{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/pv6b27qz9s/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Jotkowitz, Max"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2001-02-08 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Marsha Brono (Interviewer)","Ruth Einstein (Interviewer)","Max Jotkowitz (1926-2003) (Interviewee)","Jeffrey Jotkowitz (Interviewee)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Bremen Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["William Bremen Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMax and Jeffrey Jotkowitz were interviewed by Marsha Brono and Ruth Einstein on February 8, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eMax talks about his childhood in Hamburg, Germany and how his family’s life began to change when the Nazi party came to power. He outlines the challenges his father faced in trying to obtain visas for the family to emigrate. Max introduces his parents and siblings. He recalls the fates of his extended family. Max relates an incident of antisemitism he experienced in Germany. He remembers immigrating to England just before the war broke out. He talks about becoming an air raid warden and then joining the Jewish Brigade. Max details his experiences with the Jewish Brigade at the end of and after the war. He discusses his interactions with Germans after the war. Max explains how he met his wife. He tells how her family survived and later immigrated to the United States. Max shares what happened to his parents and siblings later in life. He explains how he and his wife immigrated to the United States and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Max talks about finding work at the Jewish Home. He recalls the challenges his small family faced as they started a new life. Max discusses joining a synagogue and practicing his faith. He recounts a visit to Hamburg in the 1990s and reuniting with his former teacher. Max remembers his grandparents. He talks about maintaining his faith while in the army and in the United States. Max remembers encountering survivors after the war and helping to smuggle them to Palestine. He reflects on what it was like to be in a Jewish unit. He recalls his interactions with German POWs after the war. Max offers his perspective on Germans and forgiveness. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eMax Erwin Jotkowitz was born in Hamburg, Germany on July 2, 1926. Max had two older sisters and a brother. His parents operated a kosher restaurant. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, his family immediately felt the effects of anti-Jewish legislation. Max’s father began applying for visas to leave Germany and finally, in 1939, the family was able to immigrate to London, England.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter World War II broke out, Max’s father was interred on the Isle of Man. Max, meanwhile was evacuated to the countryside with ither school children. After returning to London, Max served as an air raid warden until joining the newly formed Jewish Brigade in late 1944. Max participated in the liberation of Italy and when the war ended, helped smuggle survivors to Palestine. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBefore his release from the army, Max met another German survivor, Ruth Esther Jacobi, in Berlin. The couple married in England in 1948. In 1951, they immigrated to the United States, settling in Atlanta, Georgia with Ruth’s family. Ruth and Max had two sons. Max died on March 9, 2003.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29075"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Hamburg, Germany (geographic term)","Nazi Germany (topical term)","immigration (other)","Cyprus (geographic term)","Brazil (geographic term)","United States (geographic term)","England (geographic term)","London, England (geographic term)","Dunkirk (geographic term)","Internment camps (other)","bombings (other)","air raid warden (other)","Jewish Brigade (corporate name)","Palestine Regiment (corporate name)","British Army (corporate name)","Winston Churchill (personal name)","Pioneer Corps (corporate name)","concentration camps (other)","Palestine (geographic term)","Berlin, Germany (geographic term)","America (geographic term)","Australia (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Russia (geographic term)","Nikita Krushschev (personal name)","Ruth Jacobi (personal name)","Alexander Jacobi (personal name)","Helmut Jacobi (personal name)","Mania Jacobi (personal name)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","HIAS (corporate name)","The Jewish Home (corporate name)","Jones Avenue (geographic term)","Fuller Brush Company (corporate name)","Washington Street (geographic term)","Capitol Avenue (geographic term)","Morningside (geographic term)","Beth Jacob (corporate name)","Shearith Israel (corporate name)","Talmud-Torah School (corporate name)","Israelite Girl's School (corporate name)","grandparents (other)","butcher (other)","blitz (named event)","orthodoxy (other)","anti-Semitism (other)","Bologna, Italy (geographic term)","POWs (other)","Havitzia (geographic term)","Ernest Benjamin (personal name)","Israel (geographic term)","Garmisch (geographic term)","Nazi SS (corporate name)","Holland (geographic term)","deportation (named event)","Nazi (corporate name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMax and Jeffrey Jotkowitz were interviewed by Marsha Brono and Ruth Einstein on February 8, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMax talks about his childhood in Hamburg, Germany and how his family\u0026rsquo;s life began to change when the Nazi party came to power. He outlines the challenges his father faced in trying to obtain visas for the family to emigrate. Max introduces his parents and siblings. He recalls the fates of his extended family. Max relates an incident of antisemitism he experienced in Germany. He remembers immigrating to England just before the war broke out. He talks about becoming an air raid warden and then joining the Jewish Brigade. Max details his experiences with the Jewish Brigade at the end of and after the war. He discusses his interactions with Germans after the war. Max explains how he met his wife. He tells how her family survived and later immigrated to the United States. Max shares what happened to his parents and siblings later in life. He explains how he and his wife immigrated to the United States and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Max talks about finding work at the Jewish Home. He recalls the challenges his small family faced as they started a new life. Max discusses joining a synagogue and practicing his faith. He recounts a visit to Hamburg in the 1990s and reuniting with his former teacher. Max remembers his grandparents. He talks about maintaining his faith while in the army and in the United States. Max remembers encountering survivors after the war and helping to smuggle them to Palestine. He reflects on what it was like to be in a Jewish unit. He recalls his interactions with German POWs after the war. Max offers his perspective on Germans and forgiveness.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMax Erwin Jotkowitz was born in Hamburg, Germany on July 2, 1926. Max had two older sisters and a brother. His parents operated a kosher restaurant. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, his family immediately felt the effects of anti-Jewish legislation. Max\u0026rsquo;s father began applying for visas to leave Germany and finally, in 1939, the family was able to immigrate to London, England.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eAfter World War II broke out, Max\u0026rsquo;s father was interred on the Isle of Man. Max, meanwhile was evacuated to the countryside with ither school children. After returning to London, Max served as an air raid warden until joining the newly formed Jewish Brigade in late 1944. Max participated in the liberation of Italy and when the war ended, helped smuggle survivors to Palestine.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eBefore his release from the army, Max met another German survivor, Ruth Esther Jacobi, in Berlin. The couple married in England in 1948. In 1951, they immigrated to the United States, settling in Atlanta, Georgia with Ruth\u0026rsquo;s family. Ruth and Max had two sons. Max died on March 9, 2003.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/180/976/small/Jotkowitz_Max.mp4_1679087044.jpg?1679087045","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Jotkowitz_Max.mp4"]},"duration":5180.676,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/180/976/small/Jotkowitz_Max.mp4_1679087044.jpg?1679087045","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/180/976/original/Jotkowitz_Max.mp4?1679087041","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":5180.676,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Max Jotkowitz [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARSHA: My name is Marsha Brono. We are going to be doing an interview with\nMax Jotkowitz. Today is February 8, 2001. Max, we would like for you to be able\nto start as early as you can from your childhood. Perhaps start with as far as\nyou can go to remember, about your name, and how you got the name, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jotkowitz.\nWhatever you can tell us about your childhood would be great at this point.\n\nMAX: My name is Max Jotkowitz. I was born in Hamburg, Germany [on] July 2, 1926.\nMy father, at the time had a restaurant, the only kosher restaurant in Hamburg.\nThat was until 1934. My memory prior to that is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not too much, except I know I\nstarted school in 1932. In 1933, [Adolf] Hitler came to power. The first thing\nthat he did in Germany was prohibit the shechita, the slaughter of kosher meat.\nNaturally, our restaurant could not serve the customers like it should. We\nmanaged for a while. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father used to import meat from either Holland, or\nBelgium, or Denmark. Sometimes, when it arrived by mail, as my memory goes, it\nwas smelling awfully bad. They used to wash it off in vinegar, and then cook it,\nand serve it in the restaurant. Of course, that was all prior to refrigeration\nor express mail like they have today. Then, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1934 or early 1935, it was\nprohibited to import any meat into Germany. The Germans said if we wanted kosher\nmeat, we can have the other meat and kosher it if we wanted to. That's all I\nremember from that part. My father refused to buy non-kosher meat and sell it in\nthe restaurant. First thing he did, he wanted to immigrate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wherever he could go\nto. To go to Palestine, he found out you needed to have a lot of money to\nestablish a residence there. It would take a lot of money because the country\nwas young and in its infancy to start anything. If you're not in the field to\nwork in a kibbutz, it was very hard for any family to live in the city and make\na living. My father then wanted to go to Cyprus. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cyprus was out too because they\nwanted just as [or] perhaps more money. Then, my father had the idea of wanting\nto go to South America, Brazil. He started the ground work from Hamburg. In\nAugust of 1936, my father went to London to work on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the papers for the family to\nimmigrate to Rio de Jannero or Sao Paulo. When he arrived in London, some\nfriends met him. He started to talk with them. They said, \"Well, if you don't\nhave a stamp in your passport to say when you have to leave again, why don't you\njust apply for a work permit and stay here, which would be much easier than\nhaving to go to South ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America?\" My father went to the Home Office, applied for a\nwork permit, and, at the same time, he went out to find a guarantor to give the\nvisa for the family. That took approximately a little over a year and we finally\nmade it to England.\n\nMARSHA: I am just going to ask you how many and the members of your family.\n\nMAX: There ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were my parents--my father and mother--and two sisters, and I.\n\nMARSHA: Their names were?\n\nMAX: Betty and Eva. Eva passed away in 1980 of cancer. My mother passed away of\ncancer on December 31, 1942. My father passed away of cancer December 1, 1958.\n\nMARSHA: Your parents' names?\n\nMAX: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius and Hedwig. My mother's maiden name was Herzberg. Fortunately, most\nof the members of our family had managed to escape from Germany because we had\nenough warning that things were not going too well, which other countries did\nnot have. We had the opportunity of moving, so to speak, from Germany with all\nour ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"belongings; not like some people who just had a little suitcase of clothing\nor nothing at all to take with them. My parents were able to take the furniture,\nthe clothes, everything, the household belongings with them to England. That's\nhow we moved to England.\n\nMARSHA: Were there any other members of your family left in Germany?\n\nMAX: My father came from a family of seven brothers and sisters. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother came\nfrom six. As far as I know, my mother's oldest brother was the only one left\nbehind with his family in Germany. He could not get a visa to go to the United\nStates, because he waited too long, for one thing, and he had a prosthesis.\nAmerica considered that not well for coming to the States. Nobody that had any\nkind of physical defect was allowed to immigrate in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those days. My father had\nhis oldest brother, who was wounded in World War I and had a big growth, a piece\nof shrapnel stuck in his hand. It looked like a tennis ball. He could not get a\nvisa to come to the United States because of that. My father's youngest sister\ncould not leave Germany because her husband was Polish and she was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German. They\ncould not get their quota together. One had a quota to go, a visa. The other one\ndidn't. They didn't want to leave one another, so those were the only ones from\nmy immediate father's and mother's families that did not immigrate. All the\nother left.\n\nMARSHA: They came to the States?\n\nMAX: No, we are all over the world. We have family in New Zealand, Australia,\nSouth America, the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States, Israel and in England.\n\nMARSHA: I understand that your father came first?\n\nMAX: My father came first to England.\n\nMARSHA: Yes. And then?\n\nMAX: I didn't come to America until 1951.\n\nMARSHA: When your father went to England, he went first and then sent for you?\n\nMAX: He had to get a visa for us, somebody to be a guarantor for us. We couldn't\njust move over there because my mother was already ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sick. She could not work. She\nhad cancer already then. Of course, we were school aged, so there was no\nquestion of us . . . The only thing I remember from Germany was in late 1935, I\nwent off with a friend of mine on a day's outing. When we were on our way back,\nwe were waylaid ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by six Hitler Youth, which was the youth organization of the\nGerman way. All the men had to belong to the Nazi Party. The [male] youth had to\neither belong to the Hitler Youth or the girls [to] the equivalent. It's like\nthe Boy Scouts here today. They waylaid us on our way back. How they knew we\nwere Jewish, I don't know, but, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they grabbed hold of us before we came to the\nstation to make our return trip. [They] pinned us against the wall, one on each\nside and the third one punching us in the face, so to speak, mutilating us. I\nwas bloody all over. Then, at the end, when they finished and we dropped to the\nground, they just took our shoes off and left us lying there in the dirt. When I\ncame home, I didn't want to tell my father what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened. I was afraid of saying\nsomething because he would have said, 'Why didn't I take care of myself?' I got\nanother beating for coming home without our shoes. That came back only to me as\nI went to Germany back in 1995. I happened to see an advertisement for this\ncertain place where we had gone to and it came back. I had completely forgotten\nabout ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. But, those were the only incidences. Then, I remember in 1934, Hitler\ncame to Hamburg and held a speech at the city hall. I wanted to see what it was\nlike. It was quite an excitement. It was not far from our house, where we lived,\nso I went there and cheered him on just like the rest of the crowd. Of course, I\nwas afraid to say that I was Jewish and was there with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rest of the crowd,\njust cheering him on. But those are my only bad experiences that I remember from Germany.\n\nMARSHA: How old were you at this time, before you left?\n\nMAX: Before I left? We left in 1937. I was eleven.\n\nMARSHA: Then you met up with your father in England?\n\nMAX: Right.\n\nMARSHA: Take us through the years in England.\n\nMAX: When we arrived in England, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"younger sister and I were both enrolled in\nschool. My father was working. In 1939, when the war broke out, I was evacuated.\nAll the schools in London had to be evacuated. That was on the first of\nSeptember, the day Poland was invaded. There actually was no war, but they took\nno chances. They knew there was going to be war, so everybody, all the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"schools,\nthe children had to report to school with their rucksacks, clothing, and we were\nevacuated. I stayed at the place for about six months. Since nothing happened in\nEngland, I decided I wanted to go back home again. I went back to London.\n\nMARSHA: Was your sister with you when you went out?\n\nMAX: No, I was the only one who was evacuated. My sister was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already too old to\nbe evacuated at the time.\n\nMAX: I was the only one evacuated. My sister was already too old for evacuation.\nShe had already finished school. My oldest sister was taking care of my mother\nat the time. I came back home. A few months later, the fall of Dunkirk ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in June\nof 1940. Then, they took all the German born nationals in England and Austrian\nnationals, and put them in internment camps. Of course, that included my father.\nI don't know how many there were, but all the German born Jews that were living\nin England practically were all interned. They didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take my mother because she\nwas sick, but they did take my father to the Isle of Mann. He was lucky because\na lot of the men were sent either to Canada or Australia for internment. Upon\narriving there, they were given the choice of joining the military, to stay\nthere, and making their homes over there. I think it was another way of making\nimmigration to other countries, where there was no population. My father spent\none year in an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"internment camp, although our doctor had written repeatedly to\nthe Home Office to have my father released, since he was no criminal to be\ninterned, but was needed at home for income since my mother was not able to have\nan income and needed medical attention. My father was finally released after a\nlittle over a year.\n\nMARSHA: Were you at home at this time?\n\nMAX: I was at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home the whole time. Then started the bombing of London. We stayed\nin our house during the incident. I remember a bomb dropping in our backyard. It\ndidn't explode. My mother . . . We were told we had to move so the staffers\ncould defuse ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the bomb. I refused to go. I stayed in the house. My mother was\nvery worried something was going to happen, but I wanted to see what was going\nto happen. It didn't. Everything went well. The bomb was defused and nothing.\nThen, we had a firebomb drop on our attic. My mother went up there and took her\nfur coat to put out the fire ball. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those were just some of the incidences. Then,\nwhen I was 15, I decided I wanted to become an air raid warden. They said I\ncould become a messenger, but not an air raid warden because I was too young. I\nsaid, \"Well, you need wardens, not messengers.\" My reasoning was that I wanted\nto become an air raid warden because they were getting paid. I wanted to get\npaid and that meant pocket money for me.\n\nMARSHA: What was an air raid warden?\n\nMAX: An air raid ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"warden was that you had to work during an air raid or be on\nduty for a certain . . . one night a week at least. You were paid for that night\nthat you were on duty. We had to extinguish fires or we applied first aid to\npeople. We had to dig out people from under the ruins--most of the time, it was\njust body parts that we dug up--or administer first aid to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people that were\nsaved. That was an air raid warden. I was that for a couple of years. Then, I\ndecided to join the army because they formed the Jewish Brigade. As a German\nnational--I was considered an enemy alien in England--I had the pleasure of not\nbeing called into the service. The only way I could be in the army was to be a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"volunteer. In December, Rosh HaShanah 1944, Mr. [Winston] Churchill announced\nthe formation of the Jewish Brigade. I felt that was my chance to join the\nJewish Brigade and do my bit for the war effort.\n\nMARSHA: Tell us a little bit about the Jewish Brigade, how it was formed.\n\nMAX: The Jewish Brigade was formed originally as the Palestine Regiment ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in\nPalestine in 1939. Originally, they were mixed Arabs and Jews, but then the\nBritish government decided they were more Jews volunteering and they did not get\nalong too well with the Arabs. So, they separated the Jews from the Arabs. They\nhad an Arab company and a Jewish company. It seemed that the Jewish party grew\nand grew. They were then sent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Egypt to guard POWs [prisoners of war] at the\ntime of Tobruk in 1941. At the Siege of Tobruk in the North Africa War\n[campaign], German POWs held in Egypt. They took the Jewish soldiers to guard\nthe Germans there. They felt that was the best they could do, but they never saw\nany action. Then, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when Prime Minister Churchill announced the formation of the\nJewish Brigade in 1944, he said that any Jewish soldier in the British army or\nany alien that lived in England who wanted to join, they could volunteer for\nthat. There were a lot of Jews who had volunteered prior to that to the Pioneer\nCorps. Because they were interred in 1940, the only way they knew to get out was\nto go into the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pioneer Corps, which was probably the dirtiest kind of work they\ncould do. Some of them transferred into the Jewish Brigade.\n\nMARSHA: Why was that work considered like that? What was . . .\n\nMAX: What, the Pioneer Corps?\n\nMARSHA: Yes.\n\nMAX: They built roads, did transports, cooking, and so on. I mean, there was no\nactual fighting for them. They were not frontline soldiers. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was nice to think\nthat you are nice and secure, but when you're a teenager, you don't think about\nbeing secure. You want to get into the heat of it. It was always being left out\nof something. Perhaps they didn't trust them to do frontline work because of\nbeing enemy aliens originally. The British--after the fall of France, after the\nfall of Dunkirk--were very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nervous about anybody that came from Germany. Most of\nthem were probably here in the United States. That's how that happened I went\ninto the Jewish Brigade. I served there until its disbanding and then I went to\nthe British Army until I went home again.\n\nMARSHA: They would let you be in the British Army?\n\nMAX: Yes, I was part of the British Army but I was in the Jewish Brigade, which\nI volunteered for. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1946, the Jewish Brigade was disbanded. All the enlisted\nones from Palestine went back to Palestine, but since we enlisted in England, we\nhad to serve under British command and serve out our time.\n\nMARSHA: In England?\n\nMAX: No, we could choose where we wanted to go.\n\nMARSHA: Where did you go?\n\nMAX: I never actually served in England. I served all over Europe. I started off\nin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Italy, Austria, France, Belgium, Holland and Germany.\n\nMARSHA: Then, how many years did you spend in the army?\n\nMAX: From September 1944 until February 1948.\n\nMARSHA: What did it feel like, fighting the Nazis as . . .\n\nMAX: I didn't even . . . I don't even think about that. We were having so much\nfun. To me, it was like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"travelling. When we were in Italy, the Jewish Brigade\nwas doing a lot of work transporting people from the camps--Dachau,\nMauthausen--to Italy, then smuggled them to Palestine from Remy. We had a camp\nright on the Austrian border. We used to go over into Austria on a daily basis.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We smuggled the people across the border--usually in military uniforms--then\nshipped them down to Remy. First, we smuggled them into one of our camps, fed\nthem there until they were strong enough to travel down to Remy. Then, we had\nships there waiting that we had bought and smuggled them down to Palestine.\n\nMARSHA: You knew pretty much what was going on in Germany. Did you know\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything that was going on?\n\nMAX: We knew right from the beginning that there were camps in Germany. Even\nduring the war, we heard about the concentration camps. We knew what was going\non, but there was nothing that we could do.\n\nMARSHA: Was there any contact with your father and the family that didn't come?\n\nMAX: We used to get letters through the Red Cross until 1941, before their\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deportation. That's the only way one could correspond with them. They had these\nspecial letters from the Red Cross that they returned to them and the Red Cross\nwould forward them to them in the camps. That was the only way. When the mail\nstopped coming, we knew something had happened. Everything was coded. We had to\nhave special words, for . . . \"If you don't hear from me, you'll ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know I'm not\ncoming.\" It had to be said in a different way so if the Germans read the letter,\nall the letters were censored by the Germans. It had to be where they could not\nfigure out what they mean. We had to have special codes for certain things.\n\nMARSHA: When you finished serving in the army, where were you at the end of the war?\n\nMAX: I was stationed in Berlin, my last place. Then, I went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to London.\n\nMARSHA: Did you ever do any of the intelligence work because you spoke German?\n\nMAX: Yes, I worked in Berlin for almost a year as military police intelligence.\nMy work was to interview, speak to only Germans, who were all German civilians\nwe were working with. It was usually a case of some German trying to get even\nwith another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German, denouncing them. They used to call up our post and we had\nto go investigate what was up. Or, if there were any trouble with military and\nGermans, which happened, too, then we had to go and investigate that. But, I had\nnothing really to do with military, as such. It was always civilians involved.\n\nMARSHA: You did a year in Berlin?\n\nMAX: I was there almost a year, right.\n\nMARSHA: Almost a year, doing this type of work?\n\nMAX: Right.\n\nMARSHA: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where was your family? Still in England?\n\nMAX: They were in England. They are still in England today. I have one sister\nleft in England. My parents were buried in England and my sister.\n\nMARSHA: After the year in Berlin, then where did you go?\n\nMAX: Back to London and I lived in London until 1951. I got married in 1948. I\nmet my wife in Berlin in 1947. We were married in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1948. My wife had gone to the\n. . . At the time when we met, she had her papers ready to go to America. I knew\nI was going back to England in a couple of weeks. There was no such thing where\nwe'd say, \"We'll get married quickly.\" There was no way we could do that. We got\nmarried two years later. My wife then, and I . . . I wanted to immigrate to\nAustralia because I have a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family in Australia and the British government\nwould have paid for my travel to Australia. But she didn't want to go that far,\nso we decided to move to America.\n\nMARSHA: Where was your wife during the war?\n\nMAX: In Berlin.\n\nMARSHA: She was in Berlin the whole time?\n\nMAX: She was a survivor in Berlin. The whole family survived the war. [They]\nwere hidden by Germans, each in a different place, and only my mother-in-law\nknew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where everybody was. No one knew where the other was.\n\nMARSHA: How many were in her family?\n\nMAX: My wife's parents, her brother and herself--just four. My father-in-law was\nhidden in like a victory garden, where he slept in a little hut and kept the\nman's victory garden going. My wife was kept by a German family as a nanny, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so\nto speak, but she used to sleep sometimes in the attic, sometimes in the\nbasement, sometimes in the barn, wherever they felt was necessary. They could do\nwhat they wanted with her and she couldn't say anything. They knew she was\nJewish and she had no reason to . . . She couldn't fight back. My brother-in-law\nwas hidden in a cupboard somewhere. He never went out into fresh air the whole\ntime, for about two years. My mother-in-law was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an apartment building, taking\ncare like a janitor for the apartments. She did not look Jewish and was just a\ntiny person, four foot, ten [inches], so nobody suspected her of anything.\n\nMARSHA: She knew where everyone was, so she gathered . . .\n\nMAX: Right, she was . . .\n\nMARSHA: At the end, she gathered everyone together?\n\nMAX: No, my mother-in-law was abducted by the Russians at Purim 1947, taken ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\nRussia, and convicted as an American spy, and given a life sentence. My\nfather-in-law and his children left Germany in 1948 and didn't know where she\nwas, had no sign of where she was. Although we had a feeling the Russians had\nabducted her, they never admitted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. Then, suddenly in 1954, my wife\nreceived a phone call one day that said, \"This is your mother.\" She was freed\nwhen [Josef] Stalin died on an amnesty. [Nikita] Khrushchev gave an amnesty to\n500 political prisoners is what I was told, and she happened to be amongst\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those. She was released and they told her . . . She couldn't go back to Germany\nbecause the family was in Russia, too. She told them she wanted to go back to\nGermany just to gather some things together and then she would come back.\nFortunately, my father-in-law had always sent care packages to the people who\nhad hidden them during the war, so they knew where he was. He kept contact with\nthem. When she contacted them, they gave her the address and that's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how she got\nhold of us. Of course, she got a visa to come to the United States right away.\n\nMARSHA: The family was in the United States already?\n\nMAX: My father-in-law, and my brother-in-law, and my wife, yes. We were in the\nU.S., but she didn't know that. When she was released by the Russians in 1954,\nwhich was six years after they had left, she didn't know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where they were. It was\njust that she found out from the Germans that were left behind, that knew where\nthey were because my father-in-law sent them care packages so they could buy\nthings. In those days in Germany, it was still hard to get food or clothing and\nthings like that. They used to sell everything on the black market. It's not\nlike today's economy. They used to sell coffee and he used to send them jeans\nand things they could sell on the black market to get money to buy things they\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"needed, coffee, sugar and so on.\n\nMARSHA: Then she was able to reunite with them in the United States?\n\nMAX: Right.\n\nMARSHA: We need to back up just a little. You worked in Berlin. Your family was\nstill in England?\n\nMAX: My family? Yes.\n\nMARSHA: Then, from Berlin, you went back to England.\n\nMAX: I went back to England, right.\n\nMARSHA: Then, you were married a year after that?\n\nMAX: I was married in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1948.\n\nJEFFREY JOTKOWITZ: 1949.\n\nMAX: Forty-nine, yes. I'm sorry.\n\nJEFFREY JOTKOWITZ: December.\n\nMARSHA: Your wife was with you in England?\n\nMAX: My wife came back from America to be married in England.\n\nMARSHA: That is where I was a little bit mixed up.\n\nMAX: No, I was discharged in February of 1948 from the army, the twenty-eighth\nof February. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left Germany on the twelfth of March to go to the United\nStates. You see, the time span did not allow for anything to happen. They went\nto America and came to Atlanta, to live in Atlanta.\n\nMARSHA: They came straight from Berlin?\n\nMAX: They were sent by HIAS to Atlanta, because New York they said was too many\npeople for HIAS to take care of. They could not do it.\n\nMARSHA: And their names?\n\nMAX: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jacobi.\n\nMARSHA: That was your wife's maiden name?\n\nMAX: Right.\n\nMARSHA: And your wife's name?\n\nMAX: Ruth.\n\nMARSHA: And her parents?\n\nMAX: Alexander Jacobi, and Helmut Jacobi, and my mother-in-law was Mania Jacobi.\n\nMARSHA: Did they come to Atlanta because they had family? You said they couldn't\n. . .\n\nMAX: Nobody. There was nobody.\n\nMARSHA: They just came?\n\nMAX: No, the HIAS advised them they could not take care of them in New York. My\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father-in-law, he said he didn't want to be in New York anyway. He wanted to be\nsomewhere it was warmer, so they suggested he go to Atlanta.\n\nMARSHA: Then, she came back. She met you back in . . .\n\nMAX: She came back to England a year and a half later.\n\nMARSHA: And you were married?\n\nMAX: We were married in London. We lived in London for two years. Since I had\nwanted to leave ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"London from the beginning--I didn't like the rainy weather--she\nsaid, \"Why go to Australia when I have family in Atlanta?\" We moved to Atlanta.\n\nMARSHA: What about your parents? I know that they passed away. Your mother did\nin 1942?\n\nMAX: New Year's Eve 1942. My father passed away on the first of December 1958.\n\nMARSHA: Did he stay in England?\n\nMAX: He stayed in England, yes.\n\nMARSHA: And your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sisters you told me . . .\n\nMAX: All my sisters, yes. I have still one sister living in London.\n\nMARSHA: She's still in London.\n\nMAX: Yes.\n\nMARSHA: That is how it happened that you came to Atlanta. Do you remember your\narrival in Atlanta? Does anything . . .\n\nMAX: When I came to Atlanta, I thought, \"What am I doing in this little\nvillage?\" It was . . . We arrived at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the old Terminal station. I was told, \"This\nis Atlanta,\" and it looked to me like I came to a little village. In other\nwords, I've seen the city grow from a little spot to quite a big city today.\n\nMARSHA: It was a big change?\n\nMAX: Yes.\n\nMARSHA: How were you received by the community? What was your perception of the\ncommunity when you arrived?\n\nMAX: I don't know. I didn't . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had my guarantor meet me the day I arrived.\nHe told me very nicely that since I came, now I shouldn't expect him to give me\nany money that I could I live. He expected me to go and find some work. I said,\n\"Don't worry. I'm going to go out tomorrow and find work,\" which I did the next day.\n\nMARSHA: Who was your guarantor? Was this your wife's family?\n\nMAX: No, somebody completely strange.\n\nMARSHA: Were they assigned through ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Federation?\n\nMAX: No, had nothing to do with the Federation. I never was connected to the\nFederation in any way. I never relied on the Federation for anything. I had my\nown money I brought with me. We immediately bought furniture and things we\nneeded with that. I never had to rely on that. As a matter of fact, two days\nafter I arrived in Atlanta, I had found work.\n\nMARSHA: What was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that?\n\nMAX: I had found work at the Jewish Home, which was then located on 14th Street.\nThey were just opening up and they were looking for a chef. I worked there as a\nchef until 1958.\n\nMARSHA: By working in that type of situation, did you become familiar with a lot\nof the community, or did you think that . . .\n\nMAX: The only people I met at the Jewish Home . . . because I worked about 17\nhours a day at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Home for forty dollars a week.\n\nMARSHA: At that time, do you remember other survivors coming into Atlanta?\n\nMAX: Very few. I had no contact with anybody because, by the time I came home, I\nwas too tired to think about meeting anybody. Usually, I came home and I dropped\ninto bed. I only had one day off from work, which was on Shabbos, and it was a\nvery hard time for me. I met very few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people during the years that . . . As a\nmatter of fact, when I asked the director at the Jewish Home for more time off\nso I could spend more time with my family, he said they couldn't afford to\nemploy somebody else because there was not money available. I decided to give\nthem notice and leave.\n\nMARSHA: What was your wife doing during this time?\n\nMAX: Nothing, taking care of our oldest son.\n\nMARSHA: Your son was born . . .\n\nMAX: In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"London.\n\nMARSHA: Your oldest son was born in London?\n\nMAX: Yes.\n\nMARSHA: In what year?\n\nMAX: In 1950.\n\nMARSHA: And his name?\n\nMAX: Robert.\n\nMARSHA: He came to the States with you when he was one year old.\n\nMAX: Right. He had his first birthday onboard ship.\n\nMARSHA: Of course, you were lucky because you didn't have too much of a language barrier.\n\nMAX: I had no language barrier whatsoever, no. The only thing was my accent.\n\nMARSHA: What about your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wife, because she was from . . .\n\nMAX: She had learned some English before. She took English lessons in Germany\nbefore leaving Germany. Of course, when she came over here, she went to . . . I\nthink it was the Community Center for some lessons. Of course, when you mix with\npeople and you don't speak anything but English, you learn it soon ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enough.\n\nMARSHA: Were her acquaintances people she met through the classes she was taking?\n\nMAX: She had some of the acquaintances that were from the classes, that she had\nmet. Some of the girls she had met in the classes, which some of them are still\naround today. I still see them, but I can't say that I'm close friends with\nthem, but I see them, I know who they are, except for one I'm friends ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with. But\notherwise, we lost contact with them. I can only say of my early years in\nAtlanta, we had very few friends.\n\nMARSHA: It was too hard. Did you feel that was because, like you said, you did\nnot get out, or did you feel it was more the community?\n\nMAX: No, I never thought about the community. I just thought about my family.\nBut, I felt that I needed more time to be with my family, rather than be working\nthe whole time.\n\nMARSHA: In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1958, you gave notice?\n\nMAX: Right.\n\nMARSHA: Then, where were you?\n\nMAX: I went to work in another restaurant and I found out, although they had\npromised me 48 hours a week, I was working 70 hours as well, although the pay\nwas a lot better. I was making more than double the amount of money, but when I\nsaw that was going to be the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same thing, I just gave up and said I was not going\nto do anymore cooking. Then, we decided I would buy a grocery store. I had the\ngrocery store a little over five years.\n\nMARSHA: Where was that? Where was your grocery store?\n\nMAX: On Jones Avenue [in northwest Atlanta] in a black neighborhood. The store\nwent up in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"flames. We lost everything. I didn't have any insurance. Then I\ndecided with the little money that I got back from the insurance, that was\npractically nothing. It was only the initial insurance that I had taken out on\nthe store. I had just filled the store with merchandise. It was in January. I\nhad completely stocked. Lost over half of the money in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. I decided I would\ntake what I got from the insurance company and started going to school to learn computers.\n\nMARSHA: When was that?\n\nMAX: [That was in] 1965. I worked as a salesman for Fuller Brush Company for\nthree years while I was going to school. Then I found myself a job where I\nstayed for 25 years before retiring.\n\nMARSHA: In between this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, you had another son?\n\nMAX: Yes.\n\nMARSHA: He was born in . . .\n\nMAX: [In] 1959.\n\nMARSHA: His name?\n\nMAX: Jeffrey. He was born here in Atlanta.\n\nMARSHA: You were going to school and working part-time?\n\nMAX: I had to work. I had to go to school in the mornings from eight o'clock\ntill around twelve or one o'clock, depending on the classes. Then I went home,\nate some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lunch, and went straight out to work until about nine o'clock in the evening.\n\nMARSHA: Did you see any or feel any discrimination in Atlanta at all?\n\nMAX: Discrimination? No. As far as being Jewish? No. I was very lucky. At the\ntime when I worked as a Fuller Brush salesman, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people had trust in me\nbecause I worked constantly. I kept on coming back. Some people had their doubts\nbecause, in those days even, it was hard for a door to door salesman to work.\nSome of them waited two or three times, but they saw me coming back, and then\nthey started buying from me because they knew I was going to be back. I still\nmeet some of the people today. They always say it was so good when I came. Of\ncourse, you don't have the Fuller Brush salesmen going around ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore.\n\nMARSHA: Where did you live when you . . .\n\nMAX: When I first came to Atlanta?\n\nMARSHA: Your first home.\n\nMAX: My first home, I had an apartment on Washington Street. I didn't know any\nbetter. My father-in-law decided they wanted us closer. They lived on Capitol\nAvenue. He wanted us close. I was getting a little bit nervous because we\narrived in the winter, but when it became ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spring, there were some kids playing\nout in the street, shooting BB guns at the pigeons. My son, who was a little\ntoddler, was out on the balcony, on the front porch. I was afraid he might get\nhit, so we decided to move somewhere else. By that time, I'd already gotten to\nknow Atlanta a little bit better. I knew that there was a better area than\nliving in the downtown Capitol Avenue area. We moved to Morningside ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from there.\n\nMARSHA: I know on Washington Avenue there were a lot of Jewish people.\n\nMAX: Not so much.\n\nMARSHA: Was this after? They had probably already moved by that time.\n\nMAX: Most of the Jewish families had already moved then. There were very few.\nAhavath Achim had already closed. It was still there, but it had already closed.\nThey were then on 10th Street at the time. Shearith Israel was still there, but\nthey ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were in the process of acquiring the new property where they are now on\nUniversity Street. I knew I had to move if I wanted to get anywhere. I was\nworried about my son getting hit by one of the BBs when they were firing and\nthey didn't care where they were firing, so we decided to move to Morningside.\n\nMARSHA: Your second home was in the Morningside area?\n\nMAX: Right.\n\nMARSHA: Then, you were working full time? Was that after you finished ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school?\n\nMAX: After I finished school, we had already bought this house here. I've been\nin this house since 1962, so almost forty years.\n\nMARSHA: Which synagogue did you join, or did you?\n\nMAX: Beth Jacob.\n\nMARSHA: You are still with Beth Jacob?\n\nMAX: I'm still with Beth Jacob. I spent part of my time when I first came, I\nwent to Shearith ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel. Then, when we moved to Morningside, I used to go\nsometimes to Beth Jacob or Shearith Israel. A lot of time, when I still worked\nfor the Jewish Home, I used to walk over to the Jewish Home. That was a 45\nminute walk from Morningside.\n\nMARSHA: When you settled down, did you start joining any organizations? How did\nyou start making your friends? I know in the beginning it was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really hard and\nyou just did not have time.\n\nMAX: I didn't have time. We picked up some friends. One of my brother-in-law's\nfriends used to come to our house and we used to play bridge. He taught us how\nto play bridge. We formed sort of a bridge club for ourselves and that's how we\ndeveloped our friends. Then afterwards, when I joined the synagogue, I made\nfriends in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue.\n\nRUTH: This is just to go back a little bit. I was just thinking that when you\nwere in Germany after the war, you must have been one of the only Jews left in\nGermany out of this tremendously thriving, rich Jewish community in every city\nin Germany. You must . . . What . . .\n\nMAX: I don't know. There are quite a few Jews that had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived the war, but all\nof them had more or less left Germany before the war. There was no one left in\nGermany that stayed during the war. I have a book of 10,000 Jews from Hamburg,\nincluding my relatives, which were listed in the book. The city of Hamburg\npublished a list of names of all the Jewish people that were deported from\nHamburg. Actually the only ones I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have met after the war are the ones who\nsurvived it outside, either here in this country, or in Israel, or in England,\nor in Australia. Those are the only ones I have met.\n\nRUTH: How did it feel being one of the only Jews left in this whole country?\n\nMAX: I don't know. You start wondering, \"What happened to the others?\" I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know I\nwent back to Hamburg in 1995. The German government in Hamburg invited us to\ncome for a visit. Although I was stationed in Germany before, I didn't feel it\nas much. I didn't want to go really, but I decided I better go back. We went\nback and my sister was invited at the same time, my surviving ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"older sister, and\nmy cousin from Australia, and his wife. They were invited, so we were already a\nfamily together. We were only, I think, 40 people in the group, but just like\none happy family. We didn't know one another but for the seven days we got\ntogether, we got to know one another pretty well I remember going to the museum,\nwhich was in the girls' school. Of the schools, there was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Jewish girls' school\nand a Jewish boys' school in Hamburg. We went to the museum. I happened to see a\npicture. Rather, there were two pictures there. I looked at it and below was a\nlist of names. It happened the names came back to me. They were all boys I was\ntogether with in the class. I looked at the picture and I said to the guide,\n\"Where did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get these pictures from?\" She said, \"From the teacher.\" I said,\n\"Where is he?\" I said, \"Apparently he's still alive.\" She said, \"Yes, he's alive\nand well in America.\" I said, \"Where?\" She said, \"Connecticut.\" He had taken the\npictures before he left Germany of his class, which was really after I had left,\nbut, I recognized the boys. I broke down when I saw the names of the deported\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. I have been in touch with the teacher. He lives up in Connecticut and we\ncorrespond with one another still. It seems odd today. Then, he was an old man\nand we were just children. Today, he's not much older than I am. He's very\nhappy. I gave him the class picture and he remembers the boys as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well. He said\nI'm one of the very few that still are in touch with him.\n\nRUTH: Was this an all Jewish class? It was after the Nuremburg Laws had taken\neffect, so these was all Jewish students?\n\nMAX: The Jewish schools were there before Hitler came, but they were closed\nduring Hitler's time. In 1938, they were closed, or 1939. At the outbreak of\nwar, they were closed. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They still kept the classes, but with deportation, there\nwere less and less children, so they were closed. When the war ended, there was\nno need for a Jewish school anymore.\n\nRUTH: Did you parents ever talk to you about how they were feeling as the\nanxiety about getting out of Germany started to build? Did they explain that to you?\n\nMAX: I was too little to understand. To me, it was just a lot of fun. My parents\nkept on saying, \"We're going to have to leave ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany.\" I said, \"Oh.\" When\nyou're a little child, eight or nine years old, you don't have those kind of\nthoughts. You don't have the full understanding of an adult. To me, it was just\na big thrill to be moving somewhere, to go somewhere else. I remember for a\nwhile, when my father had the intention of going to South America, he had\nemployed somebody to teach us Portuguese. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then after my father had gone to\nLondon, we found out we weren't going to go to Brazil. We dropped those classes.\nSince we were learning English in school anyway, this teacher who now lives in\nConnecticut, he said if I'm going to England, I better make it serious and learn\nEnglish. I was really the one that was helping my family out. My father, until\nthe end, couldn't speak much. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He could say, \"Yes,\" and, \"No.\" \u003claughs\u003e When I\nthink about it, if he went to Harrod's [department store in London, England] to\nbuy something, he spoke German to the salesperson and they had to understand.\nHow he managed to get around, I don't know. I remember my grandfather and my\ngrandmother. My father pulled them out of Germany in 1939. In May of 1939, he\ngot them out of Germany--my mother's parents--because it was getting too bad. My\nuncles had insisted they should ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not stay there. My grandmother didn't want to\nleave. She said, \"What are they going to do to me? I am German!\" But my father\ngot them a visa and they came over. My grandmother died in 1940 during the war.\nMy grandfather used to go and help my father at his work. My grandfather was a\nbutcher and he could cut up the meat. My father worked in a hotel. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They used to\ngive him . . . for extra pocket money, they used to have him come work there and\ncut up the meat. I'll never forget. During the blitz, in his later years, my\ngrandfather used to stroll off for walks. He would lose his way and never found\nhis way. The police would pick him up. In those days, everybody had\nidentification cards. They saw he was an enemy alien. What is an old man almost\n90 years old doing wandering around during an air raid? He couldn't be\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"classified as a spy, so they would call us up to come and pick him up, or they'd\nbring him home in a police wagon.\n\nMARSHA: That was your mother's parents?\n\nMAX: Right.\n\nMARSHA: What about your father's parents?\n\nMAX: They died long ago. My grandmother died in 1917, I believe, and my\ngrandfather died in January of 1926. It was before ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was born, so he never knew\nhis grandsons. He knew only granddaughters. He had thirteen granddaughters and\ndidn't know any grandsons. Then, three grandsons came afterwards. There's two in\nAustralia and one here.\n\nMARSHA: They carried on his name.\n\nMAX: There are two Max Jotkowitzes, yes. One in Australia and one here, not to\nhave any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"confusion.\n\nMARSHA: You said that you joined Beth Jacob. Do you think that any of this\ncarried through with you, your religious feelings carried from early days?\n\nMAX: Definitely.\n\nMARSHA: It was the way you were raised?\n\nMAX: Right. I was raised in an Orthodox home and even when I was in the army, I\nmaintained Orthodoxy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know a lot of people tell me . . .\n\nMARSHA: Was that a hard thing? I imagine that was a hard thing to do.\n\nMAX: I don't know. You can do whatever you want to. I remember speaking to my\nrabbi before I went into the army. He just told me that I have to do what I feel\nis right in my heart. I found it no hardship to do without meat. In England,\nthere's no problem. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English food, you may know, is very bland. Vegetables are\nusually cooked in plain saltwater, so I didn't have to worry about them putting\na hambone into the beets or the cabbage. We never heard of lard being used in\nbaking bread like they did here, so I always had bread and vegetables to eat. I\nused to go to the mess hall. Sometimes, they'd give me a piece of cheese or a\ncan of sardines, so I always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had something to eat.\n\nMARSHA: You followed your traditions through to your children?\n\nMAX: Right, both of my sons are observant.\n\nMARSHA: What were some of the challenges that you found here in the States?\n\nMAX: I found a lot of challenges. Some people have said to me that, \"You have to\nforgo some of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodoxy of being a Jew to be a Jew here.\" I found it isn't\nso. It's all according to what you want to do. A lot of people laughed at me\nwhen I came to Atlanta and said--because I'm wearing a yarmulke--that, \"That's\nridiculous. You don't do that anymore. It's not in the fashion,\" or, \"To wear a\ntallit is not in the fashion anymore.\" To go to shul every Shabbos is also not\nin the fashion anymore, but, as you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably know, whether you do or not, there\nare plenty of people today who go to shul every Shabbos and who observe the\nJewish holidays. I found that at work. When I applied for work, people said,\n\"How can you go to a place that is antisemitic?\" I said, \"I never found any\nantisemitism there.\" When I applied for the job, and they called me back for an\ninterview that they had accepted me, I told that that I am Jewish, that I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"observe Jewish holidays. They said, \"As long as you let us know when your\nholidays are, you can have off.\" I never would have expected that from a\nnon-Jewish firm, but I know if I had worked for some Jewish firm, they would\nhave said, \"You can't be off because we have to be open anyway.\" I didn't care\nwho I worked for. They were the ones that accepted me and I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"complete liberty\nas to what I was doing. Even when I had my store--maybe that's why I didn't do\nso good--I used to close up for the Jewish holidays, used to close up for\nShabbos. People used to say to me, \"You can't do that,\" but I did. I made a\nliving, but the store went up in flames. The fire department said it was the\nthermostat, but I believe it was set on fire because the owners wanted the lot.\nThey wanted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to build a parking lot there. They had told me several times to\nmove. I just told them I had nowhere else to go, I'm going to stay right there.\nWhen it burned, I wasn't in the store. It was a Sunday morning where I decided\nnot to go to the store, January 17th. The streets were full of ice and snow. I\nwas not going to risk my neck. I said to myself, \"If they want to eat, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they\nshould have had something in the house. I don't have to risk my neck to go\nthere.\" That afternoon, the fire department called and asked would I come and\nopen up the door. I said, \"Break down the door.\" It took me over an hour--which\nnormally would have taken me 15 [or] 20 minutes to go--took me over an hour to\nget downtown. There, the whole store was up in smoke. They wouldn't go in there\nbecause I wouldn't open up the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"door.\n\nMARSHA: Your children obviously know the story of how you came and . . .\n\nMAX: They're quite aware, yes.\n\nMAX: One interesting thing I wanted to mention about the Jewish Brigade is that,\nwhen the war ended, we were in the area of Bologna [Italy]. We were moved from\nthere up into the mountains, in the Alps, on the border ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Yugoslavia and\nAustria, a place called Havitzia, a little border town. We were given what was\nat that time a German hospital for . . . They became POWs [prisoners of war]\nthen. We were supposed to guard that hospital so nobody would get out of there\nuntil they were released. The first week we were there, within two or three\ndays, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two of my company friends were standing guard at the gate. There were some\nGermans always milling around. They had like a circle around the gate. They were\nnot supposed to cross that line. Two of the Germans, one on crutches and another\nsick person, were walking towards the line. The soldiers shouted out, \"Halt or I\nshoot!\" We weren't allowed to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"speak German. Most of us spoke German or Yiddish,\nbut we were not allowed to use either one so the Germans would not know. They\nknew we were Jews because we wore a Magen David, but they didn't know that we\ncould understand everything they were saying. We were supposed to listen to what\nthey had to say. He shouted out in English, \"Halt or I shoot!\" The Germans\ndidn't move. They kept on getting closer to this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"circle. He called out again.\nOne of the Germans, the one not on crutches, dropped back, went back into the\ncamp, so to speak. The one on crutches kept on coming forward. When he reached\nthe line, the boy shouted out again, \"Halt or I shoot!\" He started to cock his\ngun. The minute he cocked his gun, he dropped it. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw it was his own father.\nWhat happened was, his father was not Jewish. His mother was Jewish. He came\nfrom a mixed marriage. In 1939, before the war started, the parents decided to\nsend their two sons to Palestine. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The father told us that the Germans came to\nhis house and told him to divorce his wife so he would survive. He said he would\nnot, he married her and he was going to stay married to her. They finally came\nand picked her up, and deported her, and they took him into the army. He was\nsent to Italy, where he was wounded. Of course, when father and son met, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was\none of the first people we sent back to Palestine.\n\nRUTH: The British were allowing the Jewish soldiers . . .\n\nMAX: No, this was all done undercover.\n\nRUTH: Yes, so can you talk a little bit about that? I do not know much about that.\n\nMAX: There was a film on PBS [Public Broadcasting Station] about a year ago. I\nthink it was run the first time on Pesach of last year, so it's been a good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nine\nmonths. It has run a few times. It was run on second day of Yontif, I believe,\nthe first time. It mentioned the formation of the Jewish Brigade, and where they\nhad been fighting, and what they had done. Unfortunately, the ones that were\nbeing interviewed or had made the film were what we called then, 'Palestinians.'\nToday, we call them Israelis. They never mentioned anything about the British.\nThey did mention ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the Brigadier in charge of the brigade was Brigadier\n[Ernest] Benjamin, who was himself a Canadian. He came from Toronto, Canada.\nThey did not mention that most of the officers in the Jewish Brigade were not\nJewish, but were English officers, because there were not enough Jews who were\nofficers to serve in the Jewish Brigade. We had, I think, altogether about three\nor four officers who were Jewish. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All the rest were English. As it happened, my\ncompany commander and our battalion commander were both definitely not Jewish.\nOur company commander was a little what we used to call 'stupid' because he was\ntypically English. He couldn't see anything. But, our battalion commander,\nMajor, he came and saw what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was going on after the war, what we were doing. He\ngot the whole battalion together on the field. He said he knows what we are\ndoing. There was no other officer present. Either we let him join us or he'd\nhave every one of us court martialed, put behind bars, because what we were\ndoing was illegal. We had no other choice. He went across the border to Austria,\npicked up the displaced people from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps, just like we did, and helped us.\nHe was part of the SSI in the British Army. He was sent there to spy on us and\nhe actually helped us with it.\n\nRUTH: Did he ever explain why he was interested in helping you?\n\nMaAX: A lot of the non-Jewish personnel--and we had quite a lot--joined the\nJewish Brigade ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they had seen service in [the British Mandate of]\nPalestine. They liked the way things were in Palestine. They figured . . . Since\nmost of them were in holding camps at the time for one reason or another--some\nof them had been wounded, went to the hospital and had been out too long from\ntheir units--so they were transferred to other units or they had to wait until\nthey were being transferred. Instead of waiting to be transferred somewhere,\nthey had volunteered to go into the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Brigade, just like Jews. We had one\nbattery of artillery that was completely non-Jewish, all from England. Every one\nof them was a volunteer. We had one battery of artillery that was all\nIsraelis--Palestinians at the time. One was nothing but English Jews, or Jews\nwho had volunteered from England. They were not all English Jews. Enough of them\nwere foreign-born Jews. There were three different, segregated batteries of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"artillery. We had a medical unit. We had three battalions of infantry, which was\nmixed. We had our armored unit or company. We were fully self-contained. You\ncan't tell me they were all Palestinians, because they weren't. Most of them had\ncome from England. I remember in my company, we had them from all over the\nworld. We had some that came from South America, volunteered to go into the\nJewish Brigade. Some were from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland, some were from Russia, from Romania, from\nLithuania, Spain, from France. We had everything there.\n\nRUTH: How would you characterize the mission of the Jewish Brigade according to\nthe British and then according to you?\n\nMAX: We were a segregated unit, you might say, but we did not feel any\nanimosity. There was nothing like antisemitism. I always say the only ones that\nwas worse fighting was the Polish unit. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had a Polish Freedom Fighters unit in\nthe line with us in Italy. They were instigating more antisemitism. I mean, when\nwe went to town while off duty, there were more fights between the Poles and the\nJews in the line than there were between the Germans and the Jews. We didn't\nfind anything like that. We were recognized as being Jewish. Even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the war,\nwhen we went into Germany, we went in a long convoy coming down\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen. If you've heard of the Eagle's Nest, Hitler's favorite\nplace in Garmisch, coming down from Austria into Germany, we were going into\nGarmisch. Germans lined either side of the street, seeing the Jewish flag coming\nthrough with the trucks marked with the Magen David. One ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"woman was standing,\n[saying], \"Oh, my G-d! I didn't know the Jews had colonial troops.\" She was\nsaying that in German. One of the Temani, one of the Yemenites was saying, \"What\ndid she say?\" We told him. He took the broom that we had on the truck and just\nlashed out at her. He was so upset just from her calling him 'colonial troops.'\nThat was one of the things. The most moving story I ever said--and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe if\nyou know Sam Silverberg, he can help you out--we were going . . . Our convoy was\nnot supposed to go through the Landsberg concentration [displaced persons] camp.\nThey had blocked the concentration [displaced persons] camp, the road next to\nit. We had . . . the whole convoy of the Jewish Brigade had to go through that\ncamp. I'll never forget that.\n\nMARSHA: What year was this?\n\nMAX: In July ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1945. Sam Silverberg said we met then, but I didn't know it. He was\none of the camp police guards and I, of course, was on one of the trucks that\nwas going through the camp. We were not allowed to stop, but when we went\nthrough the camp, it was, to me, to see the walking, living skeletons there . .\n. Terrible ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sight. Nobody would believe it.\n\nMARSHA: They would not let you stop?\n\nMAX: No, I think we had to move on a time table. A convoy doesn't move fast\nanyway and we were not supposed to have gone through the camp in the first\nplace. The British had given orders we were not supposed to go through there,\nbut we were in an American Zone, so there was no control. We had to be at our\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"destined campsite for the night by a certain time, so we were not allowed to\nstop. We went from there, I believe, to Ludwigshafen, where we camped that\nnight. We had to get there at a certain time before nightfall.\n\nRUTH: Did you actually liberate any of the camps or help liberate?\n\nMAX: We only liberated their spirits, let's put it that way. We were never close\nenough to the camps that we could say we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberated the camps. I've been to\nLandsberg. I've been to Mauthausen. I've been to Bergen-Belsen, but\nBergen-Belsen was quite a few weeks after the war ended. And Dachau. These camps\nI had seen them, but we were never actually involved in the liberation.\n\nRUTH: But the former inmates saw you? What was their reaction to you, seeing the\nbig Magen David on your . . .\n\nMAX: That is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"indescribable. They were happy to see Jews in one big group as a\nfighting force coming through to them. They didn't know. They had met probably\nJewish soldiers at the time of liberation. I know there were quite a few Jewish\nsoldiers that were with the British forces in Bergen-Belsen and with the\nAmerican forces who acted as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interpreters at the time of liberation. But when\nthey saw there was one big Jewish army, that's what really was emotional. Those\nwere just some of the experiences. We were guarding SS prisoners in Holland. It\nwas, I believe, around September of 1945. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were supposed to lift the\nlandmines from the island, because the Germans at the time had scattered\nlandmines without marking their places. There were no maps to indicate where\nthey were. The Dutch could not work their fields or let the cattle go out to\ngraze because there were too many mines. We had the German POWs clear the\nminefields. They were all SS volunteers. The SS, as you may know, were all\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fanatics. Most of them were young boys, seventeen, eighteen years old. Some\nmaybe were in their twenties. We used to lose them at a rate of two or three a\nday. They used to plod for the mines, and then hit the mine, and blow themselves\nup with it, and then shout, \"Heil Hitler!\" while they were doing it. They\ncommitted suicide. They knew they were doing it. They didn't believe Hitler was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dead. It's like today, the fighters are doing in Israel, the young Arab kids\ndoing the same thing. They blow themselves up and think they're going to get\nliberated that way. That was the same thing. One of the Germans was working in\nour kitchen during KP [kitchen patrol] duty. He comes up to our cook and he says\nto him he wants to learn some English. He holds up this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[rag] and saying, \"What\nis this in English?\" He kept on saying, \"English. English.\" We were standing\nthere listening. He says, \"Oh, you want to know what that is in English?\" He\nsaid, \"That's a schmatta.\" We were listening that night. He went back to the\ntent where they were staying. He was telling his troops that he learned his\nfirst English word, that a rag is a schmatta.\n\nMARSHA: That is good! ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You had mentioned earlier that you had taken a trip back\nto . . .\n\nMAX: Hamburg.\n\nMARSHA: Hamburg in 1995.\n\nMAX: Yes.\n\nMARSHA: Who went with you? Did you go alone? Do you go with your family?\n\nMAX: I went with my son from here. Jeffrey went with me. They only gave you a\ntrip for two. Since Robert is working . . . He has his own business and he can't\nleave for any length of time. I decided to stay longer than the one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"week because\nI went to England to visit with my family, too, so we went. I went to Hamburg in\n1947 when I was in the service. I had never actually been stationed in Hamburg,\nbut before I left Berlin, I asked my officer if instead of getting a furlough to\ngo back to London--which I would be going anyway--could I take the two weeks and\ngo to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hamburg? He granted me that permission. I went to Hamburg to see what it\nwas like. Of course, then, it was a totally devastated city. I still found our\nname on the house.\n\nMARSHA: Could you remember too much? I mean, you were young when you left, but\nstill there probably were some . . .\n\nMAX: I wish you would ask my son about Hamburg. No, I remember it as if it was\ntoday. I remembered every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"street. We went back to Hamburg in 1995 and I was\nshowing the guide around, the shortest way to go one street to another, from one\nsector to another. The other people in the group--some of them were quite a bit\nolder than I, maybe ten years older than I, or more--did not remember anything.\nThey were wondering how I knew my way around. My sister and I were walking\naround like it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still today. Once you're . . . At least that's the way I\nfeel. I don't forget a thing once I was there. I mean, we were greeted when we\ngot off the plane and I was telling the bus driver that came to pick us up . . .\n\nMARSHA: You were with a tour somewhat?\n\nMAX: It was an invitation by the city of Hamburg. The city of Hamburg invited\nus. They invite so many people in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group. They give you seven days of being\ncelebrated by the city. They entertain you for seven days. You go to the theatre\none night, you go on sightseeing, you go on trips. You're entertained by\ndifferent personnel, by the city senators and so on. They have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole line of\nentertainment for you. Then usually, in the evenings, you were free to do\nwhatever you wanted. We were treated very well. The one thing they asked us--and\nI think they asked everybody--[was] if we would like to come back to Hamburg to\nlive. I told them right out, \"No, I would not.\" They said, \"Why not? You're from\nHamburg.\" I said, \"But I don't consider ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself that.\" They said, \"What do you\nconsider yourself being? An American?\" I said, \"No, I consider myself British.\"\nThey said, \"Why? You live in America? How can you consider yourself British?\" I\nsaid, \"Because I grew up in England.\" I said, \"My memory from Hamburg is,\nfortunately, not that great. I may remember streets, I may remember things, but\nI am not as familiar with Hamburg, or don't connect myself with Hamburg as much\nas I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do with England.\" I still today consider my home from London. We just got\nback from England a few weeks ago.\n\nMARSHA: Were the other people in your group, were some of them actually\nsurvivors, who had actually lived through . . .\n\nMAX: I don't think any of them were survivors. No, we were all survivors in a\ncertain way, but I think all of them had left Hamburg before the war because\nthere were actually no survivors in Hamburg during the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war. I showed you this\nbook here. There were no survivors. Everybody had left. Those that were there\nwere deported. There were no survivors there. Everybody had left before America\nentered the war, let's put it that way, before 1941. Some of the Jews that\nimmigrated to America still were able to get out in November 1941, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before\nAmerica entered the war. I have one of my cousins that moved to Cleveland\n[Ohio], left in August or September 1941 and came to the States. They had to go\nvia France to Spain, then to Lisbon. From Lisbon, they went to Cuba. From Cuba,\nthey came to the States.\n\nRUTH: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What did you teach your boys about being a Jew in the world, what that\nmeans, and what you learned from your own experience in Europe?\n\nMAX: What I learned from my own experience is what I always tell my boys: Never\nbe afraid to admit to people that you are Jewish. A lot of people try to hide\nthe fact when they get amongst non-Jews, they don't want to say that they're\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish. I've always said, \"Don't be afraid to admit you are Jewish,\" and to,\n\"Know what you're doing.\" I can't say that I can transfer to grandchildren\nbecause neither one of my sons are married, but they are conscientious Jews.\nThey are observant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews.\n\nMAX: I've found that you cannot discriminate with Germans, saying that all\nGermans are bad. We have a lot of people . . . I remember I had a strong\nanimosity towards Germans right after the war, especially when I was in the\narmy, because they were German. To me, you did not meet a bad German. All\nGermans played ignorant whenever we spoke as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soldiers to a German. In those\ndays, right after the war, we were not supposed to speak to Germans, strike up\nfriendships. There was the . . . We were not allowed to fraternize. If it was\nour business, that was different, but fraternization was not permitted. If you\nasked the Germans, \"Were you in the Nazi Party,\" they all said, \"No, no, no,\nno.\" You know quite well, if you know history, there was no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German who was not\nin the Nazi Party. They were all. They all had to be members. Otherwise, they\nwould have been in a concentration camp. I have a German neighbor up the street.\nShe told me herself there was no way she could not have been a member of the\nparty. Her father spent a year in the concentration camp because he refused to\njoin the Nazi Party, but she had to be in it because she was a young girl. She's\nmy age. She had to be in it because all girls had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be in it. Otherwise, they\nwould have been treated the same way or they would have been doing forced labor.\nToday, it's a different generation. You can't hold things against the Germans\nforever. You should not forget, but the people today, you can't blame them for\nwhat their parents did.\n\nMARSHA: My next question was going to be about there will be a lot of young\npeople that will be viewing the tapes. Of course, we are making ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it so it will\npass from generation to generation. Would this be part of the message you would\ngive to the younger people?\n\nMAX: I would say my message would be: Don't blame people today, but never forget\nwhat happened, because a lot of the Germans then did not become antisemitic or\ndid those things because they wanted to. A lot of them did it out of fear\nbecause of their government. In those days, they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afraid to even talk to one\nanother about the things that they thought. The people were afraid to talk to\ntheir children, in front of their children about the things they thought.\nEverything had to be . . . When a family talked, when a husband and wife talked\ntogether, they had to talk in code so their children shouldn't denounce them.\nThat's how bad it was. I have proof. My neighbor will tell you the same thing\nand she is a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German. I've known her for over 25 years. We worked together. She\njust happened to become a neighbor of mine. But I know that for a fact. Germans\nwere afraid of doing what they wanted to. They had to do it because they were\nforced to do it. If they didn't follow orders, they were killed, or they went to\nthe concentration camp. How many Germans were killed because of their beliefs?\nBut never think that they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not members of the party in those days. They all\nhad to be to survive.\n\nMARSHA: Does she know your story, your neighbor?\n\nMAX: No, I have never told her. She thinks I'm from England because I can get\naway it. I have always . . . I don't tell anybody that I'm from Germany or my\nfamily comes from Germany unless I have very intimate friends. Most of the\npeople just know that I'm from England because I can't deny sometimes my English\naccent comes up, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I don't think it's necessary to broadcast it. I worked for\n25 years for my company. Nobody ever knew that I was from Germany.\n\nMARSHA: Your story has been amazing. We appreciate it so much.\n\nMAX: I have, fortunately, nothing to say about concentration camps during the\nwar. The only thing I can say is I just hope nobody will ever see one again like\nit. From what I saw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was enough to last me my lifetime.\n\nMARSHA: It is so important for us to know.\n\nMAX: The walking skeletons, the stench of death, the stench of rotting carcasses\n. . . This is something I hope nobody will ever have to endure. I would like to\nchallenge anybody who says it wasn't so.\n\nMARSHA: This is why we have everything, that we are doing all the taping, and .\n. .\n\nMAX: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/transcript/42047/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can only report the things that I saw. I'm just glad I wasn't there to\nwitness during the war, but I witnessed enough to say it. Thank you for the interview.\n\nMARSHA: Thank you so much for doing the interview.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=5160.0,5190.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHamburg is a port city in northern Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed i deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShechita is the Hebrew term for the ritual slaughter of mammals and birds according to Jewish dietary laws. A religious Jew, a shochet, who is duly licensed and trained, must kill the animal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 21, 1933, a law was enacted in Germany that had the effect of outlawing kosher slaughter. Known as the German Animal Welfare Act [German: Reichstierschutzgesetz), the law prohibited the killing of animals for food if they hadn’t first been stunned or anesthetized. Because kosher slaughter requires that the animal be conscious at the time it is killed, it no longer conformed to the law.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine was a geopolitical entity under British administration. It was carved out of Ottoman Syria after World War I, and consisted of the territories of modern-day Israel and Jordan. British civil administration in Palestine operated from 1920 to 1948. It was formalized with the League of Nations’s consent in 1923 and contained two administrative areas. The land west of the Jordan River, known as Palestine, was under direct British rule until 1948, while the land east of the Jordan was a semi­autonomous region known as Transjordan under the rule of the Hashemite family. It gained independence in 1946 as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. When the British Mandate over Palestine expired on May 14, 1948, the State of Israel declared its independence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA kibbutz [Hebrew: gathering; clustering] is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. Today, farming has been partly supplanted by other economic branches, including industrial plants and high-tech enterprises. Kibbutzim began as utopian communities, a combination of socialism and Zionism. In recent decades, some kibbutzim have been privatized and changes have been made in the communal lifestyle. A member of a kibbutz is called a \"kibbutznik.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Home Office is a ministerial department in the United Kingdom, supported by 29 agencies and public bodies. The Home Office is the lead government department for immigration and passports, drugs policy, crime, fire, counter-terrorism and police.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVisa guarantor in UK\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn January 1933 there were approximately 523,000 Jews in Germany. Approximately 304,000 German Jews emigrated during the first six years of the Nazi dictatorship. When the Nazis came to power, there was an initial wave of emigration, mostly to neighboring European countries, which would later be occupied by the Nazis. In 1938—especially after Kristallnacht—Jewish emigration increased dramatically. Only about 202,000 Jews remained in Germany by the end of 1939. By October 1941, when Jewish emigration was officially forbidden, the number of Jews in Germany had declined to 163,000. Until October 1941, German policy officially encouraged Jewish emigration. However, American immigration quotas and the increasing reluctance of European and British Commonwealth countries to accept additional Jewish refugees combined with increasingly restrictive German policies to make emigration increasingly difficult. The cost for Jews to leave Germany was increasingly and prohibitively high in the years leading up to World War II. Most of the German Jews who managed to emigrate after Kristallnacht were completely impoverished by the time they were able to leave. In order to further pay the various taxes and restrictions imposed on Jews leaving Germany and the high cost of emigration, many Jews were forced to sell their real estate, possessions, and other assets for far less than their actual worth. To keep the purchase and sale of Jewish property and assets “legal,” local currency offices policed emigration. German authorities considered Jewish belongings and their financial capital to German property and Jews who emigrated were not allowed to take anything of material value with them. The amount of currency (10 Reichmarks, or about US $4) and assets Jews were allowed to take out of Germany was also highly restricted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1924 Johnson-Reed Act had cut immigration quotas to admit fewer than 6,000 Polish immigrants into the United States per year. From 1939 to 1945, the quota for Polish immigrants admitted into the U.S. had increased to 15,000 per year. In 1936, about 7,000 German immigrants were approved for visas.. By 1938, that number had increased to more than 20,000, but more than 300,000 Germans —mostly Jewish refugees- had applied. In 1939, the quota allowed for 27,370\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hitler Youth [German: Hitlerjugend] was a youth organization of the Nazi Party in Germany. It existed from 1922 to 1945. It was modeled after its adult counterpart, the Sturmabteilung (SA), and was paramilitary in organization. It was for males 14 to 18 years of age. There was another section for young boys called Deutsches Jungvolk and a girls’ section called Bund Deutscher Madel [German: Association of German Girls]. The Hitler Youth were viewed as future “Aryan supermen” and were indoctrinated as such. The Hitler Youth put emphasis on physical and military training. The organization emphasized sports as a means of preparing boys for service as soldiers in the armed forces or, later, in the SS. They had uniforms like the SA with similar ranks and insignia. It also served to indoctrinate students with the National Socialist worldview.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] The National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1910, the Boy Scouts of America (BSA, colloquially the Boy Scouts) is the largest scouting organization and one of the largest youth organizations in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDunkirk was a pivotal point in World War II history.  In May 1940, the British and French forces were driven back to Dunkirk on the coast of France and just across the Channel from Great Britain.  Surrounded by Germans, several hundred thousand soldiers were about to be wiped out or taken prisoner by the Germans.  Winston Churchill ordered any ship or available boat, large or small, to pick up the stranded soldiers.  Some 861 ships, including any boat that could even remotely float, responded to his call.  In nine days from May 27 to June 4, 1940, 338,226 men (including French, English, Polish, Belgian and Dutch troops) were spirited off the beach under murderous German artillery and aircraft fire at great risk.  Some 40,000 soldiers were not rescued and were captured and left to make their own way home.  All of their equipment and ammunition had to be left behind.  It was a bittersweet victory as Dunkirk was in actuality a terrible defeat.  Winston Churchill called it a “miracle of deliverance,” while at the same time warning that “wars are not won by evacuation.” After Dunkirk, Germany controlled of large parts of continental Europe, which came to be known as “Fortress Europe.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the fall of France in June, 1940 foreigners living in Great Britain were rounded up and interned.  They were classified into ‘A’s who were immediately arrested. ‘B’s were left free initially, but then taken into custody after May 1940.  ‘C’s were “friendly aliens” and allowed to remain at liberty.  Women were classified as ‘C’s because presumably they would not be spies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Isle of Man is a self-governing British Crown dependency in the Irish Sea between England and Ireland\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ‘Blitz’, or the ‘London Blitz’, was the sustained bombing of London by Germany between September 7, 1940 and May 10, 1941.  Many other cities were bombed as well, including Coventry, which was destroyed. The Luftwaffe [German air force] bombed London for 76 consecutive days and nights.  More than 1,000,000 homes were destroyed or damaged, one in six Londoners were made homeless, and more than 40,000 civilians were killed, half of them in London.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish battalions from the British Mandate of Palestine began fighting with the British Army as early as 1940, but it wasn’t until September 1944 that the Jewish Brigade Group (also known as the “Jewish Brigade” or “Israeli Brigade”) was formally established. The Jewish Brigade fought under the Zionist flag and served in Italy in 1945. After the war, Brigade members helped establish displaced persons camps in Europe and became active in organizing the emigration of Holocaust survivors to Palestine. The Jewish Brigade was disbanded in the summer of 1946. Many Brigade members joined the Haganah, a paramilitary organization in the British Mandate of Palestine, which became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh HaShanah [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh HaShanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippur may revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (1874-1965) was a British politician, historian, writer, and army officer who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. As Prime Minister, Churchill led Britain to victory over Nazi Germany during World War II. His speeches were a great inspiration. One speech included the words: “... we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.” He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 for his lifetime body of work.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] Beginning in 1920, Great Britain ruled Palestine under a mandate created by the League of Nations. The British were to facilitate the establishment of a modern Jewish homeland. Due to Arab opposition to the proposed Jewish homeland in Palestine, the British initially refused to establish a separate fighting unit of Jewish volunteers from Palestine. However, wartime manpower requirements and the strategic need to defend the Middle East induced the British to permit the formation of 15 Palestinian Jewish battalions. These units were incorporated into the British army in September 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Seige of Tobruk was the longest confrontation between Allied and Axis forces in the North African theatre during World War II. Tobruk (also Tubruq) is a port city in northeastern Libya. Tobruk was strategically important for the Allies’ defense of Egypt and the Suez Canal. The city changed hands multiple times. The British captured the city from the Italians in January 1941, but by spring, the Germans besieged and captured the city. The British finally recaptured Tobruk on November 13, 1942, after their Al-Alamein offensive. In all, the siege lasted 241 days.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Royal Pioneer Corps was a British Army combatant corps used for light engineering tasks such as building anti-aircraft emplacements, working on the Mulberry harbors for D-Day, and serving during beach assaults in France and Italy. Pioneers also carried stretchers, built airfields, repaired railways, and moved stores and supplies. Its recruits included Jewish and anti-Nazi refugees who had fled from Austria, Germany and Eastern Europe. It was formed in 1939, and amalgamated into the Royal Logistic Corps in 1993.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman forces attacked Belgium, the Netherlands, and France from the west on May 10, 1940. Initially, British and French commanders believed that German forces would attack through central Belgium and rushed forces to the Franco-Belgian border to meet the German attack. The main German attack, however, went through the Ardennes Forest in southeastern Belgium and northern Luxembourg. German tanks and infantry quickly broke through the French defensive lines. Belgium and the Netherlands surrendered in May. Paris fell to the Germans on June 14, 1940. On June 22, 1940, France signed an armistice with Germany, which went into effect on June 25, 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and tens of thousands were literally worked to death. American troops liberated the camp on April 29, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMauthausen was the primary concentration camp in Austria. It had a whole series of sub-camps (about 50). It was opened after the Anschluss (when Germany annexed Austria) in March 1938. It was established on the site of the Weiner Graben granite quarry and its purpose was to use slave labor to exploit the quarry. At first it was a punishment camp where prisoners were sent to serve out their sentences under very severe conditions. The death rate was the highest among all the camps in the Greater Reich. In addition to working in the quarries, which was essentially a death sentence, the prisoners also worked on construction projects (such as building roads, power plants, tunnels or power stations) and for the armaments industry. Its last commandant, Franz Ziereis was notorious for his brutality and cruelty. About 200,000 prisoners passed through Mauthausen and its sub-camps and the death rate was about 50 percent. The Americans liberated it on May 5, 1945\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II, the Brichah [Hebrew: “escape” or “flight”] was an underground effort that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors escape to what was then the British Mandate of Palestine in violation of the White Paper of 1939. Officers of the Jewish Brigade of the British army, along with operatives from the Haganah (the Jewish clandestine army in Palestine) helped to smuggled as many displaced Jewish persons as possible into Palestine through Italy. The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee funded them. After the Kielce pogrom of 1946, the flight of Jews accelerated and Brichah helped about 250,000 survivors in Eastern Europe (under the Russians) get into Austria, Germany and Italy and then on to Palestine through elaborate smuggling networks. Brichah ended when Israel became independent.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Red Cross began setting up a message service in 1936. Red Cross letters enabled emigrants to stay in touch with relatives who had remained in Germany or had already been deported, even if they could not use the regular postal service. From 1940 onwards, corresponding by regular mail with countries at war with Germany was prohibited. Correspondents could write messages of up to 25 words on a form provided by the Red Cross. It often took several months for the messages to reach their recipients. Because of strict censorship, they could only write about personal and family matters and in the broadest of terms. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1941 through 1945, the Jews of Hamburg were deported on 17 transports to Lodz, Minsk, Riga, Auschwitz-Birkenau and Theresienstadt. More than 300 of the city's Jews committed suicide; 80 during the height of the deportations in late 1941. By 1943, there were only 1,800 Jews left in Hamburg, most of whom were married to non-Jews. Hamburg’s Jewish community was officially liquidated in June of that year. In all, about 7,800 Hamburg Jews were murdered in the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin. May 8 was celebrated by the Allies as “V-E Day,” which stands for “victory in Europe.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] Purim is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the Jewish people in the ancient Persian Empire from destruction in the wake of a plot by Haman, a story recorded in the Biblical Book of Esther. According to the Book of Esther, Haman planned to kill all the Jews, but Mordecai and his adopted daughter Queen Esther foiled his plans. The day of deliverance became a day of feasting and rejoicing. Some of the customs of Purim include drinking wine, wearing masks and costumes, and public celebration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (1894-1971) led the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War, serving as the First Secretary of the Communist Party from 1953 to 1964 and as premier from 1958 to 1964. A more liberal leader than Stalin, Khrushchev freed political prisoners and enacted many reforms in domestic policy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili, 1878-1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid- 1920s until his death. He is considered one of the most powerful and murderous dictators in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) was founded in 1881. Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian in relocating. During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East. They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas. After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere. Since that time, the organization continues to provide support for refugees of all nationalities, religions, and ethnic origins. The organization works with people whose lives and freedom are believed to be at risk due to war, persecution, or violence. HIAS has offices in the United States and across Latin America, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Since its inception, HIAS has helped resettle more than 4.5 million people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTerminal Station was the larger of two principal train stations in downtown Atlanta, Union Station being the other. Opening in 1905, Terminal Station served Southern Railway, Seaboard Air Line, Central of Georgia, and the Atlanta and West Point.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds, which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community. Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, and educational opportunities. It is an affiliate of the Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Home was a nursing home in Atlanta providing short and long-term dementia, Alzheimer’s, and nursing care. It first opened in 1951 at 260 14th Street, NW, on land that had been donated by real estate developer Ben J. Massell. The Home’s growth called for a larger, updated facility, leading to the construction of a new building at 3150 Howell Mill Road, NW. The second Jewish Home opened on February 16, 1971. In 1991, it was renamed the William Breman Jewish Home to honor and recognize its third president, Bill Breman, as the prime motivator of the modern-day facility.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Fuller Brush Company was founded in 1906 by Alfred Fuller. It sells branded and private label products for personal care as well as commercial and household cleaning. Consolidated Foods, now Sara Lee Corporation, acquired Fuller Brush in 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorningside/Lenox Park is a neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia founded in 1923. It is located north of Virginia-Highland, east of Ansley Park and west of Druid Hills. Approximately 3,500 households comprise the neighborhood that includes the original subdivisions of Morningside, Lenox Park, University Park, Noble Park, Johnson Estates and Hylan Park. After World War II, residents of heavily Jewish Washington-Rawson and Summerhill neighborhoods south of the State Capitol relocated to northeast Atlanta including Morningside when those old Jewish neighborhoods were demolished to make way for the Downtown Connector freeway and Turner Field.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue (often referred to as \"AA\") was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2022, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area..\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation. Beth Jacob is now Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Congregation Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960s, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDie Jüdischen Opfer Des Nationalsozialismus [German: The Jewish Victims of National Socialism] is a memorial book compiled by the State Archive in Hamburg and published in 1965. The book lists the 6,150 known names of 7,812 Hamburg Jews who were victims of Nazi Persecution. It includes all of the names on each transport of Hamburg Jews as well as information on deportations from medical facilities and on persons who committed suicide. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHamburg was home to two Jewish schools, the Talmud-Tora-Schule [German: Talmud-Torah School] for boys and the Israelitische Töchterschule [German: Israelite Girl’s School] for girls. In April 1939, the two schools were merged together in the girls’ school at Carolinenstrasse 35 [today’s Karolinenstrasse] and stayed open until all Jewish schools in Germany were forcibly closed in June 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis’ racial laws were a set of policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany, asserting the superiority of the “Aryan race,” and based on a specific racist doctrine, which claimed scientific legitimacy. These policies targeted Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, handicapped people, and others who were labeled as inferior in a racial hierarchy to the “master race” of Germans. In Germany, the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were passed on November 15, 1935. They formed the cornerstone of the German Nazi Party’s racial policy and heralded in a new wave of antisemitic legislation that brought about immediate and concrete segregation. They included the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, prohibiting marriages and sexual relations between Jews and Germans, and the Reich Citizenship Law, which stripped Jews of their German citizenship. Allies of the Nazis emulated these laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA tallit is a prayer shawl fringed at each of the four corners in accordance with biblical law. The wearing of tallit at worship is obligatory only for married men, but it is customarily worn also by males of bar mitzvah age and older. In non-Orthodox congregations, women may also wear the tallit if they so choose.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish men cover their heads during prayer with a small skullcap called a yarmulke (Yiddish) or kippah (Hebrew). Orthodox Jewish men wear it at all times to remind themselves of God’s presence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Brigade saw combat in Italy in the spring of 1945, toward the end of the war, fighting as part of Operation Grapeshot against German and Fascist Italian forces. Operation Grapeshot was an Allied offensive that took place between April 6 and May 2, 1945 in northern Italy. It ended with the surrender of German forces in Italy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYontif refers to a Jewish holiday, especially one on which work is prohibited, and is a term most commonly used among Orthodox Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrigadier Ernest Frank Benjamin (1900-1969) was a Canadian-born British Jewish officer who commanded the British Army's Jewish Brigade during the Second World War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Joint Services School of Intelligence - officially known as the School of Service Intelligence (SSI) - was formed in around 1969 by adding Royal Navy and Royal Air Force elements to the former School of Military Intelligence. The SSI provided training to all elements of the British Armed Forces, civilian authorities and international partners. The SSI was later renamed the Defense Intelligence and Security School (DISS).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter Poland’s defeat in 1939, the Polish government-in-exile quickly organized a new army of Polish soldiers and civilians who had escaped to France and the French Mandate of Syria. After the defeat of France in the summer of 1940, the Polish Army moved to the United Kingdom and was reorganized into what was known as the Polish Army in the West. Members of the Polish Air Force and Navy also organized as part of the Allied forces in the United Kingdom. General Władysław Sikorski became Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile and Commander in Chief of the Polish Armed Forces during World War II. Following Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the Soviets agreed to release Poles who had been deported to the USSR, enabling them to join the newly formed Polish Army in the East, under the command of Władysław Anders. The Polish Armed Forces as a whole were considered to be the fourth largest Allied Army in Europe after the Soviet Union, the USA and Britain.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Magen David [Hebrew: Shield of David], or as it is more commonly known, the Star of David, is the symbol most commonly associated with Judaism today. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Kehlesteinhaus, or Eagles Nest, is a chalet perched above atop the summit of the Kehlstein Mountain in the Bavarian Alps on the Austrian border. The retreat was a fiftieth birthday present built for Adolf Hitler.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe camp at Garmisch-Partenkirchen is southwest of Munich and was part of the Dachau concentration camp. It was established on December 9, 1944 in the former Sonnenbichel hotel, which had been evacuated for the SS and was used as a hospital for SS members. Prisoners sent to Garmisch-Partenkirchen looked after the SS men. After liberation it was used to nurse ex-prisoners back to health.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYemenite Hebrew also referred to as Temani Hebrew, is the pronunciation system for Hebrew traditionally used by Yemenite Jews. Yemenite Jews or Yemeni Jews or Teimanim are those Jews who live, or once lived, in Yemen. Between June 1949 and September 1950, the overwhelming majority of Yemen's Jewish population immigrated to Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLandsberg am Lech (or simply “Landsberg”) is a town in southwest Bavaria, Germany, about 40 miles (65 km) west of Munich. It housed the second largest displaced persons camp in the American Zone. It was founded in April 1945 in former military barracks. From October 1945, Landsberg functioned as an exclusively Jewish Camp. The population of 5,000 Jewish DPs was chiefly comprised of Russian, Latvian, and Lithuanian survivors. The town is also noted for the prison where Adolf Hitler was imprisoned in 1924.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLudwigshafen is a city in western Germany, between Manheim and Heidelberg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] Bergen-Belsen was a Nazi concentration camp in what is today Lower Saxony in northern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle. Originally established as a prisoner of war camp, in 1943, parts of it became a concentration camp. After 1945, the name was applied to the displaced persons camp established nearby, but it is most commonly associated with the concentration camp. From 1941 to 1945, almost 20,000 Soviet prisoners of war and a further 50,000 inmates died there. Overcrowding, lack of food and poor sanitary conditions caused outbreaks of typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever and dysentery, leading to the deaths of more than 35,000 people in the first few months of 1945, shortly before and after the liberation. The camp was liberated on April 15, 1945, by the British 11th Armored Division. The soldiers discovered approximately 60,000 prisoners inside, most of them half-starved and seriously ill, and another 13,000 corpses lying around the camp unburied. The horrors of the camp, documented on film and in pictures, made the name \"Belsen\" emblematic of Nazi crimes in general for public opinion in many countries in the immediate post-1945 period. Today, there is a memorial with an exhibition hall at the site.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/annotation_set/1007/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePearl Harbor is located on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands in a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. It was bombed by Japanese Navy Air forces on December 7, 1941, the action that directly prompted the United States' entry into World War II. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=4740.0,4770.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Max Jotkowitz [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Early Childhood","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=0.0,651.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My name is Marsha Brono. We are going to be doing an interview with Max Jotkowitz. Today is February 8, 2001","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=0.0,651.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brazil","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cyprus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"England","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hamburg, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kosher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=0.0,651.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in England","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=651.0,968.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then you met up with your father in England?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=651.0,968.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"air raid warden","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bombings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dunkirk","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Internment Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"London, England","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=651.0,968.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II Military Service","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=968.0,1482.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was that for a couple of years. Then, I decided to join the army because they formed the Jewish Brigade","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=968.0,1482.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"British Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Brigade","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine Regiment","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pioneer Corps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Winston Churchill","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=968.0,1482.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wife's Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1482.0,1992.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After the year in Berlin, then where did you go?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1482.0,1992.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alexander Jacobi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, GA","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Australia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helmut Jacobi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIAS","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mania Jacobi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nikita Krushschev","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ruth Jacobi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1482.0,1992.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coming to Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1992.0,2819.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is how it happened that you came to Atlanta. Do you remember your arrival in Atlanta? Does anything ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1992.0,2819.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beth Jacob","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Capitol Avenue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fuller Brush Company","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jones Avenue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Morningside","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shearith Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Jewish Home","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Washington Street","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=1992.0,2819.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Revisiting Hamburg, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2819.0,3015.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went back to Hamburg in 1995. The German government in Hamburg invited us to come for a visit.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2819.0,3015.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israelite Girl's School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Talmud-Torah School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=2819.0,3015.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Childhood Part 2","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976#t=3015.0,3243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87886/file/180976/index/52732/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you parents ever talk to you about how they were feeling as the anxiety about getting out of Germany started to build? 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