{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/q52f766t6f/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Lansky, Lola Borkowska (1984)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1984-01-01 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eLola Borkowska Lansky was interviewed by Clifford Kuhn in Atlanta, Georgia in 1984.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eLola Borkowska Lansky was born in Lodz, Poland on November 19, 1926. She had two siblings: a brother one year older and a sister one year younger. Lola’s mother died in 1931 of tuberculosis, and her father remarried his sister-in-law, whom Lola referred to as her mother.  \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLola’s parents came from the small towns of Parzeczew and Ozorkow, Poland where they lived until Lola’s father served in the Polish army during World War I. When he came back from the army, they moved to Lodz and lived there until the outbreak of World War II. Lola spent happy summers as a child visiting her grandparents in Ozorkow.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen Lola was about to enter the seventh grade in 1939, the Germans invaded Poland. Lola’s father went to Warsaw to join the fight against the Germans. He returned six weeks later and joined Lola and her siblings in Parzeczew, where they had gone to be with her grandparents. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1940, the family was sent to Ozorkow and soon confined to a ghetto. In Ozorkow, Lola witnessed the hanging of a cousin, after which the Jews in Ozorkow went through a selection. Lola’s grandparents and young cousins were sent to Chelmno. Lola and her immediate family were then sent to the Lodz ghetto in 1942.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the Lodz ghetto was liquidated in 1944, Lola and her family were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where Lola, her mother and her sister were separated from her father and brother. From Auschwitz-Birkenau, Lola, her mother, and her sister were sent to Ravensbruck concentration camp in Germany. After a few weeks, they were transferred by train to Muhlhausen labor camp in Germany to work in an ammunition factory. There, Lola’s mother became ill with pneumonia. They stayed in Muhlhausen until February, 1945 when they were evacuated by train to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Lola and her sister took turns caring for her mother, who grew increasingly more ill.  Eventually, Lola was able to move her mother to a hospital, but Lola’s mother died just one day before the camp was liberated by the British.  \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, Lola and her sister stayed at Bergen-Belsen until her sister recovered from typhoid. Eventually, the sisters were reunited with their father and brother. The family rejoined with other aunts and uncles in Feldafing, a displaced persons camp in Germany. Lola’s father wanted to move the family to the United States, so they arrived in New York Harbor in June, 1946.  \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1947, Lola married Rubin Lansky, a second cousin and survivor from Ozorkow who immigrated to the United States in 1947. The couple had two children. In 1953, the Lansky's moved to Atlanta, Georgia where they opened a grocery store. A few years later, Rubin began a successful career in the Real Estate management business. Rubin and Lola were members of Ahavath Achim Synagogue and founding members of Eternal-Life Hemshech, which constructed the Memorial to the Six Million. Lola passed away in 1999 and Rubin died in 2005.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eLola discusses her family, childhood, and education in Lodz, Poland. She reflects on antisemitism before the war and how life changed immediately after the Germans invaded Poland. Lola recalls her family’s flight to a small town outside Lodz and the restrictions they endured. She recalls being sent to the nearby Ozorkow ghetto and then back to the Lodz ghetto. She details her family’s deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau in the fall of 1944, being separated from her father and brother and processed into the camp with her mother and sister. She explains how they were then sent to a labor camp in Germany and their final transfer to Bergen-Belsen as the Allies advanced. Lola recalls the confusion of liberation and the loss of her mother a day before. She recounts her sister’s recovery from typhoid and being reunited with her father and brother. She mentions moving to the Feldafing Displaced Persons camp before immigrating to the United States. She talks about marrying, starting a family and settling in Atlanta, Georgia. Lola discusses joining Ahavath Achim synagogue and founding Eternal Life-Hemshech to build a Holocaust memorial.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28017"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Lola Borkowska Lansky (personal name)","Hans Biebow (personal name)","Josef Kramer (personal name)","Dr. Josef Mengele (personal name)","President Harry Truman (personal name)","Benjamin Hirsch (personal name)","Dr. Leon Rosen (personal name)","Rabbi Epstein (personal name)","Lodz, Poland (geographic term)","Warsaw, Poland (geographic term)","Ozorkow, Poland (geographic term)","Czestochowa, Poland (geographic term)","Munchen, Germany (geographic term)","United States (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","New York (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Lodz Ghetto (geographic term)","Ozorkow Ghetto (geographic term)","Ravensbruck Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Dachau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Feldafing Displaced Persons Camp (geographic term)","Displaced Persons Camps (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Ghettos (topical term)","Jewish Police (topical term)","Liquidation (topical term)","Crematoriums (topical term)","Schutzstaffel - SS (topical term)","Wehrmacht (topical term)","Liberation (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Zionist Movement (topical term)","Torah (topical term)","Yom HaShoah (topical term)","Ahavath Achim Synagogue (corporate name)","United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) (corporate name)","American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (corporate name)","Eternal Life-Hemshech (corporate name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eLola Borkowska Lansky was interviewed by Clifford Kuhn in Atlanta, Georgia in 1984.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLola Borkowska Lansky was born in Lodz, Poland on November 19, 1926. She had two siblings: a brother one year older and a sister one year younger. Lola’s mother died in 1931 of tuberculosis, and her father remarried his sister-in-law, whom Lola referred to as her mother.  \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLola’s parents came from the small towns of Parzeczew and Ozorkow, Poland where they lived until Lola’s father served in the Polish army during World War I. When he came back from the army, they moved to Lodz and lived there until the outbreak of World War II. Lola spent happy summers as a child visiting her grandparents in Ozorkow.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen Lola was about to enter the seventh grade in 1939, the Germans invaded Poland. Lola’s father went to Warsaw to join the fight against the Germans. He returned six weeks later and joined Lola and her siblings in Parzeczew, where they had gone to be with her grandparents. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1940, the family was sent to Ozorkow and soon confined to a ghetto. In Ozorkow, Lola witnessed the hanging of a cousin, after which the Jews in Ozorkow went through a selection. Lola’s grandparents and young cousins were sent to Chelmno. Lola and her immediate family were then sent to the Lodz ghetto in 1942.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the Lodz ghetto was liquidated in 1944, Lola and her family were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where Lola, her mother and her sister were separated from her father and brother. From Auschwitz-Birkenau, Lola, her mother, and her sister were sent to Ravensbruck concentration camp in Germany. After a few weeks, they were transferred by train to Muhlhausen labor camp in Germany to work in an ammunition factory. There, Lola’s mother became ill with pneumonia. They stayed in Muhlhausen until February, 1945 when they were evacuated by train to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Lola and her sister took turns caring for her mother, who grew increasingly more ill.  Eventually, Lola was able to move her mother to a hospital, but Lola’s mother died just one day before the camp was liberated by the British.  \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, Lola and her sister stayed at Bergen-Belsen until her sister recovered from typhoid. Eventually, the sisters were reunited with their father and brother. The family rejoined with other aunts and uncles in Feldafing, a displaced persons camp in Germany. Lola’s father wanted to move the family to the United States, so they arrived in New York Harbor in June, 1946.  \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1947, Lola married Rubin Lansky, a second cousin and survivor from Ozorkow who immigrated to the United States in 1947. The couple had two children. In 1953, the Lansky's moved to Atlanta, Georgia where they opened a grocery store. A few years later, Rubin began a successful career in the Real Estate management business. Rubin and Lola were members of Ahavath Achim Synagogue and founding members of Eternal-Life Hemshech, which constructed the Memorial to the Six Million. Lola passed away in 1999 and Rubin died in 2005.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLola discusses her family, childhood, and education in Lodz, Poland. She reflects on antisemitism before the war and how life changed immediately after the Germans invaded Poland. Lola recalls her family’s flight to a small town outside Lodz and the restrictions they endured. She recalls being sent to the nearby Ozorkow ghetto and then back to the Lodz ghetto. She details her family’s deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau in the fall of 1944, being separated from her father and brother and processed into the camp with her mother and sister. She explains how they were then sent to a labor camp in Germany and their final transfer to Bergen-Belsen as the Allies advanced. Lola recalls the confusion of liberation and the loss of her mother a day before. She recounts her sister’s recovery from typhoid and being reunited with her father and brother. She mentions moving to the Feldafing Displaced Persons camp before immigrating to the United States. She talks about marrying, starting a family and settling in Atlanta, Georgia. Lola discusses joining Ahavath Achim synagogue and founding Eternal Life-Hemshech to build a Holocaust memorial.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/100/303/small/RLL_213_019.jpeg?1619285235","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Lanksy_Lola.mp3"]},"duration":5874.91265,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/100/303/small/RLL_213_019.jpeg?1619285235","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/100/303/original/Lanksy_Lola.mp3?1610611982","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mp3","duration":5874.91265,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Lola Lansky [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KUHN: What I want to do is get some of your story as a survivor of the\nHolocaust, then take it from when you came to this country, when you joined the\nAA and on from there. First of all, let me back way up. When were you born?\n\nLANSKY: I was born November 19, 1926.\n\nKUHN: 1926. That makes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you . . .\n\nLANSKY: I am forgetting. Fifty-seven. I was just in November, 57. The years go\nby so fast. I can't believe it, but I am, by all accounts-- I just had two pig\nvalves replaced in September.\n\nKUHN: Two what?\n\nLANSKY: Two pig valves, my mitral valve and my tricuspid valve. I want to see if\nI pronounced it very well. I had rheumatic fever during the war. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, I feel\ngreat, better than before.\n\nKUHN: Great! You were born in Warsaw?\n\nLANSKY: Lodz.\n\nKUHN: How do you spell that?\n\nLANSKY: L-O-D-Z. 'Z' like in zebra.\n\nKUHN: What did your parents do?\n\nLANSKY: My father worked in a factory that exported work. He was a designer and\na patternmaker there. We were not rich, but we were not poor either. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would say\nmediocre. I was not hungry. I felt . . . I was young. I was 12 years old when\nthe war started, almost 13. Here, they don't tell you . . . almost 12 because my\nbirthday is in November. I thought, \"This is my country, my religion, moshava,\nwhich means 'Jewish.' But I felt a part of this country. The older people\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps . . .\n\nKUHN: A part of Poland?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. We have to remember Jews lived in Poland 1,000 years. I don't know\nany integration in my family. I don't know where my blue eyes came from. My\nmother's family . . . They were all blue-eyed and redheads. My father's a bunch\nof Gypsies. I have a sister who is completely different in coloring.\nNevertheless, that's how long we lived there. I'm sure older people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experienced\nmore antisemitism than I did because I was involved with my schoolwork, my\nfriends. I didn't have as many opportunities to be discriminated as in work or\nother places.\n\nKUHN: You are saying you did not experience much antisemitism as a child?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. Even before the war started, when we were on vacation, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"usually\nwent to the small community where my maternal and fraternal grandparents came\nfrom. A Pole that knew mc would say in Polish, \"Jew, Jew,\" this is the\ninterpretation, \"Hitler is coming behind you.\" I would get mad and I would say,\n\"Where do you think you're going to be if he comes here?\" I heard that a Jew was\nhit or they started in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"businesses before the war. They would put out little\nplaques that said, \"This is a Christian shop.\" In other words, saying it is not\nJewish. Why the identity? I did go to a school that was all Jewish. The big\ncities . . . the city of Lodz . . .\n\nKUHN: A public school?\n\nLANSKY: It was a public school. There were two schools--for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boys and for girls.\nSomehow, my father enrolled me there. That did not give me the opportunity to\ninteract with Christian children in school, but rather in home life, in which I\ndid. I was in a public school and religion was taught to us in Polish. We had\nChristian teachers, some of them, but it was a public school.\n\nKUHN: How many brothers and sisters did you have?\n\nLANSKY: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have one brother and one sister.\n\nKUHN: At that time, you had one brother--\n\nLANSKY: At that time. I'm one of the very few . . . that all three of us survived.\n\nKUHN: All three of you?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. I lost a baby sister and my mother, but the three of us survived.\n\nKUHN: You, and your brother, and sister?\n\nLANSKY: My older brother, yes. My brother is a year older, and my sister is a\nyear younger.\n\nKUHN: You had a baby sister?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was only six months during the war. She was born in 1940, and\nshe had dysentery, and died.\n\nKUHN: What about your mother?\n\nLANSKY: She died in Bergen-Belsen a day before we were liberated. She had\ntyphoid, diarrhea, and pneumonia.\n\nKUHN: The day before?\n\nLANSKY: Yes, she was in a coma for two weeks. That was such a horrible feeling\nbecause she was pessimistic more. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Youth had a lot to do with it.\n\nKUHN: About how you felt?\n\nLANSKY: Sure.\n\nKUHN: Tell me then, how . . .\n\nLANSKY: Let me ask you, is this thing on?\n\nKUHN: Yes.\n\nLANSKY: What has that got to do with the synagogue, if I may ask?\n\nKUHN: What we are trying . . .\n\nLANSKY: . . . because you know we had offers from different people. They want to\ninterview and they want this . . . I haven't decided what . . . I'm not out for\nanything but I'm willing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to . . .\n\nKUHN: What we are trying to do in this book is not only to build a picture of AA\nbut a picture of Jewish life in general. The Holocaust, what happened during\nWorld War II, the survivors, et cetera is extremely important to that.\n\nLANSKY: Yes, as far as the congregation, this is the one hundredth anniversary\nof the congregation.\n\nKUHN: That is right.\n\nLANSKY: It should fit in in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this.\n\nKUHN: We are going to have a section just, say, on immigrants--\n\nLANSKY: Yes.\n\nKUHN: . . . who came from other countries and what that experience was like. It\nis not going to be a history of the synagogue, in so far as who was president\nwhen and that kind of thing. It is going to give more of a human picture.\n\nLANSKY: That's why I . . .\n\nKUHN: It's not only about his connection with AA, but about his political life,\nand that kind of thing.\n\nLANSKY: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see.\n\nKUHN: . . . because he was one of most illustrious members and that kind of\nthing. Like Cantor Goodfriend, we talked a lot about his younger life in Poland\nand everything.\n\nLANSKY: I see. Why I'm asking you is I wanted to know the connection there.\n\nKUHN: That is the connection.\n\nLANSKY: Maybe what I was trying to do before was show you a little bit of the\nbackground to give you a better understanding of me.\n\nKUHN: Right. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You ended up in a camp of some sort?\n\nLANSKY: Yes.\n\nKUHN: Tell me about that.\n\nLANSKY: We were fortunate in that way that I was only 12, almost 13 when the war\nbroke out. I was still in school. I just enrolled in the seventh grade. But when\nthe war broke out, being young and ignorant is very good. I thought it would be\nover soon and I won't have to go to school! ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immediately there were restrictions\nin the big city. We had maternal grandparents in the smaller community that had\na bakery and a shop. There was still food to be eaten there. My mother sent us\nout there, where we waited for my father's return. After weeks of waiting, he\ndid come back. Wounded, but he did make it back to his city.\n\nKUHN: He had been a soldier for Poland?\n\nLANSKY: At that time, he was in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reserves. He was 39 years old. But the radio\nencouraged all able-bodied men to go on and defend Warsaw. He and his younger\nbrother both went to Warsaw. This is why they spent six weeks there. He was\nwounded on the way going Warsaw, eventually he did come back. My mother and my\nfather joined us. They left the big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city.\n\nKUHN: You were staying with your grandparents?\n\nLANSKY: Right, my maternal grandparents. My father eventually came back around\nNovember, December of 1939. This is where we stayed for a while. We still had\nmany Christian friends. My father had friends from the military. There were\nfarmers and people that knew us for generations back. They brought us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food and\nwe could survive there easier than in big cities. The first thing--it may\nsurprise you--what they did in Poland, is arrest the \"elite,\" they called. The\nelite was anybody that could read and write. I think all the policemen, all the\nclergymen, all the pastors, doctors, lawyers, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teachers . . . Anybody who could\nread and write they felt were a threat to them and they sent them to Dachau. Two\nweeks later, the ashes . . . a package came back with their cloths. Then they\nstarted with the Jews. Restrictions, ghettos--This is the same system followed\nall over. They moved you to one place and said, \"That's where you have to live.\"\nThey designated a certain ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"area and this was the ghetto. Then they would limit\nyour movements.\n\nKUHN: How were your movements limited?\n\nLANSKY: Limited. You only allowed to go from 9:00 to 4:00 in the street. You're\nonly allowed to go around the gutter. You had to wear a Star of David that many\ninches from the left shoulder . . . the right shoulder . . . that many inches\nfrom the back . . . so is visible from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afar that a Jew was walking. What it\nmeans is isolation, keeping us together.\n\nKUHN: You were 12 years old. What were you thinking about all of these restrictions?\n\nLANSKY: I don't know. My father needed some threads and I went to the city of\nOzorkow, of all places. I took my girlfriend. I took a shawl. I had long blond\nhair. I was blond then, too. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I took off my Star of David and I went for a walk\nto the other city. When we got there, I said, \"You know, I'd love to go on the\nMain Street.\" I didn't want to feel restricted. \"I want to be free. I want to\nwalk on the street.\" We both walked. Who do you think we meet? A fellow--He was\na Polish man by birth, but he really was German. They were called to\nVolksdeutsche. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Volksdeutsche means they Polish nationals, but they were really\nGermans. He knew me from school. He was maybe a year older than I. He asked me,\n\"What you doing here?\" I said, \"I came to see a sick aunt.\" But I told my\nfriend, \"You know, he's going to run to the police and tell them that two\nJewesses are walking in the street.\" Just a few minutes later, an SS car came\nby. I'm not very tall now. You can ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"imagine, the scare you feel . . . somebody\ntall, wearing a big helmet, guns, and uniforms. They took us to the police.\n\nKUHN: They took you to the police station?\n\nLANSKY: Absolutely. To the police station, separated us. There they kept us.\nThat's all he asked me, \"Are you Jewish? Bis du eine Juden?\" I said, \"Ja. Yes.\"\nI didn't know what happened to my friend. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was more mature and a little bit\nolder than I. She was taller. Maybe one half an hour, 15 to 20 minutes later,\nthe same thing. They would come in and ask me the same thing. I guess they\ndidn't know what to do with us. This went on for quite a few hours. Then they\nbrought us both together in the same room. They asked us if we know we were not\nallowed to walk in the street because we are Jews. I said, \"Yes, I did, but I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted to go see an aunt.\" Gave an excuse. He said, \"You know what next time\nwhat will happen to you if we catch you? We may hang you.\" He said, \"Now, pick\nup and go straight back.\" Why I'm telling you this story, you can ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appreciate the\ndangers that really were in a simple act like that. About four weeks later, the\nsame thing happened to my aunts' brother. He was 21 at the time, 21 or 22. He\nalso visited the community of Ozorkow, which was only seven kilometers. It's\nreally four miles. They took him to jail. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that time it was not as simple as\nthat. All the men that were in were hanged publicly. He was hanged for a crime\nthat . . .\n\nKUHN: For walking the street?\n\nLANSKY: Right. You asked me what it meant. The terror was always there, not only\nwas he hanged, but they decided to have a show. The city of Ozorkow . . . that's\nalready the other community. They moved you from one place to the other. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Since\nwe were the last ones to come in in that small town, we the first ones to leave\nbecause we were not permanent members of the community. By all rights, when they\nneeded people to work, we were the first ones to go. As it turned out, we went .\n. .\n\nKUHN: You were still 12?\n\nLANSKY: I was getting older. I already celebrated my thirteenth birthday, so I\nwas 13. My father learned how to sew. In that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community, the main thing was to\nwork, to invent, to try to be useful. I learned how to sew. I wanted to make\nlittle dresses. We had a sewing machine. My father put out that I'm helpful, I'm\nworking with them. We were making fur jackets for the German army that was\nfighting on the Russian front. As long as you're useful, you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always figured they\nwere not going to kill you. At that time, we were not aware of crematoriums.\nThis was top secret.\n\nKUHN: You were still living there?\n\nLANSKY: We were still together.\n\nKUHN: You had not moved out or anything?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. We already were moved from that small town to this city of Ozorkow\na half-year later. We were there.\n\nKUHN: You were not in a camp or anything?\n\nLANSKY: Not at that time, but we were restricted. That day they had the hanging\n. . . I cannot go into detail. That would take hours to tell you everything.\nIt's just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not possible. But for somebody that wasn't there, particularly living\nlong enough in this country, I can appreciate how hard it is to understand what\nreally happened there. How did they know where you were? I myself lecture today.\nI go around to high schools when they study political science, Middle East. We\nhave a film that we bought from Yad Vashem for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"educational purposes. I feel that\nI'm doing quite a satisfying thing as a survivor, as part of the obligation of\nbringing the message.\n\nKUHN: I think you are too. It is excellent, for one thing, for the young people\nto be able to meet somebody . . .\n\nLANSKY: Yes. I have a letter in there. I'll show you the reactions of the\nstudents. It's just gratifying. I've pulled many others of my friends to come\nand talk to these students because they are interested. There's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing like a\nwitness account.\n\nKUHN: That is right.\n\nLANSKY: It's hard for them. I tell them people didn't move like we do here. When\nyou moved . . . Even before the war, if you moved from one city to the other,\nthe first thing you did is you registered that you, and your family, and so many\nchildren live here and here. When they came into Poland . . . I'm talking about\nLodz. I'm jumping back. They said, \"Well, you have to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"register in order to get\ncoupons for bread.\" It was simple. You had to go and register. They knew where\nyou are because if you didn't register you didn't get your coupons. This same\nsystem worked for them well. Whatever city they went in, they said, \"Well, today\nwe're going to liquidate this community.\" First, they create a ghetto. Then from\nthis ghetto, they said, \"We're going to send you to a larger one.\" They\neliminate the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smaller community, bring you to a bigger one. They have some\nfactories. Those that are not eligible are being sent away somewhere else. You\ndon't know where. At that time, it was shooting on the spot. They dug the graves\nand they threw them in. What you saw. This is what actually happened. Because\nthey were not advanced at that time to have the gas chambers built yet. I'm\ntalking 1940 to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1941. They took about . . .\n\nKUHN: You were helping . . . I want to stick to it because . . .\n\nLANSKY: The time element.\n\nKUHN: Yes. You were helping . . .\n\nLANSKY: Helping . . .\n\nKUHN: I want to keep this fairly close to your experience. You were helping sew\nthe fur coats in Ozorkow?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. We stay there until 1942. But I did want to tell you something\nabout that hanging . . . the fear they brought in. Now when we were already in\nthat city and when they took out the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"11 men that were in jail for very minor\nreasons, but they just happened to be there at the time for not wearing a Star\nof David or walking after curfew hours, was a reason to keep them in jail. They\nneeded somebody to hang, these are the ones we going to hang. At the same time,\nthey issued invitations to the German population that by birth may be Polish, to\ncome and view this. They had a free ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"show. They told all the Jews of that\ncommunity to come to that square. They called it a 'pig' square. I guess they\ndid some trading before the war. Not only this. From the smaller communities the\nsame day, mind you, they brought the rest of the people that were still living\nthere to this town so they can view this hanging to instill fear. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As it\nhappened, my aunt and her mother . . . Can you imagine? She saw their son\nhanging. He was 21 years old.\n\nKUHN: Were you there?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. I was there with my family. Now we were already in Ozorkow, in that\ncity. They told us, \"Take with you what you can.\" What can you take? We never\ncame back . . . just a little something. You know what they did afterwards? They\ntook us to a public school in Ozorkow, which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is bigger than the little town I\nwas in. They had a stamping. They had doctors. They told you to strip\nnaked--men, women, and children . . . families together. They put an 'A' and a\n'B.' You don't know what an 'A' is and you don't know what a 'B' means. But\nthose that . . . we noticed those that had an 'A' were younger people that are\nable to work. The 'B's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were the older and the children. Now they said, \"The\nolder people will take care of the children.\" They were taken somewhere. The\nyounger ones were led to a new ghetto. That's what we stayed in for about a year\nand a half in Ozorkow. They had factories. You felt useful. You didn't know what\nhappened to the others. They eliminated whoever they didn't want. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At that time,\nthey closed the ghetto. There were times they kept the doors open and then\ndecided, \"Today we're going to close it.\" They close the ghetto, that means that\nyou cannot go out of the ghetto and cannot come in. Being as young as I was, I\nmet a boy. You don't want to accept your regiment life. He used to walk me home.\nI was at that time 15. Maybe he was 17. He lives ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today in Australia, but he was\nreally my boyfriend. One day, we said we are going to meet outside. We'll go for\na walk, an innocent walk. But they caught us. I was able to go back home. He\nthey put in jail. But it was the Jewish police and he never told them who the\ngirl was. When you're young, you want to live. You want to pretend that the\noutside is not happening, that you're hanging in there, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you're doing the\nnormal things that young people do all over.\n\nKUHN: Did you continue to do that?\n\nLANSKY: I think so, because looking back, I could see I was always a little bit\noptimistic. From there, when they decided the Russians were coming, they\nliquidated the Ozorkow ghetto. They put us . . . Again, they eliminated the\ndiscards, whoever is not able to work, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sick, the older. Again, they took\nthose who were able to work back to the city of Lodz where I was born and\nraised. To me, in all these horrible things that were happening around me, I was\nhappy to be back home because I had my friends.\n\nKUHN: Your family went too?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. We were still . . . I lost in one day 20 members from my family . .\n. my paternal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandparents, my cousins, maybe a half a dozen. I guess why I do\nit today because in that school in that city of Ozorkow, I could hear them\nwaving to us as they were led away, \"Don't forget us!\" Every time I go to a Yom\nHaShoah, I think of them. I really do.\n\nKUHN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You went back to your hometown and you were glad to be back there?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. Now, Lodz had a terrible ghetto for three years. They were still\nmoving the people because they were liquidating the surrounding communities and\nbringing them in in the Lodz ghetto. There was space for the others to come in.\nSince we came in from another smaller community, there was space for us made so\nwe could be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"useful and work. At that time, they decided they need us badly\nbecause the war wasn't going as well for them as they thought. They needed the\nproduction of the factories and all that. Again, they started giving us a little\nbit more food. But the thing is, as long as you were even in one room cramped in\n. . . I had one uncle with me, and one aunt with me, the three of us, my father\nand my mother all in one room. This room was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from a family that was living there\nbefore. They had been eliminated. They had to squeeze in another room. But we\nwere still together and you try to hang in there as a family, pretend . . . make\nit as normal as we could. I remember coming to the Lodz ghetto. I went to a\nfactory because I learned in the process how to sew. I told my father, \"I'm not\ngoing to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live because the women are cooking all day long.\" When you're 15 or 16\nyou don't want to reminisce what they did for Friday night or for their Shabbat.\nYou want to talk about books or what young people do. They were cooking. The\npoor women, they were living their life before the war when there was plenty of\nfood. I was constantly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hungry. Just the thought of the food made me sick. My\nfather knew somebody from before the war, and he found out that there is a\nschool. In all this turmoil, there was a school for young people. I went to a\nschool for young girls and I found some girlfriends from before the war in Lodz.\n\nKUHN: What kind of school was it?\n\nLANSKY: It was not a school. It was a factory, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we worked less hours. They\nbrought in a Jewish teacher. This is where I was exposed to Jewish literature,\nJewish books, and Jewish culture. But, on the side, we found a library across\nthe street--a Polish library--where we used to go in and read a book. Then we\nwill hold a discussion. Rather than talk about food, we did other things. It\nmade me a lot happier, because I was with my own kind. We stayed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there until the\nghetto was liquidated. Again, we were fooled. My husband, he's a survivor too.\nHe had two brothers and a sister. When they arrested him in 1940, that's it. He\nhas never seen anybody again. He is the only survivor.\n\nKUHN: You were going to this school and you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continued that until the war was over?\n\nLANSKY: No, until they liquidated the ghetto. That was in 1943, 1944 . . . maybe\n1943 in the fall. We had no calendars. Then they said they are going to\nliquidate the ghetto. Biebow himself went around in the ghetto, talking to the\npeople, that for our own welfare, they are sending us south of Poland ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we\nwill work in factories and wait until the war ends. He says \"pack your things,\nput your names on your possessions.\" My father came home and related this to us,\nthat we should mark our things. They will follow us and we should only take\nwhatever is valuable with us. We should come to the station where we will go\nsouth and over there, we will go to factories to work. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"idea that somebody\nwants to kill you hasn't occurred yet. We didn't know. I know my husband had a\nyounger brother and a sister. At that time, he was my age. He was about 16 and\nhis sister maybe was 18 or 19. But he was so hungry, so he wanted to volunteer\nto go because before . . . some people that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were forced to go about four or five\nmonths before them, they sent Czestochowa, which is a city in Poland. They made\nthese people write back to Lodz that they have a lot of food, they are working\nand they are safe. Why I'm telling you this is to show you to what extent they\nwent to confuse us. When he heard that these people have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enough food, and they\nare working, he says, \"I'm volunteering.\" His family members could not hold him\nback. His sister didn't want him to go alone, she went with him. They were sent\nat that time straight to the crematoriums because the crematoriums were going\nfull blast. We didn't know. When our time came, we didn't know where the others\nwent. After the war, we found out that they were sent to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crematoriums. But\nwhen these messages occasionally came back that \"We are well and doing well. We\nhad more food than in the ghetto,\" people were not petrified of going. When the\ntime was to liquidate, we had to because they stopped our food. \"Today is our\nturn to go.\" This is how my family and I wound up on a cattle train. We were\ngoing south. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the gates, opened we saw a sign \"Arbeit Macht Frei,\" labor\nmakes free, to greet us with assessment with Dr. Mengele. Rushing us out were\nprisoners that been there for a while. Rushing us out of the cattle trains and\ntelling us to separate left, right, men and women in separate groups. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I did not\nknow where to go. But my father, my brother and my uncle went on one side, my\nmother, my sister, and aunt on one side. I happened to go to the right and he\ncalled me back. He asked me how old I am. I remember scooping up and I said,\n\"Seventeen. Siebzehn jahr.\" He pointed to his right, my left, to the bathhouse.\nWe did go to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bathhouse. They told us . . . Again, you have your personal\nthings. My mother . . . whatever jewelry we had divided it between my sister,\nbetween us. My sister had some, I had some. When we came to a table, they told\nus to leave our packages, our things, to mark it so when we are ready to come\nback, we know where they are. You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of make a mental note of where you think\n. . . the baskets. Then with the shoes they told to dip it in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"floor to make\nsure nothing is hidden. Then they took the shoes away. You couldn't figure out\nhow did I do about it. Then your heads were shaven. By the time we were ready to\nleave on the other side of the bathhouse . . . We never went back to our things.\nBut I do remember we didn't have calendars, or watches or anything. But I do\nremember coming out barefooted, without hair and a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dress. Then they painted a\nwhite cross on my back. I looked and my sister somehow had gotten a half blouse,\none breast exposed. I had two so I immediately gave her the blouse. I became\nhysterical with laughter because my sister looked like my father. I looked at my\nmother and she looked like my grandfather. I said, \"Boy, is that a loony house!\"\nI remember laughing hard. The sun was shining down ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on us. It must have been\nSeptember, early fall. She went over and slapped me on both sides and said, \"You\nbetter be quiet and stop that.\"\n\nFrom there on, we were led to Birkenau in one of the houses wherever our\nquarters were. You didn't get a bench or a bed to yourself, no. About three to\nfour shared one and the roll calls were horrible . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"constantly roll calls.\nThey didn't give us a spoon. They didn't give us anything to eat it with. They\nset us in rows and a bowl of soup in front, and you had to take a swallow and\npass it on. For a few days I couldn't eat, but when you become very hungry . . .\nNext time, I made sure I had a big swallow. The thing is they tried to\ndehumanize us. We ceased to be people that we were just the day before. We were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different. I looked around and you become like a mummy or a zombie. You're not\neven the same person. They have you under control. You're constantly hungry,\nconstantly trying to survive. To survive: it meant so much to us, that somebody\nshould make it. I think biggest thing with any survivor was to be here to tell\nthe world what happened. We were positive that nobody is aware of what's going\non. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This we were positive of. I was there for about eight weeks. This was, I\nthink, 1944, fall. They needed some workers in Germany. They didn't want to\nbother even giving us a tattoo because we were ready to go to the crematoriums.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When they needed workers into deep Germany, to replace . . . the German workers\nthat were taken to the army because the Russian front wasn't doing well. The\nAmericans arrived, landed in Europe. We secretly heard sometimes the news. That\ngave us optimistic feeling that maybe some of us will ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survive. This is how, on\nour way out from Auschwitz at the railway station, where again shoes were given\nto us and a striped dress--a two-piece uniform for women--and some underwear,\nwhich . . .\n\nKUHN: You moved again?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. They shipped us out from Auschwitz about eight weeks, nine weeks. I\ndon't remember, but it was something like that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were sitting at the railway\nwaiting for the train to come. We saw chimneys and we smelled something burning.\nWe did want to know what's going on. That's when we found out the horror of it\nall. The older prisoners that were working there told us, \"This is where they're\nburning people.\" You can imagine those that were separated realizing what went\non. It was just horrible ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with crying. Families were separated. Just the horror\nof it made us sick. Why they picked us? Maybe because we haven't stayed very\nlong in Auschwitz and maybe we looked still a little bit like human beings, so\nbecause we were working in German factories making ammunition with German people.\n\nKUHN: With your whole family?\n\nLANSKY: Just my mother, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my sister, and I. My father and I were separated. We\nhave not heard or at that point, didn't know what happened to them. This was\njust us. We were shipped to Leipzig, somewhere deep inside Germany. At the\nstation, I saw this was not the SS that came for us. The Wehrmacht. A German\nsoldier came to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pick us up and take us to work. He looked into the wagons and he\nwas shouting to somebody that was supposed to deliver us there. In German he\nsaid, \"These are not women, these are monkeys! They don't even look like women!\"\nAt that moment I remembered . . . what sticks in your mind . . . I turned around\nand I said, \"You know, he's almost right. We don't look like women. We don't\nlook like anything.\" With your head shaven, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"striped uniform, you're not the\nsame person that you were before. We may not have had much to wear, but we were\nclean and wore nice sweaters. I used to knit. But that goes for the other women\ntoo. He had no choice in the matter, he had to take us. When we came in, this\nwas a working camp. You wouldn't believe, there was a small loaf of bread\nwaiting for us, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a fork, a knife and a spoon. They gave us these little houses\nthat the German working people stayed in. They were very clean, and they had\nlike a big . . . they called it 'casino' . . . a club, with a stage. They led us\nin there and they gave us a hot bowl of soup and bread. They led us in these\ndifferent houses . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bungalows, rather. Then we were led to work. It was in\nThuringia. I can tell you it was in the woods and there were trees on top of the\nroof. We worked there for about three-quarters of the year. The last half of the\nyear, every time we were ready to go for lunch, we saw planes in the sky. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One\ntime, a man brought some products and he told us that the invasion is going on,\nthat we should hold on, it's near. This was 1945, January. We didn't know how\nclose we were, but every day meant life and death. At the slightest provocation,\nwe danced on the table. We were . . . We didn't have too much food, but you\ncould live on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, perhaps survive. Maybe I didn't need that much food, but it\nwas a little bit better than in the camps, because they needed us to work. Then\nin February, we had a Commandant, somebody that was in charge of that camp. He\nwas a military retired man. We could tell. He was nice to us. He didn't insult\nus. The only thing we had is the SS ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women that were our guards, walked with us\nto and from work. We had to stay, but if we stayed there it would've been nice.\nBut a February day orders came that he must ship us out again. My mother was\nalready sick with pneumonia then. Had we stayed, she would have recovered, but\nshe was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sick. They brought us to Bergen-Belsen. If there is Hell on earth, I\nthink this is the place. When we arrived there in early Spring . . . I know it\nmust've been February . . . the end of February . . . March . . . but by March,\nthe whole camp stunk. There were British soldiers, too. There was a man's camp,\nand there was a woman's camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can only tell you when we arrived there was no\nplace for us to sit, to sleep. We were given places sitting against the wall.\n\nKUHN: British soldiers? Prisoner of war?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. If a group of people came in, two weeks later they were a heap\noutside. Everybody was sick. They ground the glass and put it in the soup of\nvegetable. When I smell it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today, I get sick. It's not cauliflower. I forgot the\nname of it. That smell stays with me. People were sick, really sick because I\ndon't know, the crematorium couldn't carry as many, but there were bodies\noutside rotting in the sun, in the heat, in water, the rain that came down. It\nwas a grave site. The whole camp was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sick. I had no place for my mother. She was\nburning up. She had a high temperature and we were sleeping sitting up. My\nsister held her a half a night and I held her a half a night. Then at daytime we\nwill put her against the wall and we would go to work. I was carrying rocks,\nwhat should I tell you . . . from one place to the other. I don't even know what\nwe did, but sometimes we would find ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a potato in the ground. We would wipe it and\neat it. We were very hungry and very sick. I met a woman that knew my father\nbefore the war and the family. She said she will get my mother in somewhere. I\ntook her because this was no way . . .\n\nKUHN: To where?\n\nLANSKY: In a hospital. When I took her, there were four people to a bed. She had\npneumonia. The others had typhoid. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Needless to say, what happened. Everybody was\nsick. I was sleeping with my shoes under my head and somebody took my shoes. I\nhad a German woman. She was Jewish. Hitler said she was Jewish. Her grandfather\non one side was Jewish. She let my sister and myself sleep under her bed. These\nwere the conditions. It was horrible. Anyway, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the beginning of April, white\nflags were out on every post in Bergen-Belsen. We knew. We got up one day and\nthere were very few guards around. Everybody left . . . the whole SS. There were\nmen and women. I do have a book with the pictures of it that I purchased in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1945. It's falling apart. Hopefully someday, when we have a resource room -- We\nare working on it, that we will put these things in. They ran away. I still kept\ngoing to my mother every day after work.\n\nKUHN: They did what?\n\nLANSKY: They ran away to Germany.\n\nKUHN: Who did?\n\nLANSKY: The Nazis, the guards.\n\nKUHN: That was the day you woke up there were white flags sitting there?\n\nLANSKY: Right, and we saw the Nazis were gone. We knew it's coming; it's a\nmatter of time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we had 500 people daily dying in Bergen-Belsen. Daily. A few\nremained, a few posts . . . but everybody was gone. About I would say, six or\nseven days later, they all came back. Evidently the English, the Americans, and\nthe French were pressing on one side and the Russians from the other. They had\nno place to go. This was the English zone. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't know it at the time. On\nApril 15 at 11 o'clock--there was a clock by the gate, like from here perhaps\ntwice the size of this room--I was working in a field. A day before, a nurse\ncame and told me not to come by the hospital, that my mother is dead. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I kept\ngoing there daily because I wanted her to know at least, to tell her that the\nend is coming, she should hold on. I wanted her to know that some of us will\nreally make it. She died in a coma. She kept repeating my fathers' name, my\nsister's, and my brother's continuously. I was never able to get through to\nher--she had high fever--that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's really coming to an end. I came back and I\ndid my usual thing, picked up my little bowl of soup, and I made my sister eat.\nAn aunt was with us. The next day about 11 o'clock--I'm going back to the\nstory--I saw tanks circling the camp. I was standing with a rock. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Until today, I\ndon't know. What was I doing with the rock? I don't know. But I saw tanks and\nthey had a white star on them and I was trying to see. Who are they? I knew\nsomething is going on. Wouldn't you think the guard that was watching the camp,\nshouted down to me in German \"Verfluchte Jude, was hast du? Arbeit los! You\ndirty Jew, what you looking at? Go back and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work.\" I said, \"That's stupid. If\nthis was the liberation, would he be yelling at me? That doesn't make sense.\" I\nwent back. Fifteen minutes later--I couldn't believe it--I saw the gates opened.\nA tank came in. I was watching . . .\n\nKUHN: What came in?\n\nLANSKY: A tank. Kramer, was the Commandant from Auschwitz, standing on the right\nside of the tank and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two bullhorns, \"People you are free!\" Across from me, I saw\nthe men's camp. With their last breath in them they were welcoming the victors.\nThey gave a \"Hurrah!\" and that's how they remained. I couldn't believe it . . .\nin all languages. I don't what happened but I was crying so terribly a whole\nday. I was just, I guess, overtaken by emotions that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yesterday my mother died\nand here this . . . I don't know. This is how Bergen-Belsen was liberated. The\nEnglish announced over the horns because of the disease that is prevalent we\nshould listen, take orders from the Germans. They took away their guns, but they\nare afraid to come in.\n\nKUHN: Who was afraid? I see. The British because of the disease.\n\nLANSKY: Yes. They took the Germans'. . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They took away their guns, but we\nshould still obey their orders. When they have a chance to come in and clean out\nthe camp, they will move us to new quarters. Because Bergen-Belsen was a\nmilitary camp, but not the one I was in. If we live, in 1985, for the first time\nI'm going back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bergen-Belsen. My mother is buried in one of the three mass\ngraves there.\n\nKUHN: Next year is when you are planning on going?\n\nLANSKY: Yes, and you know what? The poor English didn't know how to treat us. I\nhappened to be well. My sister was sick. She had typhoid. I thought I was going\nto lose her. They gave us good food. Our stomachs were no good. Eight hundred\npeople died a day. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I think back, I think, \"My goodness!\" 800 people died\ndaily. They saw what was going on.\n\nKUHN: Eight hundred people continued to die daily after liberation?\n\nLANSKY: From 500 to 800. It increased, so they realized their mistake. They\nstopped everything and they put us on potatoes. Red Cross Jeeps came around,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talking and telling the people not to eat. They stop cooking the meats and the\nfats . . .\n\nKUHN: It was a shock to the body.\n\nLANSKY: We couldn't eat it. We ate very little--crackers and things. But people\nkept dying. Thousands of people died. I have a friend here that was liberated in\nBergen-Belsen. Her sister had typhoid. She died after the war. My sister was\nonly at that time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"17. I had an English doctor that told me he would put her in\nthe hospital. But she was so fearful of going to the hospital that I couldn't\ncommunicate to her--this is after the war; she had a high temperature--that I'm\nwilling to go and work with her because we had nobody else, until she's well.\nThen we'll decide what to do. But she begged me, \"Please, anything else, but\ndon't put me in the hospital.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had no heart to do it, so I kept her with me. I\nwatched the English soldiers came in with the Red Cross jeeps. They wore masks .\n. . truly masks. They came in with the DDT. You know when you spray somebody?\nThey said, \"Today--\" I was in Block One. That was the first building. They said,\n\"Today we are going to clean out this block.\" By the time they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went through, I\nsaw them crying. I wonder so much what happened to these soldiers that they\ndon't speak up.\n\nKUHN: That they do not what?\n\nLANSKY: Speak out or--\n\nKUHN: They weren't talking to you? Or speaking to you about . . .\n\nLANSKY: No, now, for history's sake. They are part of it, too, as much as we\nwere. They were witnesses to it.\n\nKUHN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You do not think they talk about it?\n\nLANSKY: Some do, but there were so many of us. They were crying like babies.\nThey moved all these people out to the new Bergen-Belsen. The well ones stayed\nback and they cleaned up the camp. My sister and I were moved to a new one,\nwhich was better. There ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were so many sick people. This was a horror, a\nnightmare. Then it didn't stop with us. The liberation was just the beginning\nfor the survivors, it really was. Because then you start thinking, \"What we\ngoing to do? Where are we going? Who are you?\" There were Russian women from\nLeningrad, from deep Russia, in Bergen-Belsen. They were very nice towards ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my\nsister and me. After the war, I watched them. In Bergen-Belsen, they came--their\nmilitary came--picked them up, put them on trucks, raised their national flag,\noff they went.\n\nKUHN: Back where? Back home?\n\nLANSKY: Back home. The French, they came, picked up their people, raised their\nflags, sang their national anthem, and off they went. For the Jew, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nobody came.\nWe didn't want to go back. We didn't know what we want. What we were interested\nin and obsessed with is looking for family.\n\nKUHN: People who had survived?\n\nLANSKY: Looking. Did you see here? I showed you this album. People with signs on\nthem searching. This will continue with us searching, looking. You started out,\nparticularly men that were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, started . . . heard there's a community\nsomewhere else. This was like a sort of\n\nobligation. You leave this place, you take the list, right away there was a\ncommittee working. The list from the people alive here. Wherever he goes it will\nbe posted for people to see.\n\nKUHN: . . .\n\nLANSKY: Right. This went on for months. We were just shifting all over Europe,\nlooking, going back home, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shifting. In the process, I gave up already. I found a\ncousin from my mother's side and he had a younger daughter. He promised that he\nwould take my sister and myself to Sweden because there were children there. We\nhad nobody else, we figured we'll go. A girl came and told me she saw a list,\nthat a man arrived from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"München, which was the American zone. She saw my maiden\nname. It was Borkowska for female. Male is Borkowski. The family name in the\nmasculine form. She saw three Borkowskis on a list. I ran as fast as I could. I\nsaw my father's name, my brother's name and one of my uncles survived. You\ncouldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk to me. It's so many years and every time I tell this story . . . I\nran to my cousin and I said, \"You know what? My father is alive. I can't believe\nit!\" I said, \"I'm resting.\" The girls were giving a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"party for us. I said, \"I'm\ngoing to München.\" I didn't even know what München is because we were . . .\n\nKUHN: How long was this after the liberation?\n\nLANSKY: June, two months. My sister recovered from her typhoid and she was\nbetter. I told my cousin, \"I'm going.\" He saw I'm quite serious. He was my\nfather's age. He says \"You can't go. There's soldiers all over, and the trains\ngo back and forth. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everything was bombed by the Allied armies in Germany.\nGermany was bombed out.\" I said, \"If I could live through and meet my father,\nI'm going.\" He saw I'm really dead serious. He said, \"Wait two weeks and I'll go\nwith you,\" because his daughter was sick. He said, \"I'll go with you. I'll\naccompany you and then I'll come back.\" I said, \"All right.\" I agreed to that.\nIn the meantime, the girls ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the block were giving us a little party, a\ngoing-away party, because this was a very rare thing. For a survivor to have a\nfather, a brother and a sister was the most unusual thing. I was in the room by\nmyself and the door was ajar. I guess in my sleep I'd seen him already. I saw a\nshadow and I thought \"It's my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father!\" I walked out and there he is with his\nbackpack! He also saw us on the list.\n\nKUHN: He what?\n\nLANSKY: He saw us on the list.\n\nKUHN: He came to you before you went to him?\n\nLANSKY: One day, we would have missed each other. We would've found out anyway,\nbut it was such a coincidence. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw us on the list. My brother couldn't come.\nHe had an infection in the leg, so my father set out. Needless to say, the\nexcitement . . . Anyway, we rested up a little and we went back to the American\nzone. It was June because the identification I showed you was given by the\nAmerican Army ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in June. We concentrated. We went to Feldafing, which was a DP\ncamp, Displaced Persons camp. This is where we gathered the Jews from all over.\nThere were Bulgarian Jews, Yugoslavian Jews, Greek Jews, Italian Jews, Polish\nJews, Hungarian Jews . . . You name it . . . all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"languages. But we had one thing\nin common--we refuse where we came from. We really became a political entity\nbecause they didn't know what to do with us. Even the United States--believe it\nor not--there was a quota. Nobody wanted us. To Israel--at that time was\nPalestine--we were not allowed to go. There was the White Paper that restricted\nimmigration. We had the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"political rallies there. I remember seeing a Jewish\nsoldier from Palestine, with a Star of David. You can imagine for anyone that\nhad to wear the Star of David supposedly shamefully, to see on somebody's arm in\na military uniform . . . I followed him like a doggie. I said, \"Where did you\ncome from?\" I knew about Israel before the war because many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made aliyah. I\nbelonged to a Zionist movement. But it stirred me up. The young people were\ninvolved right away to hold political rallies and all that. History tells you\nthe rest, that most of them did eventually go to Israel to build new lives . . .\nrebuild rather, new lives. This ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reunion we had in 1981 in Israel and in\nWashington last spring, makes me find this search, this continuous search, will\ncontinue. Not only for members . . . We pretty well maybe know who is alive and\nwho isn't. We still come across scenes and incidents where brothers or families\nget reunited. But even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get such a good feeling finding somebody from your\ncommunity, from the city you come from, that somebody knew you. When I was in\nWashington there was a picture of a little girl, five years old. \"Who am I? Do\nyou know me? Do you know my parents? This is how I looked in 1942.\" It's so many\nyears after, but she's still looking. She is the only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one that survived. We\narrive in the United States right away in 1946, a year after the war. We came,\nneedless to say, penniless. The United States Congress passed the law in 1945\nunder Harry Truman, to allow 100,000 refugees. I'm afraid many Nazis came with\nus ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"claiming that they are refugees too. But the immigration laws were very\ndifferent then than they are now. The Jewish community in the United States had\nto secure jobs for us, assure the United States government that for five years\nwe would not collect welfare or go on social security. It really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"amazes me at\nthe transition from a life--particularly young people . . . we worry so much\ntoday, with psychiatrists and this and that . . . the impressionable years, what\nit does to us and how our minds work and everything else. I don't think we'll\never forget whatever happened to us. But to be able to adjust, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"create new\nfamilies, and new life is really the best we can do for overcoming the aims of Nazism.\n\nKUHN: When you got here, you landed where? In New York?\n\nLANSKY: Yes.\n\nKUHN: What did you do then?\n\nLANSKY: You won't believe it. I already taken first Hebrew, thinking I'm going\nto Israel. Then I took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English. My father said, \"No.\" He had a visa before the\nwar to come to the United States, but because there were Jews expelled from\nGermany to Poland . . . They were Polish by birth. Hitler put them over the\nPolish border and the Polish government had to take them in, so these were\nalready refugees. They held back all the visas for the Polish Jews and at the\nsame time held back my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father's visa to the United States. We had some relatives\nhere. I don't know why he wanted to come here. It's still a puzzle to me. He\nwanted to emigrate. He was held back. After the war, he immediately went to the\nUNRRA or the Joint Distribution Committee, whoever was in charge there, telling\nthem that he has relatives which will help and secure work and where to live\nbecause these were the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"requirements to come to the United States. He made right\naway contact. Or rather, the Jewish Federations in New York, made contact with\nthe relatives that we are alive and we would like to come. They were\nmanufacturers of men's clothing. The three G's. Their names were Borkowski, but\nthey changed it to 'Goldman.' I still don't know. They were known as three\nbrothers. You asked me--going back to my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question--is what did I do when I\narrived? I took a friend of mine and we took the subway and went to see a\nRussian movie in Times Square.\n\nKUHN: Went to see a Russian movie in Times Square?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. I felt right at home in New York, coming from a big city in Poland.\nI was quite at ease. I took up a little English. I knew my grammar. But my\npronunciation was horrible. But we quite easily found our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whereabouts in New\nYork. Immediately, I went to work. I remember the first week I was working.\nThere was a lady . . . a chair lady in charge of the shop. We were making skirts\nfor ladies in the garment district and it was piecework. She invited me to a\nunion meeting. She said I had no choice but to go. Naturally, I went. The next\nday, I heard the boss. He was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"landsman of my father and my husband. He came\nfrom the city of Ozorkow many years ago. He said to me, \"You, Greenhorn, you\njust got here! Your ship is still in the dock, and you're going to union\nmeetings?\" I said, \"I had no choice in the matter.\" I adjusted well. It was hard\non us because I don't think I was physically strong enough a year later. I\nresented the work in the factory, but I did well. I earned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$100 a week,\npiecework. I enrolled in evening classes. I wanted to continue my education,\nwhich I missed out so badly. I felt deprived of my youth. As a matter of fact,\nwhen I met my husband in Europe, I told him--I was 19 at that time--that, \"For\nthree years, no dice. I'm not getting married. I must have at least some years\nthat I should remember. I had some youth.\" Since I met my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father . . . When I\nturned 21 . . .\n\nKUHN: You got married?\n\nLANSKY: Four days later, I was married.\n\nKUHN: You followed through on your plan.\n\nLANSKY: I don't know. It just worked out. There were many marriages among the\nsurvivors because they were so lonely. They had nobody to turn to. They were all\nyoung people. Everybody lost somebody. There were marriages among the survivors.\nA ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very common thing. They really paired off. It gave them something, not to be alone.\n\nKUHN: When did you come to Atlanta?\n\nLANSKY: In 1953.\n\nKUHN: You did not come here until 1953?\n\nLANSKY: Right. We stayed six and a half years in New York.\n\nKUHN: What brought you here to Atlanta?\n\nLANSKY: My husband comes from a smaller town. Our son was getting . . . He was\ntwo years old. He developed an allergy. He was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"foreman of a shop. Financially,\nwe felt quite secure . . . not completely, but we were able to save up some\nmoney. At least what he earned, we put away. He was quite good with that. What I\nmade, we lived on. We didn't have children for three years. We were like any\nyoung American couple that just got married, except our background was\ndifferent. We saved up enough money. He always wanted to go for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"himself.\n\nKUHN: Always wanted to what?\n\nLANSKY: Work for himself. Yes. He even tried in New York in a cleaning plant. It\ndidn't work out as well but at least he tried. We had cousins here that we\ndecided to visit. We really made papers for them to come to the United States.\nThey came later. But they had a relative here in Atlanta, so they settled here.\nWe came down to visit them, because we needed to move from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neighborhood. We\nneeded to find a new business. I suggested, \"Why we don't go for a visit?\"\nbecause they kept writing us, \"Come on down.\" We just couldn't think of . . .\nComing to the South is not like coming today. The bedbugs are going to get you.\nWe did come. He liked the open space at the time. I thought it might be a nice\nplace to raise a family. I was miserable for three years. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Miserable. I wanted to\ngo back to New York. We have all of our relatives and friend that we've made\nover there. It was easier to adjust in a big city then in Atlanta. The survivors\nhere really had it rough because it was not a city where you could secure jobs\nright away. For us, it was easy. We had no children and no families. As a matter\nof fact, we were married in New York in 1947. Coming with a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family was a\ndifferent story. The wife couldn't go to work and the husband had to support the\nwhole family. They were just not paying the wages they did up North. Then you\nhad the comfort from other survivors. The relationships and friendships that is\nvery important to any refugee from any country.\n\nKUHN: How many survivors are there in Atlanta?\n\nLANSKY: We have about 140 families. Many of them have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already lost spouses.\nMaybe 150 really, but there are many that died already. We are losing . . . Our\nnumbers are dwindling . . . because we are from the youngest groups, I and maybe\na few others. There are some because I was 12. There are a few among us that\nwere young children themselves. When I say 'young,' is five or six. They did not\nactually live through the horrors, but they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are Holocaust survivors.\n\nKUHN: Right. When you came here, when did you join AA?\n\nLANSKY: When my son needed to go to Sunday school. The experiences made us a\nlittle bit . . . We had the election this past week in the AA. I had my death\nanniversary for my father when he died, so I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"usually go and say a prayer for\nhim. But the experiences leave us bitter. When people say to us maybe it was\nG-d's will or G-d has something to do with my survival or theirs dying, I cannot\naccept that and neither can my husband. We could not imagine a G-d being that\ncruel that would want a million-and-one-half children or six million people . .\n. This lecturer, this Rabbi Kushner, that we had this past ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"week talked about\nthis subject, saying it was not G-d's will. I agree with him. His topic was \"Bad\nThings Happen to Good People.\" What happened people did, and what people didn't\ndo allowed it to happen, but not that G-d wanted it that way. It took us awhile\nto reconcile ourselves that we are Jews and we need to identify ourselves in a\nreligious expression. When it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our turn to send our child to a school, we\ndecided to join the AA synagogue.\n\nKUHN: You were not a member of the synagogue in New York?\n\nLANSKY: No, the first synagogue we joined was the AA. I want you to meet my husband.\n\nKUHN: You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were not a member of any synagogue when you were in New York?\n\nLANSKY: The AA . . .\n\nKUHN: When it was time for the kids to go to Sunday school . . .\n\nLANSKY: Yes.\n\nKUHN: . . . you figured you would join?\n\nLANSKY: Your heritage, your background makes you go back to where you came from.\nWe experimented. We went to an Orthodox synagogue. Then we went to Reform\nsynagogue. We decided on the Conservative one. That allows us enough for the\nbackground we came from to express our religious beliefs to raise our children.\nWe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"figured they have no reason to be denied this religious link. In order to\nsurvive, they need the religious education.\n\nKUHN: That was in what year?\n\nLANSKY: Either 1954 or 1955. Must be almost over 30 years. We were still . . .\nThe synagogue wasn't built. It was on Washington Street.\n\nKUHN: Right. At that time, how many survivors were there?\n\nLANSKY: I would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say at least 15 families.\n\nKUHN: Now or then?\n\nLANSKY: Then probably, too, yes. They divided up into different congregations.\nSome became more Orthodox and some because of convenience. Maybe now there are\nmore, I don't know. But it's not a large number that belong.\n\nKUHN: Did you know all the families that were survivors in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congregation at\nthe time?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. There's something . . . We may be so different in our character,\nbut it looks to me that our experiences, the backgrounds, really make us to\nunderstand each other better. That doesn't mean we are all good friends, but\nthere is a definite link.\n\nKUHN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did AA play any kind of role in working with survivors that you know of\nafter the war?\n\nLANSKY: That I couldn't help you because I did not come, like I said, straight\nfrom Europe here. But there are some that belong there that you may want to\ninterview, what role the AA had with the congregation. I paid my membership and\nI joined. I let my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children be raised normally. There were some things that you\ntry . . . you were so busy trying to establish yourself, making a living. The\nHolocaust was pushed aside. It's just later on when you felt more secure. At\nleast, that's the way I think. We never forgot it, but you were so busy and so\neager raising your family you didn't want them to be exposed to it on a daily\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basis. They needed friends, new experiences. You can never run away from it.\nYour child asking you, \"Why don't I have uncles or aunts like other children\ndo?\" The Holocaust was always there but it was not a daily occurrence.\n\nKUHN: When did you become active in . . . What is the name of the organization?\n\nLANSKY: Eternal Life-Hemshech. Hemshech stands for in Hebrew 'continuation,' the\nlink with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"past or with the generations that is not here anymore. In 1964.\n\nKUHN: In 1964. Was that when the organization was started?\n\nLANSKY: Yes.\n\nKUHN: You said you were in from the beginning?\n\nLANSKY: Yes, very beginning in 1964.\n\nKUHN: Where you one of the founders?\n\nLANSKY: Yes. In 1965 . . .\n\nKUHN: Can you tell me about that?\n\nLANSKY: In 1965, we organized to erect a monument. First, we thought for our own\nfamily . . .\n\nKUHN: Who?\n\nLANSKY: We, the survivors, yes.\n\nKUHN: How many were there then?\n\nLANSKY: About 100 to 110 families. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get survivors from other cities that moved\ndown here, too. We've lost some; we've gained some.\n\nKUHN: You organized?\n\nLANSKY: Organized legally to erect . . . after we'd seen the design by Ben\nHirsch I immediately . . .\n\nKUHN: You got him to design it or he has already designed it?\n\nLANSKY: He heard we were looking to erect a monument. I'm sure it didn't come\novernight . . . being a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivor himself . . . not physically being there, but\nlosing his family. He came as a young boy of ten. He must've been thinking about\nit for a long time. This was his way of expressing . . . this monument . . .\nwhat it meant to him. It's a very meaningful thing and when he presented it to\nus, I particularly--this is my own feelings--felt that this is not only a\nreligious ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"monument, but it is a historical one where future generations may\nlearn from it.\n\nKUHN: When you organized, you were one of the founders, right? Were you one of\nthe ones that went around, and talked to people, and said, \"Let's form the\norganization?\" How did that go?\n\nLANSKY: No.\n\nKUHN: Did someone talk to you? Were you all meeting together for some reason?\n\nLANSKY: Yes, we were meeting together. There was one man, Dr. Leon Rosen. He's\nalready deceased. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started it from the beginning. There was a small group.\nFrom this group, it was mainly to get the money. It was very hard. People were\nnot well-to-do. We needed to raise money and buy land to erect this monument.\nThere's always a controversy. How should we express it? Should we perhaps build\na library in their memory? Should we do any other thing? Should we build a\nmonument in front of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Jewish community center? There was a lot of talk.\nFinally, was agreed upon. I was a very staunch supporter of this monument\nbecause of its design and structure. I felt that it will be worth and proud to\nhave it erect. We all agreed it shouldn't have anybody's name. It just says\nsimply in front that this monument was erected by Hemshech, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Organization of\nSurvivors, Atlanta, Georgia. We only have one wall--\"For These We Weep\"--where\nevery survivor was able to hang a plaque for his family. We have his previous\nname he has been known by and the family. When you go out, I feel this tells the\nstory. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we say numbers, we never realize how large a number it is. But when\nyou go out there and you read these plaques, it says \"Mother, father, brothers,\nsisters, or uncles, aunts . . .\" everybody's immediate family. Then underneath\nit, we have the city these people came from. This is a historical document,\npermanently ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"erected. Benjamin Hirsch expressed it in his own way with rocks with\nfour different heights from different comers of the world we all came,\nsymbolizing the innocence of their dying by the six large torches. We made it\nmeaningful by having the ashes there. I think it's been recognized as such. He\nreceived an architectural religious award for it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We keep the day of remembrance\n. . . Yom HaShoah is being held there.\n\nKUHN: You said you go around to schools and give these talks?\n\nLANSKY: Yes, I do. Yes.\n\nKUHN: You have done a lot in this . . .\n\nLANSKY: I don't know.\n\nKUHN: About how long have you been doing that kind thing?\n\nLANSKY: I don't think I ever closed my mouth, never, even when people were not\ninterested to hear it. Now ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's a different story, but I always felt special,\nnot I'm better. I never could accept it was G-d's will I should survive. No, I\ncouldn't say that. I'm sure the choice was poor if he had something to do with\nit. It just happened that I survived. I'm more fortunate than others. I don't\nknow. If my brother, my sister, my father, the whole family was gone, if I would\nbe emotionally strong ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enough to go on and talk. Many survivors cannot. You have\nto remember, particularly the older ones that had spouses and had children and\nlost them, then they remarried and started a new family. There's a lot of\nfeelings that you must not bring up. I can understand it. We really don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a\nresource where to pull from. Every organization can always pull in new people,\nnew blood, and new leadership. We can't. This is it. We survived and we are the\nrepresentatives, whether we want it or not. Good or bad, we must talk. I always\nfelt to the best of our abilities, this is our duty and obligation. I feel that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I lead a normal life and I'm quite happy. I can relax. I can have a good time\nand enjoy myself. But I never had forgotten the Holocaust. That this too is a\npart of me. They both live in harmony. I feel fulfilled. I don't feel I'm any\nbetter . . . never did. But I always felt that obligation to go and say and do\nwhen it was not popular. I stuck with it for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ten years, to being in charge of\nthe organization because there was no interest. I felt it was something we must do.\n\nKUHN: In what year did you come in charge of the organization?\n\nLANSKY: The man left for Israel. We built it in 1965, he left in 1967. Until\nabout 1973, I think.\n\nKUHN: You were how old?\n\nLANSKY: No, let me see, 1977 or 1978 . . . ten years, yes. Then I found a young\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"man . . . I saw him in the cemetery talking. He's from Hungary. I saw he would\nmake a nice representative for the survivors. Today are election days, and Ben\nHirsch, the architect, will assume his new duties hopefully. It's not . . . You\ndon't have a choice.\n\nKUHN: You said that you were talking about it when it was not popular?\n\nLANSKY: Right.\n\nKUHN: What did you mean by that?\n\nLANSKY: People would . . . the first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reaction people do when a bad thing happens\nto you, \"Forget it, it's over.\" When I went to sleep . . . when I came to this\ncountry I used to wake up and I was back in camp. I had nightmares. You felt you\nlived through it . . . We felt an obligation and duty. You must talk about it.\nThe idea was to tell them. I think the biggest disappointment was when we found\nout after the war ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that everybody knew except us. It's very hard to accept the\nfact that so little was done to save us. This is a very painful experience. We\nthought we did such a grand thing trying to survive to live there. The reaction\nis, \"Don't worry. You are here. You are in this country now. Forget it.\" I can\nunderstand that.\n\nKUHN: What you meant by unpopular . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people in this country did not want to .\n. .\n\nLANSKY: I think that there's . . .\n\nKUHN: . . . because they felt the responsibility?\n\nLANSKY: No, I think there's another reason. I personally have not blamed\nanybody--when I say 'anybody,' even the Jewish leadership--what could've been\ndone and they hadn't done. Maybe they didn't realize--some of us did not realize\nand we were there--of what's going on . . . that perhaps more could've been\ndone. I don't know so I'm not blaming ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anybody. But they themselves did know how\nto cope and deal with it. The tragedy was so big and so enormous that by not\ntalking about it . . . maybe they were not comfortable with it. I don't know.\nMaybe we just needed this time to go by, where a new generation of children . .\n. I am seeing that children that had nothing to do with the Holocaust--this is\n40 years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later--are questioning their parents. They are anxious to learn. They\nwant to know. They are more comfortable with it and they are trying to cope with\nit. This is the first time in history where science was used to destroy people.\nUsually we associate it with barbarism, un-education. Germany had no illiteracy.\n\nKUHN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You go around to . . .\n\nLANSKY: Public schools.\n\nKUHN: . . . schools and everything now?\n\nLANSKY: It's in conjunction with ADL, the Anti-Defamation League, or the Jewish\nCommunity Federation.\n\nKUHN: How often do you do that?\n\nLANSKY: Whenever there is a need, we go. Alex Gross has never said, \"No.\" He'll\ntravel at length. He, too, is a great speaker. I myself go. I was just in South\nGwinnett High School. I have a letter I received . . .\n\nKUHN: How many . . . You have a letter you received from them?\n\nLANSKY: Yes, and it always makes me feel good. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All the children write this\npersonal contact, it gives them a different view. They start out not realizing\nit. I have a uniform that my uncle was liberated in. My uncle, and my father,\nand my brother were liberated by Patton's Third Army. They were on their way to\nDachau. The railways were bombed so they were going back and forth, back and\nforth. Finally, when they opened up the doors ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were the American soldiers.\nHe had his uniform. He was liberated in it and he mailed to me. I take it with\nme to high schools and I'll put it up. Sometimes, I won't say a word. You become\na little bit more . . . the experience is good because I'm more at ease with it;\nwhere in the beginning, I was very nervous. I was not able to communicate with\nthem. Now, after quite a bit of time, I never write down. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I never know what I'm\ngoing to say. I just play it by ear . . .\n\nKUHN: You are a very articulate person.\n\nLANSKY: I'll put it down. I'll let them think. They'll ask, \"What is this\nuniform?\" They are shocked that the Jews were not the only ones that wore it. I\ntell them, \"Yes, others did, too.\" There was a green triangle, and a yellow\ntriangle, and a red triangle, and even a pink one for homosexuals, which I did\nknow until after the war. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were all kinds of people that were eliminated by\nthe Nazis, but the Jew was only different. He was killed for no other reason\nexcept he was born a Jew. I try to tell them why we feel for Israel so much. It\nhad nothing to do with the Holocaust, but with the fear of not having a country,\nsomebody to speak for you was very important to us. That's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the emotional\nattachment to the State of Israel. Everything I can do; I will try to support\nand help.\n\nKUHN: I know I am taking a lot of your time, but quickly could you tell the\nstory in your own words? Let's start with this newspaper returning to Poland\nafter 30 years and locating the Torah.\n\nLANSKY: That wasn't that complicated. We went back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland.\n\nKUHN: I just needed it in your words. You went back to Poland . . .\n\nLANSKY: We went back to Poland, like I told you before. We arrived in Warsaw. We\ntook a taxi and we drove down to my husband's hometown. My father was born\nthere, too, and I was there during the war. We found one Jew that was still\nliving there and he showed us the Torah. He was sick, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he knew that he won't\nbe here for too long. He told us that a man came from Paris and wanted to give\nhim $10,000, which is a lot of money. He did not wish to sell it, but he would\nlike to give it to me. We should take it to the United States and donate it to a\nsynagogue. He did not give me any terms in how to present it. We, ourselves,\ndecided to give it in memory of this community that perished ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the Nazis. I was\nafraid to take it because our journey from there was to Yugoslavia--\n\nKUHN: He offered to give it to you right then?\n\nLANSKY: Right there and then. It was a small Torah.\n\nKUHN: The only Jew in this town, which is absolutely phenomenal.\n\nLANSKY: You know what he does? He teaches the Holocaust there.\n\nKUHN: Is that right?\n\nLANSKY: When he was in Atlanta, I took him to the Jewish Federation. I gave him\nsome material. We had some common grounds because I do it here as often as I can.\n\nKUHN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of the Torahs were destroyed . . .\n\nLANSKY: Yes, all the Torahs were destroyed by the Nazis. I'm told there are only\n39 Torahs that are left in Poland today that are usable. The AA has one of them.\nThere are thousands of them that are damaged, that are not kosher.\n\nKUHN: How did this man managed to get the Torah?\n\nLANSKY: In this article . . .\n\nKUHN: I know. I read it. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"need it in your own words.\n\nLANSKY: It's not him; it's his uncle that hid this one Torah--there many Torahs\nin this community--in the attic. He took this man, Mr. Drajhorn, with him and\nshowed him where he's hiding this Torah, if somebody should survive this war\nthey'll know where it is. His uncle did not survive. When he came back to the\ncommunity, he found this Torah. He kept it in his room for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"35 or 36 years, until\nwe came. It was six years of the war and 30 years after . . . it's about 36\nyears. When he seen us and being of ill health, he thought that I would probably\ndo justice to it . . . my husband and I, rather. I promised, that I'm afraid to\ntake it because they can stop me at the borders, the checkpoints and put me in\njail. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There it's all communist rule there in Czechoslovakia. We were going from\nthere to Yugoslavia and to Czechoslovakia, which was dangerous. But I did tell\nhim he should write me what I must do legally. Then I will go ahead and do it.\nThe first thing is Rabbi Epstein had to write me a letter. He presented that to\nthe Polish government. It took quite a bit of effort on his part, because he had\nto have permission from the historical ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"society from Warsaw to let it out. He\nwrote me that a Polish professor that specialized in Hebrew, helped him in\ngetting the permit. He said that the Torah is not usable and it's torn, all\nthis. He gave him a permit to send it out from the country. I was quite excited\nwhen it arrived home here, in a little box.\n\nKUHN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here at the house, through the mail?\n\nLANSKY: I couldn't believe it. It was in a white metal . . . with one of the\nthings broken. I waited. I called a few men, one religious man, and my family,\nand we all gathered in the dining room and open it up the day it arrived. That\nwas quite exciting.\n\nKUHN: I can imagine.\n\nLANSKY: Yes, it really was.\n\nKUHN: What is the importance of this Torah to you?\n\nLANSKY: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everything is dead. Whatever we have is memories, memories of\ncommunities, of places and things. Sometimes when I go to a memorial service and\nI see a parade of people, families that I knew, that my children don't know\nalready. When we go, they go with us . . . that we also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are like the Torah . . .\nthe living link. With our passing, this chapter in history will go, too. I feel\nit's important. It made it meaningful that this is a living link between the\ndead from the city of Ozorkow to this congregation in Atlanta, Georgia. It's a\nmiracle really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this is from one congregation to the other, like Dr.\nSchatten said, in this instance, when he accepted the Torah.\n\nKUHN: Dr. Schatten was president of the congregation?\n\nLANSKY: At that time. Now I felt . . . in my own words . . . that this Torah is\na living link also. But we should not forget the history of this Torah, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that\nthis is a city, people that do not exist anymore. The history of it should\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/transcript/21624/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prompt us to better deeds as human beings and, as Jews, to know, remember our\nobligations to the future.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5880.0,5910.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Lola Lansky [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Congregation (often referred to as “AA”) was organized in 1886 as Congregation Ahawas Achim (Brotherly Love) and is Atlanta’s second oldest Jewish congregation. Organized by Jews of Eastern European descent, the congregation’s founding members felt uncomfortable in the established Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (The Temple) comprised primarily of Jews from Germany, who by the late 1800s had begun to liberalize their Orthodox doctrine. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHeart valves are sometimes surgically replaced with either mechanical or biological replacements. Most biological valves are made from animal tissue: porcine valves are made from pigs, and bovine valves are made from cows. Some valves come from human donor hearts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRheumatic Fever is a disease that can result from inadequately treated strep throat or scarlet fever. It causes inflammation, especially of the heart, blood vessels, and joints. Symptoms include fever and painful, tender joints. Treatment involves medication, sometimes for life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWarsaw is the capital and largest city in Poland, located on the Vistula River in east-central Poland. Before World War II, Warsaw was a major center of Jewish life and culture with a Jewish population of more than 350,000, which constituted 30 percent of the city’s population (about 337,000 Jews) and made it the largest Jewish community in Europe. Warsaw suffered heavy air attacks and artillery bombardment in the German invasion of Poland in September 1939. Following an uprising in the ghetto in April 1943 and an uprising by the Polish Home Army (the anti-Communist underground resistance) in July 1944, the Germans razed Warsaw, leaving the majority of the city in ruins. In January of 1945, the Russians finally liberated the city and a Communist regime was established.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz [Polish: Łódź] was a large textile manufacturing city and Jewish cultural center about 75 miles from Warsaw. Lodz was approximately 230 kilometers (143 miles) east of the German border. Jews were an integral part of the textile industry of Lodz, which was known as the “Manchester of Poland.” (The city of Manchester had been the center of Great Britain’s textile industry since the Industrial Revolution.) Jews owned many plants and factories in Lodz, including one of the largest in Europe, which was owned by Izrael Kalmanowicz Poznanski. On the eve of World War II, Lodz had a population of 665,000, of whom 34 percent (223,000) were Jews. Lodz also had a sizable German population, amounting to 10 percent of the total. The vast majority of Jews living in Lodz before World War II spoke Yiddish, but increasingly used Polish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA moshava [Hebrew; plural: moshavot] was a form of Jewish agricultural settlements in pre-Israeli Palestine. In this case, it may be a reference to a Zionist youth organization.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGypsy” is a term often used to refer to Roma, [singular Rom; also called Romany]. Roma are an ethnic group that originated in northern India but live worldwide today, principally in Europe. This minority is made up of distinct groups called “tribes” or “nations” and includes the Roma, Sinti and Lalleri family groupings. They were called “Gypsies” because Europeans mistakenly believed they came from Egypt. As a traditionally nomadic group, Roma have often been viewed as outsiders. For centuries, Roma were scorned and persecuted across Europe. The term “Gypsy” is now seen as pejorative by some. Among the groups the Nazi regime singled out for persecution on so-called racial grounds were the Gypsies, whose fate was parallel to that of the Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews. Before the Holocaust, Jews were the largest minority in Poland. In Poland’s major cities, Jews and Poles spoke each other’s languages and interacted in markets and on the streets. Even smaller towns and villages in Poland were, to some extent, mixed communities. That did not mean that antisemitism did not impact the lives of Polish Jews, however. The antisemitic atmosphere increased in Poland during the 1930s. After World War I, Poland had become a democratic independent state and increasing Polish nationalism made Poland a hostile place for many Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eParzeczew [Polish: Parzęczew] is a village in central Poland. It approximately 6 kilometers (4 miles) west of Ozorkow and 26 kilometers (16 miles) northwest of Lodz. In 1900 the Jewish population was 519, most of whom earned their living as craftsmen (tailors, furriers, bakers, and smiths) or in agriculture. When Germany invaded Poland, most Jews fled the village and, according to one source, only about 30 remained. The synagogue was burned down soon after German occupation in September 1939.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA series of pogroms and discriminatory laws were signs of growing antisemitism in Poland in the 1930s, while fewer and fewer opportunities to emigrate were available. An economic boycott of Jewish businesses was in full force by 1937.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDysentery is most often caused by shigella bacteria (shigellosis) or an amoeba. Dysentery is often spread through contaminated food or water. A key symptom is bloody diarrhea. There may also be abdominal pain, cramps, fever, and malaise.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was a concentration camp near Hanover in northwest Germany, located between the villages of Bergen and Belsen. It was established in 1935 as a prison camp for political prisoners, criminals, Communists, “asocials” etc. from the area.  In 1943 it began to serve as a transit camp for Jewish prisoners who were initially excluded from deportation. They were to be held in exchange for Germans interned in western countries. Toward the end of the war, Bergen-Belsen became a dumping place for Jews marched out of camps in the east. There was no housing for them, no medical care, no food, and no water. Ultimately there were about 41,000 prisoners in the camps and the mortality rate was extreme. From late 1944, food rations throughout Bergen-Belsen continued to shrink. By early 1945, prisoners would sometimes go without food for days; fresh water was also in short supply. Sanitation was incredibly inadequate, with few latrines and water faucets for the tens of thousands of prisoners interned in Bergen-Belsen at this time. Overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, and the lack of adequate food, water, and shelter led to an outbreak of diseases such as typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and dysentery, causing an ever-increasing number of deaths. In the first few months of 1945, tens of thousands of prisoners died.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphoid fever and typhus are different diseases that are caused by different bacteria, although the symptoms are similar.  Typhus is contracted from the bite of a louse, and results in chills, delirium, high fever, headaches and muscle pain and if untreated often results in death.  Typhoid fever means “typhus-like” and is a common bacterial disease caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated by the feces of an infected person or from lice that fed on the feces.   Typhoid results in a high temperature, delirium, and intestinal hemorrhage and if untreated is often fatal.  Both were common in the camps due to hygienic conditions and the constant infestation by lice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCantor Isaac Goodfriend (1924-2009) served at Ahavath Achim in Atlanta from 1966 until his retirement in 1995 as Cantor Emeritus. Cantor Goodfriend was born into a Hassidic family in Poland. At the age of 16, he was interned in a German labor camp in Piotrkow, Poland. Escaping in 1944, he was hidden by a Polish farmer and was the only member of his family to survive the war. After the war, he attended the Berlin Conservatory of Music, McGill Conservatory of Music in Montreal, Conservatoire Provincial de Quebec, and later in Ohio at the Music School Settlement and Baldwin Wallace College. Before coming to Atlanta, he served as cantor at Shaare Zion in Montreal, Canada in 1952, and later at Cleveland, Ohio’s Community Temple.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs German forces entered Poland, the Jews they encountered were immediately singled out for abuse or massacre. Anti-Jewish persecutions were introduced that impoverished and separated Jews from their Polish neighbors. After the German occupation of Poland, restrictions were immediately placed on Jewish communities that were meant to economically and socially isolate them. The Germans occupied Lodz on September 8, 1939 and renamed it “Litzmannstadt.” Immediately after occupying Lodz, anti-Jewish violence broke out in the city. The Germans began seizing Jews for forced labor, confiscating Jewish property, and executing or deporting to concentration camps hundreds of the city’s elites.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland from the north, south, and west. With more than 2,000 tanks and over 1,000 planes, German units quickly broke through Polish defenses along the Poland-German border and advanced on Warsaw in a massive encirclement attack. Under heavy shelling and bombing, Warsaw soon surrendered. As the Wehrmacht advanced, Polish forces withdrew to more established lines of defense to the east and then the southeast, where they awaited support from their allies, France and the United Kingdom. Little support came. When Soviet forces invaded Poland from the east on September 17, 1939, the Polish plan of defense was rendered obsolete. The outnumbered and overwhelmed Polish army was defeated within weeks of the invasion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis considered Poles to be racially inferior and intended to replace the Polish nation and culture with a German one. A campaign of terror was launched soon after the German invasion and occupation of Poland in September 1939. German SS, police and limitary units shot thousands of Polish civilians, including many members of the Polish nobility, clergy, and intelligentsia. In the spring of 1940, the German authorities launched AB-Aktion, a plan to systematically eliminate Poles considered to be members of the “leadership class.” The aim was to remove those Poles considered most capable of organizing resistance to German rule and reduce the Poles to a leaderless population of peasants and workers laboring for German masters. Thousands of teachers, priests and other intellectuals were shot in mass killings. Thousands more were sent to concentration camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn November 1939, all Jews in German-occupied Poland were forced to wear an armband or yellow star on their clothing to identify them as Jews. Jews in the Warthegau (the German-annexed territory of western Poland) were required to wear a badge on their chests, which was a yellow Star of David on a black field with the word \"Jew\" inscribed inside the star. In the General Government, that part of Poland directly occupied by Germany, Governor General Hans Frank ordered on November 23, 1939, that all Jews over the age of ten wear a \"Jewish Star\": a white armband affixed with a blue six-sided star, worn over the right upper sleeve of one's outer garments. There were heavy penalties for those caught not wearing it.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOzorkow [Poland: Ozorków] was a textile manufacturing community in central Poland, 26 kilometers (16 miles north of Lodz). Before World War II, Ozorkow was less than 150 kilometers (less than 95 miles) east of the German border. At the outbreak of World War II, the town had about 15,000 inhabitants, including just over 5,000 Jews and the rest being about equal parts German and Polish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVolksdeutsche is a term the German government used beginning in the twentieth century to describe Germans living or born outside of Germany, regardless of citizenship. The term was also applied to Poles with German ancestry or relatives. After Hitler came to power, the Nazis pursued an initiative to convince all Volksdeutsche who were living outside of Germany to return home.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGermany’s military engagements in Europe during World War II are generally divided into two separate headings—the Western Front and the Eastern Front. The Western Front included Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany. The Eastern Front included conflicts against the Soviet Union, Poland and other Allies. The war on the Eastern Front was the scene of the largest military confrontation in history and was particularly brutal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance Authority, was established in 1953 by an act of the Israeli Knesset. Since its inception, Yad Vashem has become a leading center for documentation, research, education, and commemoration of the Holocaust. Construction began in Jerusalem in 1954 on the western side of Mount Herzl and in 1957 the memorial and museum opened. On March 15, 2005, a new museum complex four times larger than the old one opened at Yad Vashem. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is estimated that the Germans killed between 1.8 and 1.9 million non-Jewish Polish citizens during World War II in addition to the at least 3 million Jewish citizens who were murdered. Many were killed in mass shootings. As the Germans advanced east into the Soviet Union in the summer 1941, Einsatzgruppen, mobile units that followed the regular German army (Wehrmacht), were responsible for the deaths of a minimum of 1,000,000 Jews as well as anyone they perceived as an enemy of the state. By 1941, gassing vans were also employed. Inhaling exhaust fumes that were pumped into an airtight compartment when the engine was running killed victims. Jews from the Lodz area of Poland and Roma were killed in Chelmno in mobile gas vans in 1941. After 1942, gas chambers were developed as a more efficient method for killing large numbers of people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 25, 1942, the Germans ordered that 8 or 10 Jews be publicly hanged on the market square, forcing the Jewish Police to participate in the executions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn open ghetto was established in Ozorkow in the summer of 1941. About half of the Jews in Ozorkow lived in the ghetto while the rest were able to continue living elsewhere in town until the end of 1941. The ghetto was in the Wiatraki suburb of Ozorkow along what are now as Partyzantow, Polna and Krasicki and Streets. Meanwhile, Jews from the surrounding areas, including the towns of Piatk and Parzeczew, were being resettled and concentrated in Ozorkow. By early 1942, there were around 5,000 Jews living there.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo assist in managing the large communities within ghettos, German authorities installed a hierarchy of Jewish administrative units under their control. The Judenrat or Ältestenrat was a Council of Jewish leaders established in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. They were installed to manage the communities and provide the Germans with forced laborers. A Judischer Ordnungsdienst [German: Jewish Ghetto Police; also known as the OD], was also established by the Germans to keep order in occupied areas and often were responsible for rounding up Jews selected for forced labor or deportation. They were often referred to as the “Jewish Police.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy August 1944, the Soviet Army had advanced as far west as Warsaw, Poland (about 117 kilometers or 72 miles east of Ozorkow) and were quickly pushing the Germans east.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn May 21-22, 1942, 1,387 Jews were sent from Ozorkow to Lodz as laborers. A final selection took place in August 1942, when 1,800 Jews were sent to the Lodz ghetto to work and all the others were killed. Lola and her family were part of a wave of Jews from the surrounding area and Western Europe that were pushed into the Lodz ghetto, making the total number of Jews who passed through it at over 200,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Hazikaron laShoah ve-laG'vurah [Hebrew: Day of (remembrance of) the Holocaust and the Heroism] known colloquially in Israel and abroad as Yom HaShoah, or in English as Holocaust Remembrance Day. It marks the anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and is on the 27th day in the month of Nisan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 10, 1939, a ghetto was established in Lodz. It was established on 4.13 square kilometers (almost 1.6 square miles) in the northern neighborhoods of Baluty, Stare Miastro (Old Town), and Marysin. The ghetto was publicly announced in February 1940. Jews were to move in by April 19 and Poles and ethnic Germans were to move out of the neighborhoods by the end of April. In March and April 1940, the Germans encircled the ghetto with a barbed wire and wooden fence. On April 30, the gates closed on its 163,777 residents. The living conditions in the ghetto, including food rations, were very poor because the ghetto was hermetically sealed. The mortality rate was very high. In the Lodz ghetto, a system of food cards was introduced. They were used to divide food supplied to the ghetto by the German authorities. Ghetto inhabitants stood in line for hours on end to receive their meager food rations. Distribution of different foods took place in different locations throughout the ghetto. Bread and other food were distributed only once every few days and families were forced to make do with what was distributed until the next food distribution. This policy required careful rationing among families. Conditions in the Lodz ghetto declined rapidly. In the first months of the ghetto’s existence, daily food rations equaled about 1,800 calories per person. By mid-1942, they had decreased to 600 calories. Most Jews subsisted on a daily bowl of watery cabbage or potato soup, a piece of bread, and a small evening snack of radish greens of potato peels. Paltry heating rations meant most residents did not have heating or hot water for bathing and laundry. The poor conditions contributed to outbreaks of typhus and dysentery. In 1942, the annual death toll in the ghetto peaked at 18,000. Overall, 45,327 people died in the ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first deportation from the Lodz ghetto began in December 1940, when about 7,200 Jewish men were sent to forced labor on German road building. The first major deportation from Lodz took place from December 21, 1941 through May 15, 1942. A total of 57,064 people were sent to Chelmno. Another major deportation Aktion took place on September 1-2 and 5-12, 1942. 15,682 children, elderly and infirm Jews were sent to their deaths at Chelmno.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter that Aktion, the ghetto was turned into a work camp. By August 1942, there were almost 100 factories within the ghetto. The major factories produced textiles. Some 90 percent of all production was for the Wehrmacht [German army]. German department stores placed most of the remaining orders. Workers labored 10 to 14 hours a day in poorly ventilated, overcrowded workshops and received only meager food rations from their employers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat [Hebrew] or Shabbos [Yiddish] is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDespite grim living conditions, the Lodz ghetto sustained a variety of cultural activities. Religious observance continued until September 1942. Poets, writers and musicians presented works in soup kitchens and at a cultural hall. The cultural events enabled individuals to forget their isolation, hunger, and despair for a time. Until October 1941, an Education Department operated within the ghetto. About 14,800 students attended more than 40 schools. While the classrooms were overcrowded and ill equipped, the schools managed to provide an important environment of normalcy for the children who attended them. At school, the children also received one meal a day, which often meant the difference between life and death. After the fall of 1941, the schools ceased to exist and their buildings were occupied by the influx of people brought into the already overcrowded ghetto. From then on, education was conducted partly in secret and partly under the guise of professional training for workers. Children as young as ten went to work in the ghetto’s workshops, which became new schools for vocational training, Yiddish, arithmetic, and a little general education.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy August 1944 the ghetto had been completely liquidated. Some Jews were sent to a temporarily re-opened Chelmno and murdered. Most were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Some Jews were kept to clean out the ghetto and when the Russians liberated the city in January 1945 only about 900 Jews were still alive. Another 10,000 to 20,000 survived in other camps in the Reich or in the Soviet Union. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLola’s husband, Rubin Lansky (1922-2005) was a survivor and second-cousin from Ozorkow, Poland. Rubin’s testimony and papers are housed at the Breman Museum’s Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHans Biebow (1902-1947) was born in Bremen, Germany, where he lived and worked until he became the head of the Nazi administration of the Lodz Ghetto. He was a cruel man who starved the Jewish population in the ghetto and assisted the Gestapo in deporting many Jews to be executed at Chelmno and Auschwitz-Birkenau. Biebow personally profited from the slave labor implemented in the ghetto and from seized Jewish property. After the German surrender in 1945, Biebow fled and went into hiding in Germany but was recognized by a ghetto survivor and extradited by the Allies from Bremen back to Lodz. After his trial in April 1947, Biebow was found guilty and executed by hanging.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzestochowa [Polish: Częstochowa; sometimes also spelled ‘Czenstochowa’] is a city located about 200 kilometers (124 miles) southwest of Warsaw, Poland. Close to 30,000 Jews lived in Czestochowa in 1939. The German army entered the city on September 3, 1939. Three days later, more than 1,000 Jews and Poles in Czestochowa were murdered in a massacre known as ‘Bloody Monday.’ In 1941, a ghetto was established. In September and October 1942, deportations to Treblinka began and the ghetto was mostly liquidated. About 5,000 Jews remained. In June 1943, about 1,000 people were deported and the remaining 4,000 were sent to labor camps. By the end of the war, nearly all of the Jews from Czestochowa were dead. The city was liberated by the Soviets in January 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArbeit Macht Frei’ is a German phrase meaning “work makes [you] free.” The slogan is known for having been placed over the entrances to a number of Nazi concentration camps, including most infamously Auschwitz I, where it was made by prisoners with metalwork skills and erected by order of the Nazis in June 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Mengele was an SS physician who earned the nickname the ‘Angel of Death’ in Auschwitz-Birkenau. He was notorious for being one of the physicians who sorted newly arrived prisoners on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, picking out those he wanted for his medical experiments—especially twins. Many survivors recall being selected by Mengele, but caution should be used as a number of German physicians were present in the camp and took turns performing the selections at the arrival ramp. Various medical staff was also involved in the routine selections of prisoners during roll call. Those prisoners regarded as unfit for labor because of terminal exhaustion or sickness would be sent to the gas chambers or otherwise murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn initial selection process took place upon arrival in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Selection (German: Selektion) is the term the Nazi regime used to describe the process of choosing victims for the gas chambers in the extermination camps by separating them from those considered fit to work. In Auschwitz-Birkenau, the selection of mass Jewish transports took place on three railroad unloading platforms, or ramps. SS doctors made most of the decisions about who was qualified for labor, and who was killed immediately. The selection procedure carried out on the ramps was as follows: families were divided after leaving the train cars and all the people were lined up in two columns. The men and older boys were in one column, and the women and children of both sexes in the other. Next, the people were led to the camp doctors and other camp functionaries conducting selection. They judged the people standing before them on sight and, sometimes eliciting a brief declaration as to their age and occupation, decided whether they would live or die. Age was one of the principal criteria for selection. As a rule, all children below 16 years of age (from 1944, below 14) and the elderly were sent to die. As a statistical average, about 20% of the people in transports were chosen for labor. They were led into the camp and registered as prisoners. The remainder was killed in the gas chambers.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Birkenau camp (designated Auschwitz II between November 22, 1943 and November 25, 1944) was the largest of the more than 40 camps and sub-camps that made up the Auschwitz complex. It was established in the village of Brezezika (renamed Birkenau, German for ‘birch woods’), near the original Auschwitz concentration camp. During its three years of operation, it had a range of functions. When construction began in October 1941, it was supposed to be a camp for 125 thousand prisoners of war. It opened as a branch of Auschwitz in March 1942, and served at the same time as a center for the extermination of the Jews. In its final phase, from 1944, it also became a place where prisoners were concentrated before being transferred to labor in German industry in the depths of the Third Reich. Birkenau was unique in that it combined the functions of a killing center (Birkenau had gas chambers) with that of a concentration camp. The majority of victims of the Auschwitz complex—about 90 percent, or an approximate total of 1 million people, the majority of whom were Jews—died at Birkenau. The majority of those who perished in Birkenau during its three years of operation were Jewish (about 90 percent). In addition, roughly 70,000 Poles, as well as 20,000 Gypsies, Soviet prisoners of war and thousands of non-Jewish prisoners of other nationalities were killed in Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Holocaust, concentration camp prisoners received tattoos only at one location: the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp complex. Tattooing was introduced at Auschwitz in the autumn of 1941 for Soviet prisoners of war. In March 1942, tattoos were used to identify prisoners at Auschwitz II (Birkenau). By the spring of 1943, the SS authorities throughout the entire Auschwitz complex adopted the practice of tattooing almost all previously registered and newly arrived prisoners, including female prisoners. Prisoners were given tattoos on their forearms of their camp serial number, which was also sewn onto their uniforms. Only prisoners selected for work were registered and given serial numbers; those that were sent directly to the gas chambers were not registered or given tattoos.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Normandy landings (codenamed ‘Operation Neptune’) were the landing operations on June 6, 1944 (termed ‘D-Day’) of the Allied invasion of Normandy in France (known in its entirely as ‘Operation Overlord’) during World War II. The Normandy landings have been called the beginning of the end of war in Europe. By late August 1944, all of northern France had been liberated, and by the following spring the Allies had defeated the Germans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom Auschwitz-Birkenau, Lola, her sister, and her mother were sent to the Ravensbruck [German: Ravensbrück] concentration camp. They remained there for only a few days before being transferred again.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeipzig is a city in eastern Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Wehrmacht was the German military from 1935 to 1945. The German military were complicit in Nazi war crimes during the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September or October 1944, Lola arrived in Muhlhausen [German: Mühlhausen], which was part of the Buchenwald group of sub-camps. The prisoners worked in the Geratbau GmbH, a subsidiary of the clock-making firm Thiel, Ruhla, which manufactured timers and precision instruments, and the Junkers aircraft company, which produced detonators and precision instruments. The camp was located in northwest Germany about 120 kilometers (75 miles) west of Leipzig, near the town of Muhlhausen. The factory had originally utilized Polish forced laborers. As the war drug on, Polish workers became scarcer. Following a private discussion between a representative of Geratbau and the commandant of the Buchenwald concentration camp, the establishment of a sub-camp for 500 female employees was agreed upon. The camp opened at the beginning of September 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMuhlhausen was under the command of SS-Sturmführer Otto Baus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn February 1945 the women in Muhlhausen were evacuated to Celle, Germany and driven on foot the 15 kilometers to Bergen-Belsen. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eToward the end of the war, Bergen-Belsen became a dumping place for Jews marched out of camps in the east. There was no housing for them, no medical care, no food, and no water. Ultimately there were about 41,000 prisoners in the camps and the mortality rate was extreme. From late 1944, food rations throughout Bergen-Belsen continued to shrink. By early 1945, prisoners would sometimes go without food for days; fresh water was also in short supply. Sanitation was incredibly inadequate, with few latrines and water faucets for the tens of thousands of prisoners interned in Bergen-Belsen at this time. Overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, and the lack of adequate food, water, and shelter led to an outbreak of diseases such as typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and dysentery, causing an ever-increasing number of deaths. In the first few months of 1945, tens of thousands of prisoners died.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Bergen-Belsen camp complex was composed of numerous camps established at various times during its existence. The three main components of the camp complex were the prisoner of war (POW) camp, the “residence camp,” and the “prisoners’ camp.” The POW camp was in operation from 1940 until January 1945. In 1940, the POW camp housed around 600 French and Belgian prisoners of war. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in July 1941, more than 20,000 Soviet POWs were housed there. The “residence camp” was used to house Jews from other countries with the intent of exchanging them for Germans interned abroad, foreign currency or commodities valuable to the war effort. It was in use from August 1943 to March 1945. In April 1943, SS officials established the “prisoners’ camp,” which housed more than 500 prisoners of various nationalities, most of whom were non-Jews. It was closed in February 1944 when the remaining prisoners were sent to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. In March 1944, it became a collection amp for sick and injured prisoners no longer capable of working. This section of the camp became known as the “men’s camp.” Another part of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp was sectioned off in August 1944 and turned into the so-called “women’s camp”. Between August and late November 1944, the SS imprisoned around 9,000 women and girls in this part of the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOther survivors also reported hearing rumors of glass being put in the food but no evidence has survived to prove this.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs Allied troops approached Bergen-Belsen, the SS attempted to remove the thousands of corpses on the grounds of the camp. Between April 11 and 14, 1945, those prisoners still capable of walking were forced to drag some of the corpses to mass graves. Meanwhile, the SS was able to destroy almost all of the files of the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere was a section of the camp known as the “recuperation camp” or Erholungslager as well as an infirmary, but there was, in effect, no medical care.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi’s racial laws were a set of policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany, asserting the superiority of the “Aryan race,” and based on a specific racist doctrine, which claimed scientific legitimacy. These policies targeted Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, handicapped people, and others who were labeled as inferior in a racial hierarchy to the “master race” of Germans. In Germany, the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were passed on November 15, 1935. They formed the cornerstone of the German Nazi Party’s racial policy and heralded in a new wave of antisemitic legislation that brought about immediate and concrete segregation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the cease-fire that preceded the liberation of Bergen-Belsen, a majority of the SS personnel were able to withdraw before the camp was taken over by the British army. Only around 50 SS men and 20 to 30 SS women remained behind. After the camp’s liberation, they were arrested. In the fall of 1945, 21 of the male SS guards and 16 of the female SS guards, as well as 11 prisoner-functionaries and the Commandant, Josef Kramer, were tried by a British Military Court. Eleven of the accused were sentenced to death, 19 received prison sentences, and 14 were acquitted. In May 1946, another trial took place for ten defendants, four of whom were sentenced to death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere was a high fluctuation of SS personnel in Bergen-Belsen, but it is known that there were 435 men and 45 women SS personnel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 to 1949, Germany was occupied by the Allied forces and divided into four administrative zones by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. The British and Canadian armies had liberated northern Germany, but after Canadian forces withdrew, Great Britain took over post-war administration of northern Germany. Eventually, the western Allies (Britain, France and the United States) would combine their zones.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Kramer (1906-1945) was the Commandant of Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1940 until 1944 when he was transferred to Bergen-Belsen. Kramer was so cruel that he was known as the “Beast of Belsen.” When the British liberated Bergen-Belsen, Kramer took them on a tour the camp. Kramer was then incarcerated and was tried in the Belsen Trial by a British military court. Josef Kramer was sentenced to death on November 17, 1945 and was hanged on December 13, 1945.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFollowing several days of cease-fire negotiations between the Wehrmacht and the British Army, British troops took over the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp without a fight on April 15, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen British soldiers reached Bergen-Belsen, they were not prepared to deal with either the typhus and typhoid fever epidemics that were raging through the camp or the extreme malnourishment of the prisoners. It took them weeks to even be able to start to deal with the horrifying situation. When the British soldiers took over the camp, they disarmed the remaining SS personnel and placed them under arrest but allowed them to stay in the camp temporarily.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 21, the British began evacuating the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Prisoners were deloused and transferred to a temporary hospital and rehabilitation camp that had been set up in buildings at the nearby former Wehrmacht barracks. As each of the concentration camp barracks was cleared, they were burned down to combat the spread of typhus. By the end of May 1945, all of the prisoner barracks in Bergen-Belsen had been burned.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the number of patients requiring medical care decreased, a former German army camp southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle, Germany that had served as an emergency hospital became a displaced persons (DP) camp for refugees. While the British tried to name it ‘Hohne,’ survivors insisted on referring to it as ‘Bergen-Belsen.’ It was in operation from the summer of 1945 until September 1950. For a time, Bergen-Belsen was the largest Jewish DP camp in Germany, and the only one in the British occupation zone with an exclusively Jewish population. It was the center of Jewish DP political and social activity in the British zone of occupation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs early as 1945, survivors began erecting memorial stones and monuments in the grounds of the former Bergen-Belsen POW and concentration camp. The Bergen-Belsen Memorial was inaugurated in 1952 after a large obelisk and inscription wall were dedicated. A document center with a permanent exhibition opened in 1966. In the late 1980s, the Memorial began to focus on research and educational work. New exhibits opened in 1990 and 2007 and the historical site of the camp was redesigned. A new documentation center that serves as a museum and visitor center was opened in 2007 as well. Today (2020), the Memorial encompasses the entire historical grounds of the former camp. Archeological digs have unearthed a few foundations of former buildings but no original structures exist.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the days following liberation, both male and female SS members were made to collect and bury the bodies, but eventually the British had to resort to bulldozers to push the thousands of bodies into mass graves. Although the British Army and various relief organizations quickly arranged for medical aid, another 14,000 liberated prisoners had died of the effects of their imprisonment by June 1945 alone. Between April 18 and April 28, approximately 10,000 dead were buried. The victims of Bergen-Belsen who died in the camp in the final weeks before and immediately after the liberation are buried in thirteen mass graves and fifteen individual graves. The graves are surrounded by low stone walls where the number of victims in each grave chiseled.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJust one week after the liberation, several British Red Cross units and other civilian relief personnel arrived at Bergen-Belsen to assist the military. The British Red Cross took over responsibility for providing civilian medical care. The Red Cross staff consisted of doctors and aid workers from many countries, including numerous liberated prisoners. German doctors and nurses were also pressed into service by the British authorities. Over 11,000 ailing survivors had to be treated at the emergency hospital set up in the Wehrmacht barracks as late as June 1945. Since the emergency hospital did not have the capacity to handle so many patients, a number of survivors were moved to hospitals and emergency sick bays in nearby cities like Celle. In July, 6,000 former inmates were taken by the Red Cross to Sweden for convalescence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. Well-meaning soldiers, volunteers or locals without proper medical training often gave survivors foods that made their conditions worse. Eating foods that were too rich or complex for survivors’ bodies to handle could exasperate years of malnutrition and starvation, resulting in sickness or death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a chemical first synthesized in 1874 and further developed as an insecticide in 1939 by Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Muller. During the second half of World War II, DDT was used to control malaria and typhus in civilians and troops. DDT was used after World War II as an agricultural insecticide.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs eastern European borders were redefined in the immediate aftermath of World War II, a series of population transfers took place between 1944 and 1946. The transfers and resettlements of millions of people were part of an official Soviet policy that used national minorities to create homogenous states. In some cases, the resettlement was voluntary. In areas occupied by the Western Allies, resettlement was not always voluntary. Post-war negotiations between the Allies and Soviet authorities, initially it was agreed that all Soviet citizens would be repatriated to the Soviet Union. Initially, Soviet authorities were even given free access to the DP camps in order to identify Soviet citizens for repatriation. A policy of forced repatriation gave DPs no choice and many were forcibly sent home, where they were often sent to labor camps of the Gulag or drafted into the army, while others faced issues of postwar rebuilding and antisemitism. As wartime relations deteriorated and the Cold War emerged, however, the Allies no longer supported Soviet demands for repatriation. Soviet operatives in the DP camps began using both legal and covert methods of deception, kidnapping, bribery, and threats to force repatriation of Soviet nationals in order to curb a concentration of anti-communist political expatriates in the West. For people fleeing Soviet controlled countries, crossing borders became increasingly difficult and dangerous.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDisplaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunich is the capital of the German state of Bavaria. It is located on the River Isar, north of the Alps. After World War II, the city was occupied by the United States. Much of southern Germany fell within the American zone of occupation and included the German states of Hesse, Bavaria, and much of Baden-Wurttemberg. The American occupied zone was in the southern portion of Germany and included the cities of Munich, Frankfurt am Main, Stuttgart, and Nürnberg. Although it was situated in the Soviet zone, the Americans also occupied the southern part of the city of Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAllied forces established temporary facilities (DP Camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. Often, shelter was improvised and DPs found themselves housed in everything from former military barracks, summer camps and airports to castles, hotels and even private homes. Initially, the Allies herded Jewish DPs and non-Jewish DPs together, but conflicts arose. The need to recognize Jews as a unique and stateless group of DPs was urgent, and became obvious to the Americans. They created the first exclusively Jewish DP camp at Feldafing, which began absorbing Jews from Dachau in the summer of 1945. Feldafing was originally a summer camp for Hitler Youth, located 20 miles southwest of Munich, Germany in the American zone of occupation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1924 Immigration Act set annual quotas based on a prospective immigrant's country of birth, which were still in place at the end of World War II. After the war ended, President Harry S. Truman favored efforts to ease US immigration restrictions for Jewish displaced persons but existing laws had no provisions for displaced persons until Truman issued a directive on December 22, 1945, ordering the State Department to fill existing quotas and give first preference to displaced persons. Still, of the 40,000 visas issued under the program, only about 28,000 went to Jews and between 1946 and 1948, only 16,000 Jewish refugees entered the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish immigration had already been restricted by a series of official reports (known as White Papers) issued in 1922 and 1930 by the British government. In 1939, a third White Paper was issued, which limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 for the first five years, subject to the country's \"economic absorptive capacity,\" and would later be contingent on Arab consent.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs Britain's stance of restricting Jewish immigration to Palestine under the British Mandate was a contentious issue for the DPs. Emigration was a major component of DP camp life and, within the transient camps, polls revealed that about 80 percent saw Palestine as their ultimate destination. Until the British Mandate over Palestine expired in 1948 and the State of Israel declared its independence, DPs at displaced persons camps organized marches in protest against the refusal of the British government to open the gates of Palestine to Jewish immigration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish battalions from the British Mandate of Palestine began fighting with the British Army as early as 1940, but it wasn’t until September 1944 that the Jewish Brigade Group (also known as the Jewish Brigade or Israeli Brigade) was formally established. The Jewish Brigade fought under the Zionist flag and served in Italy in 1945. After the war, Brigade members helped establish displaced persons camps in Europe and became active in organizing the emigration of Holocaust survivors to Palestine. The Jewish Brigade was disbanded in the summer of 1946. Many Brigade members joined the Haganah, a paramilitary organization in the British Mandate of Palestine, which became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAliyah (Hebrew: ascent) is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to Israel. It is one of the most basic tenets of Zionism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement that supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890’s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePresident Harry S. Truman issued an executive order, the \"Truman Directive,\" on December 22, 1945. It required that existing immigration quotas be designated for displaced persons. More DPs were admitted into the United States than before, but the national quotas remained in place. About 22,950 DPs, of whom two-thirds were Jewish, entered the United States between December 22, 1945, and 1947 under provisions of the Truman Directive.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany former members of the Nazi party came to the United States as part of the flood of immigrants fleeing Europe after World War II. Some immigrated by misrepresenting their pasts while others were allowed to immigrate despite their pasts. By the 1970s, it was well-known that American immigration and intelligence authorities knew of dozens of former Nazis—some implicated in serious war crimes—who were living in the United States. More than 1,600 Nazi German scientists, engineers and technicians had also been specifically recruited and brought to the U.S. as part of Operation Paperclip, a controversial top-secret U.S. intelligence program between 1945 and 1959 with the goal of harnessing their brain power for Cold War initiatives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States during the 1930s and 1940s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (Federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen Germany annexed Austria in the spring of 1938, the Polish government feared this would lead to an enormous number of Jews with Polish citizenship to flee and return to Poland. The Polish Parliament passed a law that took Polish citizenship away from anyone who had lived abroad for more than five years. The German government viewed this as a threat to its own plans to expel foreign Jews. When the German government issued Poland an ultimatum to rescind the order, Poland refused. The next day, an order was issued to round up Polish Jews. Between October 28 and 29, 1938, around 17,000 Jews with Polish citizenship were arrested and detained in prisons and transit camps. They were then transported by guarded trains and by foot across the German/Polish border.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1924 Johnson-Reed Act had cut immigration quotas to admit fewer than 6,000 Polish immigrants into the United States per year. From 1939 to 1945, the quota for Polish immigrants admitted into the U.S. had increased to 15,000 per year. Immigration restrictions were still in effect at the end of the war until President Harry S. Truman issued an executive order, the \"Truman Directive,\" on December 22, 1945. It required that existing immigration quotas be designated for displaced persons (DPs). While overall immigration into the United States did not increase, more DPs were admitted than before. About 22,950 DPs, of whom two-thirds were Jewish, entered the United States between December 22, 1945 and 1947 under provisions of the Truman Directive. The Polish quota between 1945 and 1948 was 17,000 a year. Congressional action to increase immigration quotas did not come until 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was founded in 1943. Its mission was to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II and to repatriate and assist the refugees who would come under Allied control. UNRRA managed hundreds of displaced persons camps in Germany, Italy, and Austria and played a major role in repatriating survivors to their home countries in 1946-1947. It largely shut down operations in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania. The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHeadquartered in New York City, UJA-Federation of New York is the largest local philanthropy in the world today. It was formally chartered in 1917 as The Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies of New York City. In January 1939, an agreement creating the United Jewish Appeal (UJA) was signed to provide relief for European Jews trapped in the vise of war, to sustain Jews living in pre-state Palestine, and to facilitate German Jewish immigration to safer countries. By 1941, UJA of Greater New York incorporated and in 1986, UJA formally merged with Federation to create UJA-Federation of New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLandsman is a Yiddish term that refers to a fellow Jew who comes from the same district or town, especially in Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA ‘greenhorn’ is an inexperienced person, and oftentimes refers to newcomers who are unfamiliar with the ways of a place or group. The form “greeny” or “greenie” was also widespread in America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold Samuel Kushner (1935-) is a prominent American rabbi aligned with the progressive wing of Conservative Judaism and a popular author. His best-known title is When Bad Things Happen to Good People (published in 1981).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism, sometimes also called Liberal Judaism, is a division within Judaism especially in North America and Western Europe. Historically it began in the nineteenth century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture.   While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah and women rabbis), music is allowed in the services and most of the service is in English.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism.  It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance.   They also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis and bat mitzvahs).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOriginally located in a rented room at 106 Gilmer Street, the Ahavath Achim Congregation would make a succession of moves, to 120 Gilmer Street, to a hall on Decatur Street in 1895, to its first building in 1901 on the corner of Gilmer Street and Piedmont Avenue, to its second building on Washington Street in 1921, and finally, to its present location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEternal Life-Hemshech is an organization of Atlanta Holocaust survivors, their descendants and friends dedicated to commemorating the 6,000,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Approximately 100 Holocaust survivors living in Atlanta, Georgia founded Eternal Life-Hemshech in 1964. Hemshech is a Hebrew word that means “continuation.” Their purpose was to \"perpetuate the memory of their beloved families along with all of the six million Jewish victims of the Holocaust.\" The group wanted the memorial to serve as a place to say Kaddish, the Jewish prayer for the dead. The committee was comprised Abraham Gastfiend, Mala Gastfiend, Gaston Nitka, Rubin Lansky, and Rubin Pichulik. Dr. Leon Rosen served as chairman and Lola Lansky and Nathan Bromberg were co- chairs. The Memorial to Six Million was dedicated in Atlanta’s Greenwood Cemetery in 1965.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin (Ben) Hirsch is a Holocaust survivor from Frankfurt, Germany. He and four of his siblings were sent on a Kindertransport to France and then the United States and Atlanta. Ben is an architect who designed the Holocaust Gallery at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum as well as the Memorial to the Six Million in Atlanta’s Greenwood Cemetery. For a more detailed version of the construction of the Memorial, please see Ben’s oral history for the Herbert and Esther Taylor Oral History Project.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Leon Rosen was a director for the Arbeiter Ring Shule in Atlanta, Georgia during the 1940s. Rosen served as served as chairman of Eternal Life-Hemshech when it was founded in 1965.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInitially, the Eternal Life-Hemshech planned for a monument in the form of an inscribed marble slab. Architect Benjamin Hirsch proposed the more substantial design that exists today. It is an open-air structure composed of four L-shaped walls of varying heights made from granite blocks. The walls interlock to form a single \"interior\" space. In the center of the space are six white torches, which rise above the walls and are lit during special ceremonies represent the six million Jews killed in the Holocaust. The torches rise from a black granite coffin that contains the ashes of an unknown victim from the concentration camp at Dachau, Germany. Memorial bronze plaques and stone markers are located throughout the monument. Hemshech's 1965 financial report states that the completed monument cost $11,000. This included $2,400 for the small plot of land, $7,924.21 for construction, and $440 for landscaping. Funds for the memorial were raised entirely within the Holocaust survivor community in Atlanta. The Memorial to the Six Million was dedicated on April 25, 1965 in Greenwood Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia. It was the second Holocaust memorial to be built in the United States. The memorial was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 21, 2008.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHirsch’s creation won a national design award in 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Atlanta, Georgia, a Yom HaShoah service is held annually at the Memorial to Six Million in Greenwood Cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Independent Order of B’nai B’rith, a Jewish service organization in the United States, founded the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) in 1913. It is an international Jewish non-governmental organization based in the United States. Describing itself as \"the nation's premier civil rights/human relations agency,\" the ADL states that it \"fights antisemitism and all forms of bigotry, defends democratic ideals, and protects civil rights for all,\" doing so through \"information, education, legislation, and advocacy.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere are Jewish federations in most major cities.  Their function is to fundraise for the Jewish community centrally and disperse it throughout the Jewish community (locally, nationally and internationally) rather than each Jewish institution trying to raise money individually.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlex (Yankele) Gross was born in Palanok, Czechoslovakia in 1928. He, his five brothers, and one sister survived the Holocaust. Alex immigrated to the United States after World War II and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Alex and his first wife, Linda (who died in 1983), had four children and were founding members of Eternal Life-Hemshech. Alex’s testimony is available from The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and has been published as Yankele: A Holocaust Survivor's Bittersweet Memoir.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSouth Gwinnett High School is a public high school for students in grades 9–12 established in 1957. The school is located in Snellville, Georgia, United States. It is part of the Gwinnett County Public Schools system, one of the 15 largest public-school systems in the country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Smith Patton, Jr. (1885-1945) was a United States Army general, best known for his command of the Seventh United States Army, and later the Third United States Army in Europe during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and tens of thousands were literally worked to death. American troops liberated the camp on April 29, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter 1939 and with some variation from camp to camp, the categories of prisoners were easily identified by a marking system combining a colored inverted triangle with lettering. The badges sewn onto prisoner uniforms enabled SS guards to identify the alleged grounds for incarceration. Criminals were marked with green inverted triangles; political prisoners with red; \"asocials\" (including Roma, nonconformists, vagrants, and other groups) with black or—in the case of Roma in some camps—brown triangles. Homosexuals were identified with pink triangles and Jehovah's Witnesses with purple ones. Non-German prisoners were identified by the first letter of the German name for their home country, which was sewn onto their badge. The two triangles forming the Jewish star badge would both be yellow unless the Jewish prisoner was included in one of the other prisoner categories. A Jewish political prisoner, for example, would be identified with a yellow triangle beneath a red triangle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Torah scroll [Hebrew: Sefer Torah] is the holiest book within Judaism, made up of the five books of Moses. It is hand-written by a pious scribe in the original Hebrew and must meet extremely strict standards of production. Torah scrolls are routinely read aloud in all synagogues and are a core representation of Judaism itself. When not in use in services, it is stored in the holiest spot in a synagogue, the Aron Kodesh (Holy Ark), which is usually an ornate curtained-off cabinet or section of the synagogue built along the wall that most closely faced Jerusalem, the direction Jews face when praying.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe desecration of Torah scrolls and other holy artifacts was one method of humiliation and abuse employed by the Nazis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn August 1977, a surviving Torah from Ozorkow, Poland was dedicated at the Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/Kashrut is the set of Jewish dietary laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. Food that may be consumed according to halakhah (Jewish law) is termed ‘kosher’ in English. The word ‘kosher’ has become English vernacular, a colloquialism meaning proper, legitimate, genuine, fair, or acceptable. Kosher can also be used to describe ritual objects that are made in accordance with Jewish law and are fit for ritual use.                \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Germans occupied Ozorkow in 1939, Israel Frydman and his nephew, Tobias Drajhorn, hid their synagogue’s Torah in the attic of a small prayer house. Frydman did not survive the Holocaust, but Drajhorn returned to Ozorkow after the war and retrieved the Torah, which had survived. In 1975, Lola and her husband, Rubin (also a survivor, who is from Ozorkow), learned about the Torah and made arrangements for it to be brought to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the time of this interview, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were part of the Eastern Bloc. As an American citizen, Lola would have required special permission to travel to these countries. The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc, the Socialist Bloc and the Soviet Bloc, was the group of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, East Asia, and Southeast Asia under the hegemony of the Soviet Union that existed during the Cold War in opposition to the capitalist Western Bloc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Epstein (1903-2003) was a native of Plunge, Lithuania who served as the rabbi of Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia from 1928 to 1982. Under his leadership the congregation began to shift to Conservatism, which they adopted in 1952. Rabbi Epstein retired in 1982, becoming Rabbi Emeritus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/annotation_set/395/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Eugene Schatten (1928-1998) was an Atlanta doctor and philanthropist who was born in Nashville, Tennessee. He was one of the youngest Emory medical school graduates, finishing in 1950 at the age of 21. A child prodigy, Schatten originally planned to become a concert pianist. Instead, he performed plastic surgery and invented surgical techniques. Schatten was president of Ahavath Achim synagogue and the Atlanta Jewish Federation and a board member of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra. Schatten was one of the key supporters in launching a Jewish studies program at Emory and the Woodruff Library's Schatten Gallery bears his name.  For his service he received many honors, including the Anti-Defamation League's Abe Goldstein Human Relations Award in 1985. His papers are housed at the Breman Museum’s Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5820.0,5850.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Lansky, Lola [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"General Information and Life Before the War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=65.0,350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You were born in Warsaw?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=65.0,350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Semitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Waraw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=65.0,350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Building a Picture of Jewish Life at Ahavath Achim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=350.0,457.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What has that got to do with the synagogue, if I may ask?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=350.0,457.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ahavath Achim Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigrants","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=350.0,457.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The War Begins and Restrictions on the Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=457.0,1066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were fortunate in that way that I was only 12, almost 13 when the war broke out. I was still in school. I just enrolled in the seventh grade. But when the war broke out, being young and ignorant is very good. I thought it would be over soon and I won't have to go to school!","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=457.0,1066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dachau Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghettos","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ozorkow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Restrictions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Star of David","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Volksdeutsche","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yad Vashem","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=457.0,1066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moving Before and During the War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1066.0,1146.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I tell them people didn't move like we do here. When you moved . . . Even before the war, if you moved from one city to the other,\nthe first thing you did is you registered that you, and your family, and so many children live here and here.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1066.0,1146.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghettos","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moving","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ration Coupons","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Registering","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1066.0,1146.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Living in Ozorkow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1146.0,1414.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to keep this fairly close to your experience. You were helping sew the fur coats in Ozorkow?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1146.0,1414.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hangings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Police","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liquidation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ozorkow Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ozorkow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pig Square","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Selections","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1146.0,1414.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Returning to Lodz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1414.0,1675.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From there, when they decided the Russians were coming, they liquidated the Ozorkow ghetto. They put us . . . Again, they eliminated the discards, whoever is not able to work, the sick, the older. Again, they took those who were able to work back to the city of Lodz where I was born and raised.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1414.0,1675.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Factory Workers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liquidation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ozorkow Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1414.0,1675.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liquidating the Lodz Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1675.0,1852.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, until they liquidated the ghetto. That was in 1943, 1944 . . . maybe 1943 in the fall. We had no calendars. Then they said they are going to liquidate the ghetto. Biebow himself went around in the ghetto, talking to the people, that for our own welfare, they are sending us south of Poland where we will work in factories and wait until the war ends.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1675.0,1852.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Crematoriums","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czestochowa, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hans Biebow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liquidation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1675.0,1852.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going to Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1852.0,2048.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the time was to liquidate, we had to because they stopped our food. \"Today is our turn to go.\" This is how my family and I wound up on a cattle train.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1852.0,2048.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arbeit Macht Frei","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bathhouse","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cattle Train","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Mengele","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=1852.0,2048.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Led to Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2048.0,2184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From there on, we were led to Birkenau in one of the houses wherever our quarters were. You didn't get a bench or a bed to yourself, no. About three to four shared one and the roll calls were horrible . . . constantly roll calls.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2048.0,2184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Roll Calls","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2048.0,2184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leaving Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2184.0,2295.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is how, on our way out from Auschwitz at the railway station, where again shoes were given to us and a striped dress--a two-piece uniform for women--and some underwear, which . . .","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2184.0,2295.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ammunition Factory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz Railway Station","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Crematoriums","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2184.0,2295.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shipped to Leipzig","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2295.0,2353.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were shipped to Leipzig, somewhere deep inside Germany. At the station, I saw this was not the SS that came for us. The Wehrmacht. A German soldier came to pick us up and take us to work.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2295.0,2353.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leipzig, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schutzstaffel - SS","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wehrmacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2295.0,2353.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arriving in Thuringia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2353.0,2552.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we came in, this was a working camp. You wouldn't believe, there was a small loaf of bread waiting for us, a fork, a knife and a spoon. They gave us these little houses that the German working people stayed in.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2353.0,2552.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Commandant","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schutzstaffel - SS","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thuringia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2353.0,2552.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brought to Bergen-Belsen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2552.0,2859.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They brought us to Bergen-Belsen. If there is Hell on earth, I think this is the place. When we arrived there in early Spring . . . I know it must've been February . . . the end of February . . . March . . . but by March, the whole camp stunk. There were British soldiers, too.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2552.0,2859.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bergen-Belsen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"British Prisoners of War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English Zone","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pneumonia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thyphoid","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2552.0,2859.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation of Bergen-Belsen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=2859.0,3363.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The next day about 11 o'clock--I'm going back to the story--I saw tanks circling the camp. I was standing with a rock. Until today, I don't know. What was I doing with the rock? I don't know. But I saw tanks and they had a white star on them and I was trying to see. Who are they? I knew something is going on. 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I found a cousin from my mother's side and he had a younger daughter. He promised that he\nwould take my sister and myself to Sweden because there were children there. 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What is the name of the organization?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4680.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Benjamin Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Leon Rosen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eternal Life-Hemshech","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hemshech, the Organization of Survivors, Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Community Center","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Monument","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yom HaShoah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4680.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lecturing at Schools and Discussing Surviving","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4980.0,5495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You said you go around to schools and give these talks?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4980.0,5495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Defamation League","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Benjamin Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lecturing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teaching","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=4980.0,5495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A Torah from Ozorkow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5495.0,5874.86041"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know I am taking a lot of your time, but quickly could you tell the story in your own words? Let's start with this newspaper returning to Poland after 30 years and locating the Torah.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5495.0,5874.86041"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303/index/47331/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechoslovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Schatten","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Drajhorn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ozorkow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Government","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Epstein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Torah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yugoslavia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31667/file/100303#t=5495.0,5874.86041"}]}]}]}