{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/pz51g0jh6j/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Merlin, Bronia Poliwoda"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2001-06-08 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta","Legacy Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBronia Poliwoda Merlin was interviewed by John Kent on June 8, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eBronia Merlin was born Groneta Poliwoda in Sosnowiec, Poland on May 8, 1920. She had three sisters and one brother. At 16, she finished school and started working as a salesgirl in Katowice, Poland. When the Nazis invaded Poland in 1939, a ghetto was established and the Jews of Sosnowiec were conscripted into forced labor. Probably in March 1941, Bronia was sent from the ghetto to a labor camp in the area, where she made uniforms for the German army. In November 1943, Bronia was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. She was soon working in an ammunitions factory in one of the many sub-camps. In October 1944, she was sent to Freudenthal, in the present-day Czech Republic. She remained there until the Russians liberated the camp in May 1945.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBronia briefly returned to Sosnowiec after the war and was reunited with a brother-in-law. Together they travelled to Germany, where they located his wife, Bronia’s younger sister. Bronia had learned of her parents’ deaths in Auschwitz-Birkenau. The other siblings also died during the war. Bronia spent the next few years in the Feldafing DP [displaced persons] camp. In Feldafing, she married a family friend, Alter (Arthur) Slomnicki, and had a daughter. In October 1949, the family immigrated to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBronia’s sister and husband settled in New Jersey. Bronia, Arthur, and the baby settled in Jacksonville, Florida. The couple became citizens and had two more children in the United States. In 1966, Arthur died. Bronia remarried Ted Merlin in 1975. When his health began to decline in the early 1990’s, they moved to Atlanta, Georgia. In recent years, Bronia has become active in sharing her story of survival.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eBronia recalls her family and early years in Poland. She recounts the fear and violence she experienced when the Germans occupied Poland in 1939. She describes being forcibly taken from the ghetto to a labor camp. Bronia describes being sent from the labor camp to Auschwitz-Birkenau, surviving selections, and working in an ammunition factory. As the Allies advanced, she recalls being sent to Freudenthal, where the Russians eventually liberated her. Bronia outlines the journey to search for her family, which took her back to Poland and then to Germany. She describes coming to America, raising a family, learning a new language, and acclimating to a different culture. Bronia concludes by acknowledging her struggle to cope with loss and the joy that her family brings her. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28372"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Bronia Poliwoda Merlin (personal name)","Arthur Slomnicki (personal name)","Samuel J. Slom (personal name)","Reba Slom Alper (personal name)","Esther Poliwoda (personal name)","Alter Poliwoda (personal name)","Faith Poliwoda Eisenhouse (personal name)","Hil Poliwoda (personal name)","Manya Poliwoda (personal name)","Shayndle Poliwoda (personal name)","Hermann Goering (Göring) (personal name)","Richard Glücks  (personal name)","Josef Mengele (personal name)","Heinrich Himmler (personal name)","Adolf Hitler (personal name)","International Committee of the Red Cross (Red Cross) (corporate name)","Sosnowiec, Poland (geographic term)","Katowice, Poland (geographic term)","Bedzin, Poland (geographic term)","Freudenthal, Germany (geographic term)","Jacksonville, Florida (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","New Jersey, United States (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Poland (geographic term)","United States of America (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Dachau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Feldafing Displaced Persons Camp (geographic term)","Concentration Camp (topical term)","Displaced Persons Camp (topical term)","Labor Camp (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Crematorium (topical term)","Gas Chambers (topical term)","Electric Fence (topical term)","Suicide (topical term)","Survival (topical term)","Liberation (topical term)","Hunger (topical term)","Selection (topical term)","Ammunition Factory (topical term)","Identification Numbers (topical term)","Holocaust Survivors (topical term)","Holocaust Experiences (topical term)","War Experiences (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Judaism (topical term)","Shabbat (topical term)","Gentiles (topical term)","Prejudice (topical term)","Discrimination (topical term)","Segregation (topical term)","Ku Klux Klan (topical term)","Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) (topical term)","Schutzstaffel (SS) (topical term)","Widowhood (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBronia Poliwoda Merlin was interviewed by John Kent on June 8, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBronia Merlin was born Groneta Poliwoda in Sosnowiec, Poland on May 8, 1920. She had three sisters and one brother. At 16, she finished school and started working as a salesgirl in Katowice, Poland. When the Nazis invaded Poland in 1939, a ghetto was established and the Jews of Sosnowiec were conscripted into forced labor. Probably in March 1941, Bronia was sent from the ghetto to a labor camp in the area, where she made uniforms for the German army. In November 1943, Bronia was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. She was soon working in an ammunitions factory in one of the many sub-camps. In October 1944, she was sent to Freudenthal, in the present-day Czech Republic. She remained there until the Russians liberated the camp in May 1945.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBronia briefly returned to Sosnowiec after the war and was reunited with a brother-in-law. Together they travelled to Germany, where they located his wife, Bronia’s younger sister. Bronia had learned of her parents’ deaths in Auschwitz-Birkenau. The other siblings also died during the war. Bronia spent the next few years in the Feldafing DP [displaced persons] camp. In Feldafing, she married a family friend, Alter (Arthur) Slomnicki, and had a daughter. In October 1949, the family immigrated to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBronia’s sister and husband settled in New Jersey. Bronia, Arthur, and the baby settled in Jacksonville, Florida. The couple became citizens and had two more children in the United States. In 1966, Arthur died. Bronia remarried Ted Merlin in 1975. When his health began to decline in the early 1990’s, they moved to Atlanta, Georgia. In recent years, Bronia has become active in sharing her story of survival.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBronia recalls her family and early years in Poland. She recounts the fear and violence she experienced when the Germans occupied Poland in 1939. She describes being forcibly taken from the ghetto to a labor camp. Bronia describes being sent from the labor camp to Auschwitz-Birkenau, surviving selections, and working in an ammunition factory. As the Allies advanced, she recalls being sent to Freudenthal, where the Russians eventually liberated her. Bronia outlines the journey to search for her family, which took her back to Poland and then to Germany. She describes coming to America, raising a family, learning a new language, and acclimating to a different culture. Bronia concludes by acknowledging her struggle to cope with loss and the joy that her family brings her. \u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/104/269/small/Bronia_Merlin.png?1619301144","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Merlin_Bronia.mp4"]},"duration":5712.64,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/104/269/small/Bronia_Merlin.png?1619301144","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/104/269/original/Merlin_Bronia.mp4?1610975419","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":5712.64,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Merlin, Bronia [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Today is June 8, 2001. We are in Atlanta, Georgia. What is your name\nnow, and what was your name at birth also?\n\nMERLIN: At birth . . . was Bronia Poliwoda. When I got married . . . you want to\nknow when I got married? I was Slomnicki . . . Bronia Slomnicki. My husband was Slomnicki.\n\nKENT: Now what is your name?\n\nMERLIN: Now my name is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Merlin. Bronia Merlin.\n\nKENT: When were you born and where?\n\nMERLIN: May 8, 1920, Sosnowiec, Poland.\n\nKENT: Tell us about your early family life. Who was in your family originally?\nHow many brothers and sisters?\n\nMERLIN: I got one brother, four sisters.\n\nKENT: Their names?\n\nMERLIN: Their names: my brother is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hil . . . at the time you called Jewish names\n. . . Hil . . . Henry was like Polish name. Manya and Shayndle. My sister--she\nis living now in New Jersey--is Faith Eisenhouse. That's my sisters . . . one\nsister, what she is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"living.\n\nKENT: Your parents' names?\n\nMERLIN: My parents . . . Esther Poliwoda and my father was Alter Poliwoda.\n\nKENT: Describe what your family life was like as a child.\n\nMERLIN: As a child, we wasn't very rich. We was working people . . . like in\nPoland. When I was 16 years old, I finished public school. You can't go in high\nschool . . . you have to be very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rich. I was looking for a job right away to\nhelp my parents. I was working as a salesgirl in a clothing shop. I was even\nworking at the time Saturday . . . is like Shabbos. Jewish people don't work.\nJust they want me in special stores because I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was speaking different languages.\nThis I was speaking German. I was working in Katowice . . . this is still Europe\n. . . as a salesgirl with the German people selling clothes and everything, to\nsupport, to help my parents. This was daily working people, a very nice family .\n. . quite . . . belonging to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue. I went in the Hebrew school. Working\n. . . my sisters, too went. Later on, my sisters got married . . . the three\nsisters got married and my brother got married. It was just me and my sister\nwhat she is New Jersey. She is younger than I am.\n\nKENT: Describe your parents. What were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they like?\n\nMERLIN: My parents--my father was working very hard. You don't have cars over\nthere . . . you can't afford a car. He was a salesman, working in the little\ncountry . . . selling, exchanging, and this was . . . later on, we was\nsupporting . . . we children support later, helping my parents.\n\nKENT: What was your mom like?\n\nMERLIN: Mom was a wonderful woman. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She want the children get educated and my\nfather . . . wonderful parents. I never going to forget it. We was a very close\nfamily, very close until Hitler came in 1939.\n\nKENT: How would you describe yourself as a young person?\n\nMERLIN: A young person devoted to my parents . . . very devoted. When I was\nworking, I got a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tip from a customer. Across the street was a candy store. When\nI got the tip, I don't went for candy. I came home with the 50 cents and put in\nthe kitchen closet. I said, \"Maybe my mother need more than I need, to buy for\nthe children.\" My mother always say, \"There is a candy store across from you.\nWhy don't you go buy you a candy?\" I say, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"No, you need more than I need.\" When\nI went to a movie with a date, he bought like a little box chocolate. I make\nthis . . . I eat. The rest I hide so he don't see I was ashamed. When I come\nhome from the movie, I sit down by the bed with my mother and father. I told\nthem about the movie what was. I took out the chocolate and gave them. I hide,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so my friends don't see . . . because I was thinking, \"That's be nice . . . when\nthey got a piece of candy.\"\n\nKENT: What are some of the other happy memories when life was still normal\nbefore the war?\n\nMERLIN: Before Hitler came in?\n\nKENT: Yes, what are some of the happier memories?\n\nMERLIN: The same thing, like teenagers . . . going someplace, my mother liked us\n. . . the children . . . know when they are going to a party, to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wedding, to\nknow how to dance. She didn't want us to just to go a dance or to parties when\nshe did not know who the people are. There was a big dining room. The bed was on\nthe side in the same dining room. She put away the dining room table, put it on\nthe side, and she took a teacher for dancing. He say going to bring two fellows\nwith him. We was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neighborhood girls. My mother say, \"You all come.\" She say,\n\"A girl should know how to dance when she goes someplace, that she don't sit\nlike a dummy, that she have a good time, she dance.\" She wants to know who the\npeople are when they came to her house. She took the dining room table from the\nmiddle, put in the side. He brought in like a little music. He was teaching us\ndancing. She was a modern woman . . . my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother. She likes little powder. She\nlikes a good movie. After the dancing, what we got . . . she put tea and cookies\nfor the people to sit. She know that we safe in the house, we learn . . . that\nshe don't have to worry what kind people we going to be involved with someplace\nelse. That's what she was, cooking, making all kind of things . . . Friday for\nShabbos. They was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beautiful parents. I miss them a lot.\n\nKENT: Describe the Jewish part of your family life.\n\nMERLIN: The Jewish life . . . We was not Orthodox . . . Conservative. We was\ngoing Saturday to the synagogue. My father was on the pulpit . . . sometimes\nreading. My brother went with him, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"standing next to him, and was singing with\nhim . . . Saturday, for the services. When he wants to go Saturday to the movie,\nhe ask Friday my father for the money. He not going to ask Shabbos for money\nbecause he know my father don't keep money in his pocket. He don't touch money\nSaturday so he ask Friday. He was a grown man. He know like this. He was raised.\nHe was working. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was supporting. Even after that, every time, he came home, he\nwas looking that we cook for Shabbos when he got married, that my mother got\neverything like it's supposed to be for the Jewish people for Saturday. Was a\ngood brother and a good son--very devoted. We was all very devoted children.\n\nKENT: What was taught to you about the difference between the Jewish people and\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"local Polish people?\n\nMERLIN: Polish people . . . we was getting along with the neighbors very good.\nChristmas day . . . sometimes they invite us for Christmas to see the trees.\nWhen I was a child, I was a little bit jealous. Why did they have a Christmas\ntree and we don't have? My mother say, \"You are going to have a Hanukkah bush.\"\nShe say, \"Hanukkah . . . the candles, and the cards, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all the things.\" She\nexplain, \"You're Jewish. They Gentile.\" They was the best friends. There was\neven the time with Syrians people . . . what sometime what we hear in Israel\nwhat was . . . very good friends. They was baking the Syrians bread or kibbeh or\ntabbouleh they make. Always together.\n\nKENT: Explain that more.\n\nMERLIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was not prejudice . . . We was very close with everybody. My best\nfriends . . . sometime . . . I got Jewish friends and I got Gentile friends.\n\nKENT: Most of the Polish survivors I've met say that Poles were very nasty\npeople . . .\n\nMERLIN: I'm going to tell you. Sometimes, like I told you . . . different\npeople. The same thing is by Jewish people . . . sometimes they nasty, too. They\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was very good. Just in the last minute, when Hitler came, they want to be on\nHitler's side. At the time, they got scared with Jewish people. When somebody\nwas dating one time a Gentile, they take him in a concentration camp, too. \"What\nyou doing? You was going with a Jew.\" Or the Jew was going with a Gentile . . .\nYou see, today, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is different . . . today . . . the life. Gentile, not Gentile .\n. . it's different. I don't know how to tell you. Just sometime, when a Jewish\ngirl took a Polish man, it was a terrible thing. The parents they don't want to\ntalk to the children. They got mad. Today is another world.\n\nKENT: During the 1930's, what were you aware of that was happening in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany?\nHow much did you know of the bigger picture at the time?\n\nMERLIN: They was talking that something is cooking . . . with Hitler. That the\nGermans, that there's going to be a war . . . just we never know. I was in\nPoland. I was walking on the main street the same day when Hitler came in. I\ndon't know. He came in right away with the horses, with the stakes on the\nhorses, the SS. Whoever they saw . . . they shooting . . . killing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was\nright when I was the time on the street. I don't know what's going on so I run\nin a house . . . was a big door . . . apartment house. I hide inside. I don't\nknow what was. Later, I went on the third floor. I told to the woman, she got\nscared what I'm doing. I say, \"They catching people outside.\" I say, \"Please,\nlet me stay here and say that I'm living here with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you. My mother and father,\nthey're probably scared. They don't know where I am.\" In the meantime, I'm\nhiding. These people . . . he was catching people, catching people. Later on,\ncame out road, and they put the people from outside what he catch . . . like the\ndogs . . . what they catch. I was upstairs with the woman. Like this, I got\nsaved that they don't took me the first time. Later on . . . the Polish people\nsay, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Here lives a Jew.\"\n\nKENT: How long did you hide with that woman?\n\nMERLIN: With that woman, until it got quiet . . . the day. Later on, I say, \"My\nmother is going to worry. I have to tell her where I am.\" She say, \"Now, is\nquiet.\" It was not far to go from where I was hiding, to where we got our\napartment and . . . I run. I came home. This was going on day after day when\nHitler came . . . day and night. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He catch the people.\n\nKENT: People who did not already know you, could they know you were Jewish by\nany particular way?\n\nMERLIN: When you look, you can right away say, \"I'm Jewish\" . . . you can see a\nGentile, different look. When I look on her I can see she is Jewish. When I look\nlittle bit on you I don't know if you are 100 percent Jewish.\n\nKENT: With this, you can't tell?\n\nMERLIN: You see, it's different.\n\nKENT: I kind of look ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chinese.\n\nMERLIN: Blond ones . . . they look more like not Jewish. I've got black hair. I\nwas working girl, Jewish girl.\n\nKENT: When the Germans came in were they hunting everybody, or specifically the\nJewish people in the streets?\n\nMERLIN: Whatever was moving. He keep shooting, shooting, shooting . . . a dog, a\ncat, a human being . . . he was shooting. He catch them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like they catch the dogs\non the street . . . they catch the people.\n\nKENT: Then you went back home after it quieted down?\n\nMERLIN: At that time, I went home. Our neighbor boy . . . this was like puppy\nlove . . . we went like together . . . our neighbor's boy. I saw him. They still\nhold him. They carry him some place. I don't know where they carry. I was\nhiding. His mother was running back and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forth. She couldn't find him. They told\nthem that he is in the cemetery already. They kill him. They shoot him. He was\n17 years old . . . they shoot him. I start to cry . . . my neighbor's boy. I\nknow him. I never saw him again. They say . . . was 14 boys . . . and they give\nthem the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shovels . . . to dig graves . . . a big grave. They line up the people\nwhat they catch . . . the other four people, they have to stay with the shovels\n. . . they shoot the 14 boys. That's what . . . my boyfriend too. They shoot\nthem and they all fell in the grave. Sometimes you still alive when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they shoot\nyou. Just the other 14 in the other side, like this side here . . . on this\nside, they have to put back the dirt on them. Like this . . . they cover them .\n. . probably half still living. That's what was. I never saw him again. They\nstart, day and night, day and night . . . to work, they catch them . . . you're\nnot sure. They start taking away the business from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Jewish people. On every\nstore was 'Jude' . . . a Jew . . . engraved. You see probably now too on\ntelevision: 'Jude.' We have to have the patch . . . like a yellow star . . .\n'Jude' in the front and in the back when you walk that they know this is a Jew.\nThey took away the business from the people. A Jew can't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have any more the\nbusiness. They came collect gold. They say if we find . . . if we come . . . we\ngoing to look in the apartments. If somebody going to find a ring or something .\n. . put you to death. Everything what you have, we going to collect. They took\nthe gold, the silverware, everything away. This was at night. Every night, my\nmother have to hide me . . . where they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throw the trash in in the night. I was a\nyoung girl. I got scared . . . rats, roaches was going . . . mice . . . I got\nscared over there where the trash is. Just she say to be safe in the night\nbecause they open the door. They don't knock. They open . . . they kick the door\nand they take you out. She say, \"You going to be hide. In the morning, we going\nto tell you when to come.\" They was looking for the young people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They wanted us\nto work . . . clean up the streets and everything. Later on, they took you away\n. . . some kind of place that you can work. When you can't work or you got sick,\nright away, they don't needed people, they got rid of you, they shoot you, or\nthey put you in the gas chamber. Every time when I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working for them, I never\nknow I'm going to live . . . next day or next hour.\n\nKENT: During those earlier days, did the authorities have any official message\nto the population--the Germans or the Polish government?\n\nMERLIN: They couldn't say nothing . . . they couldn't say nothing because they\nwas the bosses.\n\nKENT: Was there a ghetto situation later?\n\nMERLIN: A ghetto . . . in Poland. Yes, from the beginning, not where I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lived in\nSosnowiec. Other places was that you can just live like a certain street, like a ghetto.\n\nKENT: What was your situation?\n\nMERLIN: Nothing, over there in Poland . . . not. When I stopped to work, you\ncan't make business . . . you starve. You go to the garbage cans, or the\nkitchens, so maybe you find ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something. There was no food or nothing. One night,\nI was in bed. They open the door . . . they knock on the door. They open the\ndoor with the guns, kick. I was sleeping. My mother, my father, and I was\nsleeping in our bed. They came in and they put this hand on me. They picked me\nup from the bed . . . to get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up . . . in German, \"Get up. You're going to go\nwith us.\" My mother start to cry. She said, \"Please don't take my child. Take\nme.\" Just they don't need all the people . . . they need young people to work.\nThey hold the gun in her head and they say, \"When you say one word more, we\ngoing to shoot you.\" I started to cry. I begged my mother. I say, \"Please,\nothers my age, they are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already in concentration camp. Please, Mom, I'm young.\nDon't worry. I get in touch with you. Please don't say nothing.\" I got scared\nthey're going to shoot her. They took me out. They took me to a place where lots\nof people what they catch . . . put them over there in the place. In the next\nfew hours, came a big truck. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They put us on the truck and send us away.\n\nKENT: What was the approximate date?\n\nMERLIN: The date . . . you mean the year?\n\nKENT: The year or the season.\n\nMERLIN: I think the . . . season . . . I think it was . . . was not wintertime.\nMaybe between summer and that.\n\nKENT: How long after the initial invasion was this?\n\nMERLIN: That is . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". You mean when Hitler came in?\n\nKENT: Yes, from that date, about how long afterwards was this?\n\nMERLIN: I think 1941. They took me out 1940, 1941 . . . something between that.\nI never saw my mother again, my father again, my family again. Now, they took me\nin a work place . . . away. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This I think was Freudenthal, the name. Over there\nwas 220 women to work. Uniforms . . . you have the uniforms . . . the band was\nrunning like the grooves where you put the thread on it . . . when they see you\na good worker. Over there I was one year. They liquidate this place, and they\nsay we going to go in another place to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work . . . liquidate.\n\nKENT: Where was that particular factory?\n\nMERLIN: Freudenthal.\n\nKENT: Is that Germany?\n\nMERLIN: Yes, everything. They took us from over there. They liquidate. They say\nwe going to go in another camp, to dress up, to take our packages . . . we don't\nknow what. They don't want to tell us where. From over there, they took us to\nAuschwitz. When I say one more . . . Auschwitz. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Like this light you see is what\nI saw the crematorium with the smoke, with the people. The smoke have to go day\nand night with people. When they don't go out from the camps, from the working\npeople . . . they went in the cities, and they brought them in . . . with the\nchildren, with everybody.\n\nKENT: Talk about the one year that you spent previously. You spent a little bit\nof time at that factory. You said about a year. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Describe a little bit about that\nyear, what was that like?\n\nMERLIN: Was like high school kids . . . sometimes college kids . . . we all\ntogether . . . sometimes young mothers with the kids . . . we was working. You\ncouldn't get letters. You couldn't write letters. It was isolated . . . no life\n. . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to work . . . coming. When you can't work, you better don't say you\ncan't work because right away they send you away to death. They don't need\npeople what he can work.\n\nKENT: Who was running the factory? Who was guarding you?\n\nMERLIN: Sometimes . . . Goering came or the big shot came to look how the\nfactory goes. You have to make the uniforms for the soldiers . . . for\neverything. When I got sometimes a letter ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in . . . I remember the first time my\nsister . . . she is not here, they kill her, too . . . she put on the thread a\nlittle money. Thread . . . like you sew the machine, you sew the thread, what\ngoes around. She put on the empty spool . . . the money . . . and over that, she\nput the thread, and she put two, three words. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's how I know. You got about\n30 threads . . . that was the money that they don't know. You anyhow couldn't\nbuy nothing for the thread. You couldn't do nothing. Except sometimes you give a\nlittle tip a German and she give you a piece of bread . . . hide a piece of bread.\n\nKENT: Was there any contact with people outside the factory?\n\nMERLIN: No. You don't got contact. You went to work with the soldiers. You work\n. . . right away they go with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you with the guns on the side like you see on the\npicture inside my bedroom. They take you, you walk . . . like this . . . and you\ndon't know the next day. They came every four weeks, five weeks . . . they came\ninto the factory over there. They talk to the bosses. \"How she is doing? Does\nshe do good work?\" If not, he take you right away out. They say, \"Don't go next\nday to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work.\" They come to pick you up and they send you away. You don't even\nknow where they send you. Sometime I was so sick. I don't want to say I'm sick\nbecause sometimes they put you in a line . . . they need more people . . . they\nwas looking on you . . . they put you . . . right, left, and take you away. Just\nfrom over there. When we went, I know right away ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we coming to Auschwitz.\nFrom over there, they liquidate things, and they took us to Auschwitz.\n\nKENT: How did you go there?\n\nMERLIN: To Auschwitz . . . they took us by train, a death train.\n\nKENT: What was that like?\n\nMERLIN: We don't know on the train . . . they locked up everything. You couldn't\nbreathe. You couldn't know where you going . . . we going. I was holding my\nlittle bag. I don't know where I'm going. Then the first day you came . . . then\nAuschwitz. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I never heard Auschwitz. I think in Polish they called it 'Oswiecim'.\nGerman was 'Auschwitz.' They put us in a line. They tell us take off our clothes\n. . . naked. They stick the needles, the numbers on you. You have to stay in the\nline . . . stick the numbers. Later came other men . . . what they give men from\nconcentration ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp, too . . . they cut your hair . . . to the skin . . . take\noff all the hair. I could stay with my sister. I couldn't recognize her. The\nhair . . . they took all the gold off. They look in your mouth if you got a gold\ntooth. Was already SS people standing around and look on you, if you look good\nor not. If not, they put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you on one side for death. The other say, \"Maybe she\ncan still work.\" Right away like this. I was 18 years old, still young, so he\nput me to work. He put me in the factory for ammunition.\n\nKENT: You were 18 at the time?\n\nMERLIN: Yes, ammunition. You know you have every box got maybe 30 or something\nammunition . . . they big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things. You can hardly walk because you starve right\naway to death with food. No food, no water, nothing.\n\nKENT: You said you were born in 1920?\n\nMERLIN: Yes.\n\nKENT: When did you arrive in Auschwitz?\n\nMERLIN: When I arrive . . . I was probably, like I told you, 18 years when I\ncame in concentration camp.\n\nKENT: That would be 1938 . . .\n\nMERLIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was young, yes. I was young. At that time, he say I can still work . .\n. and after that . . . like this, in Auschwitz. We went to Birkenau first. This\nis like Auschwitz. From Birkenau, he take you to work. You have to work . . .\nwalk. They take away the shoes, they take away the clothes, everything . . . and\nthey give me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wooden shoes. You see I got size six. At that time, probably I got\na five shoe. They give you the wooden shoes. The snow was to here . . . high\nsnow . . . wintertime. You have to walk from Birkenau to Auschwitz . . .\nwalking. My ankles here . . . got a little swollen from walking big wooden\nshoes. Every time you go back from work . . . from the ammunition . . . every\nday, they put you all . . . they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say you going to take a shower. It wasn't a\nshower. It was a selection to death or to life. When they take you to work every\nday, you was going . . . but every little thing was another SS with a gun, a\nsoldier . . . not to run, not to go away, not to talk, just you have to walk\nstraight. One time, I go back from hard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work . . . they put us in . . . they say\na shower. It wasn't a shower. It was a selection . . . to death. They call me .\n. . I went in the middle . . . like a model. SS, German soldiers was standing\naround a circle . . . a secretary with a book, writing down the numbers. They\ndon't write down the names. They don't know names, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the numbers. They say it\nwas my time to go. They look. They tell me to turn here, to turn there, to turn\nagain, and they look. One say I got here swollen foot. He put my number down for\ndeath . . . put me on the left side, where the dead people supposed to go. I\nwent back on my place from where I come but the next ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one came. Behind me was a\nwoman. I don't know what this was . . . an angel or my mother. She say, \"You so\nyoung. I don't mind they take me. You know when you stay on this side, you going\nto death. Why don't you go back, and try again? Tell them you so young, you\ngoing to work hard for them . . . maybe they have a little sorry for you.\" I was\nthinking I have nothing to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lose. It's better than he kick me and kill me where\nI'm standing. I have nothing to . . . I am going to death. I went back. Glücks\nwas speaking German . . . speaking German, Polish . . . little Russian. I went.\nHe say in German, \"Du warst hier.\" . . . because I was already here. You know\nhow the screaming . . . not talking. I say, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Yes, I was here.\" He say, \"What are\nyou do again?\" I say, \"Please. Let me live. I am just 18 years old. I am going\nto work hard for you. I'm the best worker at the table. You can ask my foreman.\"\nI say, \"I'm a good worker. You always have me in your hands. Let me live. I want\nto work hard for you.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One SS was looking on the other. He make with the head to\nhis secretary to stricken out my number. Right away, he say from left . . . to\ngo on right. That went around few times a week . . . to stay. How many times . .\n. I grab a piece of red paper . . . I make work . . . I put on the cheeks so I\nhave the color . . . got the color. I almost faint by staying in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"line. I\ntake a little icicle from . . . was wintertime . . . from the roof to put in my\nmouth . . . to lick. Everybody got typhus . . . fever. Like this, you went\nthrough from death to life.\n\nKENT: What did prisoners talk about when they were able to talk to each other?\n\nMERLIN: To doctors . . . we hope we going to come out. When out, they say,\n\"Let's go to electric wires and kill ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ourselves.\" The others say . . . was like a\nlittle hospital, but not a hospital . . . was like a big place where the people\ncan't work anymore. They have death. They took him over there. Was no doctors.\nThey don't give you medicine. From over there, right away, they take you to the\ngas chambers. My friends . . . some of them what I know from Poland . . . they\nsay to me, \"Let's go. Come, Bronia, over there. We have nothing to lose. I can't\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stand any more. Let them do what they going to do.\" She say, \"I give up.\" I got\nthe will. I say, \"I'm still going to try. I'm going to try.\" They went over\nthere in this place. They come over there right away and take the people out.\nThey are not going to feed them. They don't want to be bothered with them . . .\nthey left that.\n\nKENT: What made you different from those other friends?\n\nMERLIN: The will power . . . I got scared to go in the chimney because I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\nlooking . . . the smoke with the people. They separated . . . they took away\nfrom the mother, the child. The husband was screaming for his wife. The will\npower. I wasn't married. I was alone. I say, \"I don't want to die.\" I probably .\n. . like people say, \"How you got out?\" . . . I probably . . . G-d maybe was\nwith me, was thinking 'I'm going to spare ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her.' I was over there to . . . But\nthe ammunition . . . when I was working . . . when the other countries came . .\n. like French was going in the sky . . . was throwing bombs and everything. He\ntold the German people when they was working that they come from the back door .\n. . when something, the airplane come through . . . to go out because we was all\naround with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ammunition. The Jews can't go out. You have to stay by your table.\nHere is full ammunition and a bomb . . . right away explode. They could go out,\nnot the Jew. That's what all the thinking . . . I saw the smoke and the running.\nYou can't go out. They say, \"You all have to stay inside. When we going to find\none Jew outside, we kill you.\"\n\nKENT: At that point, did you know your family had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been killed?\n\nMERLIN: I know . . . they going to take them all. Somebody came over . . . a\nyoung girl came to Auschwitz. She say, \"I saw your mother on the train with your\nfather. She say, 'Please, when you see my daughter Bronia, please . . . when she\nis hungry, give her a piece of bread. Please tell her I ask.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know the train\nwent to Auschwitz to kill them.\n\nKENT: You didn't have the belief that maybe you would meet your family after the war?\n\nMERLIN: No. After the war, Jews couldn't ride . . . couldn't go on a plane. That\nwas 1945. I couldn't go out right away from Germany after the war because I got\nliberated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the Russians. I say, \"I don't care who going to liberate me, just\nliberate me . . . just to be free.\" The Russian liberate us. I want to go back\nto Poland, to my city, and see if I can find somebody. Jews couldn't ride . . .\ncouldn't ride on the train . . . couldn't get out. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eventually, we got out and I\ncame to Poland . . . back.\n\nKENT: First, maybe talk about liberation day. What was that like?\n\nMERLIN: Liberation. That was liberation. The Russians came in and they liberate us.\n\nKENT: What condition were you in?\n\nMERLIN: I was weak. You got afraid from the Russians, too. They was in the war\nthe whole time. They took girls to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rape them. They say, \"You don't want to sleep\nwith me? I was in the war. I was fighting for you.\" For them, it was like\nnothing. The people what was liberated, they half-dead, they can hardly talk and\nwalk. We was hiding in a room . . . I remember was hiding in a room . . . was\nlike a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little closet, and we put another closet, a door on the top that they\ndon't notice we hide inside . . . was a hard time after the war.\n\nKENT: What was it like for you when you heard the war was over, or at least the\ncamp was being liberated?\n\nMERLIN: The only thing was . . . I hope I find something from the family. I say,\n\"I hope I can find ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something from my family.\" I say, \"G-d, what?\" I went back. I\ndon't know . . . Jews couldn't ride. Just later on, we say we want to go to\nPoland. I went to Poland back. I went to the Jewish community council, the\norganizer place for the people after the war. I put my name . . . that I'm\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alive, that whoever say . . . look for me. I don't got what to sleep . . . where\nto go . . . just a woman what she was staying with me in Auschwitz. She find in\nPoland her husband. She say, \"You know what? Stay with me here until you find\nsomebody.\" Just she was in Bedzin. I don't know if you heard but that near\nPoland . . . near Sosnowiec. From here you go . . . you have to take a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bus. I\ndon't got money for the bus . . . the 20 cents . . . I don't know. So I was\nstanding . . . every time when I got money . . . I say, \"I pay already.\" I was\nnot paying . . . I went . . . he was busy . . . people was putting the quarter,\nthe dime . . . I make that I pay already. I went back over there. I ask if I can\nfind somebody . . . my name. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here was a name . . . my brother-in-law . . . what\nI got a sister in New Jersey. He don't find his wife. He was married. He don't\nfind his wife. He told me wherever he got 50 cents . . . I buy you a bread and\nthat and that . . . I get in touch. He say, \"I'm going to put to the Polish\nradio, your name and my name . . . we look for the family . . . whoever lives.\"\nOne ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was looking for each other. In the time, he say he find out that back in\nGermany in some place is a Red Cross what the people live over there . . . what\nthey alive . . . the Red Cross take care on them. Over there, maybe is his wife\nthat's my sister . . . because she was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hiding. Somebody hide her, before\nliberation . . . three months before the liberation. Maybe she is still alive\nand she is maybe over there. \"How you go back from Poland to Germany?\" He say,\n\"Don't worry.\" He register us as German Jews . . . we want to go back to\nGermany. He put my name . . . he even took my girlfriend's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name . . . that she\ngo with us. Over there, we find out. He say, \"Don't talk on the train. Don't\ntalk . . . you say Jewish. Don't talk Polish. When they ask you . . . talk a\nlittle bit German, that you want to go back to Germany.\" Because over there the\nCross was after the war, they make a big office . . . they was holding the\npeople still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they can find each other. He find out that my sister is over\nthere . . . his wife. It is alone where she lives. I have on the picture here.\nHe find out so he say, \"Wait a minute. I don't want to make it very much\nsurprise because she can faint over suddenly her husband and her sister ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came.\"\nHe say, \"You all stay in the back door.\" My brother-in-law ask me, \"You want to\ngo first?\" I say, \"No, you're the husband, you go first.\" I stay in the back\nbehind the door. She don't see me. He went in and it was, you can imagine . . .\nshe find him . . . this was lovers from 16 years old. She is younger than I am.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She start to hug him and cry, \"You was back in Poland? Did you find Bronia and\nmeet? Did you find her? You came without her. She was young and that and that.\"\nHe say, \"I got a surprise of you. Wait a minute.\" He open the door. He say,\n\"Here is Bronia.\" You can imagine. I don't got a dime. I don't got clothes on\nme. She went what she got . . . she was from concentration camp, too . . .\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever she got, she put that on me. This was a happy ending that she find her\nhusband and she find me.\n\nKENT: Tell a little of what happened to your sister, what her war experience was.\n\nMERLIN: My sister is in New Jersey. She got three children. She got two sons and\na daughter. They're very educated. The others are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coordinating . . . a high\nschool teacher. Her husband is an engineer . . . my brother-in-law is an\nengineer in New Jersey. Her husband is a doctor, PhD, is a professor in college.\nI just spoke . . . she just called me the other night and we talk. He don't feel\ngood . . . the memory a little bit going, she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say. We get in touch . . . this is\nthe only two what we survived. I got three children.\n\nKENT: What was her experience in the war?\n\nMERLIN: She was in another concentration . . . I don't even know. She was living\n. . . like I told you, we find her . . . hard work, too . . . just like\neverybody know that Auschwitz was a bad camp. This is the last straw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over there\n. . . hunger, hunger, hunger. I went in Auschwitz to the garbage can by the\nkitchen. I say, \"Maybe I find peels from the potatoes.\" I got over there a woman\nwhat I know, she is so . . . she can't even talk . . . she can't eat . . . she\ncan't walk. She took her socks off. It's wintertime. She gave me them. She say,\n\"You're little bit stronger than I am, put the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"socks on you because I'm dying\nevery minute.\" I see she is so hungry. I don't know what to do. I'm hungry. I\nwent to the garbage can. I say maybe I find a peel from the potato. Came a kapo\n. . . a Gestapo . . . on a horse, with an iron stick. She jumped down from the\nhorse. She catch me by hand . . . what I'm doing here. She start to beat me. I\nhave scars here still, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when she was hitting me. Here I have a scar, swollen . .\n. my head. My daughter say now she is going to take off from the school . . .\nthe vacation . . . she don't have to teach. She going to take me to all what I\nsuffer sometime . . . my head hurts . . . they say that's arthritis. I don't\nbelieve it. I think the head, it catched here, it catched here and the bad\ndreams. She say, \"When I take off now ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here, I take you for a whole examination.\"\nI say, \"I don't believe what the doctors say--that is arthritis in head. I never\nheard that.\" Anyhow . . . what you was asking me?\n\nKENT: The kapo caught you when you were looking for garbage?\n\nMERLIN: For garbage . . . the piece of potato . . . I find few pieces. That\ntime, after hitting me, she say, \"What I'm doing.\" I say, \"A woman over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there.\nShe don't eat for so many days. Maybe I find something here I want to give her\nin her mouth.\" She start to beat me and everything. She took my number down on\nthe list. For one week, they took away my slice bread. What I get every day . .\n. a slice Merita bread . . . one slice . . . it was for the whole day. They took\nthis away from me. I probably weigh 75 pounds. My chest here . . . everything\nwas like a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"piano . . . the bones . . . sometime you see probably on the\npictures, in television . . . like skeleton . . . how the people look. I have to\ntake the people by the legs . . . the dead people out . . . outside . . . put\nthem was high, high . . . oh my goodness, this is still low, the ceiling . . .\nhigh. Eighteen year old girl, I got scared . . . for dead people . . . I have to\ntake them by the legs and throw them one on the other . . . dead . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's\nwhat they was doing . . . for one week . . . the time they took away the bread.\nSomebody--I don't know--was sharing a little bit for me. She say her sister\nworks in the kitchen . . . she going to hide maybe in the night and bring\nsomething to eat. Like this, I survive.\n\nKENT: How did the prisoners relate to each other?\n\nMERLIN: The prisoners . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"related?\n\nKENT: How did they treat each other?\n\nMERLIN: When I'm with you over there . . . when you could steal my little piece\nof bread, you steal because you was hungry. You have to hide. I was nibbling on\nthis piece of bread like somebody nibbled a little candy. I don't want to\nswallow in one time this piece of bread . . . to feel this . . . I have this\nlittle piece of bread in my mouth. I live on icicles. Sometime, I put a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"piece of\ngrass in my mouth. Was a hard time. How many times here . . . my daughter have\nto hire a woman to stay with me in the night because I keep opening the door,\nlooking for somebody goes . . . or a woman goes . . . or this. I got nervous,\nshaking, going on the steps, on the elevator, up and down, up and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down . . .\njust to make me busy. You couldn't afford it. The rent is here high. I have to\nhire the woman . . . a black woman stay with me ten days in the night . . . was\nnot easy. Now, I'm smiling, I'm going, I'm doing. I was taking depression pills.\nI took off now. Still, my daughter say, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Mom, you should take.\" I say, \"I'm not\ndepressed yet.\" \"The pills what you took . . . make you not depressed. You\nshould taking.\" I have to take sleeping pills. I can't sleep in the night. If I\nsleep an hour a night, is all right. I don't sleep here. Sometimes I watch\ntelevision. I doze off for five minutes.\n\nKENT: Were there any kind of Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"activity going on in the camp?\n\nMERLIN: Here? . . . Jewish activity? What camp? Concentration camp? You don't\neven say what you . . . Activities? No. The men were separated in other things .\n. . the women, in another.\n\nKENT: Was that barrack entirely Jewish . . . that you were in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or was it all\nmixed everybody?\n\nMERLIN: No, he was doing with the gypsies what he was doing with the Jewish\npeople. He kill them in gas chamber, too. Like I told you, if they find a\nGentile, when he was dating one time a Jewish girl . . . kill him, too.\n\nKENT: I'm wondering about the barrack you were in or the group you were in.\n\nMERLIN: The barracks was barracks . . . you lay down on the barrack . . . one,\ntwo, three, one . . . bunk ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beds, one on the other . . . no pillow, no\nmattresses. What can I tell you? Is a hell. Lots of times, I wanted to die. I\nsay, \"G-d, make me when I go lay down, not to get up.\" I just was scared for the\nsmoke, that they burn me alive. That's what I got scared. After the war, when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\ncame home, I don't want to live either . . . no food, no clothes, no place where\nto stay. I couldn't find nobody. I said, \"For what kind of life is that? What I\nam living?\" I don't want to live either. You have to have courage to take poison\nand kill yourself. I was always thinking, \"I went so far . . . maybe . . . maybe\ntomorrow . . . maybe I find somebody.\"\n\nKENT: When you did go back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland after the war . . .\n\nMERLIN: After the war, I went back. I told you.\n\nKENT: How did the locals respond to you? Did they know you had been deported?\n\nMERLIN: The Polish people, \"Are you still alive?\" They was wondering, \"Are you\nstill alive?\" They was anti-Semitic too, Poland. Another thing, who likes the\nJew? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who likes the Jew?\n\nKENT: Then you went to Germany where you met your sister again?\n\nMERLIN: Back . . . the time I went back in Germany, yes. I went back like we\nGerman Jews. The time we find . . . just we have to wait until Jews can . . .\nafter that trouble . . . everybody . . . the planes was not going yet.\n\nKENT: Where was this where your sister was living?\n\nMERLIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When . . . after the war . . . now?\n\nKENT: When you first met her again?\n\nMERLIN: I told you, the first time when I met her, she was from the Red Cross\nover there . . . waiting.\n\nKENT: What city?\n\nMERLIN: What city was it? I think this was already like Poland . . . occupied by\nthe Polish people. Not over there where we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lived . . . just occupied.\n\nKENT: Was there any help at the time for people like you and your sister?\n\nMERLIN: Was the Jewish Federation helping. You stay over there, they feed you,\nthey give you soup. You stay in a line with the cup and they give you soup.\n\nKENT: Was there a DP camp that you went to?\n\nMERLIN: No. I don't want in a camp any more. You have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to . . . you have to stay\n. . . Yes, it was like a camp . . . what it was helping a little bit the people.\nJust you start to work . . . you start to go to the Germans all things. They\nneed coffee, you exchange. You got coffee, you exchange for food. They like\ncoffee, the German people. They coffee drinkers. You got coffee, you exchange.\nThat's what my husband was doing. He went to exchange and brought me something ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"else.\n\nKENT: How did you first meet the man who became your husband?\n\nMERLIN: I know my husband from before. He was dating my older sister. He\ncouldn't find my sister. He find me. He say he know the family. He say, \"I want\nto marry you.\" He went especially back to Poland too, looking for her.\n\nKENT: How did you meet him again after the war?\n\nMERLIN: After the war, was Feldafing . . . after the war we were over there . .\n. all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the refugees and everybody . . . to Feldafing. In that time, he was over\nthere . . . in the time we find each other.\n\nKENT: His name?\n\nMERLIN: His name was Slom . . . S- l-o-m. Was the time now . . . they say in\nAmerica is lots of spelling, long names . . . she say cut it down . . . Slom.\nThat's why my son now--he is a judge in Miami--he say it makes 'Samuel J. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Slom,'\nbecause he was 'Sammy.' They say . . . yes.\n\nKENT: His first name?\n\nMERLIN: Samuel. They say 'Sammy.' I call him 'Sammy.' Just when he became judge,\nthey told him. I give you a card if you want it from him. Samuel J. Slom . . . judge.\n\nKENT: Talk about what his experience had been during the war . . . your husband.\n\nMERLIN: He was in concentration camp, in another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one. I think Dachau, or\nsomeplace, he was. We got married . . . after the war . . . 1945. My first child\nwas born 1947.\n\nKENT: Her name?\n\nMERLIN: Reba. Reba Slom. Now she is Reba Alper. She lives in Wilmington, North\nCarolina. This is her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daughter. She got two masters degrees: coordinate and\nhospital. This is my daughter what she lives here and her son--he goes in law\nschool--in the middle . . . the other goes in Harvard University. He just called\nme yesterday. He is from here. He says, \"Hi, Grandma. How you doing?\" He say,\n\"My report card just came from Harvard.\" I say, \"What you making?\" He say,\n\"Straight A's.\" I say, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I'm so proud.\"\n\nKENT: How did you and your husband decide what to do next in 1945?\n\nMERLIN: Nineteen forty-seven . . . in Poland . . . poor. He was going . . . two\njobs working after the war. We don't have a car. He was walking, like from here\ndowntown . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hard work. He was working extra on a Saturday in a grocery store.\nMy husband, the first one, was from a smaller town. He have a kosher butcher\nstore and he lost this . . . everything. When he came to America, he was working\nin a kosher delicatessen store . . . what he have meat and all kind of kosher\nthings . . . on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"salary. . . walking, from here to downtown. Later, me . . . they\nopen . . . yes, and he later . . . I got the three children. Later, he got sick.\nThe youngest boy, that a judge now, he was 13 years old . . . two weeks after\nhis bar mitzvah my husband passed away. I have to . . . I don't got a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job . . .\nwhat to do . . . I don't know what. The synagogue in Jacksonville, Florida\nopened a store . . . a rummage store . . . where people donate from the stores\nclothes . . . like me or you donate clothes. I was managing the store. They pay\nme $35 a week . . . with the three children.\n\nKENT: What was life like in the early days of your family? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Talk about your early\ndays of the marriage and raising a family. What was that like?\n\nMERLIN: Yes, raising the family was very hard . . . don't got a car. I took in a man.\n\nKENT: Was this Germany or Poland?\n\nMERLIN: Poland . . . after the war.\n\nKENT: What city?\n\nMERLIN: Sosnowiec. From where I came . . . I went back to Sosnowiec. I got\nmarried. We was in America . . . we came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to America. I got this one child, Reba.\n\nKENT: How did you manage to emigrate? How did that come about?\n\nMERLIN: Through the Red Cross or something . . . my papers came here . . . to\nFlorida. I don't know what Florida was. The first time what I heard . . .\nFlorida. What I know? I am from Poland. My sister's papers came to New York. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nsay, \"I don't care where I'm going, except I get out from Poland.\" We was making\na living here. It was wonderful . . . 20 years with my husband.\n\nKENT: In which city in Florida were you living?\n\nMERLIN: Jacksonville, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Florida. I was very happy . . . good husband . . . good\nchildren . . . three children. I always talk with the children: \"That's what we\ndon't have in Poland. I want you to have in America. You've got opportunity to\nget educated and to make it for something.\" I told them, \"You see how your\nfather . . . work hard, two jobs.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know how you came to America . . . It was\na hard time, too. They ask me questions for the senior . . . American senior\ncitizens . . . to became . . . who the president is, how long a senator have to\nbe . . . the question American way . . . to learn . . . after five years, to\nbecome a citizen.\n\nKENT: What year did you come to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America?\n\nMERLIN: Nineteen forty-nine.\n\nKENT: You were in Poland for four years?\n\nMERLIN: For four years. Yes, I was in Poland because we have to wait. We don't\nknow what we going to do, what they going to do with us. When we came . . . to\nsend us our papers was to Florida. I say, \"Let's be Florida.\" I called it\nFlorida, I don't know at the time. I say, \"Just to get out, to get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out.\" With\none child . . . next two, I got them here.\n\nKENT: Did you go back to your home in your hometown?\n\nMERLIN: Not anymore. I don't have nobody in Poland.\n\nKENT: After the war, to see if your belongings were still there?\n\nMERLIN: I told you I went to Poland after the war. I couldn't find nobody in\nPoland. We put to the radio and everything.\n\nKENT: Was your apartment itself still there?\n\nMERLIN: The apartment was Gentiles . . . Polish people was living . . . our\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"furniture and everything. I went to see. I got scared to go in. They can kill\nyou too because they can say you want to go back to the apartment . . . you want\nto claim your furniture. I got scared even to go in. They don't want you to come\nin because they took everything away from the Jews . . . the furniture, whatever\nis in it . . . they don't want to see you alive . . . the Polish people.\n\nKENT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you did get to America, how did you find American life, American\nculture, American people?\n\nMERLIN: They told me this is America . . . is a diamond world. People here don't\nwash dishes. They eat and they throwing the plates through the windows. I don't\nknow that they paper plates. That the people so rich! I was sitting with my baby\nin the stroller in the park, and a man came in, and ask for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money. I say, \"In\nAmerica is poor people, too? He wants money!\" I don't know. I couldn't talk\nEnglish. Just later I tell to the other Jewish people. They say America . . .\nmoney . . . rich. I say, \"Poor people they come into the park and ask for\nmoney.\" He came just to me to give him money. I didn't know how to shop. They\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"told me you don't have to talk English. You just take the buggy . . . go in the\ngrocery . . . pick up what you want. \"Let me see,\" she say, \"$11.\" I don't know\nthe language . . . $11. I took money and I show her and she took. She say,\n\"Okay, okay.\" I don't know. Was very tough for some people here in America. They\ngive me a book, like a child start to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learn . . . in kindergarten . . . \"dog.\"\nWas a picture from a dog. \"That's a dog. That's a cat.\"\n\nKENT: Were you able to continue in the education after you came here?\n\nMERLIN: No, I went few times in the night school to learn. Just, when you have a\nchild, you go back and forth, you can't do it. Later on, the people put a\ntelevision ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they say I can learn about the talking in television. To talk\nwith that . . . the people came with me here and the American . . . some woman\ntook me to the grocery. They took me in a store where you buy clothes. They talk\nto me. They show me. This was speaking Jewish. They speak to me in Jewish. They\nsay, like this, I'm going to learn. They say, \"A house, that's a house,\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"show a\nhouse, \"house.\" Later when my child, the oldest, start to go in kindergarten or\nin the first grade, she was speaking already English. They say, \"Don't speak\nJewish.\" I speak to them . . . later when I got the three, I speak to them in\nJewish. They answer me in English. I say, \"You can learn Jewish, too.\" They say\nto me, \"Speak English. Learn English. Speak English. You're going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learn.\"\nThey put a television . . . because I don't know what a television was . . .\njust when I passed by the department stores, I look a television. I was standing\nin the window, watching. What this is? I sit, and watch, and watch. I say, \"Oh,\nlook, here a show.\" Later, I got a television. This was mine entertaining. I was\nvery happy.\n\nKENT: If the war had not interrupted your life . . .\n\nMERLIN: I was still in Poland.\n\nKENT: What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plans would you have had? You were about 18 or 19 when the war started?\n\nMERLIN: Twenty, yes. I don't know about nowhere else to go. Poland was a\nbeautiful, beautiful big city, with synagogues, with theaters, with every store.\n\nKENT: Did you have any particular expectations for your adulthood?\n\nMERLIN: I was a salesgirl. I was going in the German border . . . was Katowice.\nThey always speak German. I was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saleslady over there. I was nice to the Polish\nsaleslady. Even that, when my first husband passed away in Jacksonville,\nFlorida, the synagogue opened . . . rummage store. I was running the store\nbecause I always was a saleslady. That went for the synagogue--the money--and\nthey gave me the pension. I was eight years a widow, with three children. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\nwas going to high school. My daughter here, she was on scholarship. She graduate\nfrom Denver, Colorado, Bowdoin, high school, college, a masters degree, doesn't\ncost me . . . all on scholarship, such a student she was. She married a doctor\nnow. They live here. That's what I told you the two boys . . . the Harvard and\nthe other goes University of Virginia Law School.\n\nKENT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How much of a Jewish community was there in Jacksonville when you were\nliving there?\n\nMERLIN: Was nice. Jacksonville is a big city, too, yes.\n\nKENT: Were there other immigrants, other survivors there?\n\nMERLIN: Yes, lots of them. Some of them already died because it's so many years\nafter the war.\n\nKENT: How were you emotionally during those years after the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war, in the 1950's?\nHow did you feel about what had happened to you?\n\nMERLIN: Everything went with me . . . nerves, sleepless night . . . was not\nhappy. Every night, I was picture how my mother looked, how my father looked,\nhow old they be, or why they don't live to see this, why they went with such a\ndeath. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was not a happy life, I think. I go, they make us all kind of parties\n. . . it goes with you day and night, day and night.\n\nKENT: How did it affect your husband? What was he like?\n\nMERLIN: The second husband?\n\nKENT: The first husband still.\n\nMERLIN: I told you, the same thing. He was too depressed. He lost everybody. He\ndon't find nobody. I live with him happy the 20 years. We got the three\nchildren. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was eight years after that a widow. I married . . . I was going with\nthis man for five years. He was a widow for eight years, too . . . very nice man\n. . . a good man. The children ask me, \"Mom, why don't you marry him? He remind\nus of Daddy. He is so nice. He is so good to us.\" After eight years, I say,\n\"Okay,\" because people start to say, friends, neighbors, \"Everybody be grabbing\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this man. What's the matter with you?\" They say, \"The children going to get\nmarried. They going to move away. You going to be alone.\" Like this, \"You got a\nnice man,\" she say, \"you better take him.\" I live with the second one 20 years.\nThat's what made me now come to Atlanta. He passed away . . . couldn't take care\nanymore on him. I put him in a home. I sit from the morning to night because I\nknow I make him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happy that he see me. I promise him when they going to have a\nbigger room, I move in here to make him happy. He couldn't make it. He passed\naway. My daughter here say, and the other children, \"Mom, what you staying in\nJacksonville? You by yourself. Sell the house. Come here. Find you a place. You\ndon't drive.\" I never was driving a car. \"You never drive. Sometime you get\nsick, you don't have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nobody over there.\" She say, \"Sometime the roof leak, you\ngoing to worry without a man. You by yourself.\" This was a ranch house what I\ngot in Florida, four bedrooms. She say, \"Put the house for sale, and we're going\nto help you. Don't sign papers. Let us know about everything.\" My son say in the\ncomputer he got, \"Mom, don't sign nothing. Just when you have somebody, let the\nlawyer call me. I talk with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him.\" Everything he got already when he came to his\noffice . . . my son, he got on the computer, all the information, everything\nabout the house. \"Now,\" he say, \"you can sign.\" She find me the place here.\n\nKENT: As far as raising children those early years, how do you suppose your war\nexperience affected your family life later and your ability to be a parent?\n\nMERLIN: I was looking . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was near a school . . . that they can walk to school\nbecause I don't got . . . I was not driving. Near a school and was lots of\nJewish people around this. I want them to be. Later on, from this place, the\nJewish people move away. It's like . . . you have a section where Jewish people\nmove. I was looking for a place over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there because I want them to be involved\nwith lots of Jewish people, not just with Gentiles. That they go in . . . they\nhave near a synagogue . . . they going to have transportation to the synagogue .\n. . to learn . . . to be with people . . . to go with parties, everything. I was\nmoving to from one place to the other, was more involvement with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish people,\nthat they have friends more.\n\nKENT: What has it meant to you to be Jewish after the war? What significance\ndoes it have to you?\n\nMERLIN: When I was in the concentration camp, I say, \"I'm not going to believe\nin nothing when I come out.\" Because what I saw . . . how come we got neighbors\nin Poland . . . rabbi, a neighbor . . . he was living upstairs, we was living\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"below . . . a rabbi with a beard and everything. We have to stay, when Hitler\ncame and watch as they hang him. They hang him. We all have to stay and watch\nhim. I say, \"Where was G-d? A rabbi . . . what he was so religious and\neverything. Where was G-d?\" I got me very angry. I say, \"When I come out, I'm\nnot going to believe in nothing.\" I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say, \"What he do to the Jews, why? Small\nchildren, took them by the legs, throw in the fire.\" I say, \"Take out from the\npeople the gold teeth, make hair brushes, from the skin soap, make operation on\nman that he is not anymore a man, woman. They teach what women got. They cut\nhere, cut there. They was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experiments, they was doing with them.\" I say, \"I not\ngoing to believe in nothing,\" Just still, you say, \"Oh my G-d!\" when something\nis happening. When I came here, we got a discussion . . . I tell the rabbi, I\nask him, \"Rabbi, you know, you a rabbi. Was in Poland rabbis, with the beard,\nwith the payess, with everything. Tell me, where was G-d that he let ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people--the\nJewish people--to wipe out with such a death? The smoke was running,\" I say,\n\"the fire in crematorium. You can smell the skin from the people. You can find\nbabies in the carriages dead.\" I say, \"Where was he, Rabbi?\" He looked on me. He\nsay, \"I'm going to tell you what. We can't question G-d.\" He say, \"We can't\nquestion.\" \"There is no answer,\" he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say. That's what he answer me. Still . . .\nYom Kippur, I don't eat. I go in the shul. I don't say any more there is no G-d\nbecause when you get sick, you say, \"G-d help me.\" I say, \"Maybe G-d help me\nthat I'm alive.\" I can't imagine.\n\nKENT: Can you talk about what it was like to readjust to supposed normal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life,\nnormal people after the war?\n\nMERLIN: It takes time.\n\nKENT: What kind of adjustment did it take for you?\n\nMERLIN: It takes lots of adjustment because day and night this goes with you.\nYou can't forget it. Today, I see people throw food in the garbage. I say, \"Oh\nmy goodness, there are probably lots of people what are hungry.\" When I see a\nbird, I say, \"They looking for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food.\" Like my oldest daughter in North Carolina,\nshe buy bread, she go in the shopping malls inside, she say, \"The birds are\nhungry.\" She feed animals when they don't have a home. She goes . . . I know\nwhat hunger is. I always think that maybe the people are hungry . . . \"You eat\nsomething?\" Like now, some of them, the friends ask me, \"Did you eat?\" because\nsometime in the morning, I don't eat. Sometimes I don't eat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lunch. \"Why don't\nyou eat? You better eat. You going to get sick going around not eating.\" I'm\nalways thinking when I have to throw in the garbage here. I say, \"Oh, my\ngoodness.\" I see a homeless cat . . . cat is hungry . . . just you can't put\nhere food. He don't let you--the boss.\n\nKENT: What are some of the other things that you learned about yourself and\nabout people from the war experience?\n\nMERLIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They going the same thing . . . some of them don't even want to even\ntalk about it. They hide. They don't want to talk. She say, \"People don't want\nto listen.\" They say, \"I heard already a hundred times, the same story. I don't\nwant to talk with her because she always start to talk what she went through.\"\nThey don't want to listen. They don't want to talk. You see, so people don't\ntalk. Like sometime, I watch the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"history show about Mengele, about Himmler,\nabout that and that. Sometime my daughter say, \"What are you watching?\" I say,\n\"The history, you should see. Just remind me where I was over there, the\nAuschwitz, show the bunk beds and show the crematorium.\" She say, \"Mom, why you\nwatching this? Why you watching? Get sick later. You can't sleep.\" I say,\n\"Listen, you should watch, too. You call your children to watch this because how\nmany years I still have to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live.\" I say, \"We all older. What we went through in\nthe concentration camps--who's going to know? The world should know when we\ngoing. The next generation should know what the Jews went through.\"\n\nKENT: Has anger been a part of your life?\n\nMERLIN: Anger.\n\nKENT: How have you dealt with that?\n\nMERLIN: Anger. Sometime I talk with anger. That's in me . . . anger . . .\nbecause sometime when I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see he don't do this . . . the other don't do this . . .\nhe got the talent to do it . . . and I'm so angry at this. I say when I'm over\nthere . . . television, when I watch . . . I go over there, I say, \"I stab him\nwith a knife to death.\" I say, \"Hitler, he took his life away.\" I say, \"I don't\nwant he goes with a death like this that he shoot himself or took poison.\" I\nsay, \"I be going putting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"holes in his face and put salt and pepper in it,\nsuffering. Because just to took his life, that's an easy life. Let him suffer a\nlittle bit . . . day by day, like we was suffering.\" The day goes . . . day and\nnight, you can't forget that. You can't forget it. How can I forget it? My\nparents, my sisters, uncle, children . . . You can't forget it.\n\nKENT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"During the years after the war, how much did the people around you want to\nknow? How much did you share that part of your life with others?\n\nMERLIN: Nothing, because they all went through. You don't share. \"You find\nsomebody?\" one ask the other, \"You find somebody?\" \"No, I don't find somebody. I\ndon't know what is. I'm sick. Let's go around. I'm anyhow not going to live\nlong.\" They all sorrows. They all going around . . .\n\nKENT: How about in America?\n\nMERLIN: In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America, the same thing. You go. You forget it. It's a wedding. You\ngot children. You have to live for your children. You got bar mitzvahs. You got\nweddings, all the things. The life have to go on. I don't want to too much\nbother my children. I don't want to talk too much with them because they don't\nwant me to talk about it so much. Like my son say, \"You never told me so much\nuntil I find out from somebody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"else.\" I say, \"What can I talk about you about\nme?\" I say.\n\nKENT: How was the American Jewish population any different from the European?\n\nMERLIN: Jews?\n\nKENT: Yes, was there any difference in the culture?\n\nMERLIN: No, they was . . . the Jews in Poland . . . they was more close. They\nwas not rich like America. You know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how the Jews in America different. Over\nthere, was a shoemaker, was a tailor . . . they don't got the experience to be\nlike so many doctors because they need money to do all the research and all the\nthings here like America. You can't compare Poland to America in that time,\n1939, 1938 . . .\n\nKENT: The personal qualities ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that enabled you to get through the war, how were\nthose qualities manifested in the rest of your life after the war?\n\nMERLIN: It's not . . . you want sometime . . . I want to forget it. I don't want\nto talk all about this because I know people don't want to hear. What they went\nthrough, they don't want to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hear. They know one time, \"She always talk about it.\nShe is that and that.\" They don't want to hear.\n\nKENT: Will it do you good to talk about it?\n\nMERLIN: Sometimes, they say . . . I went here to a psychiatrist lots of times.\nHe ask me questions. He ask me my children's names, or they call ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, how I get\nin touch with them. I told him, \"Doctor, I am not crazy. You ask me the names. I\nknow the names and everything.\" He say, \"Are they good to you? Are you talking\nwith them? How many times you see them? Are you travel a lot? Are you going?\"\nBecause he knows whoever was by Hitler, needs some help. He told me to be\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in different activities if I can. He say not to sit alone, to go, to\nget mix, to be active. When something is, go. Like my daughter, \"What's going on\nthis week by you all here. What kind activities you have?\" I say, \"They are\ngoing for lunch. I am eating over there in the home. When I eat lunch, I can eat\nin the home.\" She say, \"Mom, not an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"excuse! You go in the home?\" She say, \"You\ngoing out, eat! Take just a cold drink and sit with people! Go on the bus! Don't\nsit,\" she say, \"and think.\" \"You go, go everywhere,\" she say, \"not sitting.\" I\nsay, \"Sometime I don't feel like to go. It's quiet. I take my talk shows here. I\nwatch the courts.\" I say, \"I enjoy it. Go on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bus with the same people as I'm\nsitting? They going to grocer. They going to Kmart, Walmart.\" I say, \"I don't\nneed nothing. I don't need the schmattas.\" She is mad. She wants me to go\neverywhere. \"We don't ask you,\" she say, \"We don't want your money. You go,\nspend it.\" \"When I have time, going to fix my fingernail, you want to go? I pick\nyou up,\" she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say, \"You want to fix your fingernail? You want to fix your\ntoenail? You want to . . . when we went in the beauty shop?\" We wore it. Over\nthe phone call, \"What you was doing today? What you was eating?\" That's the\nconversation: what you was eating. \"Oh, that's good,\" he say, \"What you going to\ndo later?\"\n\nKENT: Have you been back to Europe over the last 20 or 30 years?\n\nMERLIN: To Europe? No. I don't have nobody in Europe. What I'm going to look?\nPoland remind, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comes everything back to me. Some people say they going to\nPoland, they go to Auschwitz to see. No. I go here to the museums when they open\nin Atlanta, Miami. When I was by my son, he took me over there to the museum\nfrom the Holocaust to see everything. In New York, New Jersey, with my daughter,\nthe family, we go and all, over there.\n\nKENT: How much do you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suppose the world has learned from what happened?\n\nMERLIN: They know. They know. I think they know what was going on. French know,\nthe whole world knows. They was in the war with Hitler, England, the war with\nHitler. Hungary, you know how many people dead in Hungary? The war . . . they\nknow . . . this was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terrible war . . . the World War Two . . . Hitler.\n\nKENT: What would you want your children and grandchildren to learn from the\nexperience, not only the actual event? What would you want them to gain from it,\nif anything?\n\nMERLIN: What to gain?\n\nKENT: Are there any lessons to learn?\n\nMERLIN: What kind of lesson? I hope, not going to be here the things. Because\nsometime I get mad. I see the Ku Klux ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Klan going around. They talk no Jews . . .\nthe blacks. I get mad. I get mad because I say, \"The same thing goes here\naround, but America let them go, with the white things going around, with\nflags.\" I say, \"They start like this.\" They should not do that, to let them go.\nThey say, \"America is free of speech.\" I say, \"For what? That they hate the\nblack people? They hate the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews.\"\n\nKENT: Did you encounter any kind of prejudice in America when you came here,\neither against Jews or anybody?\n\nMERLIN: Who was prejudice? You mean the Americans?\n\nKENT: Did you experience any as a Jew or did you see anything around you?\n\nMERLIN: No, when I came, they was very nice to me. They was very nice to me.\nJust sometimes, I'm angry when I see the prejudice. When I see . . . when I came\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America, I couldn't understand why I was sitting on the bus and some place\nwas in the front of the bus, some black people came in, and I want to move to\ngive them the other seat. They say they can't sit here. They went in the back. I\ncouldn't understand what happened. Why they going in the back, when the front is\nseat? Later they explain me. Black people can't sit in the front with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"white\npeople. They have to go in the back. I say, \"Like this start in Poland.\" I say,\n\"Jews couldn't sit here. Jews couldn't go in this store. Jews couldn't walk on\nthe main street on one side. They have to walk on the other side.\" It came back\nto me. I couldn't understand. They was nice. Lots of nice black people. They\nnice. They human beings. I say, \"It start like Hitler start over there in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland.\" That was the only aggravation for me. In America, was two people that\nthey can't go in certain clubs . . . was the Jews, that the Jews can't go over\nthere because the Jews in the clubs.\n\nKENT: Is there anything you have not already talked about or explained over the\nyears about your past?\n\nMERLIN: No, not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much. We are here. We are going from here . . . we go on a bus\nto the museum . . . our little museum . . . to show pictures. Sometime they want\nme to explain what this was . . . show the gas ovens. I told them that's the\novens where they put the people . . . that is the chimney . . . that's the gate\n. . . this is the barracks from Auschwitz.\n\nKENT: Have you ever been a tour ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guide in a museum like that? Would you be able\nto handle that?\n\nMERLIN: A tour guide . . . to handle, to talk? I couldn't. Sometime when I'm\ninvited, I go and I can say when I see. When I saw Auschwitz here, or when I go\nover there, I see everything where I was, on the bunk ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beds, laying down. Some of\nthem was cooking a little bit water. What you want to do?\n\nEINSTEIN: I just wanted to know whether you taught your children about your\nexperiences when they were young or you just didn't talk with them?\n\nMERLIN: They know I was from concentration camp. They know what I went through.\nJust they don't know so much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like I sit with you and talk, because sometimes\nthey don't want me to talk about it too much. They meant when I watch television\nfrom Hitler. \"Why you watching that? You get more excited,\" they say, \"Later you\ndon't sleep in the night.\"\n\nKENT: Do you have any sense of any it has affected them over the years?\n\nMERLIN: My children . . . sometimes they sorry that this I went through. Sorry\nthey never know their grandma and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandpa. When the first child was\nborn--mine--she got friend, she saw that the grandma took the child and hug him.\nShe say, \"Where's my grandma?\" She was jealous. How you can explain a little\nchild, \"Hitler came, he killed her, or they put her in the oven?\" You don't want\nto tell this kind of thing a child. They was jealous that the other grandma hold\nthe child. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say, \"How come I don't have a grandma . . . a grandpa?\" They ask questions.\n\nKENT: What is important to you now, at this point in your life?\n\nMERLIN: Now, happiness . . . to see my children and my grandchildren . . .\nhappiness. That's made me happy. That my children be educated, be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well known.\nWhen you talk here, \"Who's your daughter? Who's your son?\" They well known. They\nsay I'm lucky to have children like this. That's made me happy. Like, last\nnight, my grandson say, \"Hi, Grandma. What you doing?\" I say, \"When you have to\ngo back to Harvard?\" He say, \"In another week.\" He is young. He writes a book\nfor a professor, helps him writing book. He say, \"I got my grades ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back\nyesterday.\" That's Harvard University. I say, \"What you got?\" He say, \"Straight\nA's.\" That makes me happy. The other thing . . . that's what I want to see about\nthem . . . happiness.\n\nKENT: Is there anything else you would like to add that we didn't ask you about?\n\nMERLIN: I told you everything. You probably get tired. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/transcript/21939/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you have something to\nask me?\n\nKENT: Thank you very much for being willing to tell us.\n\nMERLIN: You are welcome. You are very welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5700.0,5730.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough it sounds as if Bronia pronounces her first husband’s last name like “Slomitski,” his last name was “Slomnicki”. Slomnicki appears on a list of other residents deported from her husband’s hometown (found at \u003ca href=\"http://www.zchor.org/olkusz/deportation2.htm\"\u003ehttp://www.zchor.org/olkusz/deportation2.htm\u003c/a\u003e) as well as on Bronia and Arthur’s immigration documents. In the Polish tradition of adding adjectival suffixes that denote gender to surnames, Bronia probably would have been known as “Slomnicka” in Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSosnowiec is a city in southern Poland, in a region that was known as Eastern Upper Silesia prior to World War II. Before the war, around 30,000 Jews lived in Sosnowiec (about 30 percent of the city’s population). Textile were the major industry in Sosnowiec. While under German occupation, a ghetto was established in 1940. Sosnowiec became a slave labor pool was one of the longest lasting ghettos. Thousands were employed in workshops set up in the town by Organization Schmelt or were sent to other labor camps in the area. A series of deportations began in October 1940. In August 1943, the ghetto was liquidated. Those Sosnowiec Jews who were not sent to labor camps were sent to Auschwitz, where the majority was killed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew] or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish] is the Jewish day of rest, and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night, and is ushered in by lighting candles, and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e [the ceremony marking the end of the Sabbath or of a festival, including the blessings over wine, candles and spices]. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKatowice is a city in Upper Silesia in southwestern Poland, about 6 kilometers (4 miles) southwest of Sosnowiec. It became a city in the Prussian Province of Silesia [part of Germany] in 1865, and was mainly inhabited by Germans, Silesians, Jews, and Poles. After World War One, Katowice was attached to Poland. Antisemitism When the Germans occupied the city in 1939, the Jewish population was approximately 11,000 to 12,000. Flight and expulsions left 900 at the end of the year. After World War II, about 1,500 Jews, most of who were from other parts of Poland and had spent the war years in the Soviet Union, settled in Katowice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn September 1, 1939, the German army invaded Poland. Although Adolf Hitler did tour some areas of Poland after its capitulation, this is a reference to the German troops that occupied Sosnowiec on September 4, 1939.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: dedication] is an eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar. \u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rules of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the \u003cem\u003emenorah\u003c/em\u003e but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil. This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The \u003cem\u003emenorah\u003c/em\u003e with its eight branches commemorates this miracle. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Gentile is a person of a non-Jewish nation or of non-Jewish faith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSyria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. Syria and Palestine have been linked since at least the Roman Empire, but since the mid-twentieth century, relations between the nations of Israel and Syria have been characterized by hostility.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKibbeh\u003c/em\u003e is an Eastern Mediterranean dish made of bulgur (cracked wheat), minced onions, and finely ground lean beef, lamb, goat, or camel meat. The best-known variety is a torpedo-shaped fried croquette stuffed with minced beef or lamb. Other types of \u003cem\u003ekibbeh\u003c/em\u003e may be shaped into balls or patties, or cooked in broth. \u003cem\u003eKibbeh\u003c/em\u003e is considered to be the national dish of Lebanon. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTabbouleh\u003c/em\u003e is an Eastern Mediterranean salad traditionally made of bulgur, tomatoes, finely chopped parsley, mint, and onion, and seasoned with olive oil, lemon juice, and salt. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eSchutzstaffel\u003c/em\u003e was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “\u003cem\u003eSaal-Schutz\u003c/em\u003e” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “\u003cem\u003eSchutz-Staffel\u003c/em\u003e.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. It was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter occupying Sosnowiec on September 4, 1939, the Germans began persecuting the Jewish population. Random shootings, abductions, abuse, and the destruction of property began immediately. Over the next few days, about 30 Sosnowiec Jews were murdered and the synagogue was burned down.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnti-Jewish decrees appeared soon after German occupation began, including the order that all Jews had to wear a Star of David on their person. In early November 1939, Jewish property and businesses were confiscated. Several affluent Jewish families were also forced to evacuate their homes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn late October 1939, forced labor was introduced for all Jews under the age of fifty-five and Sosnowiec became a slave labor pool for the Germans. The \u003cem\u003eJudenrat\u003c/em\u003e that had been established provided the Germans with forced laborers. By October 1940, the SS had established an entity, called “Organization Schmelt,” to coordinate forced labor in Eastern Upper Silesia. Organization Schmelt began establishing forced labor camps for Jews and assumed responsibility for workshops that had been established in Sosnowiec. Over 13,000 people worked in the workshops in Sosnowiec. For a while, transportation to a labor camp could be evaded by having a job in one of the workshops. As the organization’s factories became more important to the army, however, transports to labor camps were expanded. The first Sosnowiec Jews were sent to the labor camps in October 1940. In March 1941, SS chief Heinrich Himmler ordered the construction of more factories. Between October 1940 and August 1942, there were periodic transports to various labor camps. By August 1942, there were over 3,000 Sosnowiec Jews in forced labor camps. Between August 1942 and March 1943, there were three major roundups and another wave of around 2,000 Sosnowiec Jews were transported to labor camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe process of isolating Sosnowiec’s Jews began in 1939 with resettling Jews and Poles so that a ghetto was created. Initially, it was not fenced in and workers commuted to shops outside the ghetto area. The resettlement was completed by March 1943. At that time, there were two ghettos. By May, only one existed and Jews were no longer allowed to leave its boundaries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish community of Sosnowiec operated two public kitchens for the poor (one was established November 1939 and another in October 1940).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween October 1940 and August 1942, there were periodic transports from Sosnowiec to various labor camps. A wave of forcible labor inductions by the Jewish Order Service began in March 1941. It is unclear which transport Bronia was in, although it may have been in March 1941. It is also unclear where Bronia was sent. It is possible Bronia was working in one of the workshops operated in neighboring Bedzin until she was sent to Auschwitz in 1943. She may have been employed at Rossner Fabrik, which was a network of workshops that produced military uniforms and other goods and services for the German army. It was the largest German-owned workshop in the area and employed three thousand workers. It’s owner, Albrecht Rossner, worked directly under the SS and his factory was part of Organization Schmelt. Rosner protected many employees and warned them of impending actions or deportations. Rossner Fabrik remained in operation even after the liquidation of the Sosnowiec and Bedzin ghettos, until Rosner's arrest and execution in January 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBronia seems to be referring to the labor camp she was sent to from Sosnowiec and subsequently stayed at before she was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau in November 1943. Bronia probably did not arrive in Freudenthal until October 1944, when it was first opened. Freudenthal was a sub-camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau located in a textile mill in Bruntal (German: Freudenthal) in Czech Silesia. At that time, Freudenthal was within the borders of Sudetenland, which was annexed to the Reich. Today it is part of the Czech Republic. The camp housed more than 300 female prisoners from Auschwitz-Birkenau from October 1944 until it was liberated on May 6, 1945 by Russian forces. The prisoners worked as seamstresses and weavers, making uniforms for German soldiers and other items.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. The Main Camp is where the museum is today, and has the famous ‘\u003cem\u003eArbeit Macht Frei\u003c/em\u003e’ gate. The Main Camp was established on the site of existing Polish army barracks just outside the town of Oswiecim (renamed Auschwitz by the Germans), and could hold about 10,000 prisoners. Later, when Hitler and Himmler wanted to expand the size of the camp they built Auschwitz-Birkenau about 2-1/2 miles away from the Main Camp. This is the camp with the big brick gate and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp, and where the four gas chambers and crematoria came to be located. Originally, Auschwitz-Birkenau was supposed to be a huge pool of political prisoners and Russian prisoners-of-war to be used for slave labor, but sometime in 1942 it was decided that it was the perfect place for the ‘Final Solution’—the extermination of the Jews. The morgues attached to the crematoria, which had been built to handle the expected high mortality in the camp, were adapted into gas chambers. Finally, Monowitz (Auschwitz III) was created in a pre-existing industrial area. After Bronia arrived at Auschwitz-Birkenau in November 1943, she was sent to work in one of Monowitz’s sub-camps, in an ammunition plant. She was probably sent to a different sub-camp called Freudenthal after the Allies bombed Monowitz in August and September 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe four gas chambers and crematoria constructed at Auschwitz-Birkenau after 1942 represent Nazi mass murder in its most industrialized form. Each of the four facilities could kill and incinerate more than 1,000 victims per day. At the height of the deportations in 1943 and 1944, up to 6,000 Jews were gassed each day at Auschwitz. About one million Jews and thousands of non-Jewish victims were killed at Auschwitz-Birkenau. The first gassing in Auschwitz-Birkenau with Zyklon B took place in September 1941. The last gassing took place in November 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHermann Goering [Göring] was a German politician, military leader, and leading member of the Nazi party (NSDAP) from its early days. After helping Hitler take power in 1933, he became the second-most powerful man in Germany. He founded the Gestapo [German secret police] in 1933 and became commander in chief of the \u003cem\u003eLuftwaffe\u003c/em\u003e (German air force) in 1935. By 1942, he had begun to lose his standing with Hitler and began focusing on the acquisition of property and artwork stolen from Jewish victims of the Holocaust. After World War II, Goering was convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg Trials. It is unclear which labor camp Bronia was in at this point, but this reference is likely not to Goering. She is probably referring to another high-ranking official, such as Albrecht Schmelt, the SS officer in charge of forced labor in the Upper Silesian region.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTowards the end of 1943, the Germans began liquidating the more than 50,000 Jewish forced laborers in Organization Schmelt’s 160 labor camps and factories. Workers were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau and eventually the remaining camps were attached to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Gross-Rosen, and Blechhammer. On January 27, 2015, a local news station in Wilmington, North Carolina interviewed Bronia. The interviewer reported Bronia’s prisoner number, which had been tattooed on her arm in Auschwitz-Birkenau, was 67680. According to records from Auschwitz-Birkenau, that prisoner number was assigned on November 12, 1943 to a transport that had arrived from a Silesian labor camp. After a selection, 191 women were admitted to the camp. The remaining women were sent to the gas chambers. The interview can be seen at \u0026lt;\u003ca href=\"http://www.wwaytv3.com/news-tags/bronia-merlin\"\u003ehttp://www.wwaytv3.com/news-tags/bronia-merlin\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBronia had just turned 19 when the Germans invaded Poland in 1939. She was approximately 23 years old when she first arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz II, or Auschwitz-Birkenau had the largest total prisoner population. It was divided into more than a dozen sections separated by electronic barbed-wire fences, and was patrolled by SS guards. The camp included sections for women, men, a family camp for \u003cem\u003eRoma\u003c/em\u003e (Gypsies), and a family camp for Jewish families deported from the Theresienstadt ghetto. Auschwitz-Birkenau also contained the facilities for a killing center. It played a central role in the German plan to kill the Jews of Europe. Near Birkenau, the SS initially converted two farmhouses for use as gas chambers. “Provisional” gas chamber I went into operation in January 1942, and was later dismantled. “Provisional” gas chamber II operated from June 1942 through the fall of 1944. The SS judged these facilities to be inadequate for the scale of gassing they planned at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Four large crematorium buildings were constructed between March and June 1943. Each had three components: a disrobing area, a large gas chamber and crematorium ovens. The SS continued gassing operations at Auschwitz-Birkenau until November 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard Glücks (1889-1945) was a Nazi official who became the Inspector of Concentration Camps in 1939. In February 1940, Glücks recommended Auschwitz as the site of a new concentration camp. In March 1942, he took charge of the extermination camps in Poland. He was the direct supervisor of the concentration camp commandants. He was directly responsible for the forced labor of camp inmates and for the medical “services” rendered at the camps (including human experimentation and gassing inmates). Part of his job also included visiting the concentration camps he was responsible for, but it is unlikely he participated in selections while at the camps. It is known he was in Auschwitz on March 1, 1941 and on January 7, 1943. Bronia arrived in Auschwitz in November 1943. Glücks is believed to have committed suicide after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphoid fever and typhus are different diseases that are caused by different bacteria, although they symptoms are similar. Typhus is contracted from the bite of a louse, and results in chills, delirium, high fever, headaches, and muscle pain. Typhoid fever means “typhus-like” and is a common bacterial disease caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated by the feces of an infected person or from lice that fed on the feces. Typhoid results in a high temperature, delirium, and intestinal hemorrhage. Both were common in the camps due to abysmal hygienic conditions and the constant infestation by lice. Left untreated, both diseases often result in death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBronia is probably referring to the Allied bombings carried out by the United States and Britain. In the spring of 1944, the Allies launched a campaign to eliminate German fuel production for its tanks and planes. The Allies bombed the IG Farben factories at Auschwitz III (Monowitz) four times during the last year of the war. The first bombing mission of the Monowitz factory was carried out on August 20. The factory was damaged, but was not destroyed. A second bombing mission was carried out on September 13. Two more attacks occurred on December 18 and December 26. The Auschwitz sub-camps where prisoners were employed in industrial and armaments production were administratively subordinate to Monowitz. Bronia may have been at one of these sub-camps when Monowitz was bombed, probably in August or September 1944. She was probably sent from there to the labor camp at Freudenthal in October 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first series of deportation of Jews from Sosnowiec to Auschwitz-Birkenau was between May and August 1942. Deportations resumed in May and June of 1943 and the final liquidation of the ghetto began in August 1943. Around 1,000 Jews remained temporarily in Sosnowiec until they were also finally sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau in December 1943 and January 1944. The total number of Jews sent from Sosnowiec to Auschwitz-Birkenau was close to 30,000. It is not known when Bronia’s parents, Alter and Esther Poliwoda, were transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Their age may have precluded them from forced labor; making it likely they were in one the earlier deportations in the summer of 1942. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Russians liberated Freudenthal (today Bruntal, Czech Republic) on May 6, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended in Europe on May 8, 1945, the surviving Jewish population was in flux, as the seven million uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs) transitioned throughout Europe. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. The Central Committee of the Liberated Jews in the U.S. Zone of Germany was the official representative body of displaced Jews in the American zone of Germany from 1945 to 1950. Jews who returned home to Poland registered with the Central Committee of Polish Jews (CKZP), a state-sponsored representative body created in November of 1944 to provide care and assistance to Jews who survived the Holocaust. In January 1946, the CKZP registered 86,000 survivors and by the end of the summer had registered almost 210,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBedzin [Polish: Będzin] is a city in southern Poland. It is two miles from the center of Sosnowiec. Until World War II, Bedzin had a vibrant Jewish community. According to the 1921 census, the town had a Jewish community consisting of 17,298 people, or 62.1% of the total population. In September 1939, the German Army overran the area, followed by SS death squads, who burned the synagogue and murdered 200 Jewish inhabitants. A ghetto was created in Bedzin in 1942. In the summer of 1943, most of the Jews of Bedzin were deported to Auschwitz.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Committee of the Red Cross (“Red Cross”) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland. At the end of World War II, the Red Cross worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected by the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ekapo\u003c/em\u003e was a prisoner in a concentration camp who was assigned by the SS guards to supervise forced labor or carry out administrative tasks in the camp. The \u003cem\u003ekapo\u003c/em\u003e system minimized costs by allowing the camps to function with fewer SS personnel. It was designed to turn victim against victim, as the \u003cem\u003ekapos\u003c/em\u003e were pitted against their fellow prisoners in order to maintain the favor of their SS guards. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGestapo\u003c/em\u003e is an abbreviation of \u003cem\u003eGeheime Staatspolizei,\u003c/em\u003e which means “Secret State Police.” It was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The \u003cem\u003eGestapo\u003c/em\u003e acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe woman who beat Bronia was probably German and a member of the SS. The female guards [Aufseherinnen] at Auschwitz-Birkenau and its sub-camps were members of the SS.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArthritis is a form of joint disorder that involves inflammation of one or more joints. There are over 100 different forms of arthritis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMerita is a brand of bread that was produced by Hostess Brands until 2012 and by Flower Foods since 2013.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn addition to military authorities, a number of other organizations played an active role in the emerging Jewish community in the displaced persons camps after the war. The short lived United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) and its successor, the International Refugee Organization, took responsibility for much of the humanitarian efforts on behalf of the Allied powers, and the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (“Joint”) provided financial support and supplies from American sources. The Joint Distribution Committee is a Jewish humanitarian assistance organization founded in 1914.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the seven million uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, six million non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Initially, the Allies herded Jewish DPs and non-Jewish DPs together, but conflicts arose. They created the first exclusively Jewish DP camp at Feldafing, Germany. Most DP camps had been designated as either Jewish or non-Jewish by the end of 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to immigration documents, Arthur Slomnicki was born in Olkusz, Poland in 1908. Olkusz is a town in southern Poland, about 20 miles east of Sosnowiec. In 1939, around 3,000 Jews lived there. Deportations of Jewish men from Olkusz to labor camps in Germany took place in October 1940 and in January 1941. By the fall of 1943, the Jewish residents of Olkusz had all been sent to labor camps or Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFeldafing was the first all-Jewish displaced persons camp, and hosted a large and important community of survivors. It was originally a summer camp for Hitler Youth, and was located 20 miles southwest of Munich, Germany in the American zone of occupation. The camp was originally opened on May 1, 1945 to house 3,000 Hungarian Jews, and it housed many non-Jewish concentration camp survivors until July 1945. At that time, the US Army moved the remaining Jewish survivors of Dachau into the camp. In autumn 1945, the first all-Jewish hospital in the German DP camps was founded at Feldafing. Educational and religious life flourished there. In addition to secular elementary and high schools, the camp’s religious community founded several schools. It also had a rabbinical council that supported its religious office, and an extensive library. Children and adolescents in the camp organized Kibbutzim (Zionist communes). Theater groups and orchestras entertained camp residents and newspapers were published.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established in 1636. Its history, influence and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘son of commandment.’ A rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e (small black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e verses), and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e (a group of 10 Jewish adults) quorum for public worship. He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacksonville is the largest city in the state of Florida by population. It is located in northeast Florida, about 25 miles south of the Georgia state line and about 340 miles (550 kilometers) north of Miami. Jews have played a prominent role in Jacksonville since the city’s founding in the early 19th century. In 2005, the city’s Jewish population was about 13,000 of a total population of about 800,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBronia became a naturalized citizen on June 17, 1955 in Jacksonville, Florida. When she filed her Declaration of Intention to become a US citizen in October 27, 1950, she gave her name as Gronetta Slomnicki. On her later Petition for Naturalization and her final certificate of Naturalization, her name was changed to Gertrude Slom.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBronia and her husband are listed as DP’s named Alter and Groneta Slomnicki on the manifest of the \u003cem\u003eUSAT General Hersey\u003c/em\u003e, which left Bremerhaven, Germany on October 4, 1949 and arrived in Boston, Massachusetts on October 14, 1949. Travelling with them is their 2-year-old daughter, listed as Riwa. Their destination is given as Miami, Florida. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, many Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In postwar Poland, there were a number of pogroms (violent anti-Jewish riots). One of the most well-known examples occurred in the southeastern Polish town of Kielce on July 4, 1946. Polish civilians, soldiers and police killed 42 Jews and injured 40 others. While not an isolated instance, the massacre symbolized the precarious state of Jewish life in the Holocaust’s aftermath and prompted many survivors to leave Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBowdoin College is a private liberal arts college located in the coastal Maine town of Brunswick. Founded in 1794, the college enrolls 1,839 students and has been coeducational since 1971.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThomas Jefferson founded the University of Virginia School of Law in 1819 in Charlottesville, Virginia. It is consistently ranked among the top law schools in the nation. In 2014, the University of Virginia enrolled about 20,000 students and the School of Law enrolled just over 1,000 students.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, concentration camp prisoners were subjected to a series of medical experiments and other dehumanizing processes. German physicians conducted studies without the consent of the victims, who suffered indescribable pain, mutilation, permanent disability, or, in many cases, death as a result. The most notorious experiments involved freezing, high altitude, poison, tuberculosis, transplants, sterilization, artificial insemination, seawater, and experiments on twins. Josef Mengele’s experiments at Auschwitz-Birkenau are perhaps the most infamous example of such experiments. Upon arrival in concentration camps, prisoners’ heads were shaved and all gold was confiscated, including golden teeth or fillings. The hair was woven into cloth and the gold was melted down for reuse. Rumors that the Nazis produced products such as soap from the bodies of concentration camp inmates circulated widely during the war. Germany suffered a shortage of fats during World War II, and the production of soap was put under government control. The human soap rumors may have originated from the bars of soap being marked with the initials ‘RIF,’ which was interpreted by some as meaning ‘\u003cem\u003eReich-Juden-Fett\u003c/em\u003e’ (‘State Jewish Fat.’). In German, the \"i\" and \"j\" are often used interchangeably. In fact, ‘RIF’ stood for ‘\u003cem\u003eReichsstelle für Industrielle Fettversorgung\u003c/em\u003e’ (‘National Center for Industrial Fat Provisioning,’ the German government agency responsible for wartime production and distribution of soap and washing products). RIF soap was a poor quality substitute product that contained no fat at all, human or otherwise.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePayess\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: sidelocks or sidecurls] are worn by some men and boys in the Orthodox Jewish community based on a Biblical injunction against shaving the “corners” of one’s head. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Day of Atonement] is the most sacred day of the Jewish year. It is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting \u003cem\u003eyizkor\u003c/em\u003e for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the \u003cem\u003eshofar\u003c/em\u003e (a ram’s horn). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Mengele was born in 1911. He became a doctor, and joined the SS. He was notorious for being one of the physicians who sorted newly arrived prisoners on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, picking out those he wanted for his medical experiments—especially twins—thus earning him the nickname the “Angel of Death.” Many survivors recall being selected by Mengele, but caution should be used because Mengele only arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau on May 24, 1943. He fled the camp before the Russians arrived, and turned up in Gross-Rosen for a while, and a few others camps until he assumed the guise of a Wehrmacht soldier, and tried to flee west undetected. However, the Americans, who did not know who he was, or what he had done, captured him. He was released in June 1945 under the name “Fritz Hollman.” From July 1945 until May 1949, he worked on a farm in Bavaria, and then fled to Argentina. To avoid being brought to justice, he moved through several countries in South America, always being pursued. He died in Brazil on February 7, 1979.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHeinrich Himmler was the Reich Leader (\u003cem\u003eReichsführer\u003c/em\u003e) of the dreaded SS of the Nazi party from 1929 until 1945. Himmler presided over a vast ideological and bureaucratic empire that defined him for many, both inside and outside the Third Reich, as the second most powerful man in Germany during World War II. Himmler was the key and senior Nazi official responsible for conceiving, and overseeing implementation of the so-called “Final Solution,” the Nazi plan to murder the Jews of Europe. Despite having continuously assured his SS officers and men that he ultimately would take responsibility for all of their actions, the end of the war found Himmler dressed in Secret Field Police uniform with papers in the name of Heinrich Hitzinger. He was captured by Russian soldiers on May 20, 1945, and turned over to the British, to whom he eventually confessed his identity. On May 23, 1945, while undergoing a body search, he killed himself by biting down on a cyanide capsule hidden in his mouth. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKmart and Walmart are American chains of discount department stores that sell items such as electronics, toys, clothing, bedding, furniture \u0026amp; home decor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSchmattas\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish: a rag, or an old, ragged garment] is a general term used to refer to the clothing trade, or “rag trade”. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Atlanta, Georgia features a permanent exhibit called \u003cem\u003eAbsence of Humanity: The Holocaust Years, 1933-1945\u003c/em\u003e and is home to the Weinberg Center for Holocaust Education.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust Memorial in Miami Beach, Florida was opened in 1990. The Holocaust Documentation and Education Center was founded in Hollywood, Florida (approximately 20 miles north of Miami) in 1980 and is currently (2015) planning the construction of the South Florida Holocaust Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Museum of Jewish Heritage: A Living Memorial to the Holocaust opened in New York City in 1997. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35247/file/104269/annotation_set/322/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or Knights of the Ku Klux Klan today) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-black secret society, whose methods included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the American South in the 1860’s, regaining popularity in the 1920’s and the 1960’s. It is still in existence. 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I went in Auschwitz to the garbage can by the kitchen. I say, \"Maybe I find peels from the potatoes.\" I got over there a woman what I know, she is so . . . she can't even talk . . . she can't eat . . . she can't walk. She took her socks off. It's wintertime. 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