I still don't like the word \"hate.\" That word \"hate,\" it's very painful. I told them not to like. [I taught them to say,] \"I don't like that person,\" or \"I don't like it,\" but not to say, \"I hate.\" And you know what? No matter how ... We couldn't take advantage. I couldn't go. Even if they would show me, \"That Nazi killed your parents,\" I couldn't go and kill. I don't think Jewish people could kill. I didn't talk much about it. I didn't want to hurt my children. I didn't talk much. They found out from other sources. They found out from reading. They found out from television. They found out a little bit. My husband told them, but they did not found out from me. I loved my children too much. I could not talk to them to hurt them [by telling them] what happened to their grandparents, or to me, or ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3558.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Has anger been a part of your life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3630.0,3632.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Beg your pardon?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3632.0,3633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Has anger been a part of your life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3633.0,3635.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Anger? Yes, I have anger. Yes, I do have anger, but not a hateful anger. I cannot hate. That's my nature. But I couldn't say that all the survivors feel the same way. But this is me. Anger I have. I always probably will. A pain I always have in the back of my mind, which I don't like to talk about. I could not go to visit Auschwitz-Birkenau or to visit Dachau. It would be too painful for me. I don't know if I could take it to even visit Poland. I could not get into Poland and I could not get into Germany anymore. Any more questions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3635.0,3695.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Talk a little bit about after you and your husband had that store ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3695.0,3700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: The grocery store?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3700.0,3702.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: The grocery store. How long did that go on and what other types of work did you do over the years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3702.0,3708.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, my children were little. I could not afford a maid, so I had to take care of my three children. After they went to school, I ran to the grocery store--we had a small grocery store--so my husband can go out and buy some merchandise for the store and I stayed in the store. But after a while--he was electrician, which I mentioned before--he started ... bought with a friend, with another survivor, a piece of land, and they were building apartments. By the end, he was actually a builder and he was ... That's how he worked himself up and became successful--not from the grocery. Grocery, we had made a living, but then I had to be home. When the children are coming home from school, I want to be with them and I want to take care of them. So, I helped my husband in the grocery during the time when the children were in school. When they came home from school, I was home. I learned how to drive a car. I did have a car at that time already, because where we lived is you have to have a car. You cannot ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3708.0,3795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Was there any thought of moving to Israel at any point over the last 40 years or so?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3795.0,3800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: No. No, I visit Israel a lot, but we never talked because we made our home here, our children are here, and I ... We couldn't. No, we never did. No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3800.0,3819.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Can you talk a little bit more about your husband also? I am aware that he is not here and that he ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3819.0,3826.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, my husband has ... When he turned 68, I saw something strange. I saw he is forgetting about things that he shouldn't. I mean, not ... It was some ... A lot of strange things were going on and he was otherwise very healthy physically, but mentally, something was wrong. I said, \"Let's go to the doctor,\" and I made the appointment and he canceled. He said, \"Nothing wrong with me and I don't need to go to a doctor. Doctors are for women.\" He always thought women ... He never went to a doctor. So, finally, I had to turn to my daughters. I told my daughters, \"Something is wrong with your father. He doesn't want to go to the doctor. And it's going on for a few months already like that. And could you help me and get him to a doctor?\" They said, \"Of course, he has to go to a doctor,\" thinks what I told them, this strange thing what's going on. So, they called up Father and said, \"Daddy, you want to take us out for lunch?\" He was thrilled. He loved his daughters. He went out for lunch with them. From lunch, they took him to the doctor, and then the doctor sent him to a neurologist, and they were diagnosed Alzheimer's disease, which this was in 1993. It's already seven and a half years ago. It's very painful to watch him what can become from a healthy man. He is physically very healthy and no brains at all. This is a terrible disease. It is a very painful disease--painful for me--but, thank G-d, he is not in pain. He doesn't know what's wrong with him. Of course, if he would know, he wouldn't want to live like that. But it's hard to think about something like that can happen to a person. That's a terrible disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3826.0,3966.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: How much of a personal relationship are you still able to have with him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3966.0,3972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, I'm visiting him every single day, sometimes two or three times a day. And my children are kind of angry why I am visiting because sometimes when I see ... He has good days and bad days. When he has a bad day, I'm coming home depressed and they said I shouldn't go, I'm going to get sick, I shouldn't go that much, they taking good care of him there and I couldn't help him. Sometimes he knows who I am; sometimes he doesn't. So, it is no use for me. But I still ... I feel I don't have a husband; I have obligations. This is another pain. So, you tell me. Is there G-d? Is there a G-d? It's a question mark in my mind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3972.0,4034.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: I really do not know what to say after that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4034.0,4038.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What makes you happy in your life? Where do you get your pleasure?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4038.0,4043.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Pleasure I got from my grandchildren. I have to watch them. Got beautiful grandchildren. I got one is a lawyer and the next one is in medical school. Then I have two in college. I have seven grandchildren, six grandsons and one little granddaughter. So, this is a lot of pleasure. My children still give me pleasure to be with them, hear from them. They are good. I have good children and good grandchildren, wonderful. I don't know how I could live without them. Wonderful children, yes. They give me a lot of pleasure. And I have good friends. I have good American friends what I associate with them, going to symphonies, going theaters, having season tickets, going out and having dinner with them. This helps me a lot, though, not to sit home and think or coming home from my husband and being depressed, I'm going out with friends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4043.0,4116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Hopefully your grandchildren and maybe even their children will come to the museum someday and watch. Your kids ... Do you have a message for them or something you would like to tell them or other visitors that maybe are going to see the tape?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4116.0,4128.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: It's going to be in the museum? In the High Museum [of Art]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4128.0,4131.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: No, the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4131.0,4133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: On the Breman Heritage, yes, sure. I know what. I want to tell them to be a good Jew, and that I love them, and I always will, and they gave me a lot of pleasure, and that's what makes me tick.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4133.0,4155.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: Thank you for your story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4155.0,4158.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: You're welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4158.0,4300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Hello, I'm Bella Solnik. Bella Urbach Solnik. I'm back again. I was born in Pabianice [Poland]. I was in the Pabianice ghetto [and] the Lodz ghetto. I was in an ammunitions factory. I was in all kind of concentration camps and I survived. In April 1945, I was liberated. When I was liberated ... I will talk a little bit about after the war. When I was liberated, the first thing I thought, \"I'm the only one who survived the Holocaust.\" But later on, I found out there are more survivors because I went to a DP camp named Bad Worishofen and up there I was ... How do ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4300.0,4357.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Rehabilitated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4357.0,4357.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Rehabilitated. I got back my strength, got back a little bit my weight, and then I met my husband in the same place where I was living there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4357.0,4376.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Who else was in the DP camp?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4376.0,4378.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: It was a lot more, including my husband and his two brothers and a lot more survivors. But there was not a big one. The big ones were like Landsberg and some like that, but I forgot the other names. But Bad Worishofen was a small one, but everybody knew everybody and I was dating my husband when my cousin found me. He found me from a list of survivors. He was looking for survivors and he got already strength back. He went from one way to another way to reach Bad Worishofen to meet me, to see if this is the right Bella Solnik, his cousin. Bella Urbach at that time. I'm sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4378.0,4435.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Where had he been?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4435.0,4436.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: He was in ... He was actually only 11 years old when the Germans took him to concentration camps. He went from one camp to another and finally, you know ... But he is now a big professor in the Jewish American Jewish ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4436.0,4462.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Theological.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4462.0,4462.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Theological seminar. But he also went ... After the war, he went to school and studied, went to Israel to study, got his doctorate degree, his rabbi degrees, professor degrees.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4462.0,4478.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What went through your mind when you saw him, the first time you saw a family member?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4478.0,4482.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I was just numb. I was so glad and I was so happy. We decided we're going to look for more family members, which we didn't found, but we did have ... We remembered that we had an aunt in Israel from before the war. So, we registered the first thing when we could, registered to leave Germany. We registered to go to Palestine. In that time, we didn't have Israel. While I was registered, in the meantime I got married. My husband is the first guy I ever dated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4482.0,4527.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Tell us your husband's name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4527.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: My husband's name is Pinkus Solnik and he had two brothers. We got married and I got pregnant. They called us to go that they are ready to take us to Israel and that was smuggling with small boats going in Germany to Italy [and then,] from Italy with small boats to get into Palestine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4530.0,4554.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Who smuggled you in? Who was it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4554.0,4555.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: The Haganah, the Israeli Haganah. But they didn't accept me because I was pregnant. I was crying. My husband was very upset and I was crying. I wanted to go on so badly to Palestine. I wanted to go to be with Jewish people. I wanted to be free. I wanted to be around Jewish people and, of course, my aunt was there. But I wasn't accepted. I didn't have any other choice because I didn't want to stay in Germany. I went to register to go to America, but this was not my first choice. It didn't take us long and we were called in. The baby, in [the] meantime, was born. The baby was six months old when we came to the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4555.0,4619.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Let us go back just a minute, because I know that you have a good story about your wedding.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4619.0,4624.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Yes, absolutely. We got married. It was ... About my wedding, we got married. It was by a few months after the liberation. At that time, I wanted to have a white ... get married in a white dress and I wanted to have a rabbi. It was very important to me to have a rabbi. We looked everywhere, every DP camp around in Germany, for a rabbi. Finally, [we] found a rabbi. So, now we need a dress, a white dress the way I wanted. At the last minute, maybe a day before the wedding, somebody lent me a white dress. We got married in Bad Worishofen and on the wedding, I didn't have no family. The only cousin, who was there, but it was strangers. It was a lot of people, survivors. That's what it happened. I mean, everybody had the same problem there. Anyway, we were very glad to get out from Germany, especially with a baby. We wanted that baby to grow up normal, in a normal place, and not in German DP camps, so we went to the United States by boat and ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4624.0,4729.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: How did you get your visa? How did that [happen]? How did your journey take place? How did you ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4729.0,4733.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: The union. It was ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4733.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: HIAS?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4740.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: HIAS union. They provided visas. Actually, my husband ... I was busy with the baby and my husband took care of everything, which he is now sick. He has Alzheimer's disease and he can't remember nothing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4740.0,4756.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What was his personality like then? What did you like about him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4756.0,4760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Oh, he was full with life and has a lot of talents. He was singing. He was extremely friendly. He still is. [He] has a great sense of humor. He still has a sense of humor, but he's a very sick man. He's not physically sick, but he is very sick with Alzheimer's because he's already seven and a half years since the doctor diagnosed that disease. Well, it's not easy and it's very heartbreaking whenever I see him. I see him every single day. If he has a good day, I'm happy. When he has a bad day, I'm going home very depressed, but I ... My husband worked in the United States very hard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4760.0,4815.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What did he work in?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4815.0,4816.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kent: He started working as electrician, which, as electrician ... His father used to be [the owner of] an electric company and that's how he learned it. He actually survived ... The three brothers survived because of their profession [as] electricians. So, in the United States, he started working electrician. Then, people ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4816.0,4842.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Were you here at that point, in Atlanta right away?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4842.0,4844.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: In Atlanta. We came with the boat to New Orleans and from New Orleans, straight to Atlanta. [Some]one from the Jewish Federation ... I think Jewish Families Service were waiting for us at the train station [when] we came.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4844.0,4862.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What was your first impression of Atlanta? When you got off the train, what did you think?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4862.0,4866.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, telling you the truth, I didn't like it. It got ... It was hard to get adjusted. It was different. It was ... Everything was different. But it took us a whole year to get adjusted and we loved it. Right now, we really love it, but it took us a year to get adjusted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4866.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What did you see that you did not like when you got off the train? I mean, what was so different?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4890.0,4894.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: The first thing, we didn't know the language. It is a different culture. It is a different ... I mean, with everything was different. We are ... It was hard to get adjusted and it took us a year to get adjusted. If I wanted to talk to people about the Holocaust, the Jewish people, none of the Jewish people spoke Yiddish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4894.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Who were your friends? Who did you meet?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4920.0,4924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Then, later on, all the people came. All the survivors came to Atlanta and we got together with every survivor who was there. But the American Jewish people, very few of them. We didn't find people to speak Yiddish, and we didn't speak English, and was very hard to communicate. If we found somebody to speak Yiddish, she ... I mean, they didn't want to listen to what I was trying to tell them and I thought that I lived to tell the world what happened. But they said, \"We know. We know. Don't talk about it.\" Nobody wanted to listen. Now, everybody wants to hear. Everybody wants to know everybody's miracle of surviving.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4924.0,4979.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: It must have been a relief to you when other survivors started coming to Atlanta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4979.0,4983.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: It was. It was a relief to me. When all the survivors came to Atlanta, I had somebody to talk to, and somebody to make friends, and even to go in with the baby and the fresh air. It was somebody else who had babies. Then, little by little ... [There] didn't come that many in the beginning, but it came. It wasn't enough so we could ... I could communicate with somebody. My husband started looking for a job and he found a job. He worked a little bit and he made like $20 a week. I spent half of it and half of it I saved for the future. We didn't have any other way to get money than from work. I couldn't work because I had the baby.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4983.0,5046.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Where did you live?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5046.0,5047.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: I lived on Washington Street. I lived over the mikveh. This was the first apartment, but we didn't live long there. Then we moved in Edward Krick's house on Washington Street.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5047.0,5062.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Who is that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5062.0,5064.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Everybody in Atlanta knowns Edward Krick. His grandfather lived there, too, and we lived upstairs. This was our second place where to live and the baby was getting bigger, getting every month a little bigger. Next door from them used to live Betty and Joe Zelman with their children. Betty and Joe Zelman used to be teachers in the AA synagogue Hebrew teaching.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5064.0,5096.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Did you join AA?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5096.0,5096.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I joined because the AA was at that time actually on Washington Street. I joined the AA especially [because] Joe Zelman was the main Hebrew teacher there because he came actually from Israel and they spoke Yiddish. That was a very [unintelligible] and we became friends at that. So, after we met all the people, my husband was encouraged from all the people [that] he should go in business and he shouldn't work as electrician. He worked as electrician quite a few months, maybe close to a year. Then, he bought a small neighborhood grocery store.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5096.0,5148.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Where was that grocery store?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5148.0,5150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: On Grey Street in the black neighborhood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5150.0,5155.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What was the name of the grocery store?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5155.0,5159.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Pete's Grocery Store.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5159.0,5161.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Pete's Grocery Store?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5161.0,5163.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Pete's Grocery Store.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5163.0,5165.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: How did he get along with his clients?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5165.0,5167.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: With his customers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5167.0,5170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: [Yes].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5170.0,5171.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: He got along very good with his customers. They were black customers. We actually felt very sorry about the black ... the way ... In that time, the black people should sit in the back. When we went to a doctor, they had bathroom special for the black, space separate from the white. It bothered us, coming from where we came from, where Hitler kept us as slaves. We couldn't see that people are not treated equal. So, one time, actually, I went on a bus. We didn't have a car, of course. I went on a bus and I sat down. Not on purpose, I just sat down, talking with a black lady. I didn't know is not allowed. I didn't know that I suppose not to do it. But then people came over, and told me I should move, and I'm not allowed to sit here. I said, \"No, I'm not going to move. Hitler is already dead and I can do whatever I want to.\" I didn't know the reason why I should move. [I said,] \"I sat down here, I want to sit here.\" I didn't want to move and other people came over. I mean, people came constantly and didn't want to let me sit there. When the black lady understood more than I did, so she got up and she walked away from me. So, this was the first experience. I learned. Little by little, I learned that, which I was ... I didn't think it's the right thing to do, but I learned how that actually, the black people doesn't have the same right than the white people, which I was very surprised by me. I thought I'm coming to a free country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5171.0,5284.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Was it strange to be thought of as white instead of as Jewish? Like, in the South, if you are white, you are white and it did not matter that you were Jewish. What mattered was that you were white in that situation. Was that strange?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5284.0,5298.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I'll tell you the truth, that it bothered me to be called \"white\" [while] somebody is \"black.\" I am human and she's human. But not ... I mean, not that I'm Jewish. I'm Jewish and I was very proud--even prouder to be Jewish after the war than before the war. That's why I'm very sensitive. If any of my children or grandchildren would have dated any non-Jewish people, as much as I love them to death, but I would be probably very hurt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5298.0,5345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: You gave up a lot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5345.0,5347.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I gave up [and] I lost a lot because I'm Jewish, because of our Jewish tradition or Jewish heritage. So, it's hard for me to accept anything different. Anyway, my husband finally went into a grocery business and was in grocery business for 14 years. After 14 years, he sold the grocery store and he went in construction business.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5347.0,5384.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: In the grocery business, how many hours a day did he work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5384.0,5389.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: He worked extremely long hours and I helped him. A grocery business, [even if it is a] small grocery store, but any grocery business, alone, you cannot exist. He had a butcher, he had a delivery boy, and I had to come there whenever I could because I had children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5389.0,5413.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Were they already in school by that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5413.0,5415.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: My children, when he started going in the grocery business, they were ... One was an infant. The middle one was the infant in that time. She was only a few weeks old when he bought the grocery business and my other one started actually Hebrew Academy by five years. Instead [of] the nursery school, I sent her to the Hebrew Academy because the Hebrew Academy was Greenberg at that time. It was the first year when the Hebrew Academy opened. She was from the first pupils, from the first people in the Hebrew Academy. I still didn't have a car. I still was riding in a bus and riding even when we had the grocery store. I was riding in a bus. Finally, we could afford as a secondhand car and I took my husband to the work and then I took the children into, you know, whatever I needed to be done. Then, I went to work with him and picked him up. He worked so many hours. He waked up six o'clock in the morning and came home twelve o'clock at night in grocery. In one way, it was good because that keep kept us from becoming insane, kept us not to think what really happened to us, what really we went through. We were busy having ... too busy with everything else then to think about our past, too busy with work, with raising children, building a home, building it, making sure that the children are not different than the rest of their friends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5415.0,5534.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: How did you do that? How did you raise American children when you were European?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5534.0,5540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, actually, you get Americanized. You do get Americanized little by little. When the children were a little bit older, they said to me, \"Don't begin to speak Yiddish. Speak English to me.\" I could speak Yiddish to them and they answered me in English. They wanted me to learn English very badly. My husband went to a school for lessons. When he came home, he showed me what he learned and that's how we learned, actually.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5540.0,5579.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, he was really working so many hours and probably six days a week, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5579.0,5584.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5584.0,5585.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: You had the most ... so much responsibility raising the children almost by yourself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5585.0,5589.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Almost by myself, yes. I had my children. I went into labor, he couldn't come to stay with me. They were born without him, both of them. I had two girls who are born in Atlanta and my oldest one was born in Bad Worishofen, in the DP camp. So, it was hard for us, but we loved it. We enjoyed the children, we enjoyed each other, and we enjoyed building a life again from nothing, from not having one ... The only clothes we had was what was on our back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5589.0,5634.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: You had to face a lot of challenges with the culture and with the language, but there must have been things that you really enjoyed and took a lot of pleasure out of building a new life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5634.0,5645.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Building a new life in a free country, of course. My husband has now a little pillow. It says, \"G-d bless America,\" and he can't part with that little pillow. I say it, too, \"G-d bless America,\" took in so many people from DP camps. Every one of us worked very hard, and built up a beautiful life so they can have something for the future and saved penny by penny. If my husband made $10, I spent five. My husband make $20, I spent ten. And that's how it was going up. If he made $30, I spent 15 only, so we can save for the future and we should not be dependent on anybody else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5645.0,5702.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Your other friends were probably ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5702.0,5705.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Doing the same thing. They did the same thing. I'm sure they did the same thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5705.0,5710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Who were the other people you were friendly with at the time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5710.0,5713.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: In that time was [Martin and Dora] Eisler came in town, and of course, Betty Zelman was a good friend of ours. She helped me a lot because we were neighbors and he was a ... both of them were schoolteachers, though, at the Hebrew ... in the AA synagogue ... schoolteachers. If I needed any question, I did not know something, then she helped me. Then, when we moved to 14th Street and I still had two children--the third one was born later--I had a neighbor upstairs, Sarah Kinsler, and the children called her Aunt Sarah. When they started going to school, like first grade, and kindergarten, and second grade, they ... You know how children can be. [They said,] \"I have a grandmother. You don't have a grandma. I have two grandmothers.\" She said, \"I have a grandmother, too. My Aunt Sarah is my grandmother,\" because she had gray hair. She was an elderly woman at that time from me. The children said, \"How can an aunt be your grandmother?\" So ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5713.0,5798.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, what ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5798.0,5798.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: But the children suffered. That shows you what the children went through, not only I went through, but the children felt that they are different, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5798.0,5806.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Did they feel that they were different because they did not have an extended family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5806.0,5811.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: They didn't have an extended family. They were different and they still feel different because, like, every child went through to bury a grandmother, grandfather. They never went through anything. Till today, they didn't go through anything like that. So, they feel in a lot of ways ... They felt different. But thank G-d, I raised my children very educated, very social and working in the community. I have one in New Orleans. They're working in the community, the Jewish community very much. They are very good parents, they got children and their home, and they are lovable people. The community likes them a lot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5811.0,5865.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What did you tell your children about your parents? Did you tell them stories from when you were a child?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5865.0,5869.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I told them. I told them, \"I'm a Holocaust survivor.\" I couldn't tell them the details because I felt that I'm going to hurt them a lot. But they knew that we lost our family through Hitler, and how we lost them, and how the pain I had from it ... I couldn't tell them what kind of sickness I went through in each concentration [camp], or working camp, or even ghettos. I couldn't tell those things. If they asked questions, I asked them not to ask me. Especially one of mine daughters, the middle one, was extremely sensitive. You know, every child is a little different. When Eichmann's trial was in television and in the papers, the doctor forbid me to let them watch the show or read the paper because she was so sensitive. The other one was ... The younger one was too young because the younger one was born on Noble Drive when I was ... later on. But two of them were born in the United States, in Atlanta, and one was born in Germany, in Bad Worishofen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5869.0,5953.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: In addition to the war years, did you ever tell them stories about when you were a child and just growing up? When they were little, did you tell them what you did when you were very young, like, when you were five, or six, or seven? Did you tell them stories about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5953.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Yes, I told them. I told them stories about how many children I came from, and that my father was a very religious man, and that my mother took care of the children and had help, you know, had live-in help. Somebody lived at home with us. I told them a few things, you know, here and there. I didn't sit down and tell them, but it came up something, I told them. But eventually, little by little, they found out everything about me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5970.0,6011.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What have they told you about their feelings about it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6011.0,6017.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, one usually cried and I didn't want to make them cry. So, that's the reason I didn't talk much about it. But later on, I went into schools and I went to, one time, the Hadassah. My oldest daughter's, Goldie's, Hadassah group. I asked her, \"Please don't be inside because I get nervous when I see you.\" So, she sneaked in the back when I didn't see her. It was a very big group of people. This was actually [when] I started talking about the Holocaust. I thought this is very important for young people to know what was going on because Hitler wanted to actually destroy all the Jews from this world. It is not only I am a survivor, every Jew is actually a survivor because Hitler would come, if he would succeed, if he would have his way, he would have gone to England, he would have gone to America, and his first choice was to kill all the Jews in this world. So, it's an important thing for the world to know. I did go from schools to actually to Hebrew schools, to high schools for, like, the 15-year-olds. I spoke, but whenever I spoke, you could ... It was so quiet in the room with ... The auditorium used to be absolutely full, but you could hear a fly flying through. After the speeches, a lot of them came up to me, asking all kind of questions and a few days later, I got letters and letters, how appreciative they are and how sorry they feel. Everyone wrote something different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6017.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Did you feel you had an impact on these young people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6150.0,6152.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Yes, I felt I had an impact and I felt good about myself that I could go and talk, and I did do the talking till my husband got sick. I went even to churches to talk about it, and I went to smaller places, some bigger places.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6152.0,6179.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What was the most important message that you had to your audiences when you would talk about your experience? What was the one thing that you really wanted them to come away with understanding?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6179.0,6190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I want them to know what happened, and not to forget, and not let anybody forget because history has a tendency to repeat itself, and the minute we forget, it can repeat itself. It does not mean it's going to repeat exactly with Jews. It can repeat with any other people, but the main thing is, don't forget, don't let anybody forget, and you are the one who should not let anybody forget.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6190.0,6229.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: You were telling me that your husband finally decided to sell his grocery business.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6229.0,6235.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: And went into construction business.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6235.0,6237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What was the last ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6237.0,6238.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: My husband finally started to sell the grocery business and went into construction business.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6238.0,6244.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Why did you decide to do that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6244.0,6246.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, first thing is, it would be easier for him. He wouldn't need to work to twelve o'clock and wake up six o'clock in the morning. It would be an easier job and then probably we would have a little more money for the retirement years, which we do. He worked hard in that. He was a very hard worker. He was a workaholic all his life. No matter what he did, he worked hard, but I wish he would be well now and enjoy life. But what can we do? That's life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6246.0,6296.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein:  You obviously learned English somewhere along the way. Was that hard for you or did you ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6296.0,6303.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: To learn English? Any language is hard to learn, especially a language that you're not so much familiar [with]. European languages ... Even [though] we speak a few languages, it should be easier to learn another language. But sure, it was a little hard. It was harder to get adjusted to the new ... our, you know, variety, new language, with the everything new. So, it was a little hard, but it took us one year. After one year, I was satisfied, but a whole year, I wanted to leave Atlanta, go to New York, where more Jewish people are, or go back to Europe even.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6303.0,6354.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Really? You were that uncomfortable here at first?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6354.0,6358.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Uncomfortable here, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6358.0,6358.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Really?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6358.0,6358.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: It's a different culture. Everything is different. You know, it takes time with a child, with a small baby. You don't know the language. You don't know anybody. Of course, one lady from the Jewish Family Service came almost every day for a few minutes to see if we need something. I mean, the community was nice. I have nothing [against] the Jewish community. They helped a lot, but this was a natural thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6358.0,6398.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: When did you know that Atlanta was okay, you liked it? Did something happened to make you feel comfortable?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6398.0,6406.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Nothing happened. Something ... It's everything adjusted. Little by little, everything adjusted and we ... That's what happened. We adjusted to Atlanta and Atlanta adjusted to us, whatever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6406.0,6427.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What is your favorite story from the early years? Is there anything funny that happened or anything that you ... a memory that you particularly enjoy about the early years of Atlanta, something funny that happened to the kids or ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6427.0,6444.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Not really, no. I can't think of it right now. The question was ... I don't know. The question was if something happened, something funny or something? But I can't think of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6444.0,6457.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Okay. What was ... I guess ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6457.0,6464.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Little by little, we met more and more people. We started associating more. More survivors came in and I think this is how we adjusted more to each other, people who suffered like we suffered, and we could understand each other more, and we ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6464.0,6485.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: You made friends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6485.0,6490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: We could make friends, and the friends had children, too, and the children ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6490.0,6496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, as more love came into your life, and you had your children to love and your husband, somehow that helped to ease the pain that you had felt for so many years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6496.0,6512.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: The pain never really eased. The question is if anything happened to ease the pain? No, nothing eased the pain, but we just ... Some of them talked about it more and the other one less. My husband could talk about it more and could sit down with the children and talk. I couldn't. Like, a lot of people can go and visit Dachau or visit Auschwitz-Birkenau, I couldn't. I would fall apart.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6512.0,6548.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: You have never been back there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6548.0,6549.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I will never be back there, yes. The most what I can go is to the museums. The Israeli Yad Vashem or to ... I've been twice at the Washington [D.C.] museum, and of course, Atlanta has a very nice museum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6549.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: I think so. Considering the difficulty that you faced as a Jew in Europe, is there anything that you tried to teach your children specifically about being Jewish? I mean, were you ever afraid for them because they were Jewish ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6570.0,6591.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6591.0,6592.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: ... or them being persecuted as a Jew?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6592.0,6593.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: No, just the opposite. I tell my children and grandchildren to be proud of their own heritage, to always be proud of their own heritage and to look up to it, to have ... Even if we lost so much, but we should always stick to our own heritage. Jewish people are the nicest people in the world, the smartest people in the world, and we should be proud of that. This is maybe the reason some of them doesn't like us, because we are smart and bright people, but we have to be strong and we should be proud of ourselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6593.0,6654.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What impact, then, did the Holocaust have on your life? It has been 55 years. Over that time, has the impact changed, has your thoughts about it changed, or is it just an undercurrent? How would you describe that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6654.0,6670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: What impact made after so many years after the Holocaust? No, no other impact. I still think of the Nazis as a terrible thing. I still think antisemitism is wrong and I still think we should fight antisemitism around the world. I just wish that Israel would have a peace agreement and it would be peace in Israel so the Jewish people can live in peace. I do wish this a lot and I'm very for it, for Jewish people in Israel to have peace. If they can make peace with [Yasser] Arafat, it would be wonderful, but they should not give back Jerusalem because of peace. Because if they want peace, they can make peace without Jerusalem, and if they don't want peace, they going to get Jerusalem and we still not going to be at peace. That is my philosophy. But I know there are much smarter people than me. I don't know. Any other questions you have?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6670.0,6748.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6748.0,6748.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I'll be happy to answer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6748.0,6749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Okay, I am working on it ... I was wondering what you felt about the Holocaust memorial that was built here in Atlanta and whether that helped you have a place to mourn your family or how you felt about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6749.0,6771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: The Holocaust memorial, what the Holocaust people, which was Lola Lansky, the main worker, a hard worker ... I think I'm very proud of it. I have my family's plat there. We go every year for a memorial service and every year before the holidays, once a year before any holidays, we go there for memorial service. I was very proud of Lola, the job she did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6771.0,6809.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Were you a member of [Eternal Life-Hemshech]? Were you at the beginning of that organization?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6809.0,6812.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I'm still a member of Hemshech from the beginning. I was not an active worker there, but I am proud of the people who worked on it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6812.0,6830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Was that something that helped you adjust and begin to talk about your experiences, when you joined Hemshech and there were other people who had similar experiences?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6830.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Well, when we joined Hemshech, we were already adjusted with other people. We already had friends. We already ... The children were already pretty grown and we had already ... You know, I had already my three daughters. They already went to school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6840.0,6864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Their generation, the children of survivors, did they have something ... Did they ever mention that they had felt something in common with the other children of survivors or were they just as comfortable with Americans? Like, the next generation down, what happens?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6864.0,6879.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Let me tell you, my children never mentioned about they have in common with others because actually understandings they have in common without even talking about it. But they did mention that they are hurt, too, from the Holocaust. They are hurt with a lot of other things they don't have. Besides what they don't have no family, you know, like, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, those kind of families, they all don't ... A lot of the things they're missing, what the children here, what their friends here ... because most of my children's friends are American born.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6879.0,6931.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What other things are missing for them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6931.0,6937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: It was missing a lot, which ... It was missing. It was missing like, they never saw ... never been [to a] grandparent's burial. They never knew how to love a grandparent. They never knew what [it was like to say], \"Let's go [to an] uncle's or aunt's. Let's get together at Thanksgiving, a family get together.\" Family was me, you, you, you and me. That was the whole family. I mean, it was a lot of things that even I can't think of mentioning, but they did feel that they are suffering from the Holocaust.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6937.0,6975.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Now that you have so many gorgeous grandchildren ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6975.0,6978.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I have seven wonderful grandchildren.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6978.0,6983.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: How do you feel about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6983.0,6984.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Each one is very special to me. Each one I love very dearly. From each one, I am very proud. They each one are smart, good looking, handsome, and trying to make something out of themselves one after the other, which I am proud. It looks like I did something good with raising my children because that's how they're raising their children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6984.0,7022.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: That is one of the things that you are most proud of when you look back on your life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=7022.0,7026.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: Looking back on my life, I am proud that I got wonderful three children with good education. I educate them. They picked up husbands on their own choice, and they did a good job, and they had beautiful children, which are my grandchildren. They put a lot into their children to raise them the right way. They got wonderful children. I have just wonderful grandchildren. I am proud of each one separate and I love them very much. Any more questions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=7026.0,7073.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: I think that is a wonderful way to end this, unless there is anything else that you would like to talk about. Can you think of anything?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=7073.0,7085.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solnik: I want to say how beautiful you are with doing what you're doing. Because this is something you have to have a heart of gold to do things what you're doing and I love you for it. You're a sweetheart.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=7085.0,7103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=7103.0,7104.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/transcript/76145/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: You're welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=7104.0,7209.254"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz [Polish: Łódź] was a large textile manufacturing city and Jewish cultural center about 75 miles (121 km) from Warsaw and approximately 143 miles (230 km) east of the German border. Jews were an integral part of the textile industry of Lodz, which was known as the “Manchester of Poland.” (The city of Manchester had been the center of Great Britain’s textile industry since the Industrial Revolution.) Jews owned many plants and factories in Lodz, including one of the largest in Europe. On the eve of World War II, Lodz had a population of 665,000, of whom 34 percent (223,000) were Jews. Lodz also had a sizable German population, amounting to ten percent of the total. Most Jews living in Lodz before World War II spoke Yiddish but increasingly used Polish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=11.0,46.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the invading German forces advanced east in September of 1939, hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees fled westward. Most fled so suddenly, they took only what they could carry and had no specific destination in mind. Few made contingency plans or took the time to prepare adequately for a long journey. When the Russians then annexed eastern Poland and a German-Russian demarcation line was established, 300,000 Jewish refugees found themselves trapped on the Soviet side of a heavily guarded border. Some of the refugees returned home, while about 40,000 continued their flight fearing arrest and persecution in either German- or Russian-occupied territory.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=153.0,182.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=153.0,182.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=153.0,182.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany people in German-occupied areas collaborated with German authorities. In some cases, antisemitism, greed, or resentment of alleged cooperation with the Russians motivated the behavior. In others, coercion was the motivating factor. Such collaboration was a critical element in implementing the Final Solution and the mass murder of other groups whom the Nazi regime targeted. Collaborators committed some of the worst atrocities of the Holocaust era.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=229.0,285.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “ghetto” originated in sixteenth-century Venice from the Jewish quarter, where authorities compelled the city’s Jews to live. The term’s usage spread across Europe and referred to areas within cities where members of minorities (typically Jews) lived and were often restricted to by the authorities to separate them from the majority Christian population. During World War II, Nazi Germany established ghettos in segregated city districts to further isolate and imprison regional Jewish populations. Starting in 1939, the Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone. Jews living in ghettos experienced miserable conditions and overcrowding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=229.0,285.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Magen David [Hebrew: Shield of David], or as it is more commonly known, the Star of David, is the symbol most associated with Judaism today. During the Holocaust, the symbol was used by the Nazis to identify and isolate Jews. In September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=229.0,285.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzestochowa [Polish: Częstochowa; sometimes also Czenstochowa or Tschenstochau] is a Polish city located about 124 miles (200 kilometers) southwest of Warsaw. HASAG (also known as Hugo Schneider AG or by its original name in German: Hugo Schneider Aktiengesellschaft), a German metal goods manufacturer, maintained at least four armaments factories around Czestochowa. When the Czestochowa ghetto was liquidated, the surviving Jews were moved to the factory sites, which became labor camps and some 5,000 to 6,000 more Jews were brought in from Lodz, Plaszow, and Skarzysko-Kamienna to supplement the labor force. The largest labor camp was HASAG-Rakow, which was a former ironworks. HASAG-Pelcery (also spelled Pelzery) was a former textile factory near the railroad station, which had been converted into an ammunition factory. It functioned from June 1943 until January 16, 1945. There was also Metalurgia, a foundry on Krotka Street, and HASAG-Warta and HASAG-Czestochowianka. In general, a policy of “extermination through work” was applied in the labor camps. With the Soviet offensive making the situation in Poland more dangerous for HASAG, operations were moved to Germany. In December and January 1945, the factory camps in Czestochowa were evacuated. Some prisoners were transferred to camps in Germany, where most did not survive, and others were sent on death marches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=295.0,430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRavensbruck [German: Ravensbrück] was established in 1939 and approximately 120,000 women of 40 nationalities passed through it. The women were put to work in the textile and armaments industry. In 1943 the population of the camp tripled and the conditions deteriorated drastically. When the number of women exceeded the barracks capacity they were put in tents and slept on the bare ground. They died in droves every day. The infirmary was the source of women for experimentation by German doctors. At the end of the war the camp population was swelled by Jewish women who were marched out of camps to the east and driven there and dumped. In January 1945 preparations were made to start mass executions, and many were murdered by injection of poisons or shooting. There was a small gas chamber installed in early 1945 in which about 5,000 to 6,000 women were murdered. In March 1945 thousands of women prisoners were matched out of Ravensbruck and sent to Mauthausen and Bergen-Belsen where they were abandoned. On April 27 and 28, another 20,000 women prisoners were marched out in a northwesterly direction. On May 1, 1945, the Russian army liberated the last 2,000 prisoners left in the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=295.0,430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuchenwald was a Nazi concentration camp established on Ettersberg hill near Weimar, Germany, in July 1937. It was one of the first and the largest of the concentration camps within Germany's 1937 borders. Many actual or suspected communists were among the first internees. Prisoners came from all over Europe and the Soviet Union—Jews, Poles and other Slavs, the mentally ill and physically disabled, political prisoners, Romani people, Freemasons, and prisoners of war. There were also ordinary criminals and sexual \"deviants.\" All prisoners worked primarily as forced labor in local armaments factories. The insufficient food and poor conditions, as well as deliberate executions, led to 56,545 deaths at Buchenwald of the 280,000 prisoners who passed through the camp and its 139 subcamps. The camp gained notoriety when it was liberated by the United States Army in April 1945; Allied commander Dwight D. Eisenhower visited one of its subcamps. From August 1945 to March 1950, the camp was used by the Soviet occupation authorities as an internment camp, NKVD special camp No. 2, where 28,455 prisoners were held and 7,113 of whom died. Today the remains of Buchenwald serve as a memorial and permanent exhibition and museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=295.0,430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and tens of thousands were literally worked to death. The Dachau concentration camp operated a vast network of 140 subcamps. Most of these subcamps were in southern Bavaria, near armaments factories. American troops liberated the camp on April 29, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=295.0,430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the Russian army drew near the extermination and slave labor camps in the East, the Germans marched the prisoners on foot out of the camps to the West, usually back into Germany where they were often abandoned in camps such as Bergen-Belsen and Buchenwald. These marches could last for weeks, without food or water, during which time many of the prisoners died and were left along the side of the road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=434.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis subjected millions of people (both Jews and other victim groups) to forced, or slave labor, both inside and outside concentration camps, often under brutal conditions. Forced labor was part of the systematic persecution of Jews but also served as a method for economic gain and to meet the increasingly desperate labor shortages necessary for the war effort. During World War II, millions of Eastern Europeans were involuntarily deported to serve as forced laborers in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=434.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. Well-meaning soldiers, volunteers or locals without proper medical training often gave survivors foods that made their conditions worse. Eating foods that were too rich or complex for survivors’ bodies to handle could exasperate years of malnutrition and starvation, resulting in sickness or death. Although army medical units did the best they could, numerous survivors died in the hours, days, and weeks immediately following liberation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=434.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBad Worishofen [German: Bad Wörishofen] is a popular spa town about 52 miles (85km) to the west and south of Munich, Germany. After World War II, it was the site of a displaced persons [DP] camp. The camp was supported by UNRRA and largely housed Lithuanian Jewish survivors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=897.0,970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Talmud [Hebrew: study] is the legal code spanning 1,000 years. Based on the teachings of the Bible, the Talmud interprets biblical laws and commandments. It also contains a rich store of historic facts and traditions. It has two divisions: the Mishnah and the Gemara. The Mishnah is the interpretation of Biblical law. The Gemara is a commentary on the Mishnah by a group of later scholars.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=897.0,970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=973.0,1133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) is a Jewish American non-profit that aids refugees. Founded in 1881, its original purpose was the help the flow of Jewish immigrants from Russia in relocating. During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East. They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas. After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere. Today, the organization continues to provide support to refugees and immigrates of all nationalities, ethnicities, and religions. The organization also works with people whose lives and freedom are believed to be at risk due to war, persecution, or violence. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1140.0,1204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945, in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1140.0,1204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLandsberg am Lech (or simply “Landsberg”) is a town in southwest Bavaria, Germany, about 40 miles (65 km) west of Munich. It housed the second largest displaced persons camp in the American Zone. It was founded in April 1945 in former military barracks. From October 1945, Landsberg functioned as an exclusively Jewish Camp. The population of 5,000 Jewish DPs was chiefly comprised of Russian, Latvian, and Lithuanian survivors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1140.0,1204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInitially, the Allies herded Jewish DPs and non-Jewish DPs together, but conflicts arose. The need to recognize Jews as a unique and stateless group of DPs was urgent and became obvious to the Americans. Feldafing was the first all-Jewish displaced persons camp and hosted a large and important community of survivors. It was originally a summer camp for Hitler Youth, and was located 20 miles southwest of Munich, Germany in the American zone of occupation. The camp was originally opened on May 1, 1945, to house 3,000 Hungarian Jews, and it housed many non-Jewish concentration camp survivors until July 1945. At that time, the United States Army moved the remaining Jewish survivors of Dachau into the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1140.0,1204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War I, Britain took over Palestine. Although protested by the Arab states, the League of Nations authorized the British mandate over Palestine, which continued throughout World War II. Beginning in 1929, Arabs and Jews openly fought in Palestine. Britain attempted to limit Jewish immigration as a means of appeasing the Arabs. Jewish immigration had already been restricted by a series of official reports (known as White Papers) issued in 1922 and 1930 by the British government. The Arab Revolt of 1936–1939 further caused Great Britain to dramatically limit the numbers of immigrants allowed into Palestine in subsequent years and throughout the Holocaust. In 1939, a third White Paper was issued, which limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 for the first five years, subject to the country's \"economic absorptive capacity,\" and would later be contingent on Arab consent. At the end of World War II, Britain continued to strictly limit Jewish immigration to Palestine. Jewish resistance organizations managed to smuggle hundreds of thousands of survivors from Europe into Palestine via “illegal” immigrant ships. The British intercepted most ships, however, and began to intern the immigrants they caught in camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1262.0,1359.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePabianice is a city in central Poland located about 6 miles (10 kilometers) southwest of Lodz. In 1938, 8,357 Jews lived in Pabianice (about 16 percent of the total population).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1382.0,1396.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA shofar is an ancient musical horn made of ram's horn, used for Jewish religious purposes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1566.0,1699.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh HaShanah [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh HaShanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippur may revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1566.0,1699.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA tallit is a prayer shawl fringed at each of the four corners in accordance with biblical law. The wearing of tallit at worship is obligatory only for married men, but it is customarily worn also by males of bar mitzvah age and older. In non-Orthodox congregations, women may also wear the tallit if they so choose.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1566.0,1699.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTefillin, also called “phylacteries,” are a set of small black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the Torah, which are worn by observant Jews during weekday morning prayers. They are worn around the arm, hand and fingers and on the forehead. The Torah commands that they should be worn as a “sign” and “remembrance” that G-d brought the children of Israel out of Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1566.0,1699.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis used propaganda effectively to encourage popular support for National Socialism and its ideas. During the “Final Solution,” propaganda was also useful in securing the acceptance of racially targeted persecution and mass murder. The Nazis did this through a variety of different media, including radio, print (newspapers, magazines, posters, literature), educational materials, popular culture (music, theatre), and film. Films were especially useful in spreading antisemitism as well as maintaining the deception necessary for deporting Jews from Germany and occupied Europe. For example, in 1941, the Nazis had established the Theresienstadt camp-ghetto in what is today the Czech Republic. Theresienstadt served as an explanation for Germans who were puzzled by the deportation of German and Austrian Jews who were elderly, disabled war veterans, or locally known artists and musicians “to the East” for “labor.” In preparation for an inspection from the International Red Cross in 1944, Theresienstadt underwent a “beautification” program. Gardens were planted, houses painted, and barracks renovated. Craftsmen of all types exercised their talents in specially constructed workshops; jazz bands played in cafes and an orchestra played at a park pavilion; there was a post-office, bank, library, and hospital; and a variety of staged social and cultural events for residents to participate in. Once the inspection was over, the Nazis produced a film using ghetto residents as a demonstration of the benevolent treatment the Jewish “residents” of Theresienstadt supposedly enjoyed. When the film was completed, officials deported most of the \"cast\" to the Auschwitz-Birkenau killing center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1566.0,1699.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTreblinka was established in the Lublin district of Poland in November 1941. It began operations as an extermination camp in July 1942. The camp had gas chambers that used diesel engine exhaust to murder the Jews. In the first few weeks of the camp’s existence about 250,000 Jews from the Warsaw ghetto were murdered there. Treblinka was closed in early 1943 and the bodies in the mass graves were dug up, cremated and reburied. Thereafter it was razed to the ground and a farm was set up on the land. The Russians liberated the area in the summer of 1944 but there was nothing left to find except the disturbed ground over the mass graves of nearly 900,000 souls from all over Poland and Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1815.0,2039.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBella is referring to selection [German: Selektion], which is the term the Nazi regime used to describe the process of choosing victims for the gas chambers in the extermination camps by separating them from those considered fit to work. It is \u003cbr\u003elikely the selection she is referring to took place when the Pabiance ghetto was liquidated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=1815.0,2039.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKarl Adolf Eichmann (1906-1962) was a German-Austrian SS-Obersturmbannführer and one of the major organizers of the Holocaust. During World War II, Eichmann headed Gestapo Department IV B4 for Jewish Affairs, serving as a self-proclaimed “Jewish specialist” and was the man responsible for keeping the trains rolling from all over Europe to death camps during the Final Solution. He escaped from the Allied forces that had captured him after World War II, disappeared, and was presumed dead by some until he was apprehended in Argentina in May of 1960. In 1961, his trial in Jerusalem, Israel sparked international interest and heightened public awareness of the crimes of the Holocaust. In 1962, was hanged by the State of Israel for his part in the “Final Solution.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2395.0,2502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in Atlanta in 1953, the Katherine and Jacob Greenfield Hebrew Academy (GHA), originally known as The Hebrew Academy, was the first Jewish day school in the country to be accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. In 2014, GHA (grades pre-K through 8) merged with Yeshiva Atlanta high school to become what is now Atlanta Jewish Academy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2510.0,2539.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe total Jewish population of Europe in 1933 was estimated at about 9.5 million, which was more than 60 percent of the world’s Jewish population. Most European Jews lived in eastern Europe, with about 5.5 million Jews living in Poland and the Soviet Union. By the time the Holocaust and World War II had ended over a decade later, most European Jews—two out of every three—were dead. The best and most accepted estimate of Jewish victims is six million, with approximately three million of those from Poland and 1,340,000 of those from the Soviet Union. The Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide yet calculating how many individuals were killed during the Holocaust and World War II because of Nazi policies is difficult as no single document exists which spells out how many died. To accurately estimate the extent of human losses, scholars, governmental agencies and Jewish organizations since the 1940s have relied on a variety of records including census reports, captured archives, and postwar investigations. The best and most accepted estimate of Jewish victims is six million. Among the estimated six million Jews killed during the Holocaust, Germany and its collaborators killed around 1.5 million Jewish children. Children were not specifically singled out because they were children, but because of their alleged membership in dangerous racial, biological, or political groups. Children had one of the lowest rates of survival in concentration and extermination camps. In Auschwitz-Birkenau and other killing centers, young children were immediately sent to the gas chambers. Adolescents (13-18 years old) had a greater chance of survival as they could be used for slave labor. Tens of thousands of Romani, between 5,000 and 7,000 German children with physical and mental abilities living in institutions, as well as many Polish children and children living in the German-occupied Soviet Union were also killed during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2553.0,2617.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos/Shabbes (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2679.0,2737.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKreplach are small dumplings in Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine that are filled with ground meat, mashed potatoes, or other filling.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2744.0,2766.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGefilte fish is a dish like a meatloaf, made of ground fish, onions, starch and eggs. It is traditionally enjoyed by Ashkenazi Jews on Shabbat and Jewish holidays. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2744.0,2766.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2943.0,2986.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue (often referred to as \"AA\") was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2022, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2996.0,3050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Congregation Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960s, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2996.0,3050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or “Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,” is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1500 families.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=2996.0,3050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWashington-Rawson was a neighborhood of Atlanta that was an early center of Jewish community in the city. At one point, it was home to the Standard Club, the Hebrew Orphans Home, three synagogues, and numerous Jewish owned businesses. It included the intersection of the two streets for which it was named and was roughly bounded by Pryor Street in the east and Capitol Avenue in the west. By the mid-1870s, Washington Street was becoming one of the city's finest residential streets. The neighborhood was wealthy at the turn of the twentieth century but had declined by the 1950s. Part of the neighborhood was leveled in the 1950s to build the I-20/Downtown Connector interchange and the rest of the neighborhood was razed in the 1960s to make room for the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3060.0,3096.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmanuel Feldman (b. 1927) is an Orthodox rabbi and Rabbi Emeritus of Congregation Beth Jacob of Atlanta, Georgia. During his nearly 40 years at Beth Jacob beginning in 1952, he nurtured the growth of Atlanta’s Orthodox community from a city with two small Orthodox synagogues to a community large enough to support Jewish day schools, yeshivas, girls’ schools, and a kollel. He is a past vice-president of the Rabbinical Council of America and former editor of Tradition: The Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought published by the RCA.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3100.0,3114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. The name seems to have originated in the song “Jump Jim Crow,” a song-and-dance caricature of Blacks performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in Blackface in 1832. As a result of Rice’s fame, “Jim Crow” became a pejorative expression meaning “Negro” by 1838 and the later segregation laws became known as “Jim Crow” laws. Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the southern states of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly “separate but equal” status for Black Americans, although this was not so. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and Blacks. Private businesses, political parties, and unions created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring Blacks from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially ended Jim Crow segregation laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3172.0,3271.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or Knights of the Ku Klux Klan today, also referred to as the KKK) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-Black secret society, whose methods have included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860s and then died out and has come back several times, most notably in the 1920s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past its members dressed up in white robes and pointed hoods designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=3285.0,3325.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1905, Atlanta’s High Museum of Art is the largest museum for visual art in the Southeastern United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4128.0,4131.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans arrived in Pabianice on September 8, 1939. Several Jews were immediately shot, and the synagogue’s interior was destroyed. Several anti-Jewish measures were introduced throughout the fall. In February 1940, a ghetto was established. All Pabianice’s Jews were forced to move into 109 houses in the old section of town. The ghetto was not fenced in. Most of the Jews in Pabianice spent the next two years working in factories and other businesses taken over by Germans. Then, in February 1942, the Gestapo conducted a health examination of everyone in the ghetto, dividing them into two groups. Group A included at least 3,648 younger, healthier Jews; group B included around 3,300 elderly, disabled, sick and children. On May 16, German police surrounded the ghetto and ordered all the Jews onto a sports field, where they stayed overnight. The next morning, the two groups were separated. Group B was loaded into cattle cars and transported to the Chelmno extermination center. Group A was sent to the Lodz ghetto by tram.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4300.0,4357.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 10, 1939, a ghetto was established on 1.6 square miles (4.13 km) in the northern neighborhoods of Lodz, Poland. All Lodz’s Jews were to move in by the end of April. The ghetto was encircled a barbed wire and wooden fence. On April 30, the gates closed on its 163,777 residents. The poor living conditions in the hermetically sealed ghetto declined rapidly. Waves of Jews from the surrounding area and Western Europe were pushed into the Lodz ghetto making the total number of Jews who passed through it at over 200,000. Overall, 45,327 people died in the Lodz ghetto from starvation, disease, and the abysmal conditions. By spring 1944, when the Germans decided to begin liquidating the ghetto, more than 77,000 Jews were still alive. Transports begin carrying them to the Chelmno extermination center in June. Then, over the course of three weeks in August, the final liquidation of the ghetto took place. Around 66,000 Jews were taken to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4300.0,4357.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Theological Seminary of America is a Conservative Jewish education organization in New York City. Founded in 1886, It is one of the academic and spiritual centers of Conservative Judaism and a major center for academic scholarship in Jewish studies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4462.0,4478.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Haganah [Hebrew: defense] was a Jewish paramilitary organization that operated in the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948. Later, most of its members became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). After the 1920 and 1921 Arab riots, the Jewish leadership in Palestine believed that the British had no desire to confront the Arabs who were attacking Jews. Haganah was originally created to protect Jewish farms and kibbutzim and to actively confront the Arabs. In the wake of the 1929 Arab riots the group grew and got more organized, acquiring military equipment and skills that turned them into a capable underground army. After the war, the Haganah carried out anti-British operations in Palestine such as the liberation of interned immigrants from the Atlit detainee camp, and attacking British installations. They also organized underground immigration into Palestine. Two weeks after Israel became a state, the Israel Defense Forces were created to succeed Haganah. All other paramilitary organizations were outlawed. This led to conflicts between David Ben­Gurion, the prime minister, and the Haganah leadership. Famous members of the group included Yitzhak Rabin, Ariel Sharon, and Moshe Dayan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=4555.0,4619.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdward “Ed” David Krick (1916-2000) was one of three children born in Atlanta, Georgia to Isaac Krick and Etta Levin Krick. Ed grew up in the Washington-Rawson neighborhood. He started out in the grocery business with his brothers and later went into real estate. He and his wife, Gertrude Fierman Krick, raised two children and were active in the Atlanta Jewish community. Ed served as president of Congregation Shearith Israel, and on the boards of the Atlanta Jewish Federation, the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and the Zionist Organization of America. Ed was also a co-founder and later president of the Greenfield Hebrew Academy, where Gertrude served as assistant principal in the late 1970s and into the 1980s. His grandfather, Harris Levin (1861-1955), immigrated to the United States from Russia before the turn of the century. Originally settling in New York, he later lived with his daughter, Etta, in Atlanta, next door to Ed. Ed and Gertrude’s papers and oral histories are housed at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5047.0,5062.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA mikveh or mikvah is a pool of water, gathered from rain or from a spring, which is used for ritual purification and ablutions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5047.0,5062.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBatja “Betty” Sokolic Zelmanowicz (1927-1995) and Joseph Majer Zelmanowicz (1915-1975) was both born in Poland but immigrated to the United States in 1945 from Palestine. They settled in Atlanta, where they raised a son, Noam, and a daughter, Arona, and shortened their surname to Zelman. Betty and Joseph were active members of Ahavith Achim synagogue, where they both taught Hebrew for many years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5064.0,5096.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin (1922-2013) and Dora (1923-2011) Eisler were Polish Holocaust survivors. Both were liberated from the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in 1945. They immigrated to the United States in 1949 where they raised three children and owned and operated grocery stores, gift shops, a restaurant and a coin laundry. Dora also held various offices at Or VeShalom Synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=5713.0,5798.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer service organization founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold. It currently has over 300,000 members and supporters worldwide. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6017.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish Family Services of Atlanta was an organization that began its life in 1890 as the Montefiore Relief Association. Its name and focus changed multiple times. It became a constituent agency of the Jewish Federation of Atlanta. In 1982 Jewish Family Services incorporated as a separate organization, although it continued to maintain its affiliation with the Federation. It operated the Jewish Family and Children’s Bureau and the Ben Massell Dental Clinic. Jewish Family Services merged with Jewish Vocational Services in 1997 to become Jewish Family and Career Services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6358.0,6398.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYad Vashem is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6549.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) in Washington D.C is the United States’ official memorial to the Holocaust. It was dedicated in 1993 in Washington, D.C. It provides for the documentation, study, and interpretation of Holocaust history. Dedication ceremonies for the museum were held on Thursday, April 22, 1993. At the dedication, speeches were made by United States President William Clinton; Chaim Herzog, President of Israel; Harvey Meyerhoff, Chairman of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council; and Elie Wiesel, professor, author, and Holocaust survivor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6549.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBella is referring to the “Second Intifada.” Intifada is an Arabic word meaning “shaking off,” although it is popularly translated into English as “uprising,” “resistance,” or “rebellion.” The first intifada in Israel lasted from December 1987 to 1993. The second intifada began in September 2000 after years of frustration and the collapse of a summit intended to resolve Israeli–Palestinian tensions boiled over into violence when Ariel Sharon, the leader of Israel’s opposition visited Temple Mount in East Jerusalem. The al-Aqsa mosque is housed on Temple Mount and Muslims saw the visit as highly provocative. Demonstrations turned violent. The resulting series of violent confrontations and attacks on both sides, known as the Second Intifada, or the Al-Aqsa Intifada, after the mosque where violence erupted, did not subside until 2005. Both sides saw high numbers of both military and civilian casualties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6670.0,6748.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf al-Qudwa al-Husseini, popularly known as Yasser Arafat (1929-­2004), was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and then President of the Palestinian National Authority (PND). He was also the leader of the Fatah political party and paramilitary group which he founded in 1959.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6670.0,6748.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLola Borkowska Lansky (1926-1999) was a Polish Jew who survived the concentration camps of Auschwitz-Birkenau, Ravensbruck, Buchenwald, and Bergen-Belsen. In 1964, she co-founded Eternal Life-Hemshech, a membership organization for survivors living in Atlanta, and in 1965 led the campaign to have a Holocaust monument erected in Atlanta. Her efforts resulted in the Memorial to the Six Million at Greenwood Cemetery. Lola was married to Rubin Lansky, another Holocaust survivor. The couple had two children. Lola and Rubin’s testimonies and papers are housed at the Breman Museum’s Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6771.0,6809.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227/annotation_set/1840/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEternal Life-Hemshech is an organization of Atlanta Holocaust survivors, their descendants and friends dedicated to commemorating the 6,000,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Approximately 100 Holocaust survivors living in Atlanta, Georgia founded Eternal Life-Hemshech in 1964. Hemshech is a Hebrew word that means “continuation.” Their purpose was to \"perpetuate the memory of their beloved families along with all of the six million Jewish victims of the Holocaust.\" The group wanted the memorial to serve as a place to say Kaddish, the Jewish prayer for the dead. The committee was comprised Abraham Gastfiend, Mala Gastfiend, Gaston Nitka, Rubin Lansky, and Rubin Pichulik. Dr. Leon Rosen served as chairman and Lola Lansky and Nathan Bromberg were co- chairs. The Memorial to Six Million was dedicated in Atlanta’s Greenwood Cemetery in 1965.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/142230/file/263227#t=6809.0,6812.0"}]}]}]}