{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/q23qv3cp8n/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Beer, Hana Kraus (1995)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1995-11-15 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHana Kraus Beer interviewed by Sandra Berman on November 15, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eHana Kraus was born in Pilsen, Czechoslovakia. She was an only child. Her father, Ernest Kraus, owned an import/export business and the family was comfortable. When the Germans dismembered Czechoslovakia in March 1939, life for the Jews began to deteriorate. Hana was 14 years old when she was forced from the public school system. She found a job as an apprentice seamstress, hoping that she and her family would be able to immigrate and she would be able to help to support them. None of their plans worked out, however. In late 1941 or early 1942 deportations from Pilsen to Theresienstadt began. Hana and her parents were on one of the first transports to the camp-ghetto, which was not yet fully prepared to receive the Jews at that time. Hana and Elly, her mother, were separated from Ernest and housed in barracks. Eventually the gentiles were relocated and the entire garrison town became the ghetto-camp. Ernest soon died from pneumonia. Hana was put to work repairing German uniforms. Hana and her mother were put onto transport lists for Auschwitz-Birkenau several times but her uncle, who was in the ghetto-camp’s administration, got them removed. However, in 1944, Elly’s name went on the list and stayed there. Hana accompanied her mother to the assembly point and stayed with her that night. She tried to go with her but was turned back. Hana never found out what happened to her mother after that. The Russians liberated Theresienstadt in May 1945. Hana returned to Pilsen for one year before moving to England, where she had family. In 1949, an uncle helped her acquire a visa and she immigrated to Atlanta, Georgia in the United States. She married Walter Beer and had two daughters. Hana passed away in 2004.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eHana introduces her family and her life prior to the German occupation of Czechoslovakia. She describes being deported to Theresienstadt. Hana recounts what life was like in the camp-ghetto. Hana shares her memories of her mother’s deportation. Hana discusses the German’s use of Thereseinstadt for propaganda. She describes how other practiced their religion in the camp-ghetto. She recalls falling ill before she was liberated in 1945. After liberation, Hana explains how she travelled back to Pilsen before coming to England and then the United States.  She offers her perspective of why some survived and others did not. The interview ends with Hana stressing the significance of losing her entire family.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/27983"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Holocaust (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Czechoslovakia (geographic term)","Theresienstadt (geographic term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHana Kraus Beer interviewed by Sandra Berman on November 15, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHana Kraus was born in Pilsen, Czechoslovakia. She was an only child. Her father, Ernest Kraus, owned an import/export business and the family was comfortable. When the Germans dismembered Czechoslovakia in March 1939, life for the Jews began to deteriorate. Hana was 14 years old when she was forced from the public school system. She found a job as an apprentice seamstress, hoping that she and her family would be able to immigrate and she would be able to help to support them. None of their plans worked out, however. In late 1941 or early 1942 deportations from Pilsen to Theresienstadt began. Hana and her parents were on one of the first transports to the camp-ghetto, which was not yet fully prepared to receive the Jews at that time. Hana and Elly, her mother, were separated from Ernest and housed in barracks. Eventually the gentiles were relocated and the entire garrison town became the ghetto-camp. Ernest soon died from pneumonia. Hana was put to work repairing German uniforms. Hana and her mother were put onto transport lists for Auschwitz-Birkenau several times but her uncle, who was in the ghetto-camp’s administration, got them removed. However, in 1944, Elly’s name went on the list and stayed there. Hana accompanied her mother to the assembly point and stayed with her that night. She tried to go with her but was turned back. Hana never found out what happened to her mother after that. The Russians liberated Theresienstadt in May 1945. Hana returned to Pilsen for one year before moving to England, where she had family. In 1949, an uncle helped her acquire a visa and she immigrated to Atlanta, Georgia in the United States. She married Walter Beer and had two daughters. Hana passed away in 2004.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHana introduces her family and her life prior to the German occupation of Czechoslovakia. She describes being deported to Theresienstadt. Hana recounts what life was like in the camp-ghetto. Hana shares her memories of her mother’s deportation. Hana discusses the German’s use of Thereseinstadt for propaganda. She describes how other practiced their religion in the camp-ghetto. She recalls falling ill before she was liberated in 1945. After liberation, Hana explains how she travelled back to Pilsen before coming to England and then the United States.  She offers her perspective of why some survived and others did not. The interview ends with Hana stressing the significance of losing her entire family.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/100/449/small/Beer_Hana.mp4_1604110294.jpg?1604095894","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Beer_Hana.mp4"]},"duration":1887.873,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/100/449/small/Beer_Hana.mp4_1604110294.jpg?1604095894","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/100/449/original/Beer_Hana.mp4?1604095893","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1887.873,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Hana Beer [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What's your name?\n\nBEER: My name is Hana [Kraus] Beer.\n\nBERMAN: Mrs. Beer, could you tell us a little about your life in Czechoslovakia\nbefore the Nazis came? [Tell us] how many people were in your family and how old\nyou were when the Nazis came into Czechoslovakia.\n\nBEER: Sure. Basically it was just my mother and father and me. I had no sisters\nor brothers, but also it was my grandfather who lived with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. We had a very\ngood life before the Nazis came, which was in 1939, when slowly but surely\nthings were deteriorating and falling apart. We had to take in another family to\nlive with us as boarders that came from the border part of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechoslovakia called\n\"Sudetenland.\" And slowly but surely, we were prohibited of entering certain\npublic places.\n\nBERMAN: What city was this in?\n\nBEER: I was born in a city called Pilsen [Czechoslovakia], which is like an hour\naway from Prague, very much on the western border of . . . actually, it was\nBohemia part of Czechoslovakia.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You mentioned that things started to get bad in 1939. Can you talk a\nlittle about some of the [unintelligible, 10:22]?\n\nBEER: Well, I remember distinctly that I had to leave school. I got a job as an\napprentice, as a dressmaker because we all tried to learn a trade in case we\nwould immigrate to another country, so that we could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"support ourselves.\nSeptember 1, [1939]--when Germany occupied Poland--was my first day of work. I\nremember that day very well because I heard about it and there were sirens\ngoing. My father was a sales representative.\n\nBERMAN: And then the Nazis came into Pilsen? What happened then?\n\nBEER: The Nazis did not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come into Pilsen.\n\nBERMAN: The Germans?\n\nBEER: No. That was much later. It must have happened much later. Everyday we got\ndifferent orders--like we had to give up jewelry and we had to wear stars. It\ndidn't all come at the same time. It came gradually. We still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't realize\nwhat was really happening, the seriousness of the situation. Even so, most of us\nwere planning to leave the country. We had relatives in the [United] States and\nin England. We were trying to leave the country, but we never really succeeded.\nI was supposed to have gone to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel with the Youth Aliyah but that never\nreally... first it would have been Switzerland, where I was supposed to have\ngotten training as a nurse and then gone to Israel, but that never materialized\neither. I don't think that my parents were too thrilled about it because I was\nthe only child and they didn't want me to leave. We really basically ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just lived\nour lives as well as we could. Of course, with so many changes around us, we\ndidn't know what to cope with first. Nobody was really sent to a camp as a\nfamily, but they took [Jewish] men away. The rumors went [around] that the men\nwent to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"places like Dachau and some of them never came back. I had friends whose\nfathers were sent away at that time and the men never came back. Until-- it was\nin 1942 that they really-- I wanted to say that up until then, our life was very\ngood. Czechoslovakia was a very nice ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country and we lived a very cultural life.\nI just can say that we had a very good life.\n\nBERMAN: What did your father do?\n\nBEER: My father was a sales representative. He and my grandfather had their own\nbusiness, like export/import of foods. My mother helped in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office. We were\nconsidered middle class. We all had maids. That was taken for granted. Everybody\nhad a maid, which we had to give up when the Germans came.\n\nBERMAN: And school?\n\nBEER: School? I really only . . . When the occupation started in 1939, I was . .\n. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"14 years old. I went to high school. I was not allowed to continue school.\nThat was an official order that all the Jewish children had to leave school.\n\nBERMAN: You mentioned to me about wearing a star and a specific incident?\n\nBEER: Right. I don't know at which time, [but] we were ordered to wear Jewish\nstars. For some reason or the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other, they picked on me. They called me to the\nGestapo, which was very scary. They accused me that I was seen not wearing the\nstar. I was really a kid. I don't know why [but] I never told my parents. I went\nthere alone. They [my parents] didn't know about it. I went [and] really faced\nthe Gestapo man. I know what saved me was that I said to him, \"Well, I would\nnever lie to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you.\" Then he let me go. I was questioned. He was trying to lead me\ninto it [a confession] that I was not wearing the star. I said, \"Well, I would\nnever lie to you.\" Then they just let me go and never bothered me again with\nanything like that.\n\nBERMAN: Then in 1942 you said it got worse?\n\nBEER: In 1942 . . . the major ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deportations of the Jews from Czechoslovakia\nstarted maybe in the end of 1941 and [early] 1942. The first transports were\nshipped to Theresienstadt. We had never heard of Theresienstadt and we didn't\nknow what it was. We were just told to take a certain ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"amount of suitcases and\nput the most necessary things in there like clothing, some food, and soap, and\nthings like that. We were all put into a big assembly hall overnight and then we\nwere taken to the train station. We were put on a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train. Of course, we were\nguarded by the Germans. As a matter of fact, in Czechoslovakia, the Germans had\na very good system. They didn't do the actual guarding themselves, they used the\nCzech police, so it didn't look that bad. It was very scary. I was mainly\nconcerned more about my parents; I don't know why. I wasn't concerned about\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself. I was concerned about what is going to happen them. Even so, they were\nnot old. They were in their forties. When we got to Theresienstadt, it was like\neverything you see in the movies. We got off the trains and they separated us.\nWhen we came there, we were allowed to keep our suitcases. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later on, when people\ncame there they took everything away from them and it was taken into a communal\nwarehouse, but we were allowed to keep our things. We didn't know where we were\ngoing to stay. They just gave us just mattresses to sleep on because the ghetto\nwasn't built up at that time at all. Immediately they separated men from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women.\nMy father was some place else. My mother and I were someplace else. We basically\nstayed in old army barracks because that was what Theresienstadt was. It was a\n[military] garrison. It was a lot of army barracks there. Later on, they built\nbunks in those barracks, but when we first got there, there was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing there,\nso we just slept on mattresses [on the floor]. That's basically what we had.\n\nBERMAN: Theresienstadt was the ghetto where most Czechoslovakian Jews went\nthrough. Can you describe what it was like to live in the ghetto?\n\nBEER: Well, as I said, in the beginning, it was very different from what it was\nlater on. In the beginning, they [the Germans] really were not really organized.\nThey didn't know what to do with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. There was still a lot of . . . Not only was\nit a garrison, it also was a small town, with all the people that were connected\n[to it]. People lived there--like a normal life. When we got there, the gentile\n[non-Jewish] people were still lived there. Later on, they all had to evacuate\nbecause, first of all, they needed more room for the Jewish people who came\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, and besides, they didn't want us to live together. It was very different\nin the beginning than what it became later on. The whole thing was organized\nfrom the bottom up. They had to build it up. What we did in the beginning,\nbasically we didn't do anything-- I remember, we got orders what to do. I had\nseveral friends there that I knew from school. We were also ordered to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go and\nscrub the latrines, which was terrible [work]. In between, I don't think we did\ntoo much. We lined up for our food. They organized it later so that maybe in a\nfew weeks they founded several of what I would call \"industries.\" One of the\nindustries I worked in was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"repairing German uniforms as they came from the\nfront. They were damaged by guns, and weapons, and things like that. We had to\nrepair them. Slowly and surely they did find work for people. People worked in\nkitchens. People worked in trades, [like] electricians. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People were needed\nthere, really, because Theresienstadt was really a self-governed ghetto. It was\nactually governed by Jewish people, but the Jewish people had to obey what the\nGermans told them.\n\nBERMAN: There was a whole community in the ghetto--artists. That was something\nyou were going to talk about.\n\nBEER: Yes. That was something I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know how it really came about. There was a\nlot of talented people in Theresienstadt. Later on they permitted us to put--I\nsay \"us\" but I was never really active in it too much--they put on concerts,\nthey put on operas, and they put on plays. It was very unusual for a ghetto, I\nthink, to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have something like that. It was more of an outlet. But what I wanted\nto say was, when we first got there, we couldn't move out of our barracks. We\ncouldn't be on the street. Later on, when the gentiles had to leave the ghetto,\nwe were free to move within the walls of the ghetto. So we could walk on the\nstreet, and we could go attend all these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concerts and plays when we wanted to.\nBut also, everybody by then . . . had work. There was a certain . . . youth\norganizations were very strong. There were one or two buildings there that was\noccupied only by teenagers. You have probably heard of the book, I Never Saw\nAnother Butterfly. That was all written by the children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. Those were the\nchildren who even had schooling. People volunteered to hold classes. People\nworked in agriculture. They raised their own vegetables because it was very\nfertile land. And what else did people do? It was more or less, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they tried to\nmake it self-sufficient when it came to things like that.\n\nBERMAN: What about deportations from the ghetto? When did that begin?\n\nBEER: The deportations were on and off until 1944. In 1944, it was like a mass\ndeportation. But up 'til then, it was on and off. People were just put into\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transports, given a number, and they said, \"Well, you just have to leave.\"\nPeople really didn't know. They had no idea where they were going. People who\nhad it worse, though, were the old people because basically there was no medical\ncare. And that's how my father died. He caught pneumonia and they couldn't give\nhim any medication. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those things were really . . . Even I was in a hospital\ntowards the end of the war. I got hepatitis. When I think about it now, I can't\nbelieve I ever got well. The conditions were so bad in the hospital--unsanitary.\nThey [the Jewish doctors and nurses] tried their best to take care of us.\n\nBERMAN: During the selections for the deportations, how did they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"choose the people?\n\nBEER: I really don't know how they chose people. I know that in 1944, they just\nwanted to get everybody out of there and gas them. But before that, I don't know\nhow the selections were made.\n\nBERMAN: What happened at that point to your mother?\n\nBEER: My mother was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deported in 1944. We were supposed to have left several\ntimes before, but our numbers were always taken off [the list] because one of my\nuncles was in the Jewish government. In 1944, [it] was like a transport going\nevery week. My mother got a notice to leave. I wanted to go with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her. What they\ndid with people, the people who were told to leave had to gather at the train\nstation and stay there overnight and be prepared to go the next day. I spent all\nmy time with her there. Then, when the actual going took place, you had to go\nthrough a gate and the Gestapo was standing there [with] dogs and everything. I\nthought I just would go out with my mother and that I would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just smuggle\nthrough. No, they knew that I wasn't supposed to have been there. They stopped\nme and said, \"No, you can't go.\"\n\nBERMAN: That was the last time you saw your mother? [Hana nods to indicate\n\"yes\"] You had shown me a newsletter that you took around in the ghetto. Can you\ntell me a little bit about that?\n\nBEER: I think that was the time before ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any kind of organized work was available,\nbefore they found out that we can do something else, that we can be more useful.\nThis newsletter was something that some of us had to take everyday from one room\nto another. There were certain orders or certain announcements in the newsletter\nthat everybody in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"room one and room two and so on had to sign that they have\nread it and that they have seen it.\n\nBERMAN: Theresienstadt was called the \"model ghetto.\" Why was that?\n\nBEER: Well, because-- I think that the Germans wanted to show the International\nRed Cross that that was how all the concentration camps or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghettos were run.\nThey invited a group of people from the International Red Cross to come into the\nghetto and see what it's \"really\" like. Before they did that we had to put on\nour best faces. That means that everything outside . . . There was fresh paint\nwas put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on. The children had to lie. They put on plays and everything was make\nbelieve. In fact, they even put on some of the concerts for the Red Cross where\nthe Germans were proudly present. They told them, \"This is how it is.\" It was\nall really only make believe because this is not how it really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was.\n\nBERMAN: Did you speak to anyone from the Red Cross when they came?\n\nBEER: No. I don't think anybody did. It was just the Germans and maybe the high\nJewish officials.\n\nBERMAN: Towards the end of your life in the ghetto, can you describe . . .\n\nBERMAN: If we could just backtrack for a moment and talk a little about your\nfamily again. Were you traditional Jews? Were you able to practice your religion\nin Theresienstadt?\n\nBEER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were people who would practice their religion in Theresienstadt. In\nfact, there were some very well-known rabbis. Rabbi [Leo] Baeck was in\nTheresienstadt. He was very instrumental of giving people who wanted to be\nreligious, making it possible for them. And I think, I'm not sure, but I think\nthere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were some places where they could hold services on holidays. But I'm not\nsure about that. As for as [my family], we didn't practice the religion. I\ndidn't come from a terribly religious home. We observed the holidays and we knew\nthat we were Jews. There were some people there that were highly religious. They\nwere kosher and Orthodox. I think the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who were older really suffered the\nmost and especially if they were kosher. I think they refused to eat the food\nthat was given to them, but slowly but surely, I think they realized that if\nthey don't eat that food they won't have anything. But the religion certainly\nwasn't something that was visible.\n\nBERMAN: As the war came to a close and your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother was deported, what happened\nto you then?\n\nBEER: When the war came to a close, we were liberated by the Russian army. It\nwas like, \"What do we do now?\" We really didn't know where to go or what to do.\nEach of us knew that we wanted to go back to our hometown, but there really\nwasn't anybody there to go back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to. I remember that I had some friends that\nhave, for some reason or another, gone home and they came back for me. I put\nwhatever I had left . . . they put it on a truck. We drove into Prague, which at\nthat time was the Russian zone. My hometown [Pilsen] was occupied by the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americans. I had this problem of getting from the Russian Zone to the American\nZone. I had some friends that were in the Israeli-Czech army, which was really\npart of the English army. Somehow I met up with them in Prague. They smuggled me\non the bottom of the army truck from the Russian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zone into the American zone so\nI was finally was home. But what was I going to do there? There was nobody\nthere. But anyhow, it was at least a town where I grew up. I found an apartment\nand I lived there for about a year. I had relatives in the [United] States and\nin England. I really didn't want to stay there [in Pilsen]. I wanted to leave.\n\nBERMAN: How did you do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that?\n\nBEER: Through legitimate channels. I had relatives in England. They sent me a\nvisa. I stayed in England for about three years because I couldn't come to the\n[United] States because I couldn't get a visa. Then after about three and a half\nyears, I came to [United] States because my uncle lived here and he sent me a visa.\n\nBERMAN: If we could talk a little bit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about survival. You obviously were able to\nsurvive. Can you talk a little bit about what you think made some people survive\nand others not survive? Luck? Choices?\n\nBEER: I really don't know. I think it's fate. I don't think we had anything to\ndo with it really. I think it--what was offered to you, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opportunities--it\nwas total fate. I could have gone with my mother. I didn't know where she was\ngoing. It was fate. I don't think it was any kind of an inner strength. Of\ncourse you needed your inner strength to survive in certain respects, but if you\nare young it comes naturally to you. I think if you're old--and so many old\npeople ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perished--because I think they gave up. Otherwise, I think it was just\nfate. In my situation, there was no way you could fight your way out. Nobody\nwould have dared to leave. If anybody tried to leave, the person was either\ncaught or the rest of the ghetto was punished. They once missed one person. They\ntook the whole ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"population of the ghetto. They marched us into a field. We didn't\nknow whether we were going to be shot. They said they wanted to count us. I\ndon't know how many thousands of people they were trying to count. It was almost\nimpossible. It was just to instill this fear into us that they were going to\nkill us. That's because they were missing one person. Even if it sounds very\ngood that there was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"culture and all that, you always had this feeling, \"Yes, I'm\nnot free and something's happening.\" There was a shortage of food. I think our\nfavorite subject was what we were going to eat when we get liberated. Everyone\nwas fantasizing.\n\nBERMAN: About food?\n\nBEER: About food. I still don't understand how we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived. From the nutritional\npoint of view--and I've mentioned this to so many people--it's beyond my\nunderstanding how we could survive on the type of diet that we were given. We\nhad no eggs. We had no milk. We had no meat. Basically what we had was starches\nand vegetables and not even enough of that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's very amazing that we didn't all\nlose our teeth or whatever. A lot of women stopped menstruating for that\nparticular reason. It either was stress or it was lack of nutrition. It was very common.\n\nBERMAN: Again, if we could backtrack for a minute. When you left to go to the\nghetto originally, if you could describe some of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feelings of having to leave\nyour home and all or all of your possessions behind, or a lot of your\npossessions behind. What was that like?\n\nBEER: I think my main concern was my worry about my parents. [I worried,] \"How\nthey were going to survive?\" and \"What are they going to do?\" I don't think I\nwas worried about myself at that particular time. I don't think I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aware of\nthe fact of what was really happening--how bad it was, how dangerous it was, how\nserious it was.\n\nBERMAN: Are there any other aspects of this that you'd like to talk about that\nmaybe I haven't mentioned?\n\nBEER: Maybe I'll talk about this because this is what's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always on my mind: we're\ndealing with the Holocaust per say but nobody realizes the consequences, what\npeople have when they have lost their families, which you can really never\nreplace. That continues through the rest of your life.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You feel that's affected you throughout your life?\n\nBEER: Right. My children never knew, never had grandparents. I think it's a very\ntragic situation and it's never stressed enough, I think, when people talk about\nthe Holocaust. At least in my situation, nobody in my family survived. The\npeople who were fortunate--maybe their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/transcript/21054/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"siblings survived or some relatives--but\nfrom my family, no relatives have survived.\n\nBERMAN: Did you search for your relatives after the war?\n\nBEER: I tried to find out what happened to my mother. Yes, we all did. I know\nwhat happened to the rest of the family, but I never really found out what\nhappened to my mother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1860.0,1890.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe leaders of Britain, France, Italy, and Germany held a conference in Munich on September 29–30, 1938. In what became known as the Munich Pact or Agreement, they agreed to the German annexation of the Sudetenland in exchange for a pledge of peace. The Sudetenland was an area along the border of Bohemia and Moravia near the Sudeten Mountains. The Sudetenland had a predominately German population that was incorporated into the boundaries of Czechoslovakia after World War I and thus became a major source of contention between Germany and Czechoslovakia. In the wake of the agreement, the leaders of the democratic government in Czechoslovakia resigned. The state restructured itself into an authoritarian regime and was renamed Czecho-Slovakia. External demands on its territory continued to plague the state, however. Encouraged by Germany, Hungary annexed territory in southern Slovakia in the autumn of 1938 and Poland annexed the Tešin District of Czech Silesia. Then, on March 15, 1939, Nazi Germany invaded and occupied the Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia, in flagrant violation of the Munich Pact. They were merged into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in the Greater German Reich under the leadership of a Reich Protector.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eImmediately after the German occupation in 1939, a wave of arrests, attacks, and persecution began. In June, a decree was issued barring Jews from almost all economic activity, Jewish businesses were forcibly “bought,” and much Jewish property was seized. When World War II broke out in September 1939, the Jews were denied certain ration items, such as sugar, tobacco, and clothing; and their freedom of movement was restricted. In October, the first deportation took place. By November, Jewish children had been expelled from their schools and Jewish use of telephones and public transportation had been restricted. In September 1941, Jews were forced to wear the Jewish badge and live totally separate from the rest of the population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePilsen [Czech: Plzeň] is a city in the Czech Republic about 90 kilometers (56 miles) west of the national capital, Prague, and about 70 kilometers (44 miles) east of the German border. The western part of present day Czech Republic where Pilsen is located was historically a province known as Bohemia. After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian state at the end of World War I, the provinces of Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia, Subcarpathian Rus (Transcarpathian Ukraine), and portions of Austrian Silesia became the Czechoslovak Republic, which is more commonly referred to as Czechoslovakia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYouth Aliyah is a Zionist organization that rescued over 5,000 Jewish children by the time World War II broke out in 1939. The organization provided training for the youth and arranged for their resettlement at kibbutzim and villages in Palestine. Aliyah [Hebrew: ascent] is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to Israel. It is one of the most basic tenets of Zionism.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and thousands were literally worked to death. Between 1940 and 1945, at least 28,000 died there as a result of the harsh, overcrowded conditions, medical experiments, and executions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police.” It was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler.  With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis. The Gestapo ruthlessly rounded up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Theresienstadt (Terezín) \"camp-ghetto\" near Prague in the present day Czech Republic was opened in late 1941 and existed until May 1945. On November 24, 1941, the first 1,000 Jews arrived at Theresienstadt as workers to reconfigure the barracks town into a “settlement” for Jews. It was originally designed to hold prominent Jews, persons of special merit and old people and to camouflage the extermination of European Jews of world opinion by presenting it as a “model Jewish settlement.” In the course of its existence, it served as a ghetto, an assembly camp, and a concentration camp for approximately 140,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and Bohemia and Moravia. The first Jews arrived at the end of November 1941 and by the end of May 1942, 28,887 Jews had been deported to the ghetto—about one third of the Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia. The conditions were terrible and the death rate overall neared 50 percent. Roughly 33,000 died in Theresienstadt itself.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTheresienstadt was administered by the SS but guarded by Czech gendarmes and run internally by a Jewish Council of Elders.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 24, 1941, the first 1,000 Jews arrived at Theresienstadt as workers to reconfigure the barracks town into a “settlement” for Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrior to its inception as the Theresienstadt camp-ghetto, Terezin had been a civilian town. Established in 1780, it was originally a fortress town. In early 1941, its inhabitants, including 10 Jewish families, numbered 3,700 individuals. The non-Jewish population was completely moved out by June 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe German authorities charged a Jewish administration called the Council of Elders, with implementing orders and making selections for the deportations, but otherwise allowed it to act independently as a quasi-municipal authority. The Council organized municipal services, such as housing, electricity and water, sewage and sanitation, policing, and religious, judicial, and postal services. The council organized personnel for labor detachments and organized educational activities, cultural events, and religious celebrations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDespite the terrible living conditions and the constant threat of deportation, Theresienstadt had a highly developed cultural life. Outstanding Jewish artists, mainly from Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Germany, created drawings and paintings, some of them clandestine depictions of the ghetto's harsh reality. Writers, professors, musicians, and actors gave lectures, concerts, and theater performances. The ghetto maintained a lending library of 60,000 volumes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBecause of overcrowding and the separation of men and women into different barracks, most families in Theresienstadt did not live together. In order to make conditions better for the fifteen thousand children who passed through Theresienstadt, the Jewish leadership established special homes in public buildings. Zionist youth movements, including Youth Aliyah, actively participated in creating a unique atmosphere within the homes that focused on preparing the children for emigration to Palestine. Although forbidden to do so, the children attended school, painted pictures, wrote poetry, and otherwise tried to maintain a vestige of normalcy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eI Never Saw Another Butterfly: Children’s Drawings and Poems from Terezin Concentration Camp, 1942-1944 was first published in 1978 by Schocken Books, although a different version of the book was published by the State Jewish Museum in Prague in 1959. A well-known Austrian Jewish artist, Friedl Dicker-Brandeis brought art supplies with her to Thereseinstadt and established art classes for children. Although Dicker-Brandeis and the majority of the children died, two suitcases of their artwork and poems survived the war and were given to the Prague Jewish community. Decades later, they were rediscovered, exhibited, and collected for the publication.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOf the nearly 90,000 Jews deported from Thereseinstadt to other ghettos, concentration camps, and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe, over 60,000 were from Bohemia and Moravia. The first deportation of 2,000 Jews to the ghetto of Riga, Latvia took place in January 1942. After a lull in deportations over the summer, the final phase began in the fall of 1944. Between September 28, 1944 and October 28, 1944, a series of 11 transports carried 18,402 Jews from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz-Birkenau. By the end of 1944, only 11,068 people remained in the ghetto. Fewer than 3,100 of the Bohemian and Moravian Jews who were deported from Thereseinstadt are known to have survived.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman propaganda often portrayed Therseinstadt as a “model ghetto” to mislead or conceal the reality of its role as a collection center for deportations to ghettos and killing centers in occupied eastern Europe. The publicly stated purpose for the deportation of the Jews from Germany was their \"resettlement to the east,\" where they would be compelled to perform forced labor. Since it seemed implausible that elderly Jews could be used for forced labor, the Germans cynically described Theresienstadt as a \"spa town\" where elderly German Jews could \"retire\" in safety. The deception likewise served to calm the public when other special categories of Czech Jews—intellectuals, artists, writers, doctors, and scientists—were deported.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSuccumbing to pressure following the deportation of Danish Jews to Therseinstadt, the Germans permitted representatives from the Danish Red Cross and the International Red Cross to visit in June 1944. It was all an elaborate hoax. Elaborate measures were taken in preparation for the visit to disguise conditions in the ghetto and to portray an atmosphere of normalcy. To alleviate overcrowding, large transports were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau in May 1944. Those who remained were engaged in a \"beautification\" program. Prisoners planted gardens, painted housing complexes, renovated barracks, and developed and practiced cultural programs for the entertainment of the visiting dignitaries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Baeck (1873-1956) was a well-known liberal rabbi and leader of the German Jewish community. Baeck was deported to Theresienstadt in 1943. In Theresienstadt, he worked with the Council of Elders, gave lectures, and worked to care for the youth.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher refers to Jewish laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, food, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn May 1945, the total number of prisoners in Theresienstadt exceeded 30,000. The International Red Cross took over the camp-ghetto’s administration on May 2, 1945. The SS fled Theresienstadt on May 5 and 6. Scattered German military and SS units continued to fight Soviet forces in the vicinity until Soviet troops liberated Prague and entered the camp on May 9. They assumed responsibility for its prisoners the next day.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn May 3, 1945, the third US Army of General Patton entered Pilsen. Though most units were pulled out within several weeks of the end of the war, the U.S. Army remained in western Czechoslovakia until December of 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHana is probably referring to the Brichah (or Bricha or Berichah), an underground effort that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors escape post­World War II Eastern Europe to what was then the British Mandate for Palestine. From 1945 to 1948, officers of the Jewish Brigade of the British army, along with operatives from the Haganah (a clandestine Jewish paramilitary organization that operated in the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948) worked to smuggle survivors into Austria, Germany and Italy and then on to Palestine through elaborate smuggling networks. The Czechoslovakian government was supportive of the Brichah’s efforts and Czechoslovakia was one of the key transit points on the route from Poland into to the American-occupied zone in Germany and Austria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/annotation_set/266/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHana set sail for New York City, New York aboard the HMS Queen Mary from Southampton, United Kingdom on May 28, 1949. Restrictions on Immigration into the United States were still in effect at the end of the war. Congressional action to increase immigration quotas did not come until the Displaced Persons Act of 1948 was signed on June 15, 1948, authorizing 200,000 DPs to enter the United State.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=1500.0,1530.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/index/47418","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Hana Beer [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/index/47418/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in Czechoslovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=18.0,445.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/index/47418/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Basically it was just my mother and father and me. I had no sisters or brothers, but also it was my grandfather who lived with us.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=18.0,445.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/index/47418/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family 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major {00:07:30} deportations of the Jews from Czechoslovakia started maybe in the end of 1941...","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449#t=445.0,555.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31731/file/100449/index/47418/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Theresienstadt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War 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