{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/pr7mp4w55w/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Hirsch, Benjamin (1996)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1995-12-11 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Absence of Humanity Project (AOH)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Hirsch was interviewed by Sandra Berman on December 11, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin introduces his family. He describes what he witnessed on Kristallnacht and his father’s arrest. Ben explains how he was sent to France with his four older siblings and the various homes he lived in over the next few years. He recollects his journey from France through Spain to Portugal before sailing to the United States. Ben explains how the siblings ended up in Atlanta, Georgia. He shares many of his experiences adjusting to life in the United States and growing up in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28310"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Benjamin Hirsch (personal name)","Dr. Hermann Hirsch (personal name)","Mathilde Auerbach Hirsch (personal name)","Jack Hirsch (Jacob Hirsch) (personal name)","Asher Hirsch (Anselme Hirsch) (personal name)","Flora Hirsch Spiegel (Blimel Hirsch) (personal name)","Sarah Hirsch Shartar (Gusti Hirsch) (personal name)","Werner Hirsch (personal name)","Roseline Hirsch (personal name)","August Hirsch (personal name)","Michal Hirsch Appelbaum (personal name)","Adinah Hirsch (personal name)","Shoshana Hirsch (personal name)","Rafael Hirsch (personal name)","Jacqueline Hirsch (personal name)","Ernst Kopstein (personal name)","Nathan Samuels (personal name)","Helen Samuels (personal name)","Arno Horenshek (personal name)","Rabbi Selig Auerbach (personal name)","Doyle Kugler (personal name)","Willby Family (personal name)","Bregman Family (personal name)","Hirschberg Family (personal name)","Unger Family (personal name)","Goncher Family (personal name)","Adolf Hitler (personal name)","Nikolaus \"Klaus\" Barbie (personal name)","Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (O.S.E.) (corporate name)","Hebrew Institute for Deaf and Exceptional Children (HIDEC) (corporate name)","Friedberger Anlage Synagogue (corporate name)","Shaare Zedek Hospital (corporate name)","Atlanta Boys' Club (corporate name)","Jewish Family Services (corporate name)","Hebrew Orphans' Home (corporate name)","Hoke Smith Junior High School (corporate name)","Hoke Smith High School (corporate name)","Frankfurt, Germany (geographic term)","Creuse, France (geographic term)","Vichy, France (geographic term)","Paris, France (geographic term)","Montmorency, France (geographic term)","Brout-Vernet, France (geographic term)","Lisbon, Portugal (geographic term)","Madrid, Spain (geographic term)","New York (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Catskills Mountains, New York (geographic term)","Pyrenees Mountains (geographic term)","United States of America (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Spain (geographic term)","Chateau de Masgelier (geographic term)","Chateau de Morrelles (geographic term)","Villa Helvetia (geographic term)","Buchenwald Concentration Camp (geographic term)","S.S. Mouzinho (topical term)","Kristallnacht (topical term)","Kindertransport (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Schutzstaffel - SS (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Death Camps (topical term)","Escaping (topical term)","Freedom (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Hirsch was interviewed by Sandra Berman on December 11, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin introduces his family. He describes what he witnessed on Kristallnacht and his father’s arrest. Ben explains how he was sent to France with his four older siblings and the various homes he lived in over the next few years. He recollects his journey from France through Spain to Portugal before sailing to the United States. Ben explains how the siblings ended up in Atlanta, Georgia. He shares many of his experiences adjusting to life in the United States and growing up in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/101/793/small/Hirsch_Benjamin_1996.mp4_1608226466.jpg?1608208466","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Hirsch_Benjamin_1996.mp4"]},"duration":2761.684,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/101/793/small/Hirsch_Benjamin_1996.mp4_1608226466.jpg?1608208466","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/101/793/original/Hirsch_Benjamin_1996.mp4?1608208465","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2761.684,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Hirsch, Benjamin [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Ben, could you begin by giving us your name, and where you were from,\na little bit about your family?\n\nHIRSCH: My name is Benjamin Hirsch. I was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany in\n1932. I was the fifth child of seven children born to Dr. Hermann Hirsch and\nMathilda Auerbach ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hirsch. In 1937 my brother was born and in 1938 my younger\nsister was born. There was this hiatus or stop in the growth of our family\nbecause of what happened when Hitler came to power in 1933, when so much\nfinancial pressure was put on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish businesses and Jewish professionals. My\nfather was a dentist and overnight his practice was cut into one-third. It made\nit extremely difficult on us. My older brother and sister were sent away for a\ncouple of years because we couldn't afford to feed the family. That's how it\nremained for a while. The situation being what it was, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most Jewish dentists and\nprofessionals left Frankfurt, which ended up being beneficial financially to my\nfather and his business. Being the only Jewish dentist left to cater to Jewish\nclientele, then his business grew. We were able to get the family together again\nand they were able to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"start having children again. In 1938, of course,\nKristallnach is the most glaring memory I have, memories that are in one case\nstill with me from a six-year-old child. I actually had witnessed the\ndestruction of our synagogue, the Friedberger ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anlage synagogue, which was a\nmagnificent edifice. I just found recently that my cousin was twelve at the\ntime, was with me as we stood across the street in the park watching the\nsynagogue being vandalized, burned, and on the way to being destroyed over the\nmonths after Kristallnacht. It was a religious experience actually. I stood\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there watching. There were many people there. Half of them about were just as\nstunned as Arno and I were watching these hoodlums run in and out, bringing out\nartifacts and bringing in more flammable material and trying to burn the place\ndown. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other half of the people were actually cheering them on as if they\nwere at a soccer or football game. There were policeman that were there too. At\nfirst, when we saw the policemen, we felt good about it, thinking they were\ngoing to put a stop to it. Then we realized they were there to protect the\nvandals, the people who were there to destroy the synagogue. Obviously, we found\nout later on that this was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coordinated pogrom going after all the synagogues,\nnot just in Frankfurt, but all over Germany and some in Austria as well. We saw\nthem taking out the Torah scrolls even and opening them up. There was a picket\nfence in between the arches at the front of the synagogue. They opened up the\nscrolls, then pierced the parchment, and put it on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their spikes and then danced\naround to show how proud they were of that deed. That of course got a lot of\ncheers from that group that was in the mode to cheer. That was an experience\nthat stayed with me and has stayed with me all these years. The other experience\nof Kristallnacht--actually it was on November 10, 1938--was the arrest of my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father. My memories of that are secondhand. I've been told about this actually\nby the children of my siblings. Being the younger of the five children who\nsurvived of my family, I was always treated like a baby in the sense that I\nshould not be bothered by these horrible ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"memories. Nobody told me anything, to\nthe point that I didn't even know I had relatives anywhere. I didn't know\nanything about anything that had to do with family. The story goes that the\nNazis, the Gestapo, came after my father because he was a leader in the Jewish\ncommunity. They came to arrets him as they arrested many other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leaders of the\nJewish community. They came to our door. There was a Gestapo man in a trench\ncoat who seemed to be the head of the group. And there were several armed and\nuniformed policemen and SS men. They had a couple of dogs, German police dogs\nwith them too. The man in charge--the man in the trench coat--approached my\nmother, who was holding my baby ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister in her arms. Demanded that she produce\nDr. Hermann Hirsch, her husband, because they wanted to see him. She tried to\nprotect my father, knowing this was not going to be anything good. She tried to\nexplain to them that he was not home. She kept very calm, the way I understand\nit. She just said that he wasn't home and that if they would leave a number, he\nwould be happy to call them when he got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back. They didn't think that was alright\nat all. The man in the trench coat grabbed the baby out of my mother's arms and\nthrew it on the floor. He pulled a pistol and pointed it at the baby and said,\n\"You have thirty seconds for Dr. Hirsch to appear. If he doesn't come in 30\nseconds, I'll shoot the baby. Then I'll start shooting, by age, the other\nchildren and you're last.\" My father, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was hiding in the back, heard all\nthis. He came out and discerned himself. I understand he was taken to\nBuchenwald. I found out some years later that he was ransomed out of Buchenwald\nby a cousin in Switzerland and came back home. But he was not able to leave\nFrankfurt. By the time we got to the States, we received ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"letters from him--or my\noldest sister received letters from him--pleading for money. I think they wanted\nsomething like $3,000 to get him a visa to go to Cuba. We found out later on\nthat it was a big joke anyway. It never would have happened, but it put a\ntremendous amount of pressure on my sister to raise the funds. She tried to\nraise the funds and some friends in New York tried to raise the funds. They\nactually ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"raised about two-thirds of the funds, but they were not able to raise\nall of the funds and it was very, very sad. We found out from other people who\ndid raise the funds that the money just went to naught anyway because there was\nno getting out of Germany at that time anymore--we're talking about 1942 when\nthis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened. Going back to 1938, after my father was arrested, my mother\ndecided it was time to do something. They had discussed in the past the\npossibility of leaving Germany. Relatives outside of Germany tried to get them\nto leave. My father was absolutely opposed to it. He felt an obligation to stay\nin the community as a leader and the only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dentist for the Jewish people there.\nHe felt--like so many other times--that this pogrom type situation would not\nlast, that eventually it would be over, and things would go back to normal as it\nhad so many times in the past. Now he wasn't there to object, so my mother made\narrangements to have the five oldest children--of which I am the youngest--to be\nsent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by Kindertransport to Paris. My brother, Werner, was only one and a half\nyears old at the time and my sister, Rosaline, was six months so they were\nabsolutely too young to go. In fact, I was border line on the bottom of the age\nthat could go on a Kindertransport. My sister, Flo, was actually over age. She\nwas already 13 and that was beyond the limit of what children could go on these\nKindertransports. She was allowed to go on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train because I and a couple of\nother six-year-olds and she was to take care of them and see that everything was\nfine. On, I think it was, December 5, 1938, we were scheduled to leave. I still\n. . . One of the few memories I have of my mother is watching her pack for me.\nThat's a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strange memory to have, but she . . . Everything was so orderly.\nEverything was in its place, so beautifully packed. It was . . . I've described\nit to other people saying that she was packed with love. That's what it was. But\nwith everything she put in there, there was a tear that went in with it too. She\nwas crying. I was kind of befuddled. I didn't understand why she would be\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crying. I was told we would be going to Paris. You tell a six-year-old kid he's\ngoing to Paris with his brothers and sisters, you think it's like going to\nDisneyland. It's fantastic. That's the way I felt about it. I didn't know\nanything else. I didn't understand why there was such a gloom around the\nhousehold. It wasn't just mom that was sad. Asher and Flo were also very sad and\nSarah was a little bit sad. My brother Jack is 18 months older than ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am. We\ndidn't know what was flying. We still don't. We got to the train station. My\nmother had left the kids at home with a babysitter. She put us on the train.\nThere was more of the same--in fact, it was intensified a great deal--gloom. It\nwas very sad. She kissed us all good-bye. I saw again my older brother and\nsister ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just breaking down, crying. They knew something we didn't. Actually, we\nnever thought that we would never see our mother, or our father, or our brother\nand sister again. Still, it was a sad . . . They knew it was a parting. I still\nthought it was an outing. I thought it was a fun thing. Some years later when my\nbrother Asher, who was doing fund raising for Shaare Zedek hospital, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went by to\nsee a lady from Frankfurt to raise some monies for the hospital. They got to\ntalking and playing geography. He mentioned about where he was from, that he was\nfrom Frankfurt, and that he left on a Kindertransport, and so on. She said, \"Oh,\nmy goodness.\" She said, \"My son was on the Kindertransport too. He was the\neditor of a college newspaper and he did an article on that. I'm going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"find\nthat for you.\" She went through all the files and she found this article that he\nhad written about the Kindertransport, that he had left on December 5, 1938\ngoing to Paris. That he was on the train and that one of the last people getting\non the train was these five kids. As the train left, he was mesmerized by the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole dynamics of the situation. He looked back and the lady just passed out\nright on the platform. We surmise, of course, that that was our mother because\nthere were no other groups of five kids that went on this Kindertransport. We\narrived in Paris. As soon as we got to Paris, we split up. My two sisters went\nto stay with an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uncle, Uncle Gusti, my father's brother. My two brothers went to\nstay in an Orthodox boarding school which was being run by a cousin of ours. I\nwas supposed to stay with another brother of my father, but something didn't\nwork out with that. I was put with a lovely family, Nathan and Helen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Samuels.\nThey kept me for the short time that we were in Paris. They were very nice to me\nand they made me feel very much at home. Once or twice, when my brothers came by\nto visit me, I would get very lonely and homesick again. I remember Mr. Samuels\nused to take me up and down the elevator of the seven story building to placate\nme. It worked. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a fun thing to do. I would forget about it and go back\ninside and play with their little daughter, Fannie. We didn't stay in Paris very\nlong because it became evident that the German Army was going to be coming.\nEverybody knew that behind the German army would be the SS, the Nazi troops. We\nalso knew as early as 1939 what that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meant. At least the Samuels knew this meant\nthey were going to arrest every Jew and shoot them on the spot or they were\ngoing to put them in a holding camp and eventually a death camp. They made\narrangements for me to go to a children's home called Villa Helvetia in\nMontmorency, which is a suburb north of Paris. Ironically enough, it's where the\nFrench Disneyworld is right ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now, so I guess I did go there. I went there and\nthey themselves escaped into the countryside and hid with people that they\nknew--Jewish farmers. We stayed in Montmorency only a very short while, too,\nbecause the people in charge of the home realized that when the Germans come to\nParis, they were going to come to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montmorency shortly thereafter. We went as a\ngroup over to central France to the countryside into another home. This home was\npart of the Helvetia in Montmorency. The other home that I went to and the home\nthat I went to after that were part of a network of homes called OSE which were\nput together ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just for the purpose of taking care of primarily German children\nwho were orphaned by the Germans or whose parents were in the concentration\ncamps and were not able to take care of them. There were some French kids in\nthere, not many. Actually, the kids from the boat, the St. Louis, after it had\ndocked in Belgium, ended up in the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"network as well. The next place I went\nto was Creuse, to de Masgelier. This was actually a chateau. It was a real\ncastle. I'd love to see it today to see if it is as large as I had thought that\nit was. It seemed tremendous to me. I met Mr. Samuels in 1973. I looked at him\nand I said, \"Gee, you were so much bigger.\" And he said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Yes, and you were so\nmuch smaller.\" Maybe de Masgelier is small after all and not as big a chateau as\nI envisioned it to be. I used to draw even then. I remember going outside and\ndrawing pictures of it because I was so taken by the architecture and by the\nhistorical style it had. One of the experiences in Montmorency, other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than\nliving in such a place of . . . squalor is not the right word. It's just that\nthere was no sanitation. The sewer system was less than . . . One of the games\nwe used to play was to put our hands across the wall and see how many flies you\ncould catch. The guy who got the most flies was the hero. If you took a look at\nthe wall, you saw more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"flies than you saw a wall. There were flies all over the\nplace. The place was a pit. It was really awful. The food was not much either\nbut then again, it was all they could come up with at the time. We used to have\nto go on a periodic basis--sometimes as much as two or three times a week--into\nthe dungeon downstairs, which was our air raid ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shelter. German planes kept\nflying over bombing all over France during that period of time. Every time there\nwas an air raid signal, that was our signal to run downstairs into that dank,\nwet, cold dungeon down there, which I hated with a passion. One night, I heard\nthe thing. This is after we must have had about a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dozen air raids in a period of\na couple of weeks. I just was tired of it. I told the guy who was sharing the\nbunk with that I wasn't going. \"Just cover for me. I'm staying up here. Ain't no\nway I'm going down there anymore.\" You feel like you get pneumonia every time\nyou go down to one of those places and come back up. He wasn't having any of\nthat. He said, \"If you don't go down there I get in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trouble, but also you're\ngoing to get in a whole lot of trouble. I don't want that to happen to you, so\nI'm not going until you go.\" I went with him and grumbled about it. I told him I\nwas pretty unhappy that I'd get him back for that. We came back up after the all\nclear sounded and half the room was blown away. I didn't need to get back at him\nat all. I think I owed him one instead. That was one of those weird things that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened. I probably was almost two years in Masgelier. Sometime in May--I think\nMay 17 it was--in 1941, when word came that I was to meet with my brothers in\nMarseilles to participate in an escape route to the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States. We knew it\njust as America. I got on the bus. I wasn't the only one. There was probably\nabout 20 of us on this bus. In fact, I met one guy. Ernst Kopstein was on the\nbus with me. I met him some 40 years later and we reminisced a bit. Although he\ndidn't remember me and I didn't remember him, we had the same experience. We got\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marseilles. I saw Asher and Jack. That was really nice. I hadn't seen them in\nsuch a long time. But even better than that: there were food lines. They had a\nfood line for hot bread and there was a food line for hot soup. I should not\nhave done that. I really hadn't had any fresh bread or hot soup in an awful long\ntime. As ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a good eight-year-old boy would do, I pigged out to the point where I\ngot pretty sick. By the time the train was ready to go, I had severe stomach\ncramps. I was diagnosed as having appendicitis. They told me I had to stay\nbehind. My brothers went on the train, on this escape route. Then I was sent to\njust outside of Vichy in a city called Brout-Vernet in Chateau des Morrelles,\nwhich was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another one of the OSE homes. That's where my two sisters were. I was\nput together with them for a short period of time. It turned out that my stomach\nwas fine. I didn't have a problem, didn't have to have my appendix taken out. We\nstayed there for about three months and then got the call again to go to\nMarseilles. This time I watched my intake much more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"carefully. Then we went on\nthe same identical escape route that my two brothers went on. We got on a train,\nwent through the Pyrenees Mountains, went through the Spanish countryside. I\ntell you, I thought I was hungry, but the kids, the people that were coming up\non the trains for food, you just wished you had something to give them,\nsomething to throw to them. They were really so pathetic. It was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sad. That\nmakes you realize that no matter how bad off you are, somebody is worse off than\nyou. They were bad. We got to Madrid. It was planned so that we would get there\nafter dark, so that the German spies who were all over Madrid would not notice\nus coming in. We were taken to a convent where some nuns ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took very good care of\nus. They gave us a baths even, and fed us, and gave us some sleep. We had to get\nup early in the morning to leave before the sun was up so that the spies would\nnot notice us. We went from Madrid to Lisbon, Portugal. That's where things\nreally changed. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You no longer had the feeling of being pursued. We felt like\nthings were different. When I talk to school children, I try to explain to them\nwhat it's like to not have freedom. When I was walking along the beaches of\nLisbon, by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself, without anybody looking over me or without anybody trying to\nguard me, it was absolutely a strange feeling. It was something I'd never felt\nbefore. I liken it to someone who had never gone barefoot before. Let's say,\nsomeone who had never gone barefoot, has always worn shoes. I, of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course, had\ngone barefoot, but I was born into oppression. When I was born, Hitler was in\npower. I never knew anything but looking behind me to see who's going to come\nafter me, who's going to try and hurt me, or who's going to try and arrest me,\nor who's going to try and maybe kill me, I don't know. All of these things were\ningrained in me. There was no such thing as just walking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"freely and being able\nto breathe and do anything you want. I almost felt it in the air. You could\nbreathe the air. It wasn't that way in Marseilles and Marseilles was part of\nfree France. It wasn't that way in Madrid, but it was that way when I got to\nLisbon. It wasn't until years later when I started talking about it that I\nrealized what I was feeling at that time was freedom, freedom to do whatever I\nwanted to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not have any consequences to speak of. It was a very strange\nand almost exhilarating type of experience. We stayed in Lisbon for about two\nweeks until a boat came back. We went on the same boat that my brothers went on\nin their escape route. The name was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SS Mouzinho. It was a Portuguese liner.\nWe got on that boat to go to the States. My two sisters fought over who was\ngoing to be my mother, which I wasn't given too much of a choice on that. One of\nthem used to bathe me in front of a girlfriend, which really was horrible at\nthat time. Today I'd probably love ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. The boat was an interesting experience. I\nhad one experience on the boat which was kind of strange, because I was so\nskinny. I was 8 years old. I weighed, I think, about 42 pounds. When we came to\nthe States. they weighed me. It was the first time I'd ever been weighed in\npounds. They told me I weighed 42 pounds and really needed to fatten up. The\nproof of that was when I was on the boat one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night. We would sleep down below in\nthese kind of hammock type things. It really was very uncomfortable and very\ntight quarters. There were people upstairs who had cabins but we weren't those\npeople. What I would do at night to keep from feeling so claustrophobic, I would\nsneak upstairs, to the top deck. I would get on the deck and feel the breeze.\nThis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was August, nice weather along the Atlantic. Feel the nice, cool breeze and\nair on the Atlantic. I would lie on one of the cots and so on, and then sneak\nback into our sleeping quarters. One night, I was doing that. As I was sneaking\nback into the quarters, there was . . . It was before. When I decided to sneak\nback into the quarters it was because there was a tremendous storm coming ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up.\nThe winds were blowing very strong and the rain was coming down. I said, \"I\nbetter get downstairs.\" I started running. I was walking along the cabins. They\nhad these narrow aisleways where the cabins are on one side and the other side\nis a railing of the boat. All of a sudden, a strong wind came and started\nlifting up the carpeting that was on this pathway. It just went up sort of like\na snake and I went right up with it. I grabbed hold of one of the posts over\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. If that post hadn't been there, I think I'd have gone overboard. I just\nheld on for dear life. Then one of the young stewards saw me, and he grabbed\nhold of me, and took me downstairs. Told me never to do that again, he would not\ntell on me that I snuck up there. I promised him I would not do that again and I\nprobably promised myself I would not do that again. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrived in the States on\nLabor Day, September 2, 1941. We were not allowed to land until September 3. We\ngot off and we were greeted by social workers from certain agencies met up and\nthey were extremely nice to us. I remember one young man that was asking me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what\nI would like to have. I could have virtually anything I wanted, what would I\nwould like to have. I asked him for some bubble gum. I had never had bubble gum,\nbut I'd heard about it, so I wanted bubble gum. I was a cheap date. He got me\nbubble gum. By the time we had arrived in New York, by that time, my two\nbrothers were already settled in Atlanta, Georgia. They settled there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because\nthere was an address book found in my brother Asher's belongings, which had\nnames of relatives in our family, which were in Europe as well as in the United\nStates. One of them was a cousin to my mother, Rabbi Selig Auerbach, who was the\nrabbi in Rome, Georgia. They contacted Jewish Family Services--which at that\ntime was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called the Hebrew Orphans Home in Atlanta--and asked them to contact\nRabbi Auerbach to see if he could sponsor us and help in any manner in helping\nus be brought up when our parents weren't around. He agreed to help as much as\npossible but said he was on a very fixed income. He had a very young family and\nlived in a very small ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place. He suggested that Atlanta would be the best place\nfor us to grow up. Therefore, Asher and Jack were brought here. From reading the\nfiles, it seems it was a big surprise to everyone when three other siblings were\non the next boat. They asked Atlanta if they wouldn't keep them as well to keep\nthe family together. The Atlanta community was gracious enough to agree to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that.\nWe came to Atlanta and were placed in foster homes. The five of us were never\ntogether in one home. That would have been a little much. My sisters were placed\nin a home on the north side of Atlanta with the Willbys. My two brothers and I\nwere with the Bregman's on the south side. We moved around quite a bit. I stayed\nwith the Bregman's for one year, then with the Hirshbergs, and then with the\nUngers, and so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on. Growing up in Atlanta was different. It was interesting. I\nhad opportunities to leave Atlanta. When I was bar mitzvahed, there was a man\nwho made it a point to send what he called promising young what he called\nyeshiva bochur, young boys he thought would do well in yeshiva and some them off\nto New York. He offered to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"send me and I declined because I actually liked\nAtlanta. I felt really that I had moved around enough in my life. At the age of\ntwelve and a half, I had already been in six, seven, eight countries. I just\ndidn't want to keep moving around. I had friends and I wanted to stay around, so\nI did. But growing up in Atlanta was also not a bed of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"roses for someone in my\nparticular position. I know that, when I first came here, people showed a lot of\ninterest in me. They were interested in the fact that I was from Europe, that'd\nI come there from the ovens, if you will. This was 1941. People in Atlanta knew\nwhat was going on in Europe. They say they didn't know. It's just not so. They\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew very well. There was one family in particular, a Southern Baptist family,\nthat had me come over a couple times and speak to them. They were extremely in\nmy background, and what went on, and what are my feelings, what's going on with\nmy family. They were really quite empathetic. Their son was in school with me.\nHe was about a year ahead of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me in school. He was interested and he brought me\nhome and they were interested in me. Many years later, this young man--when I\nwas fifteen as a matter of fact--I saw this man on the comer of Capital Avenue\nand Georgia Avenue. He called me over cattycorner across the street. \"I know\nthis guy. I'm going to go over and see what he want.\" I went over there and as\nsoon as I got to him, he pulled out a switchblade, grabbed my ear, and\nthreatened to cut my ear ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off. I thought he was joking at first. I said, \"This is\na guy who was so nice to me in the beginning. How? He couldn't possibly be\nserious.\" He was serious. He said that I killed his G-d and I was going to pay\nfor it. He actually walked with me, holding my ear with one hand and a\nswitchblade in the other, and had me walk about three blocks south toward Little\nStreet. We went Love Street, and Little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Street, and so on. Finally, I pleaded\nwith him enough and he just let go. But he scared me to death. It was an\nexperience will never forget. I see this guy occasionally, maybe every ten,\ntwenty years. If I go downtown around the parks, around Five Points, he's one of\nthese Bible pounding preachers. He just stands on there and preaches away. I\ndon't think he remembers who I am, but I sure remember who he is. I'll never\nforget ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. That's the kind of thing you never forget. But he was just one of\nthe strange situations. There were so many times. There was a period of about\nfour or five years that I would be going to Hebrew school after attending Hoke\nSmith Junior High and Hoke Smith High School. On the way home from, I would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be\napproached by a group of guys from the Atlanta Boys' Club, who would tell the\nother gentleman with me, say, \"We don't want you. We want him because he's a\nforeigner and a Jew.\" They told him, \"Unless you want what he's getting, I\nsuggest you move out of the way.\" This was a prudent young man and moved out of\nthe way. One of the guys would come up and start punching me. I would punch\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back. We would start like a little boxing match; except I learned the hard way\nthat you don't win. If you beat him, if you get the best of him, everybody jumps\nin and that really hurts. It got to the point where I would just stand there and\nlet them beat on me. I would just say, \"Let me know when you're done,\" not show\nany emotion and let them just beat the hell out of me. Then they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would get fed\nup and leave. That's when I would let loose and cry because it hurt so bad. It\nreally hurt bad. I remember going home one day to Mrs. Goncher's house, who was\nmy foster mother at the time. There was a social worker there talking to her\nbecause I was not the only orphan, if you will, that she was taking care ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of. He\nsaw me all bloodied up and he wanted to know what happened. I was just in the\nmood to tell him. I gave him all the names and addresses of all the people who\nhad been accosting me--not just that day but so many times. They were arrested.\nThey were put in a reform school--three guys. I thought, \"Boy, when these guys\nget out, I'm dead meat.\" These guys got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. They acted like I was their\nlong-lost buddy. I couldn't believe it. What a relief that had all stopped. The\ninteresting things is that in high school, I was the guy who . . . like I was\nthe rung of the ladder everybody had to step over to get up on the scale of\nbecoming a real tough guy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Almost every day in recess, somebody would come up to\nme and pick a fight. The teachers all thought that I was just the toughest guy,\nalways wanted to fight. I never started a fight in any school. In high school,\nin junior high school, in elementary school, I never started one fight. But I\nsure ended a lot of them. This guy came up to me in school when I was about 16\nyears old. He starts pushing me and he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"says, \"You're nothing, man.\" He started\npicking a fight with me. I thought to myself, \"Gee, here we go again.\" Just as\nthat happened, this guy named Doyle Kugler, who was about 6'4\" and built like an\nox, a football and basketball player and boxer. He just comes up and he says,\n\"Hey buddy. I want you to pass the word around this school that Ben is a friend\nof mine and anybody that wants a piece of him has to come through me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first.\"\nThat's the last fight I had.\n\nBERMAN: Do you want to tell the story about going to the Catskills to visit your daughters?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes, okay. I have four children--three girls and a boy. When the younger\nof the three daughters was eight years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old, my wife and I went up to the\nCatskills to visit them. They were in a girls' camp up there. Michal was kind of\nyoung to be in the camp, but she wanted to go and she seemed to be enjoying it\nvery much. As soon as we got there, she met me at the gate. She said, \"Daddy,\nit's really important. The head nurse wants to see you as soon as you get here,\nso let's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go.\" I ran after her, quite apprehensive, trying to figure out what was\ngoing on with her or her sisters. I was introduced to the head nurse, who was\nRebbetzin Ebstein. She was the rabbi's wife during the rest of the year. She\nstill the rabbi's wife, but she was the head nurse during the summertime. She\nlooked at me and said, \"You are Asher Hirsch's brother? Which one are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you?\" I\nexplained that I was the youngest of the two. She said, \"You are the one who got\nappendicitis in Marseilles?\" I said, \"Boy, how'd you do that? That's great!\" She\nsaid, \"Well, I'll tell you all about that, but first, you have to tell me. I\nunderstand you went on the second transport. When did you leave?\" I calculated\nsome and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"told her about the beginning of August. It was the first or second\nweek in August when we left France. Then she looked at me and she said, \"You\nsaved my life.\" I kind of looked at her incredulously. I said, \"What do you mean\nI saved your life? I don't even know you. How could I have saved your life?\" She\nsaid, \"You don't understand. When you got this attack of appendicitis, I took\nyour place. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I would have had to wait for the second transport, I would have\nbeen over 16 years old.\" What that meant at the time, when a child turned 16 in\nthe children's homes, they would be turned over to the Nazis and sent straight\nto a death camp. The French government had a deal with the Nazis. The Nazis\nwould leave ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these homes along as long as when a child turned 16, they would be\nhanded over to them. If they turned the children who had turned 16 over to the\nGermans, they would leave the rest of the children alone. Of course, that all\nwent away in 1942 with Klaus Barbie, but it worked in 1940 and 1941. She would\nhave not been able to go on the trip if I had not had appendicitis. I told her,\nof course, that actually, I had never had appendicitis. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It had been a\nstomachache. As soon as the train left, I was fine. G-d works in strange ways.\nSince then, this lady and her husband had two deaf children. They found that\nthere was no intensive Jewish education for deaf children in New York, so they\nfounded HIDEC, which is still functioning today for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/transcript/21093/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deaf, for hearing\nimpaired and I think also sight impaired children who need intensive Jewish\neducation. They never would have made it if I hadn't pigged out in Marseilles.\nThere's a reason for everything. What else?\n\nBERMAN: I think that is it.\n\nHIRSCH: I could have slowed down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2730.0,2760.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe other children's names were: Blimel (later Flora, 1925-1992); Anselme (later Ascher, 1927-2007); Gusti (later Sarah, 1929-1990); Jacob (later Jack, 1931-2003); Werner (1936-1943); and Roselene (1938-1943).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the years between 1933 and 1939, Nazi Party leaders began to persecute Jews through a series of antisemitic legislation that included more than 400 decrees and regulations restricting all aspects of their public and private lives. The anti-Jewish policies brought radical and daunting social, economic, and communal change to the German Jewish community. Germans also began boycotting Jewish businesses in 1933 and Jews were soon effectively expelled from almost all professions and commercial life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 8 and 9, 1938, a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom was started by the Nazis. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called '\u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e,' which means 'Night of Broken Glass,' because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSynagogue Friedberger Anlage was Frankfurt, Germany’s largest synagogue and could seat 1,600 people. It was dedicated in 1907 and belonged to the Orthodox community. It was destroyed during \u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e, in November 1938. The main building contained a tall barrel vault space, built in the reform architecture style. In front of the main building was an atrium with two large portals. In 1942, a bunker was built on the site, which still exists today and is marked by a memorial. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Torah scroll [Hebrew: \u003cem\u003eSefer Torah\u003c/em\u003e] is the holiest book within Judaism, made up of the five books of Moses. It is hand-written by a pious scribe in the original Hebrew and must meet extremely strict standards of production. It is rolled up around two ornate wooden shafts, attached to either end of the scroll. Torah scrolls are routinely read aloud in all synagogues and are a core representation of Judaism itself. The desecration of Torah scrolls and other holy artifacts was one method of humiliation and abuse employed by the Nazis. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn abbreviation of \u003cem\u003eGeheime Staatspolizei\u003c/em\u003e, which means “Secret State Police,” the Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThousands of German Jews and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e'\u003cem\u003eKindertransport\u003c/em\u003e' is the name given to a series of rescue missions that assisted Jewish children in leaving Nazi-occupied Europe. The United Kingdom took in nearly 10,000 predominantly Jewish children from Nazi Germany, and the occupied territories of Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Danzig. The children were placed in British foster homes, hostels, and on farms. Some transports were organized by \u003cem\u003eOeuvre de Secours aux Enfants\u003c/em\u003e (OSE) in France where German-Jewish children were put up in a series of OSE children's homes. When the Germans occupied France, the 144 children, in two separate transports, were smuggled out of France into Portugal where they caught a ship to the United States. The first transport left on June 21, 1941 and the second on September 1, 1941. Altogether the OSE sheltered and assisted in getting nearly 1,600 Jewish children out Nazi-occupied areas. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBen's father Hermann was released from Buchenwald in early 1939 only to be rearrested a few years later. He was sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp and then transferred to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where he died on November 5, 1942. According to a list of Jewish victims from the book \"Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933—1945\" prepared by the German Federal Archives and available from Yad Vashem, Mathilde Hirsch was deported to Raasiku, Estonia on September 24-26, 1942. Records for Roseline and Werner have not been located, but it is likely they were deported with their mother. Ben’s uncle, Philip Auerbach, had witnessed Mathilda, Werner and Roselene going into the gas chamber at Auschwitz-Birkenau sometime in the autumn of 1943. Philip was an inmate at Auschwitz-Birkenau, working as a chemist, when he saw a list of the latest transport that had just arrived. The list included the names Mathilda, Werner and Roselene Hirsch. The ages and nationality matched too. Philip ran to the barbed wire and saw them in the distance, preparing to enter the gas chamber. Unable to do anything to help them, he stood and watched until they went inside.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Shaare Zedek Medical Center is a major hospital in Jerusalem established in 1902 with funding from European donors. The American Committee for Shaare Zedek Medical Center in Jerusalem provides financial support to fund services, capital projects, research and the purchase of equipment for Shaare Zedek Medical Center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eSchutzstaffel\u003c/em\u003e was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “\u003cem\u003eSaal-Schutz\u003c/em\u003e” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “\u003cem\u003eSchutz-Staffel\u003c/em\u003e.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGermany attacked France, Belgium, and the Netherlands on May 10, 1940. The campaign lasted less than six weeks. Paris, the French capital, fell to the Germans on June 14, 1940. Germany occupied northern France and all of France's Atlantic coastline down to the border with Spain. A new French government was established in the unoccupied southern part of France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first \u003cem\u003eOeuvre de Secours aux Enfants\u003c/em\u003e [French: Children’s Relief Work, or OSE] home was a large house called Villa Helvitia in Montmorency, a town located 15.3 km (9.5 mi) north of the center of Paris. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the German invasion of France, efforts were made by various groups to hide Jewish children. Wherever possible, efforts were made to send them on to safety in other countries such as Switzerland and the United States. One of the most active organizations in this effort was \u003cem\u003eOeuvre de Secours aux Enfants\u003c/em\u003e [French: Children’s Relief Work, or OSE], a French Jewish humanitarian organization that saved hundreds of refugee children during World War II. OSE is a worldwide Jewish organization for health care and children's welfare. It was founded in Russia in 1912 and transferred to France in 1933. OSE gave assistance to children and adults in as many as fifteen towns and the internment camps in southern France. After the German movement into southern France, OSE went underground but continued to hide children and transfer them to Switzerland when that was possible. Overall, it was possible for OSE to rescue more than 5,000 children. Some of the children were French but many were refugees that had come from Germany, Belgium, Austria, Poland and other European countries.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn May 13 1939 the \u003cem\u003eSS St. Louis\u003c/em\u003e set sail from Hamburg, Germany for Havana. On board were 937 Jewish refugees fleeing persecution from Nazi Germany after the horror of \u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e, the pogrom of shop­ burning and mass arrests the previous November [1938]. Each passenger carried a valid visa for temporary entry into Cuba. It was one of the last ships to leave Nazi Germany before Europe was engulfed in war. As the boat approached Havana, the Cuban government declared the visas invalid and refused entry to the passengers. Subsequent negotiations with the Cuban government to permit the landing ended in failure. Similar attempts to seek entry to the United States also brought no respite. The United States, as the \u003cem\u003eSt. Louis\u003c/em\u003e steamed along its southern coast, refused to let the ship dock, in keeping with its straitjacket of a refugee policy, which would only tighten  as the war progressed. After waiting 12 days in the port of Havana and off the Miami coast, the boat was forced to return to Europe. Four weeks to the day after the \u003cem\u003eSt. Louis\u003c/em\u003e had set sail from Hamburg the Belgian King and Prime Minister agreed that 200 passengers could land in Belgium. Within a further three days on June 13 the British, French and Dutch governments each agreed to grant temporary asylum for the refugees until homes in other countries could be found. The ship docked in Antwerp and the passengers were dispersed to their various destinations. Following the German invasion of Europe, many of the former \u003cem\u003eSt. Louis\u003c/em\u003e passengers found themselves under Nazi rule and did not survive the Holocaust. Most of those granted refuge in Great Britain were to survive the Holocaust. Some of the children from the \u003cem\u003eSS St. Louis\u003c/em\u003e were taken to Villa Helvetia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCreuse is a department (administrative region) in central France, approximately 340 kilometers (211 miles) south of Paris. Chateau de Masgelier is a medieval castle built in 1174 in Le Grand-Bourg—a small village in central France’s Creuse region—which was used by the \u003cem\u003eOeuvre de Secours aux Enfants\u003c/em\u003e [French: Children’s Relief Work, or OSE] to house Jewish children. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarseille is a port city in southern France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eErnst Kopstein (1929-) was originally from Vienna, Austria and was hidden at Chateau Montintin, an OSE home in France. His testimony is available from the USC Shoah Foundation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChateau des Morelles [French: Château des Morelles] is a nineteenth century home built near Brout-Vernet [French: Broût-Vernet], a small town in central France, around 15 kilometers (9 miles) northwest of the city of Vichy.Rabbi Zalman Schneerson was the head of the \u003cem\u003eParis de l'Association des Israélites Pratiquants\u003c/em\u003e [French: the Paris Association of Jewish Practitioners, or AIP]. In cooperation with the \u003cem\u003eOeuvre de Secours aux Enfants\u003c/em\u003e (OSE), he opened Château des Morelles as a home for Jewish children. During the war, it housed 340 children—as many as 100 at once. The children slept in at least four dormitories—two for the girls and two for the boys. One report calculates that some 340 children stayed at the castle between 1939 and 1944. On November 2, 1943, the steward was arrested and, along with his two young children, deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The staff then decided to disperse and hide the rest of the children. Most survived the war. The home officially closed February 4, 1944. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJack and Asher Hisrch escaped from Europe in a group of 111 children, who left the Marseilles train station at the end of May 1941. From France, the children traveled to Portugal by way of Spain. In Lisbon, they boarded the\u003cem\u003e SS Mouzinho\u003c/em\u003e, which sailed on June 10, 1941 and arrived in New York on June 21, 1941. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAppendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. If the inflamed appendix is not surgically removed, it usually ruptures, causing a fatal infection.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pyrenees is a range of mountains in southwest Europe that forms a natural border between France and Spain.  It separates the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe, and extends for about 305 miles from the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean Sea.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs a neutral country during World War II, Spain was a refuge to thousands of Jews fleeing Europe in the 1930’s. By 1940, however, Spain began tightening its restrictions on immigration, issuing far fewer visas and detaining refugees caught crossing the border illegally before returning them to German-Occupied France until the Allies began pressuring Spain to allow more refugees to enter the country as long as someone else would provide for their care and help the refugees leave the country as soon as possible. The Joint Distribution Committee mainly provided for the refugees. Between the summer of 1942 and the fall of 1944, some 7,500 Jews fled to Spain and were given temporary refuge. Nonetheless, in January 1943, when the German embassy in Spain told the Spanish government that it had two months to remove all of its Jewish citizens from Western Europe, Spain failed to act in time to save some 4,000 Spanish Jews living in German-occupied areas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Germans occupied France, the 144 children the OSE had already hidden in a series of homes across France were smuggled out of France, in two separate transports, into Portugal where they caught a ship to the United States. The first transport left on June 21, 1941 and the second on September 1, 1941. Altogether the OSE sheltered and assisted in getting nearly 1,600 Jewish children out Nazi-occupied areas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin is referring to Vichy France rather than the Free French Forces, the military forces of the French government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle during the Second World War. Vichy France, known officially as the French State (\u003cem\u003eÉtat français\u003c/em\u003e), was the government headed by Marshal Philippe Petain (French: \u003cem\u003ePétain\u003c/em\u003e) from July 1940, after the Germans invaded France, until September 1944, when the Allies liberated France. An armistice signed in June 1940 divided France into two zones: one under German military occupation and one left under French sovereignty (the Vichy government). Although it was officially neutral, Vichy France collaborated closely with Germany. The Vichy government was complicit with German racial policies, aiding and cooperating with the detainment and deportation of Jews from both occupied and unoccupied France. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eS.S. Mouzinho\u003c/em\u003e was built in Kiel, Germany in 1907 for the Hamburg America Line and was originally named the Guglielmo Pierce. She changed owners and names several times before being acquired by the Companhia Colonial de Navegacao of Portugal in 1930 and renamed the \u003cem\u003eMouzinho\u003c/em\u003e. The \u003cem\u003eS.S. Mouzinho\u003c/em\u003e was sold to Italian ship makers in December 1954. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe\u003cem\u003e S.S. Mouzinho\u003c/em\u003e set sail from Lisbon, Spain on August 20, 1941 with 625 passengers on board, 611 of whom were immigrants. Flora, Ben and Gustl (Sarah) are shown on the ship’s manifest as having their passage paid for by USCOM and as charges of the United States Committee of Protection of European Children in New York City. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLabor Day in the United States is a national holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September. It is a celebration of the American labor movement and is dedicated to the social and economic achievements of workers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSelig Sigmund Auerbach (1906-1997) was a Conservative Rabbi born in Hamburg, Germany. Selig, his wife Hilde, and daughter Chana left Germany after \u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e and came to the United States in 1941, where he took a temporary position in a small synagogue in Rome, Georgia. Rome, Georgia, is a city located in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, approximately 70 miles (112 kilometers) northwest of Atlanta. Two more daughters were born in the US. Rabbi Auerbach served as a chaplain in the army during World War II and accepted various positions as a rabbi throughout the US before retiring to Rochester, New York. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Orphans’ Home was located at 478 Washington Street in Atlanta, Georgia. The residence facility was open from 1876 to 1930. It was originally called the Hebrew Orphans’ Asylum and was originally an actual orphanage. In 1901, the name was changed to the Hebrew Orphans’ Home. Then its services phased into placing children in foster home care and helping with adoptions instead of an actual orphans' home, during which time it was called the Jewish Family and Children's Bureau (and another variation—Jewish Children's Services). Finally, it got out of the children's institutional care business entirely. In 1988, the organization’s mission changed and it became the Jewish Educational Loan Fund (JELF) with the goal of providing low-interest post-secondary education loans for Jewish students.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hirsch siblings settled in Atlanta under the sponsorship of the Jewish Children’s Service, an organization under the umbrella of the Jewish Welfare Board.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: ‘son of commandment’] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e quorum for public worship. He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday. \u003cem\u003eTefillin\u003c/em\u003e, also called ‘phylacteries’ are a set of small black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the Torah, which are worn by observant Jews during weekday morning prayers. They are worn around the arm, hand and fingers and on the forehead. The Torah commands that they should be worn as a “sign” and “remembrance” that G-d brought the children of Israel out of Egypt. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYeshiva\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: sitting] is a Jewish educational institution for religious instruction that is equivalent to high school. It also refers to a \u003cem\u003eTalmudic\u003c/em\u003e college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties. Yeshiva University was founded in 1886 in New York City, New York. It is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States that combines Jewish scholarship with studies in the liberal arts, sciences, medicine, law, business, social work, Jewish studies, education, and psychology. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFive Points refers to the downtown area of Atlanta, considered by many to be the center of town. It was the central hub of Atlanta until the 1960’s, when the economic and demographic center shifted north toward the suburbs. It was recently revitalized, mostly due to Georgia State University having a large presence in the area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHoke Smith Junior High School and Hoke Smith High School (in existence from 1947 to 1985) were schools in Atlanta, Georgia. They were named for Michael Hoke Smith (1855-1931) who was a United States Senator from Georgia, the 58th Governor of Georgia, and United States Secretary of the Interior, and owner the \"Atlanta Journal.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Boys Club Inc. was established on 314 Washington Street to address a growing trend of youth delinquency in the South Atlanta area. In 1956, it changed its name to the Metropolitan Atlanta Boys Club to reflect its growing metropolitan reach.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Catskill Mountains, often referred to as the ‘Catskills,’ are a large area in the southeastern portion of that state of New York. The Catskills and its many large resorts are well known in American culture as a vacation destination in the mid-twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNikolaus “Klaus” Barbie (1913—1991) joined the SS in 1935. He began working with the Security Service [German: \u003cem\u003eSicherheitsdienst\u003c/em\u003e, or SD], which served as the Nazi regime’s intelligence network. In 1936, he was assigned to Dortmund, Germany, where he monitored the activities of religious and right-wing political groups. In 1940, Barbie was assigned to intelligence work in Amsterdam. In the Netherlands he is believed to have participated in the roundup and deportation of Jews. In November 1942 he was sent to Lyon, France. As the local Gestapo chief, Barbie earned the nickname “the Butcher of Lyon” for his brutal actions towards Jews and members of the French Resistance. In all, it is believed that Barbie was responsible for the execution or murder of over 4,000 individuals and for the deportation of 7,500 Jews, most of whom perished in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Barbie returned to Germany at the end of the war and assumed a new identity. He then worked for American intelligence services before escaping to South America. In 1983, he was extradited to France to stand trial for war crimes. He died of cancer in French custody.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/annotation_set/276/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew Institute for Deaf and Exceptional Children (HIDEC) is a special education preschool in Brooklyn, New York. It was founded as the Hebrew Institute of the Deaf (HID) in 1965 by Rabbi Moshe Ebstein who had two sons, one deaf and one hard-of-hearing. In the 1980s, HID began accepting multi-handicapped students. It was renamed HIDEC in 1987.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2700.0,2730.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Hirsch, Benjamin [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History and Living in Frankfurt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=0.0,126.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ben, could you begin by giving us your name, and where you were from, a little bit about your family?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=0.0,126.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adolf Hitler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Benjamin Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Hermann Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frankfurt am Main, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hirsch Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Dentist","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mathilda Auerbach Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg Laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Roseline Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Werner Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=0.0,126.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=126.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1938, of course, Kristallnacht is the most glaring memory I have, memories that are in one case still with me from a six-year-old child. I actually had witnessed the destruction of our synagogue, the Friedberger Anlage synagogue, which was a magnificent edifice.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=126.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arno Horenshek","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Buchenwald Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Burning Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cuba","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Hermann Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Friedberger Anlage Synagoge","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gestapo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pogrom","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Torah Scrolls","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=126.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leaving Germany through the Kindertransport","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=540.0,863.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going back to 1938, after my father was arrested, my mother decided it was time to do something. They had discussed in the past the possibility of leaving Germany. Relatives outside of Germany tried to get them to leave. My father was absolutely opposed to it. He felt an obligation to stay in the community as a leader and the only dentist for the Jewish people there.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=540.0,863.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Asher Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Flora Hirsch Spiegel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jack Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Dentist","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kindertransport","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leaving Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Roseline Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sarah Hirsch Shartar","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shaare Zedek Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Werner Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=540.0,863.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Living in Paris","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=863.0,1301.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We arrived in Paris. As soon as we got to Paris, we split up. My two sisters went to stay with an uncle, Uncle Gusti, my father's brother. My two brothers went to stay in an Orthodox boarding school which was being run by a cousin of ours. I was supposed to stay with another brother of my father, but something didn't work out with that. I was put with a lovely family, Nathan and Helen Samuels.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=863.0,1301.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Air Raids","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"August Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chateau de Masgelier","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Creuse, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helen Samuels","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montmorency, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nathan Samuels","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (O.S.E)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shutzstaffel - SS","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Villa Helvetia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=863.0,1301.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reuniting with Jack and Asher to Escape Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1301.0,1400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometime in May--I think May 17 it was--in 1941, when word came that I was to meet with my brothers in Marseilles to participate in an escape route to the United States. We knew it just as America. I got on the bus. I wasn't the only one. There was probably about 20 of us on this bus.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1301.0,1400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Appendicitis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Asher Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ernst Kopstein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jack Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marseilles, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unites States of America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1301.0,1400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping Europe with Sarah and Flora","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1400.0,1529.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then I was sent to just outside of Vichy in a city called Brout-Vernet in Chateau des Morrelles, which was another one of the OSE homes. That's where my two sisters were. I was put together with them for a short period of time.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1400.0,1529.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brout-Vernet, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chateau de Morrelles","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Flora Hirsch Spiegel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Spies","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lisbon, Portugal","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Madrid, Spain","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marseilles, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oeurve de Secours aux Enfants (O.S.E)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pyrenees Mountains","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sarah Hirsch Shartar","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vichy, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1400.0,1529.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feeling Freedom in Portugal","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1529.0,1664.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You no longer had the feeling of being pursued. We felt like things were different. When I talk to school children, I try to explain to them what it's like to not have freedom. When I was walking along the beaches of Lisbon, by myself, without anybody looking over me or without anybody trying to guard me, it was absolutely a strange feeling. 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Mouzinho","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sarah Hirsch Shartar","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1664.0,1861.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arriving in the Unites States ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1861.0,1908.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We arrived in the States on Labor Day, September 2, 1941. 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They settled there because there was an address book found in my brother Asher's belongings, which had names of relatives in our family, which were in Europe as well as in the United States.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1908.0,2044.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Asher Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bregman Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Flora Hirsch Spiegel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Foster Homes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew Orphans Home","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hirschberg Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jack Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Family Services","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Selig Auerbach","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sarah Hirsch Shartar","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unger Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Willby Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=1908.0,2044.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Growing Up in Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2044.0,2259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Growing up in Atlanta was different. It was interesting. I had opportunities to leave Atlanta. When I was bar mitzvahed, there was a man who made it a point to send what he called promising young what he called yeshiva bochur, young boys he thought would do well in yeshiva and some them off to New York.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2044.0,2259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bar Mitzvah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeshiva School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2044.0,2259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beat Up for being a Foreign Jew","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2259.0,2497.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a period of about four or five years that I would be going to Hebrew school after attending Hoke Smith Junior High and Hoke Smith High School. On the way home from, I would be approached by a group of guys from the Atlanta Boys' Club, who would tell the other gentleman with me, say, \"We don't want you. We want him because he's a foreigner and a Jew.\"","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2259.0,2497.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta Boys' Club","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bullies","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Doyle Kugler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Getting Beat Up","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hoke Smith High School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hoke Smith Junior High School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mrs. Goncher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Social Worker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2259.0,2497.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meeting a Survivor in the Catskills","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2497.0,2761.684"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you want to tell the story about going to the Catskills to visit your daughters?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2497.0,2761.684"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793/index/47486/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Appendicitis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Death Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew Institute for Deaf and Exceptional Children (HIDEC)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Klaus Barbie","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marseilles, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Michal Hirsch Appelbaum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rebbetzin Ebstein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Catskill Mountains, New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32940/file/101793#t=2497.0,2761.684"}]}]}]}