{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/pk06w96v5x/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Dziewinski, Herman"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1986-02-08 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHerman Dziewinski interviewed in February 8, 1986 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eHerman Dziewinski was one of nine children born to a Jewish family in Proszowice, Poland. His father was a livestock trader. As a teen, Herman began working as a butcher in nearby Krakow, Poland.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the Germans and Soviets invaded Poland in September 1939, Herman fled west. Eventually he returned home, where he immediately witnessed anti-Jewish violence and restrictions. Herman was soon sent with his family was sent to a transit camp in Slomniki, Poland. His parents were immediately killed, while the siblings and their families were transported to other camps and ghettos.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHerman lived in the Krakow ghetto and worked on the construction of what was originally the Plaszow labor camp. He was later transferred into what became the Plaszow concentration camp, where he worked in the kitchens, butcher shop, and stables. As the Soviets advanced in late 1944, Plaszow was evacuated. Herman was sent to help evacuate a labor camp in Czestochowa, Poland. A few days into January 1945, the Russian army liberated Czestochowa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHerman made his way back to Krakow and was soon reunited with two of his brothers and their wives. In Krakow, Herman was also reunited with and married Maria Geitler, a young woman from Krakow whom he had met in Plaszow. Herman, Maria, his two brothers and their wives soon decided to flee anti-Jewish violence in Soviet-occupied Poland. They crossed Czechoslovakia into American-occupied Germany. They settled in Wurrmansquick near the Eggenfelden Displaced Persons camp. Herman and Maria soon welcomed their first child.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1949, Herman, Maria and their daughter immigrated to the United States. With the assistance of Jewish organizations, lodging was found for the family in Atlanta, Georgia. In Atlanta, Herman soon went to work at a grocery store. Within two years, he and Maria had saved enough to purchase their own grocery store. Two more daughters were born in Atlanta and the young family soon bought a house. Maria continued to work alongside Herman in the grocery store. Within a few years, Herman’s brothers and their families had also joined them.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eHerman talks about his family, growing up in Proszowice, Poland and working in Krakow as a butcher before the war. He traces his escape into Soviet territory before returning to his hometown and Krakow when World War II broke out. Herman recounts how his family was sent from their home in Proszowice to a nearby town called Slomniki, where his parents were murdered and the rest of the family was transported to other camps and ghettos. He discusses what life was like in the Krakow ghetto and early days of the Plaszow labor camp. Herman talks about his different jobs in a kitchen, butcher shop, a stable, and going out on construction details. He describes the working and living conditions in Plaszow as well as the various punishments, selections and liquidations he witnessed. Herman recalls being injured in the camp. He describes the liquidation of the Plaszow concentration camp and Czestochowa labor camp. Herman recounts his liberation as the Soviets entered Czestochowa. He recalls the anti-Jewish measures the Germans enforced in the early days of the occupation. Herman describes the processes new arrivals in Plaszow endured and what it took to survive the camp. He explains how he returned to Krakow after the war and was reunited with his brothers and other family members. Herman remembers the better treatment the Commandant’s dog received over the prisoners and his inability to help more prisoners, including his brother’s family. He shares one incident of resistance and an example of religious beliefs that were tolerated. Herman describes his journey form Soviet-occupied Poland into American-occupied Germany. He reflects on his early days in the United States. Herman details what he encountered when he returned to his hometown at the end of the war. He shares another incident of resistance he observed in the camp. Herman finishes by reflecting on the ruthlessness of some of the German soldiers and guards as well as the unawareness of others.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/27959"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Holocaust (topical term)","World War Two (topical term)","Concentration Camps (topical term)","Poland (geographic term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHerman Dziewinski interviewed in February 8, 1986 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHerman Dziewinski was one of nine children born to a Jewish family in Proszowice, Poland. His father was a livestock trader. As a teen, Herman began working as a butcher in nearby Krakow, Poland.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the Germans and Soviets invaded Poland in September 1939, Herman fled west. Eventually he returned home, where he immediately witnessed anti-Jewish violence and restrictions. Herman was soon sent with his family was sent to a transit camp in Slomniki, Poland. His parents were immediately killed, while the siblings and their families were transported to other camps and ghettos.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHerman lived in the Krakow ghetto and worked on the construction of what was originally the Plaszow labor camp. He was later transferred into what became the Plaszow concentration camp, where he worked in the kitchens, butcher shop, and stables. As the Soviets advanced in late 1944, Plaszow was evacuated. Herman was sent to help evacuate a labor camp in Czestochowa, Poland. A few days into January 1945, the Russian army liberated Czestochowa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHerman made his way back to Krakow and was soon reunited with two of his brothers and their wives. In Krakow, Herman was also reunited with and married Maria Geitler, a young woman from Krakow whom he had met in Plaszow. Herman, Maria, his two brothers and their wives soon decided to flee anti-Jewish violence in Soviet-occupied Poland. They crossed Czechoslovakia into American-occupied Germany. They settled in Wurrmansquick near the Eggenfelden Displaced Persons camp. Herman and Maria soon welcomed their first child.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1949, Herman, Maria and their daughter immigrated to the United States. With the assistance of Jewish organizations, lodging was found for the family in Atlanta, Georgia. In Atlanta, Herman soon went to work at a grocery store. Within two years, he and Maria had saved enough to purchase their own grocery store. Two more daughters were born in Atlanta and the young family soon bought a house. Maria continued to work alongside Herman in the grocery store. Within a few years, Herman’s brothers and their families had also joined them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHerman talks about his family, growing up in Proszowice, Poland and working in Krakow as a butcher before the war. He traces his escape into Soviet territory before returning to his hometown and Krakow when World War II broke out. Herman recounts how his family was sent from their home in Proszowice to a nearby town called Slomniki, where his parents were murdered and the rest of the family was transported to other camps and ghettos. He discusses what life was like in the Krakow ghetto and early days of the Plaszow labor camp. Herman talks about his different jobs in a kitchen, butcher shop, a stable, and going out on construction details. He describes the working and living conditions in Plaszow as well as the various punishments, selections and liquidations he witnessed. Herman recalls being injured in the camp. He describes the liquidation of the Plaszow concentration camp and Czestochowa labor camp. Herman recounts his liberation as the Soviets entered Czestochowa. He recalls the anti-Jewish measures the Germans enforced in the early days of the occupation. Herman describes the processes new arrivals in Plaszow endured and what it took to survive the camp. He explains how he returned to Krakow after the war and was reunited with his brothers and other family members. Herman remembers the better treatment the Commandant’s dog received over the prisoners and his inability to help more prisoners, including his brother’s family. He shares one incident of resistance and an example of religious beliefs that were tolerated. Herman describes his journey form Soviet-occupied Poland into American-occupied Germany. He reflects on his early days in the United States. Herman details what he encountered when he returned to his hometown at the end of the war. He shares another incident of resistance he observed in the camp. Herman finishes by reflecting on the ruthlessness of some of the German soldiers and guards as well as the unawareness of others.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/097/288/small/Herman_Dziewinski.png?1619295975","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Dzwienski_Herman.mp4"]},"duration":5354.842,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/097/288/small/Herman_Dziewinski.png?1619295975","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/097/288/original/Dzwienski_Herman.mp4?1600436526","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":5354.842,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Herman Dziewinski [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Interviewer: What is your name?\n\nHerman: Herman Dziewinski.\n\nInterviewer: Where do you live?\n\nHerman: At 1231 Lennox Circle in Atlanta, Georgia.\n\nInterviewer: When were you born?\n\nHerman: 1916, on the twelfth, in the fifth month.\n\nInterviewer: I want you to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell me a little bit about the conditions before the\nwar. I want you to tell me where you were born.\n\nHerman: In Proszowice, in Poland.\n\nInterviewer: Tell me about your family. Tell me how many children, who was the\noldest, and some of the names.\n\nHerman: We was nine--five brothers and four sisters. The oldest was Mordechai,\nand Faygl, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Rochen, Freidel, Reisel, Felix, Shlomo.\n\nInterviewer: And one more.\n\nHerman: Karl.\n\nInterviewer: How many people were living in your house?\n\nHerman: We was living from the beginning when I was a little boy [with] about\nten or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"twelve.\n\nInterviewer: What did your father do for a living?\n\nHerman: He had a big farm and he was handling horses and cattles in Poland.\n\nInterviewer: When you were growing up, what did you want to do?\n\nHerman: I was a butcher in Krakow [Poland]. I left home when I was fifteen years\nold and I went to Krakow until the war started.\n\nInterviewer: You learned how to be a butcher. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How old were you when you started working?\n\nHerman: Fifteen or sixteen.\n\nInterviewer: Before that, you went to school?\n\nHerman: Right.\n\nInterviewer: What kind of school? A Jewish school? A cheder?\n\nHerman: Jewish school, yes.\n\nInterviewer: With the other brothers and sisters?\n\nHerman: Right.\n\nInterviewer: Tell me a little bit about what it was like on Shabbos or Yontif\nand how you lived.\n\nHerman: How we lived? Shabbos was Shabbos. Was normal Shabbos. We couldn't work\nor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing. We had to stay home and go to daven.\n\nInterviewer: You went to shul [Yiddish: synagogue]?\n\nHerman: To shul to daven and everything.\n\nInterviewer: When you came home, you had a meal?\n\nHerman: A meal--lunch and supper.\n\nInterviewer: Your father and the children never worked on Shabbos?\n\nHerman: No, nobody could touch nothing.\n\nInterviewer: You had mostly Jewish friends or did you have non-Jewish friends also?\n\nHerman: Jewish and non-Jewish, too.\n\nInterviewer: You were friendly with the Polish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people in town?\n\nHerman: Sure. Yes, with a lot of them.\n\nInterviewer: Your father did business with them?\n\nHerman: Sure, most of them he did.\n\nInterviewer: Mostly with the non-Jewish people? But there was a difference\nbetween the Jewish people and the non-Jewish people?\n\nHerman: Sure there was a difference. Everybody believed in his religion.\n\nInterviewer: Okay. But they treated you okay?\n\nHerman: Yes, at this time it was okay.\n\nInterviewer: You never had a problem when you were a young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boy? Somebody beating\nyou up?\n\nHerman: No, that was natural.\n\nInterviewer: That was natural? But was it because you were Jewish?\n\nHerman: Yes, Jewish this or that.\n\nInterviewer: They called you names?\n\nHerman: All the time. They hated us.\n\nInterviewer: They did?\n\nHerman: Yes.\n\nInterviewer: How did they show it?\n\nHerman: How did they show it? They showed it different ways. Sometimes we left\nthe school, they beat us up, and we beat them back. That was . . .\n\nInterviewer: That was mostly it?\n\nHerman: Yes.\n\nInterviewer: Otherwise, there was no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other trouble?\n\nHerman: No.\n\nInterviewer: When did life start to change for you? When did things start to\nchange that you knew something was wrong?\n\nHerman: What [do] you mean?\n\nInterviewer: Like when the war started. What year?\n\nHerman: Oh, in 1939, I ran away from Krakow. I went to Lemberg.\n\nInterviewer: How old were you? In 1939, you were . . .\n\nHerman: About ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"20 some years.\n\nInterviewer: You were not married?\n\nHerman: No.\n\nInterviewer: You were single and you were living in Krakow?\n\nHerman: We was living in Krakow. We left Krakow. I didn't go home. I went to\nalmost the Russian border.\n\nInterviewer: Why?\n\nHerman: Because I ran away from the Germans.\n\nInterviewer: The Germans came to Krakow in 1939?\n\nHerman: Right.\n\nInterviewer: What happened when they came?\n\nHerman: I was not there when they came in. We left ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Monday and they came in by\nWednesday or Thursday.\n\nInterviewer: What gave you the idea to run away?\n\nHerman: Everybody was running. I run, too.\n\nInterviewer: People said, \"Run away.\" Why?\n\nHerman: The Germans coming and there are going to be bad things. Nobody believed\nit. I got away. We drove for about two weeks. We got over by the Russian border\nand the Russians . . .\n\nInterviewer: Drove what? A horse and buggy?\n\nHerman: Horses. Yes, we took horses. I went by myself. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then I came in over there\nand then the Russians came in.\n\nInterviewer: From the other side?\n\nHerman: From the other side. We was about 30 kilometers from the border.\n\nInterviewer: What happened?\n\nHerman: We went back to Lemberg. From Lemberg, the first time when I saw the\nGermans was about 1939. They was exchanging ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people in a town called Jaroslaw\n[Poland]. There was a bridge. The railroad could go this way and the other could\ngo the other way. They exchanged people. Who was on the Russian side could go to\nthe German side and who wants to go from the German side to the Russian side\nthey could go.\n\nInterviewer: This was Jewish people?\n\nHerman: All the kinds of nationalities. They exchanged. Like, if I want to go to\nKrakow, I went this way. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They want to go to the Russian side, they went this way.\n\nInterviewer: At that time, you went back to Krakow?\n\nHerman: Back to Krakow and that's the first time when I saw the Germans. As soon\nas I crossed the bridge, there were standing about five or sixty Germans. They\nright away said to me, \"Juden\" [German].\n\nInterviewer: Which means 'Jew.'\n\nHerman: Jew. They pushed me to the side. There was the [path where the other]\npeople going and I was here, [where] a little ditch was. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more guys\nthere. I saw what was going on and I said, \"That's not for me.\" When the\nsoldiers was going back and forwards [guarding the line] with their machine gun,\nhe [walked away from where I was], I jumped up, and went between the people, and\nwent to Krakow. I don't know what happened to the other guys. I went into the\ntrain. They load us up in the railroad and we went to Krakow. When I came home,\nthey say to me, \"You came from the Russia side. They going to kill us all up.\"\n\nInterviewer: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You went home to Proszowice?\n\nHerman: I went to Krakow and then to Proszowice.\n\nInterviewer: To where your family was?\n\nHerman: Right. They said, \"Oh, we in danger we think we because you was in the\nRussia side.\" Then I went back to Krakow and stayed in Krakow for about a month.\nThere was trouble. They was catching you every day to work every morning, to go\nto work. I said, \"That's not for me.\"\n\nI caught the railroad train and went back to the Russian side, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the Black Sea.\nI had to cross the water on Black [Sea], not the border. I was there and I met\nmy other brother, Shlomo--he not survived. I said, \"We going to Russia.\" He\nsaid, \"No, we're going home.\" Then, there was about twelve or fifteen of us. We\ncrossed the border again on the water. I had a Pollock over there where he knew\nme. We went to Krakow and then [was] when the war ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"start getting trouble.\n\nInterviewer: This was when already? Still 1939 or 1940?\n\nHerman: Yes. 1940 was not coming up already. It was close to 1940.\n\nInterviewer: Then what happened?\n\nHerman: Then what happened [was that] we stayed home and one day, they come into\nthe house and said, \"Out you go. Out.\" Out means whatever you had on you . . .\nYou couldn't look for jackets, for shoes, for nothing. Whatever you had, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out.\n\nInterviewer: Out of the house?\n\nHerman: Out of the house. They took us about fifteen kilometers from our town,\nfrom Proszowice to Slomniki. We was there. Then they separated us--young people\nto work; women [and] children to the railroad to be killed. I saw it when they\nkilled my father and mother.\n\nInterviewer: You saw that?\n\nHerman: Sure. They took them away about a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"block and a half. They shot them.\n\nInterviewer: They shot them in Proszowice?\n\nHerman: No, in Slomniki. Then they picked me up and they shipped us to Krakow .\n. . not to the ghetto, to a camp. They called it Plaszow Julag. When I came over\nthere, the fences was not around. The barracks was there, but not the fences. I\nsaw what's going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on. The people just walking around like the cattles in a\nslaughterhouse. I saw what's going on and I say, \"That's not for me.\"\n\nInterviewer: Where was this?\n\nHerman: In Krakow, Plaszow Julag.\n\nInterviewer: This was a labor camp?\n\nHerman: It was a labor camp. They just building it.\n\nInterviewer: Just beginning to build?\n\nHerman: Yes, but there was not fences around.\n\nInterviewer: Because they were just beginning to build it?\n\nHerman: Yes. I came over there. I was standing there for about four or five\nhours. I saw what's going on. I said, \"That's not for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me.\" I got away right away.\n\nInterviewer: How did you get away?\n\nHerman: There was no soldiers or nothing--just a few of them there. I saw a\nfarmhouse [nearby]. I went over there with another boy. We went over there and\nwe came to the farmer, knocked on the door. It was getting dark. I talked to\nhim, and I told him who I am, and this. He say, \"But I am afraid to keep you\nhere.\" I said, \"You don't have to keep me. I'll be here till five o'clock in the\nmorning.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went into the stable. There was hay there. It was winter--40 below\nzero. We digged ourselves in the hay. He brought us out a slice of bread with milk.\n\nAbout five o'clock in the morning, I got up and I went on to the street. There\nwas a lot of butchers coming to Krakow, where they sell meat in Krakow. They\nknew me. I knew them from before. One of them took me with him. We went into\nKrakow and went into the ghetto.\n\nInterviewer: Into the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto? The ghetto was already established?\n\nHerman: It was not so tight like it was supposed to be, but it was a ghetto.\nThat's [the only place] I could go--in Podgorze.\n\nInterviewer: Podgorze was a Jewish neighborhood before?\n\nHerman: It was Jewish, and Gentile, everybody.\n\nInterviewer: Mixed? And then they made it a Jewish ghetto?\n\nHerman: Yes. They took like, let's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say ten or fifteen streets, and fenced it\naround, and that's all.\n\nInterviewer: That's where you went at that time. Was there anybody there that\nyou knew?\n\nHerman: Yes, a lot of people I knew from before, from Krakow. It was from all\nthe nationalities . . . just Jews.\n\nInterviewer: What kind of life did you lead there? What was it like?\n\nHerman: A fellow took me in. He knows ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. He was an expedityonari [Yiddish:\nexpeditionary; as in a former member of a military force, possibly the Polish\nCalvary]. He has horses to transfer stuff. Here, it's trucks. Over there, by\nhorses. I came in and I didn't have nowhere to go. In each room in the house was\nmaybe fifty or sixty people living. In one room was ten or twelve people living.\nHe said, \"Come in with me.\" I went in with him, and I stayed with him about a\nmonth, and worked for him. He give me food and room. I worked for money. That\nwas the most important ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing.\n\nHe found me a job in Krakow, too. They used to call it the Schutzpolizei. They\nbought horses and they brought them over there. They took everyday about 200\npeople from the ghetto over there to work, clean the horses, put them shoes.\nThey send them out to the front. I was there for about three, four months, five\nmonths. From the beginning I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bad, but later on, the head guy from this camp,\nhe noticed me. He say, \"You going to work for me.\" I worked for him.\n\nInterviewer: You were still living in the ghetto?\n\nHerman: Yes. They took us in the morning. In the afternoon they brought us back\n. . . to the ghetto.\n\nInterviewer: The Germans did?\n\nHerman: The Germans did, by trucks. I was over there about five months or four\nmonths--I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember exactly. Then they came in at one time at twelve\no'clock. Later on, we used to sleep there. They made a house and we sleeped all\nthere. They feed us.\n\nInterviewer: Where you were working?\n\nHerman: Yes, where we were working in this camp.\n\nInterviewer: How did they treat you?\n\nHerman: It was fairly . . . You had to work, but over there it was not like in\nKrakow. You had to clean the horses, and do this, and do this, and clean. It was\nnot so dangerous like in ghetto. One night, they came in to our camp where we\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was and they said to us . . . Not to us. They went to the head guy. He was a\ngeneral or whatever he was--a German. [They said] that they want to take us to\nthe ghetto. There going to be a wygnanie [Polish: deportation] where they going\nto put the Jews away.\n\nInterviewer: A selection?\n\nHerman: No, just put them away, send them out.\n\nInterviewer: Everybody was going to be sent?\n\nHerman: Sent out. This captain, general, or what[ever] he was, he asked them,\n\"Is that going to be Judenfrei [German: free of Jews]?\" Judenfrei means 'no\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews.' They say, \"No.\" He say, \"I bring them people tomorrow.\" Tomorrow, he came\nin. We went outside. He say, \"I'm sorry. I have to take you to the ghetto.\" Then\nwe went into the ghetto. He took us. We had to march for about fifteen, twenty\nkilometers from there to Krakow. We came into the ghetto. In the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto, we was\nthere another two months maybe. Then they liquidated the ghetto. Then they\nopened Plaszow.\n\nInterviewer: When you say 'liquidate' the ghetto, what did they do?\n\nHerman: Took all the Jews out from there that was workable, took us to the camp,\nPlaszow. There was a cemetery. We leveled it down. From the stones, the names of\nthe people, we made sidewalks from this. We came over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there and from the\nbeginning, you didn't see nothing. You didn't find nothing, do nothing. From the\nbeginning, [it was] a very terrible time.\n\nInterviewer: What was it? It was barracks?\n\nHerman: Barracks, yes.\n\nInterviewer: Fenced in?\n\nHerman: Inside of the ghetto was not fenced.\n\nInterviewer: In Plaszow?\n\nHerman: Yes, there was fences all around.\n\nInterviewer: With guards?\n\nHerman: Guards and electric wires. If you touched the wire . . .\n\nInterviewer: There it was already bad?\n\nHerman: Yes. Then they started over there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We was . . . The barracks was coming\nin. We was unloading them from the railroad and brining them into the camp and\nput them up. That's what started the Plaszow camp. They fenced it around. You\ncouldn't go out no way or nothing. Every day when I was there, I would see every\nday killing fifty, hundred people, twenty, ten people. Every day.\n\nInterviewer: Shooting?\n\nHerman: Shooting. Take out the gun and shot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them.\n\nInterviewer: For no reason?\n\nHerman: [nods head to agree] Then I was going out from Plaszow to town, to\nKrakow. We was about two hundred people going out to a lumberyard and we was\nunloading lumber. Over there was very bad. We worked in 30 or 40 below zero\nwithout gloves, without nothing. The hands . . . everybody had frozen hands. The\nskin froze up.\n\nOne ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day, we came in and there was a lot of Pollocks working over there with us.\nThey was working there. The guys what went out from the camp [who] had a pair of\npants extra or shirts extra, they traded with the Pollocks for potatoes, for a\nloaf of bread, something. One day, we came into the camp. When we was walking\ninto the camp, there was a dog there. They stopped us. Two or three Germans came\nout and they start ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"searching us. The guys had potatoes, placki [Polish: cakes;\nHerman is referring to potatoes pancakes or latkes], bread, and this. They took\nabout fifteen or sixteen and killed them right away because they had this food.\n\nI survived and next day, I say, \"I'm not going no more.\" Then I went to . . . I\nwas fooling around for a few days in the camp. If they catch you not doing\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing, they could kill you. I did something else or this. Then I understood\nthey hired people to the kitchen. What we was doing . . . We was not the cooks.\nThey brought in potatoes, rutabagas, rice . . . Whatever they brought in, they\nunloaded outside. We was about 75 or 100 guys. We brought it in from outside to\nthe kitchen. We washed it, we peeled it, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prepared for the food. If you was\nworking there, you could get quicker meals. You was not going outside in the\nfrost. You was inside. I worked there for about three or four weeks in this camp.\n\nThere was a butcher shop there next to the kitchen. I know the guys. We grew up\ntogether. I told him to help me. I will ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sweep. I'll do anything just to [get]\nsomething to fill up the mouth. We was working outside. They came in two or\nthree trucks with meats--horsemeat, cow meat, hoof meat, every kind of meat. We\ntook it in from outside in the cooler. I went outside and got the meat.\n\nThey was heavy sides. A side weighed maybe 100, or 50 pounds, 75 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pounds . . .\nThe Germans were outside standing . . . four Germans watching what we doing. I\nwent and picked up the heavy side. I was pretty good--strong and everything--and\nI know how to work with it. I picked it up and I put it in the cooler. He\nfollowed me. He was the head guy from the kitchen. He called me up. He said,\n\"Who are you?\" I said, \"I am a Metzger.\" In German, [a butcher was called] a\nMetzger. In Poland, was a katsev [Yiddish], a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"butcher. He said, \"You're my man.\"\nHe told me that. I didn't know what he mean. He took me to the butcher shop and\ngive me the key from the butcher shop and said, \"You the head guy.\" Then, I had\n. . .\n\nInterviewer: So you were okay?\n\nHerman: Like President Kennedy or Ronald Regan. You had plenty of food. I was\nthere for about two years or two and a half ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years.\n\nInterviewer: In the meantime, did you know what was happening to the rest of\nyour family, your brothers and sisters?\n\nHerman: They brought my two brothers Karl and Felix with their wives. They\nbrought them up . . . There was a little camp in Plaszow, a little camp they\nliquidated. They brought them to us. I seen them. I talked to them. They sent\nthem away to Kalisz. From this time, I didn't see them no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more.\n\nInterviewer: Your parents you said were killed already?\n\nHerman: I was standing there, like from [this room] outside to the yard.\n\nInterviewer: What about the rest of the family?\n\nHerman: I didn't see nobody no more. That was it. From my sister, Faygel . . .\nShe had a son. He survived. He was with me in the camp to the end of it. Then he\ngot killed in Poland after the war.\n\nInterviewer: Otherwise, you never saw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any of your brothers and sisters again,\nexcept for the two . . .\n\nHerman: The two brothers after the war. Then I was in the kitchen. Then I went\nback to work to the stable. I stayed there about a year, two years in the\nstable. You had to hustle. You had to . . . good . . .\n\nMy life was every day like nothing. Every day was the bullet under you. One day\nI hit a horse with a whip that was fighting. They took me to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp. They put\nme in a chair and gave me 50 [lashes] on my back. My things was black like coal.\nSo black. Because I hit the horse.\n\nInterviewer: They beat you?\n\nHerman: Yes. One time I was under the bullet too. I was in town. I was bringing\nflour into the camp for bread to make. I brought in two extra sacks of flour.\nThe man from the flour ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"company, he knew me and he give it to me. He said, \"Take\nit to the camp and give it to someone.\" I sold it to another guy and they caught\nhim. He say that I sold it to him.\n\nThey put me in [what] they used to call a 'stehbunker' [German: standing\nbunker]. The room was like three [feet] by three [feet]. [It was] a bunker in a\nbasement. You couldn't swing there and you couldn't swing there [turn or move\none way or the other]. It was concrete. If you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pushed [your arm too far], you\nrubbed it. I stayed there for two nights and three days. If somebody else would\nbe in my place, he would be killed. The German went to the head guy--his name\nwas [Amon] Goeth. He told him about me, that I'm a good worker and everything,\nand he let me out.\n\nInterviewer: In the meantime, what else did you see in Plaszow while you were\nthere? You had it pretty ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good.\n\nHerman: I had food, that's all.\n\nInterviewer: You had food to eat, but what did you see there?\n\nHerman: Like what? I saw every day.\n\nInterviewer: What were people doing? What was going on every day?\n\nHerman: They put up a barrack here today and dig the hole. Next day, they pick\nup the barrack and put it over here and fill up the hole.\n\nInterviewer: They were making people work just for the sake of working?\n\nHerman: For nothing. The food was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terrible. They give you less than a pound of\nbread for a week for one person. In the morning, was coffee--just hot water. In\nlunchtime, was a meal. It was nothing but water. However they could . . . For\nsupper, the same thing. I saw people going to the [electric] fences and put\ntheir hands on it to be killed. Every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day, 50 to 100 people killed. Every day.\n\nInterviewer: If somebody got sick, what did they do to them? Shoot them?\n\nHerman: Took them away. You didn't see them again.\n\nInterviewer: Do you know what happened to them?\n\nHerman: They took them on the . . . We used to have a hill. Our camp was a big\nhill. It was a cemetery. They took them over there and that's where they shot them.\n\nOne ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day . . . It was twice it happened. The whole group of people--was about\n200,000 people . . . women and men, naked, outside. There was about five or six\nGermans going by and they'd look at your body. If you was still looking good,\nthey mad just one [line on your forehead]. If you didn't look good, they make an\n\"X\" [on your forehead].\n\nInterviewer: With what?\n\nHerman: With a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"white crayon.\n\nInterviewer: Chalk?\n\nHerman: Chalk.\n\nInterviewer: They marked you on the head?\n\nHerman: An \"X.\" Later on, they separated the X's this way and [the others went a\ndifferent] way. They load up the people with the X's and we never saw them\n[again]. There was every day people coming and going. Every day.\n\nInterviewer: Were there children in Plaszow?\n\nHerman: There was from the beginning. Later on they shipped out all of them.\n\nInterviewer: How many hours a day did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work?\n\nHerman: We got up at six o'clock. I got up at six o'clock, and I feed the\nhorses, and cleaned them. I worked maybe five, six, seven hours, but other guys\nsix o'clock was too . . . They had to work [until eight o'clock. They worked six\no'clock [ in the morning until] eight o'clock [at night].\n\nInterviewer: People worked ten, twelve hours a day and had a piece of bread and\nsome hot, watery soup or coffee?\n\nHerman: If they got it. They was lucky if they got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. They'd come to the\nkitchen. Some of them come, they want to do anything to have something. There\nwas a lot of them worked on the hill. There was warehouses where they repaired\nGermans' clothes. From the front when they come in, they brought all these\nclothes [and] the shoes in there. They'd wash them, they'd repair them, and put\nthem together, and send back out [to] the Germans. That's what the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people was doing.\n\nInterviewer: In the camp, people were working, but the only people they kept\nwere people who could work?\n\nHerman: If you couldn't work, they didn't need you. You were gone right away. If\nyou went to the doctor, that's it. You was not there [anymore].\n\nInterviewer: There was a doctor?\n\nHerman: There was a few doctors there, but they didn't care for you because they\nwas afraid ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"themselves. If they wanted to help somebody, they would kill them.\nThey killed a lot of them too--doctors.\n\nInterviewer: What nationality were the doctors?\n\nHerman: They were Jewish doctors from Krakow and from other towns. They brought\nin any nationality. We was Jews, Pollacks, French, and Gypsies, and Germans,\ntoo. The gangster Germans, they brought them up to our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp. They was like a\nforeman. They was nothing but killers.\n\nInterviewer: They put them in charge of the people who were working?\n\nHerman: In some locations. It used to be there was a hill and they was breaking\nrocks up. Whoever went there in the morning, didn't come out alive. Everybody\nwas . . . In the afternoon of the second day, the killed them. Not shot them.\nLike there was here two hundred pound rock. They took two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fellas and said, \"Pick\nit up.\" How could they pick it up? They took a handle from an ax, beat them over\nthe head, and killed them. At night, coming somebody picked them up and dumped\nthem. How could you pick up a two hundred pound rock when you didn't have no\npower . . . without eating, without nothing?\n\nInterviewer: Did you get sick there?\n\nHerman: I was one time sick. We went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to . . . I was hauling stones from the\ncemetery. The camp was a new cemetery. We was going to Krakow. In the town,\nthere was an old Jewish cemetery. I took maybe ten, fifteen guys with me with\nthe cart, with the horses, with this. We took out the stones from the name of\nthe people and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then we took and load them on the truck. I picked it up . . .\n[points to right forearm] We had pipes where we picked up. The other guys was on\none side; I was on one side. I picked up my side. They didn't pick up and the\npipe hit me here.\n\nThe next morning. it swelled up. I came in to work and next morning, I couldn't\nwork. My hand was [swollen]. My German say, \"What you going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do?\" He took me\nto the hospital in the camp. There was a doctor there--a Jewish fellow. I know\nhim. He did it and opened it up for me, let all the puss out, and put two sticks\non me. I hold it like this [indicates his hand was immobilized] He left me like\nthis. About a week or two weeks later, I saw what's going on. I throw off\neverything and start healing myself, put alcohol on it and whatever I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"need. I\ndidn't go back to him. Then I got like this. [lifts arm to show permanent damage]\n\nWhen I came over here to the United States, a doctor asked me, \"What is that?\" I\ntold him the same story. He said, \"I can cut this in ten minutes and you'll be\nall right.\" I said, \"Listen, it's not bothering me.\" I said, \"Forget about it.\"\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then they closed up our camp. I was in Plaszow. They liquidated . . . everybody\nthey send out. From this camp, left there were 600 people.\n\nInterviewer: From how many people?\n\nHerman: About 200,000. Every day there was 100, next day 150 . . . because they\nsend them out to other camps, to Auschwitz-Birkenau, to other camps to work.\n\nInterviewer: To concentration and death camps?\n\nHerman: Death camps. That was most of them--death camps. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we left 600 people\nin Plaszow. That was happened [in] 1944.\n\nThen I find out the Germans what I worked with them--2 officers. Then I find out\nthey going to a town in Poland called Czestochowa. They going to take over this\ncamp over there. He told me he going there. I say, \"You going there?\" He say,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Yeah.\" I say, \"Find out for me you find my two brothers, Dziewinski.\" A week\nlater they come back. They say, \"There's two brothers Dziewinski.\"\n\nInterviewer: Where was this?\n\nHerman: Czestochowa, in Poland. We left about two, three weeks later--them two\nGermans went with us. We loaded everything on the railroad in carloads--twelve\nhorses and six wagons. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were six guys. We came in. We left Wednesday night in\nPlaszow, Krakow. We came there Friday night.\n\nFriday night, they couldn't ship us into the camp where we was going. We were\nstanding on the railroad. About one block away from the railroad, I heard\nspeaking Jewish [Yiddish or Hebrew] and Polish. I said to the German, \"There is\na camp.\" He said, \"Yeah, there is a camp just across the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"railroad.\"\n\nI went over there and I met fellows where we were born together, grow up\ntogether. We start talking to them. I told them, \"I'm coming in here. Where's my\ntwo brothers?\" He said, \"They went away. Felix went to the Underground. Karl was\nsent to the Schlieben [labor camp] in Germany.\"\n\nWe stayed over night here and next morning they shipped us into the other camp\nwhere we was supposed to stay ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. That was Saturday morning. I met a lot of\nfriends from Krakow, where we grow up together over there. That was Saturday. We\ndidn't do nothing. Sunday we didn't do nothing either.\n\nSunday afternoon, I went to the kitchen to get me something to eat and coffee.\nThe German went to the kitchen and told the head guy from the kitchen for us,\nthat we not going to eat with the rest for the people, that we been with them\nfor five years and we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know each other. He said they make a table for us and we\ngoing to eat in the kitchen. Whenever we come, to give us what we want. He said, \"Fine.\"\n\nWe came in Sunday afternoon there and this German was there, too. He was eating\nthere, too. He said to me, \"Tomorrow morning,\" in German, that we going downtown\nto pick up food for the camp. That's what we was doing--brining in food from the\noutside to the camp.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Monday morning I got up and I feed the horses. The kitchen was a block away\nwhere we was. In the stable, we had a room. There where we would sleep. I got\nover there and the kitchen brought me some coffee. He come running--the German.\nHe said, \"We not going no more downtown. The Russians are here.\" That's what\nhappened Monday.\n\nInterviewer: What year was this?\n\nHerman: 1945, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning. Not the end of 1945. [He said,] \"The Russians are\nhere.\" He said, \"Put the horses in the wagon.\" I packed up my wagon [and went]\nto the warehouse. I didn't know nobody in this town. I was a new man. I didn't\nknow nobody. I didn't know where to go or nothing. Then we went to the\nwarehouse. He loaded some bread and butter, different items for the people.\n\nWe went to the railroad station. People were standing there--about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"15 or\n20,000--just like cattles in the slaughterhouse. The railroad was there and they\nshipped them away. Where? No idea. I went back to the camp. That happened Monday.\n\nTuesday in the morning, he said we do the same thing. Tuesday was getting worse.\nThe Russians was closing in. The bullets, the bombs was flying, just [sounding\nlike], ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Wooo . . .\" [It was] winter--about 40 below zero. I went to the railroad\nstation--me, another guy, and a German. We had bread and butter on the . . .\nwhatever kind of [food] there was. We came to the railroad station. There stand\nabout 15 or 20,000 people just like cattles in the slaughterhouse. [There were]\nno Germans, no nothing. The railroad cars was open and the people standing.\n\nI came over there. My German what was with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, what he watched me, he ran away.\nI said to the other guy, \"What we going to do here?\" I had two bolts. I opened\nthe wagon and pushed all the food away, give it to the people.\n\nInterviewer: The people who were waiting to be loaded on the trains?\n\nHerman: They were waiting. I said, \"Where we going?\" I said, \"Let's go back to\nthe camp.\" That's what happened Tuesday afternoon about two o'clock. At three,\nfour o'clock in the afternoon in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wintertime, it was getting dark. We got into\nthe camp.\n\nWhen I came into the camp, I didn't see Germans no more. I had a big wagon with\nrubber wheels. What I did: the horses I put away. Under the stable where we was\nliving there for the four, five days, there was a little basement. There was\nnothing in it. When I was there the four, five days with the other guys, we made\na bigger basement. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"digged it out bigger. We made in the wall two, three\nholes. We got in there. I didn't see the Germans. Four o'clock was getting dark\nalready. Five o'clock, you couldn't see no more. The bullets was flying everywhere.\n\nTen o'clock at night or twelve o'clock at night, the Germans still coming and\nwant to take the rest of the people away.\n\nInterviewer: To send them to death camps, to put them on the trains?\n\nHerman: To . . . away. There were still about 15-20,000 people in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp.\n\nInterviewer: Even though the Russians were coming already . . .\n\nHerman: Yes, but they left. People didn't want to move one step. With me was\n15-20 people, women and men, hiding in the basement. That's what happened from\nfive [o'clock that evening] to twelve or one o'clock [in the morning].\n\nInterviewer: You said the Germans, the guards ran away?\n\nHerman: They ran away. Everybody was . . . Nobody was . . . They come back at\ntwelve. A few of them come back to take the Jewish. Nobody want to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go. Me and\nabout 20 people--we was in this basement under the stables. Through the holes,\nwe was looking out. At one or two o'clock [in the morning], I looked out. I hear\nspeaking Russian and Polish. They used to call it milits [Yiddish: militia]. The\nPolish people got milits.\n\nInterviewer: Militia?\n\nHerman: Militia. When I saw them, then we got freed. We went up to the camp. It\nwas dangerous to walk ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the bullets was flying everyway you go. We waited\ntill the morning and the Russians came in. They got us free.\n\nInterviewer: Did you understand Russian?\n\nHerman: A little bit. A few words. I was with them.\n\nInterviewer: Did they know what to expect when they saw the camp? What did they say?\n\nHerman: Like what?\n\nInterviewer: The Russians.\n\nHerman: They didn't say nothing. [They said,] \"You're free to go. Go wherever\nyou ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"please.\" They was not 100 percent too good either. [They said,] \"Was free.\nNobody could kill you.\"\n\nInterviewer: They just said, \"Go,\" and set you free?\n\nHerman: Go wherever you want.\n\nInterviewer: Now, let us try to go back a little bit, okay? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the Germans\nfirst came in and you said you went in to . . .\n\nHerman: I met them the first time was 1939. I met them at the [border of Poland\nand Russia]. Russia was this side . . . They had a pact. They said, \"We going to\nstay here and we going to stay ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here.\" The Germans was here [on one side] and the\nRussians was here [on the other side].\n\nInterviewer: In the beginning, did you know about anti-Jewish laws, where the\nGermans were saying there were certain things Jewish people could or could not\ndo, or anything that changed?\n\nHerman: You couldn't . . . No. When you walked in town in Krakow or in\nProszowice, when the sidewalk was here . . . You couldn't walk on the sidewalk.\nYou had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"walk on the street.\n\nInterviewer: This was right in the very beginning?\n\nHerman: In the beginning.\n\nInterviewer: Did you ever have to wear a star of David?\n\nHerman: No. We wear the bands [around the arm].\n\nInterviewer: What kind of band?\n\nHerman: A white band with the star.\n\nInterviewer: Everybody Jewish had to wear it?\n\nHerman: Yes. In the camp where I was in Plaszow . . . In Auschwitz-Birkenau,\nthey put your tattoo [on the forearm]. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our camp, we didn't have this. Over\nthere in our camp, they didn't keep the people. They come in today and in a\nweek, two weeks later, out. They shipped them somewhere. [In Plaszow], we had\nthe numbers on the shirt. Most of them was wearing the pasiasty [Polish:\nstriped] . . .\n\nInterviewer: Striped uniforms?\n\nHerman: Striped uniforms. I didn't wear them. I wear maybe for a month. Later I\nwear my own clothes in the camp.\n\nInterviewer: Right, but that's because you were lucky.\n\nHerman: Yes. I was in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"butcher shop and working with the horses.\n\nInterviewer: Otherwise, most of the people were wearing the striped uniforms?\n\nHerman: Right. When the Germans . . . brought the people into camp in Plaszow,\nthey learned one thing. There was a big building. You come in here, you took off\nevery clothes you have--women and men, and put it on the side, and walk in the\nother door [where] they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"give you a pasiasty. They learned the Jewish people\nsaved like money, gold, diamonds, precious whatever. They learned this: that\nthey have it. They say, \"You took off everything what you got here.\" You went\nnaked over there and they give you just a little jacket and a pair of pants. Not\neven the shoes, nothing.\n\nInterviewer: No shoes? How could people go outside in the freezing cold?\n\nHerman: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everybody was taking rags and wrapping it around [their feet]. Everybody\nhad old shoes like you could buy them. Like you was going in the morning to\nwork, the other guy was sleeping. He had good shoes. You took his shoes.\n\nInterviewer: To keep alive.\n\nHerman: Everybody was just looking for himself. You had brothers, you had\nsisters . . . I saw brothers over there [where] one didn't look [out] for the\nother. Or best friends. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just looked for himself to survive.\n\nInterviewer: But people helped each other, too.\n\nHerman: When they could. If you could. But you had to help yourself to survive.\nIf you didn't help yourself . . . You couldn't depend on . . . Some people had a\npiece of bread, they might give him a bite or something. But you got to help\nyourself to survive. You saw every day 50, 100, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"200, 300 . . . They brought\npeople from town where they was a sfałszowane papiery [Polish: forged papers]\n\nInterviewer: They had false papers.\n\nHerman: False papers, yes. They bought them up. In Krakow, when I was going to\ntown every day, there were a few Jewish boys what I knew them from before the war.\n\nInterviewer: They were going as Christians?\n\nHerman: They were going as Christians. They was working with the Germans. When\n[the Jewish informants] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw a Jewish fellow, it was, \"[unintelligible phrase]\nWhere you live?\" They find out where he live and the next day, they send the\nGermans and they brought them to our camp. When they brought them for the\npapiery, right away shot.\n\nInterviewer: They killed them?\n\nHerman: Killed them right away.\n\nInterviewer: Because they knew they were trying to get away?\n\nHerman: Yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whatever . . . Women, kids, everything . . . Up on the hill. There\nwas a bulldozer and they digged out a hole. Everybody had to undress themselves,\nand lay down there, and they shot you. The other guy had to go and lay down on\nhim and they shot them again with machine guns. I saw it every day. I didn't go\n. . . I went over there a few times [because] I was working in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neighborhood.\nIf they went over there . . . They used to call it in Polish 'Hujowa Gorka.'\n\nInterviewer: Which means?\n\nHerman: That means that's the hill. If you went over there . . .\n\nInterviewer: You did not come back?\n\nHerman: No.\n\nInterviewer: They had open pits?\n\nHerman: No, just an open field. It was a hill. Our camp was a cemetery . . .\n\nInterviewer: Didn't you say they dug out pits?\n\nHerman: The bulldozer dug out a few holes. They put down the people, shot them,\nand the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same bulldozer covered them up. That's how it was. Everybody had to\nundress themselves, and put the clothes [in a pile], and then . . .\n\nInterviewer: Then they took the clothes and sent them to Germany?\n\nHerman: No, they searched them for whatever is there.\n\nInterviewer: You said that when you went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the last place . . .\n\nHerman: To Czestochowa.\n\nInterviewer: You found out that your one brother went underground and one\nbrother was sent to Schlieben. When did you see them again?\n\nHerman: After I got free, I had two horses what I took out from the camp. The\nRussians took them away and they give me two other ones. We was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about ten\nguys--six, seven men and three, four women. We drove to Krakow.\n\nI came in to Proszowice. All of them came in with me then. We stopped on the\nway. We stopped at a town where we know them. He gave us some food. We came to\nProszowice. We stayed there about a week. I saw that it was dangerous, so I put\ntwo ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hoses on the wagon and we went in to Krakow.\n\nIn Krakow, when the Germans left in 1945, they took maybe 1,000 or 2,000\npeople--kids, women, men from the street--and shot them like flies. [They were]\nPollacks. [It was] because they got mad they had to leave for the Russians was\ncoming in.\n\nInterviewer: They just killed Polish people?\n\nHerman: Like flies on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"street. There was in a warehouse. In Krakow after the\nwar, the Polish army took over. They was making one funeral for all the people.\nMe and two other Pollacks from the town, we went to Krakow. We came into Krakow\nand we went to see the funeral. When I watched it . . . We stand on the side and\nthey was going--the Polish army with all the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dead people. The one guy shouted to\nme, \"You see who it is?\" There was my brother Felix. He was in the Underground\nand later he went to the Polish army and they sent him to Krakow. He was working\nthe first one on the front.\n\nInterviewer: He was wearing a uniform?\n\nHerman: A Polish uniform. I couldn't . . . He didn't see me. Later on after we\nwent to the funeral and it was the end of it, I went to him. We see each other.\nThen about two or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three weeks later, I went back to Proszowice. From Proszowice,\nthe guys was there taking food and shipping it to Warsaw. That was the capital\nof Poland. They was coming back from Warsaw to Proszowice by railroad. They met\nand they saw Karl. When they come home, they say, \"Your brother is survived . .\n. Karl.\" Then I went back to Krakow. That's when I met Karl and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Felix. I know\nFelix . . . And then Rosa [Felix's wife] come in and a week or two days later,\nSasha [Karl's wife, Cirel or Cecilia Kozma] came in. That's when we got together.\n\nInterviewer: There was three of you left from the whole family?\n\nHerman: That's right. And Mania, what is in New York. And from my sister . . .\n\nInterviewer: Who is she? That's your niece?\n\nHerman: My niece. And my nephew from my sister, he survived, too. He didn't want\nto go with us to Germany. He say he going to stay in Poland. After about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"six\nmonths later, they shot him over there.\n\nInterviewer: Who shot him?\n\nHerman: The underground, the Polish people. Just shot him. Come in, he was Jew,\nthey shot him.\n\nInterviewer: He survived the camps and they shot him after the war?\n\nHerman: After the war.\n\nInterviewer: Where? In Krakow?\n\nHerman: In Krakow, we was there and we was doing a little bit of business. We\nsaw that it was too dangerous. We decided that we leave it. We left--the whole\nfamily. A Russian captain took us from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland to Czechoslovakia. From\nCzechoslovakia, we went across the border to the German side where the Americans\nwas. Then we wind up in Germany.\n\nInterviewer: All of you together?\n\nHerman: Together. Was not so easy to survive. Was a hard thing to survive. Karl\nand Sasha had two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids.\n\nInterviewer: This was your brother and sister-in-law?\n\nHerman: Right. And the Germans shot them. When they brought them out to our camp\nfrom their camp, they liquidated their little camp. They brought them up to our\ncamp. All the kids and the older people, they put them on the hill to be killed.\n\nI was downtown. When I came in from downtown, they told me they brought the\npeople up here. I went over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there and Karl, my brother, started screaming at me,\n\"They took my two kids over there!\" If I would be an hour before that, I could\nmaybe save them. But when I came over there, they was already dead. I couldn't\nsave them.\n\nInterviewer: It was too late.\n\nHerman: Too late. I came in maybe an hour late. If I would come . . . If I would\nknow a day before, I could save them. They were staying there in our camp about\ntwo days and two nights. Then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they shipped all of them up to Skarzysko-Kamienna.\nThen we didn't see each other until the end of the war. They didn't know from me\nnothing and I didn't know from them nothing.\n\nInterviewer: All during the war, you did not know who was alive?\n\nHerman: When they brought them up to our camp, I seen them. But later, I didn't\nsee . . . No idea. You didn't know [if] you going to survive tomorrow, today . .\n. There was nothing. What kind of guarantee you have? Every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day you saw 50, 100,\n200, 300 people shot like flies.\n\nErna: When you were in Plaszow, did you know where they were sending people?\n\nHerman: Nobody knew nothing. They just . . . They say they had . . . Like, we\nhad an appell [German: roll call]. Appell mean like a football ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place . . . a field.\n\nInterviewer: They called everybody out?\n\nHerman: Everybody from the barracks came and we stayed there. Whenever was that,\nthen we know it's going to be something happen. I was there just one time. The\nrest of the time, I didn't go there.\n\nInterviewer: Why?\n\nHerman: Because I was working in the stable. They didn't . . . I did one time.\nLater, I didn't go no more when they . . .\n\nInterviewer: What did they do there when they had that?\n\nHerman: You came in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"undressed, naked.\n\nInterviewer: Everybody?\n\nHerman: Women and men naked. Then you stayed together. Women [on one side]; men\n[on one side] . . . Three, four Germans in white uniforms . . .\n\nInterviewer: Were they doctors?\n\nHerman: I don't know what they was, but they was marking. If you had an \"X\" on\nthe head, [you went] one way. If they make you [a straight line] . . . If they\nlooked your body was still good looking, this way.\n\nInterviewer: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What did they tell people about where they were sending them?\n\nHerman: Nothing. What do you mean? Who would tell?\n\nInterviewer: They did not tell them anything?\n\nHerman: Who was there to tell? Who did they have to tell? They was doing what\nthey please--killing people, robbing . . . They took everything from you anyway.\nIf in the morning, the Commandant went up in the morning about nine, ten o'clock\n. . . His name was Goeth. When he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ride his horse in a white uniform, when he was\ngoing up to the camp where the people were, if you . . . When he passed by this\nway and you didn't look at him straight, he just took out the gun and shot you\nbecause you didn't look that. When I was in the butcher shop over there, he had\nthree dogs. Every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dog was [very large].\n\nInterviewer: What kind of dogs?\n\nHerman: With the big mouths.\n\nInterviewer: German shepherds?\n\nHerman: No.\n\nInterviewer: Doberman?\n\nHerman: Doberman. Like this. [Indicates they were very tall] I was feeding them.\nI was cooking the meat for them, everything. The best food in the world, I was\ngiving to the dogs. When I give to the people . . . Every afternoon like twelve\nor one o'clock, I went over there, cleaned up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything--the stable where they\nhad the little things. I cleaned it up. The food what they didn't eat it, I\ncouldn't take it back to the camp to give it to nobody. I had to have a shovel,\nand dig out the ground, and put it in the ground.\n\nInterviewer: Instead of giving it to some people?\n\nHerman: I couldn't give it to nobody. Every day. I did this for about a year.\n\nInterviewer: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did people look at you since you had it so much better than\nthem? Did people say anything to you?\n\nHerman: What was there to say? You had a good job, you was good. You didn't have\nthe [good] job; that's how it was. You didn't care about nobody.\n\nInterviewer: You were lucky.\n\nHerman: If you was lucky, you survived. If you had something to fill your\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stomach, that was more than money, than everything in the world. If you could\nfill your stomach . . . If you didn't have it: bad luck.\n\nInterviewer: Do you ever do anything to help anybody else?\n\nHerman: I helped hundreds of them, but you couldn't give it away, the whole\nthing. People was coming, you give them a meal there, a piece of bread there,\nbut you couldn't give the whole thing to people. They come to me. They come a\nfew times to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. He said somebody told him that I'm giving away too much stuff.\nWhen the people come for dinner, there was nothing to give. They told me they\ngoing to kill me if I do that again.\n\nYou could help some of them, but not the whole camp. I was just one person. When\na friend come in, I tried to give him a better meal. We was like twelve o'clock,\ngiving the people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dinner. There was . . . like a big garbage can. We had a . . .\nladle. We had a big one. Everybody had some kind of thing . . . a cup or\nsomething. If you see a friend, you [scooped the ladle down to] the bottom [to\nget] the thickness. You couldn't do it. A guy was standing there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mixing [the\nsoup] all the time.\n\nYou tried to help people, but you couldn't do it when your life was in danger\ntoo. People was telling on each other. You did everything you could. Sure, I\nhelped a lot of people.\n\nInterviewer: The people that had some kind of profession were better off?\n\nHerman: A shoemaker, a tailor . . . they was not going outside. They were\nworking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inside.\n\nInterviewer: They were better off and had a better chance of surviving?\n\nHerman: You had to be . . . know what you're doing. If you was a good worker,\nthey didn't hat you so much. But if you was a lazy guy, you didn't want to work,\nyou was not there tomorrow. It was not so easy to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survive. You had to do it or\nnot good, the life was threatened every five minutes.\n\nInterviewer: Where you were, were there religious people?\n\nHerman: One man when I was in the stable [was] a Jewish fellow, religious. The\nGerman--our boss--was named ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anton. [The older Jewish man] was a carpenter. He\ncame in to help us out. A man in [his] fifties. Other people would be killed. He\ntold me that on Saturday, he not going to work. He say he don't care they going\nto kill him tomorrow, he not going to work.\n\nI went to this Anton. I was talking to Anton every day because he was with me.\nWe was driving ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"downtown and when we had to go buy food for the horses, we went\nwith him together. I told him. I brought this other Jew fellow then and I said\nto him, \"Listen, he told me you can do whatever you please with him. He say you\ncan shoot him right away. On Saturday, he not going to work. Sunday, he going to\nwork, but not on Saturday.\" He looked at me. He said, \"What do you mean, he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not\ngoing to work if I tell him to work?\" [We told him,] \"He say he believe in G-d\nand he say he not going to work on Saturday.\" He looked at him again and he\nsaid, \"Tell him I'm not going to kill him. I let him do it.\"\n\n[The older Jewish man] was with us till about two or three years later. When\nthey closed up the camp, they send him away. Then I didn't see him no more. He\nwas with me for about four years.\n\nInterviewer: He never worked on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Saturdays?\n\nHerman: Never worked on Saturdays. He told him, \"You can kill me right away, do\nwhat you want with me, and do this and everything, but I'm not going to work.\"\nAs long as Anton, my boss, this SS man, was there, he knowed.\n\nInterviewer: He let him do it?\n\nHerman: He let him do it.\n\nInterviewer: What about Jewish holidays?\n\nHerman: There was no . . .\n\nInterviewer: There was nothing? People could not do anything?\n\nHerman: Like what?\n\nInterviewer: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Something to mark that it was a holiday?\n\nHerman: How you know it's a holiday? You didn't even know it. In the camps, some\npeople know it. You had to go everyday to work. One Sunday we didn't go to work.\nFrom Monday to Saturday, you had to work. Every day. Digging a hole here. Put it\nhere. Next day, they digged it up here and put it back here. Just to do\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something. Every day. When you was not able to work, you was going. You didn't\nsee him no more. Or they shot him there not to send him away on the railroad. Goodbye.\n\nInterviewer: I asked you this before, but at any time--even later in 1944--did\nyou ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know about where they were sending the people? Because they never came back,\ndid you think about what was happening?\n\nHerman: No. They didn't ask you what to send you.\n\nInterviewer: I know, but did somebody ever come into the camp and say, \"They're\nsending people . . .\"\n\nHerman: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Dachau . . . We didn't know.\n\nInterviewer: Did you know what Auschwitz-Birkenau or Dachau was?\n\nHerman: No. I heard that it was bad, but we didn't know where and what. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\nsupposed to go to Auschwitz-Birkenau, too. Maria went to Auschwitz-Birkenau.\n\nInterviewer: That is your wife?\n\nHerman: Right. My wife went to Auschwitz-Birkenau when they liquidated Plaszow.\nShe was so lucky that they give her the number, and they keeped her for about a\nweek or two, and they send her to somewhere in Czechoslovakia or Austria. They\nwould work in a truck ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factory. They told the German [civilians] what was coming\nthere to work not to talk to them [because they were] killers. The Germans start\nasking questions [like] what kind of killers women are. [The Germans said that\nthey were] killers, that nobody can talk to them. Then the Russians make them\nfree over there. Then we met in Krakow after the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war.\n\nInterviewer: When the Russians freed you, you were with some Polish men?\n\nHerman: No, with Jewish. In the camp, they were Jewish.\n\nInterviewer: I thought you said you were with Polish men, but it was all Jewish men?\n\nHerman: Jewish. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the camp was nothing but Jewish men.\n\nInterviewer: When you got out and you went to Proszowice, where you were born,\nhow did the Polish people act towards you?\n\nHerman: [They said,] \"Very funny. You still survived?\"\n\nInterviewer: They were surprised that you came back?\n\nHerman: I had two cousins [that were hidden] by a Pollack in a bunker for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four\nand a half years. After the war, they killed them.\n\nInterviewer: The Polish people did?\n\nHerman: Pollacks. After the war. And they killed my nephew after the war.\n\nInterviewer: They were not too happy to see you when you returned to your hometown?\n\nHerman: Not so happy. They no have nothing and they cannot produce nothing. If\nyou was making money or making a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"living, they was jealous of you.\n\nInterviewer: Then you left?\n\nHerman: I left Proszowice, and went in to Krakow, and then I met my brother.\n\nInterviewer: Then you went to Germany?\n\nHerman: We went from Krakow, Poland to Czechoslovakia.\n\nInterviewer: How did you get there?\n\nHerman: With a Russian captain.\n\nInterviewer: How? You had horses or you were walking?\n\nHerman: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, by truck. The Russian soldiers took a big truck and took us--about\n20 or 30 of us--from Poland to Czechoslovakia. This was occupied by the\nRussians. There was on the border Czechoslovakia and Americans. There was on\nthis side the Russians and this side the Germans.\n\nInterviewer: The Russians left you there?\n\nHerman: Yes. They left me there in Prague. From Prague, to a little town we went\nover ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. There you could go free. Then we had to cross the border from the\nRussian side to the German side.\n\nInterviewer: Why were you going to Germany?\n\nHerman: Because I want to have a safe life . . . It was occupied by the\nAmericans. It was free. You could do business. You could do whatever you please.\n\nInterviewer: At that time did you have any papers or anything?\n\nHerman: Like what papers?\n\nInterviewer: A ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"passport?\n\nHerman: Nothing.\n\nInterviewer: You didn't have anything?\n\nHerman: Nothing. We didn't have nothing.\n\nInterviewer: How did you get from Czechoslovakia to Germany?\n\nHerman: On the border, cross at night.\n\nInterviewer: Walking?\n\nHerman: Walking, yes.\n\nInterviewer: Where did you get food? You did not have any money, did you?\n\nHerman: We had a few dollars that culminated in . . . You could over there buy\nfor a few dollars something. Then we came into Germany. They gave us some rooms\nover there.\n\nInterviewer: Where in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany?\n\nHerman: In Eggenfelden.\n\nInterviewer: Did you go directly there?\n\nHerman: Yes.\n\nInterviewer: How did you know to go there?\n\nHerman: We had a friend over there and he told us to come over there [to]\nEggenfelden. Herman: We come over there and we settled there. That's where we\nwas for five years.\n\nInterviewer: When you got there, how did you get an apartment?\n\nHerman: The German governor . . . Each town got a Burgermeister . . . [German] a\nmayor. In German is a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Burgermeister. Here is a governor or a mayor. They give us\na little rooms [in] a house with German people.\n\nInterviewer: Then what did you do?\n\nHerman: Start to handle business with horses--buying, selling, making a dollar\nto survive. Then I left Germany in 1950 to come to the United States. I didn't\nhave nobody here, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just me and my wife.\n\nInterviewer: You got married right after the war?\n\nHerman: After the war, yes. My [first daughter] was born in Germany. We left\nGermany to come to United States. I come over here. I landed in Boston\n[Massachusetts]. From Boston, they send us to New York [City]. I was in New York\na week. I was supposed to go to Denver, Colorado. The Jewish Federation said\nthey don't have no place in Denver. They got a place in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta. I didn't know\nwhat was Atlanta. I didn't know what Denver was.\n\nI came to Atlanta. The Jewish Federation took me off the railroad. They give us\na house and they give us a few dollars to live. In about a month or two, I got a\njob in a grocery store. I worked for $40 a week. From seven in the morning till\neight, nine at night doing everything what you want to do--sweep floors, put up\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stock, cutting meat, everything. Like a clock that's what I was.\n\nThen I bought my own store after two years. We lived in the Schwarze [German:\nblack] neighborhood for two years. Then the other child got born and it was too\ndangerous to live there. They brought home bad words and everything. Then we\nhave to move out from there. Then we bought the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house. We had a grocery store\nand we was going every day to work.\n\nInterviewer: How old were you at the end of the war?\n\nHerman: You can figure it out. [In] 1945 . . . Today, I'm seventy.\n\nInterviewer: You were born in 1916?\n\nHerman: Yes. I was about 35 years old.\n\nInterviewer: In 1946, you were about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"30, so when you came to the United States\nyou were about 35. You were really a young man.\n\nHerman: Sure. Nobody give you nothing. You had to work for it. To make a dollar,\nyou had to work for it, hustle for it to make a dollar.\n\nInterviewer: You came here just with your wife?\n\nHerman: And Edna, my oldest daughter. The other two [daughters] got born ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here.\n\nInterviewer: When you came here, who did you socialize with?\n\nHerman: You couldn't socialize with nobody but people [who had been in the]\ncamps what you could speak. We didn't speak English. We didn't speak nothing.\nWhen I went on the bus, I had a piece of paper I showed the bus driver that I\nwant to go downtown, and there, and there. He saw when I come there, he say, \"Go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out.\"\n\nInterviewer: Your friends were other survivors?\n\nHerman: Yes, other survivors. We lived on Peachtree [and] 11th Street. There was\na fellow named Marcel. He had a big building there with six or eight apartments.\nThis was not occupied. He give it to the Jewish Welfare [Fund], this building.\nHe didn't took no rent or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing. He say, \"Let them live two, three years. Just\npay taxes on it.\" That's why we had to pay like $15-20 a month for taxes. I\nstart to work in this grocery store. I make $40. Every day, we got up like 6: 30\n[or] seven o'clock. At eight [or] nine o'clock, I come home. That's where we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live.\n\nMaria was working then. We had about five [or] six rooms. She took in two\nboarders to make a few extra dollars for her to pay this. What was $40? Nothing.\nWe took in two boarders. We gave them a room. They paid her like $25-30 dollars.\nShe cooked for me and for them, too--two survivors. We lived there for about a\nyear and a half.\n\nThen when we left ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, we bought the store from another fellow. We lived there\nfor about two years in the Schwarze neighborhood, upstairs above the store. In\nthe morning at six o'clock, they knocked on the door to open. I didn't have to\ngo out. I went out . . . We had steps in the back. I went downstairs and opened\nthe store.\n\nInterviewer: At that time, when you first came to the States, did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anybody ever\ncall you a Jew? Did anybody discriminate against you then?\n\nHerman: No.\n\nInterviewer: Did you feel any anti-Semitism?\n\nHerman: Not [at] this time. Later on you feel it. Later. I didn't know what was\nwhen I was driving on the bus in Atlanta, and I saw the Schwarze had to go to\nthe back, and I could sit in the front. I said, \"What is this?\" I didn't know it better.\n\nInterviewer: You did not know about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"segregation?\n\nHerman: I didn't about it. Later on after you got longer here, you find out\nwhat's going on.\n\nInterviewer: Did you ever or do you now have nightmares about the war?\n\nHerman: Sometimes, yes. Sure. You're dreaming and this. Sometime comes in the\nwar every week or two weeks on the television about Hitler and this, I like to\nwatch it. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no like it.\n\nInterviewer: Your wife?\n\nHerman: I like to watch it. They no show the camps. They showing when the\nAmericans, and the French, and the English got in to Germany. I like to watch\nit. Sometime you dream at night what was. You didn't believe you going to be\nhere and surviving. If somebody would come to me and say, \"You going survive,\"\nI'd say, \"You a liar.\"\n\nInterviewer: You did not think you were going to survive?\n\nHerman: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Every day you see so many people killed. They going to say one day they\ngoing to wipe out the whole camp. We didn't know it in 1944 where they sending\nus. They send out about 200,000 people. They just load them up on the cars like\ncattles and send them away. We left 600 [in Plaszow]. We don't know what they\ngoing to do with us till I went to Czestochowa and I left the other people\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. A lot of them got killed and lot of them survived. We didn't know. They\ndidn't ask you where you want to go or what you want to do. They just say,\n\"Out.\" They come in to our house and, \"Out. Raus.\" That's [out] in German.\nWhatever you had on. You had shoes or you didn't have . . . without shoes. Raus.\nIf you was looking for your shoes or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coat, they shot you right away.\n\nInterviewer: When you went back at that time to where you were born, did you go\nto your house?\n\nHerman: Sure.\n\nInterviewer: Was anybody living there?\n\nHerman: Yes, Polish people was living there. I had a hard time to get in it.\n\nInterviewer: To get into the house? They did not leave, did they?\n\nHerman: Sure. One girl was there . . . one woman. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the Germans was there,\nshe was fooling around with the Germans. They give her everything.\n\nThen I went to the Russians. Like other people--Americans too--when they pass\nthrough a town and take it over, they leave somebody in charge of it. I came\nover there.\n\nThe first day I came in to my house, there was a stable. I put the horses in it.\nI walked in. I saw this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"woman. She had about four, five rooms. I say to her,\n\"How bout you give me one room? You know it's my house. Give me one room.\" She\nsay, \"Oh, no! Oh, no!\" She didn't want to give it to me. I said why did she not\nlet me sleep over night. She said, \"I don't have no room.\" I said, \"The rooms\nare vacant in the back.\" She didn't want to do it.\n\nThen I went to the milits, to the Russian. They had an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office. Like they have\nsomebody in charge of this town. I went over there and I spoke to him in Russian\na little bit [and] in Polish. Most of [it in] Polish. He said to me to come in\ntomorrow over there. I said, \"What you mean you come in tomorrow when I don't\nhave no where to stay tonight?\"\n\nThere was another captain ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bigger than he is sitting over there in that same room\nby a little desk. He heard me when I telling him I am yevrey [Russian: Hebrew]\nfrom the camp and I'd survived. I say to him everything. He saying, \"Tomorrow we\ngo.\" This guy sitting over there and he didn't say who he was. I know he a\ncaptain, but he was doing . . . like the front was passing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by. He was shipping\nfood for the front. He was [taking] meats and breads, shipping to the front for\nthe soldiers.\n\nInterviewer: He was collecting it?\n\nHerman: He was buying it or taking it and shipping it to the front. When this\nhappened, he got up and he say, \"Why we not going now over there?\" The other guy\nlooked at him. He said, \"Why we not going now?\" He said, \"Okay.\"\n\nWe went over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there to her house. She had candelabras and good, nice furniture\nfrom Jewish people. The Germans take it away and give it to her. One of them was\nliving with her. He come in and he say to her, \"You know, I've been in a lot of\nPolish houses and lot of Jewish houses. I didn't see in Polish houses\ncandelabras. I seen in Jewish houses ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"candelabras.\" He said, \"Where did you get\nthis?\" She said she had a friend, a German. He said to her, \"I want you 24 hours\nleave everything here and get out.\"\n\nThen she come to me and start crying. I know if I lived there another week, I\nwouldn't be survive. She would bring somebody to kill me. She came in the same\nnight. She said, \"I give you this room with two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beds,\" or whatever it was thee.\nOn the floor, we put straw and sleeped there. Two, three days later, I just left\nher everything and went away. If not, I would be killed.\n\nInterviewer: That was the last time you were in your house?\n\nHerman: Yes. That was the last time when I was in Proszowice.\n\nInterviewer: All of this that happened to you happened because you are Jewish.\n\nHerman: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right. I didn't kill nobody. I didn't rob nobody. It's because I'm\nJewish. And I'm proud of it.\n\nInterviewer: How do you feel about that--that they did this to you just because\nyou are Jewish?\n\nHerman: How I feel? I feel bad. I didn't kill nobody. I was doing my own . . .\nSurviving. You had to work in Poland, too. It was a bad . . . It was a poor\ncountry. You had to hustle and do something to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survive.\n\nThey just come in, to millions of people they did the same thing--took\neverything away and throw them out. For them, a human was like this [glass of]\nwater--nothing. Human life mean nothing to [the Germans].\n\nI saw kids picked up by the leg [and swung so that their] head hit against the\nwall. Put the brains out. Kids from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"six months, a year old. They said a bullet\ncost a nickel and that's too expensive to kill [them with]. I saw this on my own\neyes. Every day there I saw this. You couldn't do [anything] to help it. You was\nlocked up [tight].\n\nOne time I saw they brought in . . . was about 50 guys. It was a father and a\nson. The father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was strong like a mule. He saw they killed his son. He had to\nundress and he going to be killed too, so he hit the German and bust the whole\njaw. They shot him anyway. He say he didn't have nothing to lose.\n\nThey didn't care for nothing. They just . . . When somebody told them, \"Kill\nhim,\" that's all it was. Took out the gun, [pointed it at you,] and shot you.\n[Whether it was] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women, kids, men, they didn't care. Just to them, it was fun to\nkill a human.\n\nInterviewer: They did not just do it because they had to do it? They enjoyed it?\n\nHerman: A lot of them enjoyed it. A lot of soldiers that was Germans, they\ndidn't know what was going on there. They was just soldiers. Later on, they find\nout a little bit what was going on, but a lot of Germans didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know what they\nwas doing. Just taking people unnecessarily and killing them like flies. When\n[Dwight] Eisenhower came into Auschwitz-Birkenau--what they showing on\ntelevision--and they ask the German people, they said, \"We didn't know what was\ngoing on.\"\n\nInterviewer: Did you see other people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resist like the man with the son?\n\nHerman: Very seldom. I couldn't see everything. When they brought in the people\nfrom town on trucks, they went straight up to the hill. We used to call it\n'Hujowa Gorka.'\n\nInterviewer: Most of the people they brought to the camp, they brought to kill?\n\nHerman: Right.\n\nInterviewer: They did not bring them to work?\n\nHerman: Some of them, yes. And some of them, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no. Most of what they brought from\ndowntown, they brought them, they catched them on papers, they was just Pollacks\nand this, straight over there. Was no ask questions.\n\nInterviewer: You did not see as much because you were working inside?\n\nHerman: I was working inside, but I know what was going on. I saw every day. We\nwas working about three, four blocks away from there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we saw them going\nover there, that's what was. You're not deaf. You heard the bullets. Shoot them.\nEvery day.\n\nInterviewer: Have you ever been back to Europe after the war?\n\nHerman: No. After the war, I didn't go back from the United States. What I going\nto look at over there for? The whole family's gone. I don't have nobody. What I\ngoing to look ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there?\n\nInterviewer: Do you think something like this could ever happen again?\n\nHerman: I don't know. I don't know if I'm going to see it. I'm seventy years old\nnow. I went through enough. I don't wish nobody in the world to go through what\nI went through.\n\nInterviewer: You think it is possible, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"though?\n\nHerman: You don't know what's going on. You have got a lot of antisemitism here.\nThat's what it is. I never believed this might happen, never. The people here in\nthe United States, they no think about this.\n\nInterviewer: You are saying they do not think it is possible?\n\nHerman: [nods head in agreement]\n\nInterviewer: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But then, people did not really think it was possible before it\nhappened in Europe either.\n\nHerman: I know it.\n\nInterviewer: Did you ever apply for or receive any reparation payments from the Germans?\n\nHerman: I applied for it and we didn't get it. We never get it. We did something\nwrong. We didn't register right. After the war, you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't know where to go and\nthis. We didn't get any money.\n\nInterviewer: Would you have taken it if you had gotten it?\n\nHerman: Sure. I was for five years in the concentration camp.\n\nInterviewer: You feel like they owed it to you?\n\nHerman: Sure. I was for five years there. In one camp, four and a half years.\n\nInterviewer: Is there anything you can think of that you forgot to tell me that\nhappened in the camps?\n\nHerman: Like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what? I'm telling you what happened. The life was hanging, like I\nsay, on a thread. A needle with a thread. You was not thinking of nothing. Just\nto survive. You was not thinking for money. You was not thinking for nothing.\nYou saw every day 100, 200, 50 people killed and just taken away. You were just\n. . . only thing . . . You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work to survive. If you had [food for your] stomach,\nyou was a millionaire. If you could have a little food in the stomach . . .\n\nA lot of times people going into the fences. A lot of people going to the fences\nand just put their hands on the fences, on the electric [wires]. The Germans was\nlooking down from the high [towers]. They didn't have to kill them. They'd just\ngrabbed the wire and kill themselves, [saying] \"I've got enough to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live.\" They\njust want to go.\n\nInterviewer: They could not take it anymore.\n\nHerman: How could you take it?\n\nInterviewer: I want to thank you for your time. I know that it was not easy for\nyou to do this, but it's very important.\n\nHerman: I didn't have to do nothing. You still remember everything what you did.\n\nInterviewer: We appreciate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/transcript/18906/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it and I want to thank you.\n\nHerman: Good enough. My pleasure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=5340.0,5370.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eProszowice is located 24 kilometers (15 miles) northeast of Krakow. In 1939, thee were 1,450 Jews living in Proszowice. The Wehrmacht occupied the town in early September 1939. By January 1942, the number of Jews in Proszowice had reached 3,008. Most were refugees from Krakow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrakow [Polish: Kraków; sometimes also ‘Cracow’] is the second largest city in Poland, situated on the Vistula River. The city is one of the oldest in Poland and dates back to the seventh century. In 1939, some 56,000 Jews (almost one-quarter of the total population) resided in Krakow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCheder\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: room] is a Jewish religious elementary school for boys. Religious classes were usually held in a room attached to a synagogue or in the private home of a teacher called a ‘\u003cem\u003emelamed\u003c/em\u003e.’ It was traditional for boys to start \u003cem\u003echeder\u003c/em\u003e at three or five years old, learning to read Hebrew from a primer and studying the Book of Leviticus. Girls did not attend \u003cem\u003echeder\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew) or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e (Yiddish) is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYontif\u003c/em\u003e is the Yiddish word; in Hebrew it is ‘\u003cem\u003eyom tov\u003c/em\u003e.’ It is generic word for Jewish holidays.  It includes all but the High Holy Days of \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavening is the act of reciting Jewish liturgical prayers during which the prayer sways or rocks lightly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLemberg [Polish: Lwów; Ukrainian: Lviv] was once a Polish town called ‘Lvov’ in the southeast of Poland. It is approximately 350 kilometers (220 miles) east of Krakow, Poland. On the eve of World War II, there were 109,500 Jews living in the city. The city was occupied by the Soviet Union on September 22, 1939 and annexed under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact. There were over 200,000 Jews in Lvov in September 1939; nearly 100,000 were refugees from German-occupied Poland. The Germans subsequently occupied Lvov after the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 and renamed the town ‘Lemberg.’  The Soviet army reentered Lvov in July 1944. Since World War II, the city is known as ‘Lviv’ and is a city in western Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the invading German forces advanced east in September of 1939, hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees fled westward. Most fled so suddenly, they took only what they could carry and had no specific destination in mind. Few made contingency plans or took the time to prepare adequately for a long journey. When the Russians then annexed eastern Poland and a German-Russian demarcation line was established, 300,000 Jewish refugees found themselves trapped on the Soviet side of a heavily guarded border. Some of the refugees returned home, while about 40,000 continued their flight fearing arrest and persecution in either German- or Russian-occupied territory.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJaroslaw [Polish: Jaosław] is a town in southeast Poland. It is about 210 kilometers (130 miles) east of Krakow and 100 kilometers (62 miles) west of Lviv, Ukraine (formerly Lwow, Poland, also known as Lemberg in German).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1] Both the Russian and German armies invaded Poland in September 1939. On September 28, Germany and the Soviet Union reached an agreement partitioning Poland and outlining their zones of occupation. A demarcation line for the partition of German- and Russian-occupied Poland was established along the Bug River, between Krakow and Lvov. It is estimated that the number of refugees who crossed from the German-occupied part of Poland to the areas annexed by the Soviet Union totaled about 300,000. The Russians left the border freely open to traffic until the end of October 1939. From then until the end of 1939 a small number of persons still crossed the border. After that, it was completely sealed. Some refugees still attempted to sneak across the heavily guarded border, often at great danger. Those caught trying to cross between occupation zones or trying to flee without papers faced arrest and arbitrary violence at the hands of both Russian and German border guards. The demarcation line would remain in effect until June 22, 1941, when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in a military campaign codenamed Operation “Barbarossa.”  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnti-Jewish \u003cem\u003eAktions\u003c/em\u003e and measures began immediately in Krakow. German soldiers kidnapped Jews for forced labor, humiliated them in the streets, and arrested and killed some, seemingly at random. Jewish businesses were looted and marked with a Star of David. Soon all synagogues, prayer houses, and Jewish schools were closed. Jewish homes were searched for gold, jewelry, foreign currency, and other items illegal for Jews to possess. A curfew was imposed and anyone caught disobeying could be shot. Jews were required to register and wear armbands with the Star of David.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. On Wednesday, September 6, 1939, the German army entered Krakow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Western Asia. Southeastern Ukraine borders the Black Sea, but it is unclear where Herman and his brother travelled to or where they crossed the border back into German-occupied Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish community of Proszowice was liquidated at the end of August 1942. The town was surrounded and the Germans ordered all Jews to report to the market square. Local farmers were forced to provide wagons to transport 2,000 Jews to nearby Slomniki, where Jews were being gathered for transport to the Belzec extermination camp. The elderly and children were selected out and shot. A group of between 50 and 100 Jews was sent to Plaszow by truck. Between 100 and 200 Jews were left in Proszowice to gather, clean and sort abandoned property. In the weeks immediately afterward, Jews who had hidden or escaped during the \u003cem\u003eAktion\u003c/em\u003e as well as others in the surrounding areas gathered in Proszowice. Soon, around 500 Jews were confined to a small ghetto in the town. It was liquidated December 1942, with all of the Jews sent to Belzec.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSlomniki is a town located 20 kilometers (12 miles) north-northeast of Krakow. In mid-August 1942, the Germans established a temporary transit camp near Slomniki. The camp was s specially fenced area in a field near a flourmill on the Szerniew River. On August 20, 1942, most of the Jews who remained in Slomniki were transferred to this area. In the last days of August and early September, Jews from other nearby towns were successively brought to the transit camp. About 6,000 to 8,000 Jews were eventually confined there under terrible conditions, exposed to the elements. On September 6-7, 1942, the Germans and their auxiliaries liquidated the camp. About 1,000 people were selected and sent to forced labor camps. Hundreds of the infirm, elderly and children were shot and buried in nearby pits. The remaining Jews were loaded onto cattle cars and sent to the Belzec extermination camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ghetto was formally established on March 3, 1941 in a southern part of Krakow, in Podgorze, a poor part of town. The ghetto was closed off and 12,000 Jews were forced into it. Another 6,500 Jews from the area were transferred into it. Between 15,000 and 20,000 Jews lived within the ghetto boundaries, which were enclosed by barbed-wire fences and, in places, by a stone wall. The conditions were terrible with disease and starvation rampant.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the Plaszow camp was built, the small camp that had been established for Jewish railroad workers at the Plaszow train station was called “Julag I” (Judenlager or Jews’ camp). The first group of Jewish forced laborers in Plaszow was the \u003cem\u003eBarackenbau\u003c/em\u003e group, which was used for the hardest outdoor work in harsh winter conditions. They erected camp barracks, leveled the ground, dug trenches for the water supply and the sewage systems, and demolished the Jewish gravestones of the one-time cemeteries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSchutzpolizei\u003c/em\u003e [German: protection or security police, or Shupo for short] was a uniformed police force that was part of the Landespolizei, the state level police.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the spring and summer of 1942, almost half of the Krakow ghetto’s inhabitants were murdered or deported to labor and extermination camps including Plaszow, Belzec, and Auschwitz-Birkenau. The ghetto was liquidated in a series of \u003cem\u003eAktions\u003c/em\u003e between June 1942 and March 1943. On June 1, 1942, 2,000 Jews without work permits were sent to Belzec. Two thousand more Jews followed on June 3 and 4 and hundreds more on June 6. Hundreds were shot on the street. The ghetto was downsized. In October 1942 another 7,000 Jews were sent to Belzec. In December 1942 the ghetto was divided into two parts: one for workers and one for non-workers. In March 1943, the remainder of the Krakow ghetto was liquidated. On March 13, 1943 the workers’ ghetto was liquidated and the Jews were sent to Plaszow labor camp. On March 14, 1943, the Jews in the non-workers ghetto were ordered to assemble in the ghetto square. A few dozen were sent to Plaszow, a few hundred were killed and the rest—about 2,300—were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anyone found in hiding was murdered on the spot. In all, approximately 2,000 Jews in the ghetto were killed immediately. Approximately 2,000 Jews were transferred to Plaszow and another 3,000 were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where around 2,450 were murdered in the gas chambers. The ghetto was officially considered liquidated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Plaszow camp [Polish: Płaszów; also known as the ‘Krakau-Plaszow’ camp] was in a suburb of Krakow, Poland. Planning for the Krakow-Plaszow camp began in the summer of 1942 and construction began in October, when it was established as a detention place for Jewish forced laborers in the district. The Plaszow railway station had already served as a transit point for deportations to the Belzec death camp and there was a small camp there for Jewish railway workers. Several hundred ghetto inmates constructed the new camp nearby, partly on the site of two Jewish cemeteries. It was then expanded in September 1943 with the arrival of Jews from Krakow and held 10,000 prisoners.  Jews from the district and Hungary were also sent there. Only in 1944 was it transformed into a full-fledged concentration camp when Jews from the Krakow ghetto were sent there.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, Jewish gravestones, or \u003cem\u003ematzevot\u003c/em\u003e, were frequently removed from cemeteries and reused for a variety of purposes. Prisoners at Plaszow were forced to use Jewish tombstones from the cemeteries the camp was situated on to pave the camp streets.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe perimeter of the Plaszow camp was surrounded by an electric, double barbed-wire fence 2.5 miles in length.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn F. Kennedy (1917-193), commonly known as ‘JFK,’ was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until November 22, 1963 when he was assassinated in Dallas, Texas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRonald Wilson Reagan (1911-2004) was the 40th President of the United States. He served from 1981-1989.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear why Herman’s brothers would have been sent to Kalisz from Slomniki. Kalisz is considered to be the oldest town in Poland. It is about 250 kilometers (155 miles) northwest of Krakow. In 1939, there were approximately 25,000 Jews (50% of the town’s population) in Kalisz. Between November 1939 and February 1940, almost all of the Jewish residents were deported. In 1941, a ghetto was created in Kalisz and it existed until July 1942. About 400 people lived in the ghetto and worked in tailors’ and shoemakers’ workshops. In December 1942, about 250 Jews were murdered and the rest were sent to the Lodz ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Plaszow, Amon Goeth’s office and the camp’s administration were housed in a building known as “The Grey House.” In August 1943, 5 holding cells, solitary confinement cells, and special tiny cells referred to as “standing bunkers” [German: \u003cem\u003estehbunker\u003c/em\u003e] were developed in the building’s basement. The standing bunkers were built for prisoners who violated camp regulations and were constructed so as to prevent a prisoner from doing anything but standing. The cells were for prisoners of the security police and the camps’ political department, mostly on death row.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn February 11, 1943, Amon Göth (Goeth) (of Schindler’s List infamy) became the commandant of Plaszow labor camp near Krakow, Poland. He was in charge until September 13, 1944.  He was a cruel, brutal, conscienceless sadist who murdered at random. After the war, the Supreme National Tribunal of Poland at Krakow found Goeth guilty of murdering tens of thousands of Jews. He was executed by hanging was on September 13, 1946 at age 37, not far from the former site of the Plaszow camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere were three execution sites in Plaszow. From the summer of 1943, daily executions were held at the remains of a World War I fortification located on a hill in the southwest part of the camp. The second killing site was on the southeastern side of the camp, called Lipowy Dolek [Polish: Lipowy Dølek, lime hole]. The prisoners had dug large pits there between 1942 and 1944. This is where the bodies from the Krakow Ghetto liquidation were buried. The third site was on the northern part of the camp at the old cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn the eastern edge of Plaszow was a complex of fenced barracks, which served as storehouses for the property stolen from Jews during resettlement campaigns. The items were segregated, cleaned, repaired, and then sent to Germany. The head of the storehouses, SS Untersturmführer Heinrich Balb, was not responsible to the camp Commandant, but directly to the SS and Police leader for the Krakow district.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUp until the summer of 1943 almost all the prisoners were Jewish, but non-Jewish Poles were also interned in Plaszow as punishment for small offenses in a separate area that served as a work reeducation camp for people whom the Nazis considered unreliable workers. Almost 10,000 Poles were imprisoned there during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. Some Gypsies were also kept in the Polish part of the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Plaszow, most of the guards were non-Germans. Most were Ukrainian police auxiliaries chosen from prisoner-of-war camps and trained at the Trawniki training camp in Lublin and used to supplement the German SS staff until the official designation of the camp as a concentration camp in January 1944. Thereafter, 600 men of the SS Totenkopfverbaende (Death's Head Units) staffed the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere were two stone quarries near the Plaszow concentration camp, where male and female prisoners worked 12-hour shifts. The work was extremely arduous. Male prisoners broke down the rocks in the quarry. The stones were then loaded into cars and pulled out of the quarry by a human train of female prisoners divided into two rows and tied to the heavy cars.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term ‘concentration camp’ refers to a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy. The Germans differentiated between “concentration camps,” which were used to contain slave laborers and prisoners of the state, and “extermination camps,” whose primary purpose was the systematic killing of prisoners. Chelmno, Belzec, Treblinka, Sobibor, Auschwitz-Birkenau, and Majdanek-Lublin were the main extermination camps in the period of 1941-1945. The use of gas chambers was the most common method of mass murdering prisoners in the extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe approaching front line caused the evacuation of Plaszow and its sub-camps to begin in the summer of 1944. Most inmates were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Mauthausen, Stutthof, and Gross-Rosen concentration camps. At the beginning of 1945, there were 636 prisoners—453 males and 183 females—left in Plaszow, together with 87 male guards. On January 14, 1945—just three days before Russian troops liberated Krakow—the prisoners were evacuated on foot to Auschwitz-Birkenau. When units of the Red Army reached the camp on January 17, 1945, only 180 prisoners—178 females and 2 boys—were still alive.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzestochowa [Polish: Częstochowa; Yiddish: Tschenstochau, sometimes also spelled ‘Czenstochowa’] is a city located about 100 kilometers (62 miles) northwest of Krakow, Poland. Close to 30,000 Jews lived in Czestochowa in 1939. The German army entered the city on September 3, 1939. In 1941, a ghetto was established and in existence until June 1943. After its liquidation, some 5,000 to 6,000 Jews were brought in from Lodz, Plaszow and Skarzysko-Kamienna to supplement the labor force in factories outside the city, some of which belonged to HASAG, a major ammunition manufacturer. In all, it is estimated that around 50,000 of the at least 58,000 Jews who were in Czestochowa throughout the war were killed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS took over administration of the HASAG factories and labor camps in Czestochowa in mid-December 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn response to the German occupation, Poles organized one of the largest underground movements in Europe with more than 300 widely supported political and military groups and subgroups. Some Jews who managed to escape from ghettos and camps formed their own fighting units. These fighters, or partisans, were concentrated in densely wooded areas. Life as a partisan was very difficult. People had to move from place to place to avoid discovery, raid farmers' food supplies to eat, and try to survive the winter in flimsy shelters built from logs and branches. An organized underground group operated in the Czenstochow ghetto and later in the HASAG factories, with some members escaping to the nearby Koniecpol forest, where they remained active in resistance efforts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hugo-Schneider AG (HASAG) company opened one of its seven German subcamps in the small east Germans city of Schlieben in July 1944. Initially, the camp housed about 1,000 Sinti (Gypsies) female prisoners, but that number was reduced to 147 when 1,387 male prisoners arrived from Buchenwald on August 14, 1944. Later, another 100 women arrived in the camp. Most of the male prisoners were Jews from Poland or Hungary. Prisoners worked 12-hour shifts in foundries and producing chemicals for shells and antitank weapons. German foreman and \u003cem\u003eKapos\u003c/em\u003e ran back and forth screaming and beating the exhausted and starving prisoners to increase production. By December1944, the prisoner population had risen to 2,515. In January and February 1945, three large transfers of prisoners back to Buchenwald and a series of smaller deportations to a HASAG camp in Flösseberg, Germany brought the population down to under 1,500. The camp was evacuated shortly before the Soviet Army arrived in the area in April 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the Russians approached in December and January 1945, the factory camps in Czestochowa were evacuated. Some prisoners were transferred to camps in Germany, where most did not survive, and others were sent on death marches. By the end of the war, nearly all of the Jews from Czestochowa were dead. When the Russians liberated the city on January 17, 1945, they found only 5,200 Jews alive.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (also known as the Hitler-Stalin Pact and German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact) was a non-aggression pact between Germany and Russia signed August 23, 1939. Russia, which had a treaty with Poland to defend it if it was attacked, reneged in secret. Russia agreed to stand aside if Germany attacked Poland and not declare war on Germany. The pact provided that the two countries would not attack each other, independently or in conjunction with other powers; would not support any third power that might attack the other party to the pact; would remain in consultation with each other with regard to their common interests; would not join any power or group of powers that threatened the other; and would solve all differences between them through negotiation or arbitration. The public pact was accompanied by a secret protocol, reached on the same day, which divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Hitler, knowing that he wasn’t going to have to fight Russia if he invaded Poland, invaded Poland just one week later. The Pact ended on June 22, 1941, when Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs German forces entered Poland, the Jews they encountered were immediately singled out for abuse or massacre. Anti-Jewish persecutions were introduced that impoverished and separated Jews from their Polish neighbors. After the German occupation of Poland, restrictions were immediately placed on Jewish communities that were meant to economically and socially isolate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn November 1939, all Jews in German-occupied Poland were forced to wear an armband or yellow star on their clothing to identify them as Jews. In the area around Krakow, all Jews over the age of ten were required to wear a \"Jewish Star\": a white armband affixed with a blue six-sided star, worn over the right upper sleeve of one's outer garments. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. There were heavy penalties for those caught not wearing it, including death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Holocaust, concentration camp prisoners received tattoos only at one location: the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp complex. Tattooing was introduced at Auschwitz in the autumn of 1941 and by the spring of 1943, the entire Auschwitz complex adopted the practice of tattooing almost all previously registered and newly arrived prisoners, including female prisoners. Prisoners were given tattoos on their forearms of their camp serial number, which was also sewn onto their uniforms. Only prisoners selected for work were registered and given serial numbers; those that were sent directly to the gas chambers were not registered or given tattoos.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThroughout German-occupied Europe, a concerted effort was made to locate Jews in hiding. Anyone who aided Jews was harshly penalized and rewards were offered to individuals willing to turn in Jews. In German-occupied Poland, helping Jews was a crime punishable by death for both the helper and his or her family. Neighbors often betrayed others for money or out of support for the regime and blackmailers squeezed money or property from Jews by threatening to turn them in to the authorities. Some German collaborators acted out of opportunistic motives and others from antisemitic sentiments. After the war, there were accusations some Jewish survivors had helped the Germans tack down others Jews living in hiding in exchange for the collaborators’ freedom or that of their relatives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrisoners called one of the execution sites in Plaszow that was located a hill in the southwest part of the camp, \u003cem\u003eHujowa Górka\u003c/em\u003e (sometimes also called \u003cem\u003eChujowa Górka\u003c/em\u003e), which roughly translates to “prick hill.” It is a mockery of the surname of SS officer Albert Hujar, who committed and directed the executions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans evacuated Krakow on January 17, 1945. Soviet forces entered the city two days later, on January 19, 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, many Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In postwar Poland, there were a number of pogroms (violent anti-Jewish riots) that prompted many survivors to leave Eastern Europe, fleeing to American, French and British occupied areas of Western Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKarl and Cecilia Dziewinski had two children, Leiba Rifka (born 1929) and Leib Wolf (born 1939), that were killed in Plaszow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn March 1944, a special barrack or “kindergarten” was installed in Plaszow. In mid-May between 250 and 300 children were separated from their parents and moved into the barrack. On May 15, 1944, the children were loaded into wagons, while their horrified parents, gathered nearby for a roll call, stood watching. The children were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they were killed. Survivors who witnessed the deportation recall the Germans playing lullabies such as \u003cem\u003eGute Nacht Mutti\u003c/em\u003e [German: Goodnight Mommy] over loudspeakers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn March 1944, 2,000 prisoners from Plaszow were sent to the Skarzysko-Kamienna camp. Skarzysko-Kamienna is a town located 130 kilometers (81 miles) northeast of Krakow. A slave labor camp was established in August 1942. Altogether, 25,000-30,000 Jews were brought to the camp and between 18,000 and 23,000 died there. Prisoners worked in three separate factory camps that belonged to HASAG. Prisoners worked producing armaments at two of the camps. In the third, prisoners worked in underwater mines where picric acid was produced. The mines were the most brutal of the camps as the acid poisoned the prisoners within three months. The camp was closed at the beginning of August 1944, when all the inmates were deported to other camps, mainly Buchenwald in Germany and Czestochowa in western Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMass executions, random violence and beatings were an almost daily feature of life Plaszow, especially under Commandant Goeth. Goeth was infamous for randomly beating prisoners to death, shooting them, or commanding his two trained dogs, Ralf (an Alsatian mix) and Rolf (a Great Dane), to attack prisoners. Frequently, members of working detachments were shot after they were apprehended smuggling food into the camps. Prisoners lived in constant fear of Goeth’s murderous roll calls or barrack searches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or \u003cem\u003eSchutzstaffel\u003c/em\u003e was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “\u003cem\u003eSaal-Schutz\u003c/em\u003e” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “\u003cem\u003eSchutz-Staffel\u003c/em\u003e.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and tens of thousands were literally worked to death. American troops liberated the camp on April 29, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn July 15, 1945 Herman and Maria Geitler (1925—2016), another survivor from Krakow whom he had met in Plaszow, were married in Krakow, Poland. An 2001 oral history with Maria Dziewinski can be found in the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History at the William Breman Museum as well as a 1996 interview with the USC Shoah Foundation Institute Visual History Archive at https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/vha13299.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the conclusion of World War II, most of eastern and central Europe, including Czechoslovakia, were occupied by the Soviets and soon found themselves with Communist governments. The US-led Western Allies occupied Western Europe. From 1945 to 1949, Germany was occupied by the Allied forces and divided into four administrative zones by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. Much of southern Germany fell within the American zone of occupation and included the cities of Munich, Frankfurt am Main, Stuttgart, and Nürnberg. As relations between the former allies became increasingly polarized and tense, crossing the borders occupation zones became increasingly difficult.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEggenfelden is a town 110 kilometers east of Munich in Bavaria in Germany. After World War II, it was in the American zone of Germany. A DP camp was established in Eggenfelden in late 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerman, Maria, and Erna Dziewinski set sail on the USAT General Hershey in Bremerhaven, Germany on October 4, 1949. They arrived in Boston, Massachusetts on October 14, 1949.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federations of North America represents 153 Jewish Federations and over 300 network communities, which raise and distribute more than $3 billion annually for social welfare, social services and educational needs \u003cem\u003ewith the objective of protecting and enhancing the well-being of Jews worldwide\u003c/em\u003e. After the Holocaust, the American \u003cem\u003eJewish Joint Distribution Committee (the “Joint”, or JDC),\u003c/em\u003e the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), and other philanthropic organizations that later merged to form the JFNA worked together to support Jewish survivors. Refugees from displaced persons camps in Germany, Austria, and Italy received funds to help them resettle in places like the United States or Palestine and create new lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerman and Maria owned and operated Herman’s Market, located in downtown Atlanta, Georgia on Magnolia Street.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Welfare Fund was one of the preceding organizations of the current Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta. Its function was to fundraise for the Jewish community centrally and disperse it throughout the Jewish community (locally, nationally and internationally) rather than each Jewish institution trying to raise money individually.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, headquartered in Reims, France. (Later he became the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961.) The first camp liberated by American troops was Ohrdruf, a subcamp of Buchenwald near the town of Gotha, Germany. When the soldiers of the 4th Armored Division entered the camp on April 6, 1945, they discovered vast piles of emaciated, half burned prisoners who had been too weak to be evacuated on a death march. The ghastly nature of their discovery led General Dwight D. Eisenhower to visit the camp on April 12 along with Generals George S. Patton and Omar Bradley. The visit made a powerful impact on Eisenhower, who immediately requested delegations of journalists and members of Congress be sent to the liberated camps so that they could document and publicize the atrocities. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/annotation_set/120/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1945 and 1947, the Allied governments enacted various legislation dealing with reparations to be paid to the victims of Nazi oppression. The Jewish Agency presented the first official claim to the Allied governments in September 1945. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference) was established in October 1951 to help with individual claims against Germany arising from the Holocaust. The Claims Conference initially recovered $100 million from West Germany, with direct compensation to Holocaust survivors paid in installments. In 1952, the government of West Germany reached an agreement with the state of Israel and the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany to pay reparations for material losses and injuries incurred during the Holocaust. Three separate German laws, known as the West German Federal Indemnification Laws, were adopted in 1953, 1956, and 1965. They further provided for compensation in the form of one-time payments and monthly pensions to Holocaust survivors. In the years since, other agreements for reparations have also been reached.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=5190.0,5220.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Herman Dziewinski [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life Before World War Two","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=0.0,243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Herman was born in Proszowice into a family with nine children. He left home at 15 and learned how to be a butcher. He was had Jewish and non-Jewish friends in Poland, but dealt with antisemitism growing up.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=0.0,243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want you to tell me a little bit about the conditions before the war. I want you to tell me where you were born.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=0.0,243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Butcher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cheder","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Proszowice","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=0.0,243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1939","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=243.0,743.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the age of 20 in 1939, Herman ran from the Germans in Krakow to Lemberg. After traveling back and forth to several locations, he was taken Slomniki with his family. There, he saw members of his family killed. Herman was later taken to camp in Krakow called Plaszow Julag.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=243.0,743.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When did life start to change for you? When did things start to change that you knew something was wrong?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=243.0,743.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaroslaw","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Labor Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lemberg","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Plaszow Julag","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Podgorze","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War Two","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=243.0,743.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finding Work In The Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=743.0,1261.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the camp, Herman worked with the horses for several months. After some time, Herman, and the people he was working with, were told they had to return to the ghetto to be liquidated. They were forced to do additional work at the ghetto. Herman says he saw ten to a hundred people being killed every day. Herman found work at a kitchen for a few weeks and later found work as a butcher for a few years.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=743.0,1261.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What kind of life did you lead there? What was it like?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=743.0,1261.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Labor Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Plaszow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schutzpolizei","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=743.0,1261.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Herman's Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1261.0,1434.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Herman talks about the death and disappearance of members of his family. Many were killed during the war, but some were killed from pograms in Poland once the war was over.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1261.0,1434.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the meantime, did you know what was happening to the rest of your family, your brothers and sisters?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1261.0,1434.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Amon Goeth","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1261.0,1434.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kalisz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Plaszow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pogram","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1261.0,1434.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Death And Suffering In The Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1434.0,2126.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Herman describes the bad food in the camp, sometimes just hot water. He saw people several kill themselves with the electric fence surrounding the camp. Many got sick and Germans would mark people with an 'X' and they would be sent away. Many prisoners worked ten to twelve hour days. Herman got injured once and healed himself so he could continue to work.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1434.0,2126.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the meantime, what else did you see in Plaszow while you were there?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1434.0,2126.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czestochowa","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Death Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Electric Fences","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prisoners","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=1434.0,2126.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1945","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2126.0,2416.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Herman talks about how the Russian Army was closing in at the beginning of 1945. One day, the Germans were gone and Herman returned to the camp. Thinking the Germans would return, Herman and a 15 to 20 other people hid in the basement under the camp's stable. He recalls bullets flying everywhere. Hours later, Herman could see men outside speaking Russian and Polish. The Russian soldiers freed the people in the camp and let them go.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2126.0,2416.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What year was this?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2126.0,2416.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Militia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Railroad","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2126.0,2416.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From Anti-Jewish Laws To Mass Graves","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2416.0,2807.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Herman talks about the start of anti-Jewish laws, such as being unable to walk on the sidewalk. Jewish people had to wear white armbands with the star of David on it. He talks about the clothes worn in the camp, mainly striped uniforms. Everyone had to look out for himself to survive in the camp. Herman also  talks about hills formed from mass graves.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2416.0,2807.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, let us try to go back a little bit, okay?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2416.0,2807.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Jewish Laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"False Papers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2416.0,2807.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family And Survival","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2807.0,3430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Russians gave him a few horses when the camp was liberated. Herman says the German Army was mad about having to leave due to the Russians that they killed 1,000 to 2,000 Polish people in Krakow. One of Herman's brothers had joined the Polish Army and was working at the funeral for the Polish people killed in Krakow. A few weeks later, he finally found his two brothers again and their wives. They were one of the few survivors within their family. During the whole war, there was no way to know if you would survive to the next day, much less family.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2807.0,3430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You found out that your one brother went underground and one brother was sent to Schlieben. When did you see them again?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2807.0,3430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechoslovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czestochowa","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Proszowice","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schlieben","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Skarzysko-Kamienna","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=2807.0,3430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helping Others In The Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3430.0,3578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Herman says he helped hundreds of people in the camp, sharing food with people in the camp. He was threatened at one point, but he still tried to help people individually, just not too many at once. People who had some sort of skill, such as being a shoemaker or a tailor, were better off.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3430.0,3578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you ever do anything to help anybody else?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3430.0,3578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Help","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Skills","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3430.0,3578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3578.0,3771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Herman talks about a religious man in the camp who refused to work on Saturday. The boss, a man in the SS, allowed him to do so for two or three years. Yet, when the camp was closed, he was sent away and Herman never saw him again. Herman says there was no way to mark holidays in the camp, that it was all work.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3578.0,3771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where you were, were there religious people?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3578.0,3771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holidays","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3578.0,3771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lack Of Knowledge","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3771.0,3905.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Herman only assumed that the places people were sent were bad places, but he knew no specifics. He says his wife was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. He met her in Krakow after the war.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3771.0,3905.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I asked you this before, but at any time- even later in 19440 did you know about where they were sending the people? Because they never came back, did you think about what was happening?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3771.0,3905.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3771.0,3905.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From Europe To Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3905.0,4480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Herman says the Polish people in Proszowice were surprised to see Herman had survived the war. He says that he had cousins and a nephew who survived the war and were killed when they returned to their hometown. The Polish weren't too happy to see them return. Herman relocated to Germany to have a safe life, since it was occupied by the Americans. He lived there for five years in an apartment. He left in 1950 at the age of 35 to come to the United States with his wife and daughter. He was supposed to go to Denver, but was sent to Atlanta instead.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3905.0,4480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you got out and you went to Proszowice, where you were born, how did the Polish people act towards you?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3905.0,4480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechoslovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eggenfelden","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Federation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prague","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Proszowice","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=3905.0,4480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nightmares","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4480.0,4481.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Herman says that he has nightmares when he dreams sometimes. He enjoys watching television about the war when the Allies got to Germany, but his wife doesn't enjoy it. He goes on to say that he didn't know he would survive the war.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4480.0,4481.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you ever or do you now have nightmares about the war?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4480.0,4481.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dreams","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nightmares","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Survival","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4480.0,4481.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life In Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4481.0,4593.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Herman describes living in Atlanta. He talks about meeting other survivors, language barriers, finding a place to stay, and being introduced to segregation.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4481.0,4593.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you came here, who did you socialize with?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4481.0,4593.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discrimination","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Welfare Fund","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Peachtree","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Segregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4481.0,4593.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Returning Home After The War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4593.0,4850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Herman says he returned to his house after the war. A Polish woman was living in his house. He brought attention to this to the militia, needing to speak both Russian and Polish to get his point across. With the help of a captain, the woman was forced to leave the house. However, Herman knew that the woman would likely send someone to the house to kill him. He stayed at the house for two or three days before leaving.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4593.0,4850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you went back at that time to where you were born, did you go to your house?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4593.0,4850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Militia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Proszowice","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4593.0,4850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Value Of Human Life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4850.0,5138.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Herman says he feels bad that they did all this to him because he was Jewish. He says human life meant nothing to the Germans. He says that many of the German soldiers killed because they enjoyed it. He also says a lot of Germans, and German soldiers, didn't know what was going on and were surprised to learn about it after the war. Although Herman worked inside during his time at the camp, he still learned about what was going on outside.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4850.0,5138.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All of this that happened to you happened because you are Jewish.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4850.0,5138.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Survival","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=4850.0,5138.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Could This Happen Again?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=5138.0,5354.842"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Herman says he is unsure if this could happen again, but doesn't wish anyone to go through what he went through. He didn't think something like the Holocaust could have happened before it finally did.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=5138.0,5354.842"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Have you ever been back to Europe after the war?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=5138.0,5354.842"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288/index/47204/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reparations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Survival","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29499/file/97288#t=5138.0,5354.842"}]}]}]}