{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/p843r0s068/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Eizenstat, Stuart (2017)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2017-08-25 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Eizenstat, Stuart (Interviewee)","Alexander, Miles (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eStuart Eizenstat was interviewed by Miles Alexander on August 25, 2017, in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eStuart Eizenstat was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1943 to Leo and Sylvia Medintz Eizenstat. He moved to Atlanta, Georgia, with his mother when he was eight months old after his father had returned from his service in the Army. Stuart’s father, Leo, was born and raised in Atlanta. He grew up in the Morningside area. He attended Sunday school and was bar mitzvahed at Ahavath Achim Synagogue. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe attended Morningside Grammar School and Grady High School, where he played basketball and was an honorable-mention All-America player. He graduated from the University of North Carolina and Harvard Law School. While attending Harvard, he met Frances Taylor. The couple has two children: Brian and Jay. Frances passed away in 2013. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eStuart has held numerous prominent positions in the Carter, Clinton, and Biden administrations, including as Presidential Advisor. He served as Under Secretary of State for Economic, Business, and Agricultural Affairs; Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade; Deputy Secretary of the Treasury; and ambassador to the European Union. Stuart has been extensively involved in advocacy for Holocaust victims and survivors. He served as Special Representative of the President on Holocaust Issues, during which he lobbied for Holocaust restitution and recovery. He was also involved in the creation of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. For many years, Stuart has served as a partner and Senior Counsel at the Washington, D.C.–based law firm Covington \u0026amp; Burling. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eThe interview focuses on Stuart’s upbringing in Atlanta, his career, and his involvement with the Carter Administration. He talks about his parents and grandparents. He discusses growing up in Atlanta. He talks about going to public school and playing basketball. He shares his recollection of segregation in Atlanta during the 1950’s and 1960’s. He recalls attending the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill during the Civil Rights Movement. He discusses his early law career. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eStuart talks about the major law firms in Atlanta, Georgia. He talks about raising his family in Atlanta. He talks about becoming involved with the Carter Administration, and he shares his thoughts on various members of the Carter cabinet. He reflects on how his Jewish identity influenced his political career. He reflects on playing a major role in Carter’s Middle East policy and advocating for Israel. He talks about his experience in the Clinton Administration. He discusses his involvement with the Soviet Jewish movement. He talks in great detail about his involvement in the founding of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. He also shares his involvement with the Terezin Declaration and the Jewish Claims Conference.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eStuart discusses his role as Ambassador to the EU and keeping a kosher diplomat’s home. He reflects on different administrations and how he believes the country will fare under Donald Trump’s leadership. He shares the books he’s written and the book he's currently working on. He reflects on what he wishes he could have done if Carter had been reelected. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Abram, Morris Berthold (1918-2000) (personal name)","Acheson, Dean Gooderham (1893-1971) (personal name)","Alexander, Miles (b. 1931) (personal name)","Allen, Jr., Ivan Earnest Allen, Jr. (1911-2003) (personal name)","Alsop, Joseph (1910-1989) (personal name)","Alston Jr., Philip Henry (1911-1988) (personal name)","Alterman, Samuel (1913-1997) (personal name)","Auerbach, Arnold Jacob \"Red\" (1917-2006) (personal name)","Balser, Ronald Davis (b. 1938) (personal name)","Barutio, William “Bill” Harry (1936-2023) (personal name)","Bauer, Jr., Henry R. (b. 1942) (personal name)","Begin, Menachem (1913-1992) (personal name)","Boggs, Sr., Thomas Hale (1914- 1972) (personal name)","Brinkley, David McClure (1920-2003) (personal name)","Bush, George Herbert Walker (1924-2018) (personal name)","Califano, Jr., Joseph Anthony (b. 1931) (personal name)","Carter Jr., James Earl “Jimmy” (1924-2024) (personal name)","Chamberlain, ​​Wilton Norman (1936-1999) (personal name)","Clinton, Hillary Rodham (b. 1947) (personal name)","Clinton, William Jefferson (b. 1946) (personal name)","Cohen, Dr. Gilbert Francis “Gibby” (1917-2005) (personal name)","Commager, Henry Steele (1902-1998) (personal name)","Connell, William J. (personal name)","Connor, Theophilus Eugene “Bull” (1897-1973) (personal name)","Dayan, Moshe (1915-1981) (personal name)","Dershowitz, Alan Morton (b. 1938) (personal name)","Dyk, Ted Van (b. 1934) (personal name)","Edenfield, Berry Avant (1934-2015) (personal name)","Eizenstat, Berry (1913-1989) (personal name)","Eizenstat, Bessie Cohen (1917-2000) (personal name)","Eizenstat, Brian (b. 1973) (personal name)","Eizenstat, Esar (1874-1965) (personal name)","Eizenstat, ​​Frances Taylor (1944-2013) (personal name)","Eizenstat, Jay (b. 1970) (personal name)","Eizenstat, Leo (1911-1986) (personal name)","Eizenstat, Stuart (b. 1943) (personal name)","Eizenstat, Sylvia Medintz (1914-2007) (personal name)","Epstein, Harry Hyman (1903-2003) (personal name)","Feldman, Emanuel (b. 1927) (personal name)","Finkelstein, Bruce B. (1942-2019) (personal name)","Ford, Gerald (1913-2006) (personal name)","Franco, Jody Breen (b. 1944) (personal name)","Franco, Joseph (1910-2008) (personal name)","Franco, Ramon Saul (b. 1942) (personal name)","Frank, Sherry Zimmerman (b. 1942) (personal name)","Frankfurter, Felix (1882-1965) (personal name)","Gaulle, Charles de (1890-1970) (personal name)","Geffen, David (b. 1938) (personal name)","Goldstein, ​​Elliott (1915-2009) (personal name)","Goldwater, Barry Morris (1909-1998) (personal name)","Graham, Frank Porter (1886-1972) (personal name)","Gronouski, John A. (1919-1996) (personal name)","Hagan, ​​George Elliott (1916-1990) (personal name)","Hardesty, Robert Louis (1931-2013) (personal name)","Hartsfield, Sr., William Berry (1890-1971) (personal name)","Hill, Jr., Jesse (1927-2012) (personal name)","Humphrey Jr., Hubert Horatio (1911-1978) (personal name)","Ichay, Solomon Robert (1929-2012) (personal name)","Baines, Johnson, Lyndon (1908-1973) (personal name)","Jackson Jr., Maynard Holbrook (1938-2003) (personal name)","Jordan, Hamilton (1944-2008) (personal name)","Kaufman, Kenny (b. 1942) (personal name)","Kennedy, John Fitzgerald (1917-1963) (personal name)","Kerry, John Forbes (b. 1943) (personal name)","King, Coretta Scott (1927-2006) (personal name)","King, Jr., Martin Luther (1929-1968) (personal name)","King Sr., Martin Luther (1899-1984) (personal name)","Kirbo, Charles Hughes (1917-1996) (personal name)","Lane, Sr., Mills Bee (1860-1945) (personal name)","Lance, Thomas Bertram “Bert” (1931-2013) (personal name)","Levitas, ​​Elliott Harris (1930-2022) (personal name)","Lewis, John (1940-2020) (personal name)","Lipshutz, Robert “Bob” Jerome (1921-2010) (personal name)","Macey, Morris Willliam (1922-2012) (personal name)","Marcus, Bernard (Bernie) (1929-2024) (personal name)","Massell Jr., Samuel A. (1927-2022) (personal name)","Mayes, Marcia Medintz (1951-1996) (personal name)","McCarthy, Eugene Joseph (1916-2005) (personal name)","McGuire, Frank Joseph (1913-1994) (personal name)","Medintz, Barney (1910-1960) (personal name)","Medintz, Coleman (1916-1999) (personal name)","Medintz, Fannie Cohen (1885-1956) (personal name)","Medintz, Israel (1884-1956) (personal name)","Medintz, Myra Falkin (1921-2010) (personal name)","Medintz, Phillip (1942-2023) (personal name)","Medintz, Sara (1921-1942) (personal name)","Minsk, Donald (personal name)","Minsk, Ida Eizenstat (1904-1974) (personal name)","Minsk, Malcolm (1929-2022) (personal name)","Mondale, Walter (1928-2021) (personal name)","Moore, Frank (1935-2025) (personal name)","Netanyahu, Benjamin “Bibi” (b. 1949) (personal name)","Nixon, Richard (1913-1994) (personal name)","Obama, Barack (b. 1961) (personal name)","O'Neill Jr., Thomas Phillip \"Tip\" (1912-1994) (personal name)","Pepper, Claude Denson (1900-1989) (personal name)","Powell, Jody (1943-2009) (personal name)","Reagan, Ronald (1911-2004) (personal name)","Reinharz, Jehuda (b. 1944) (personal name)","Rothschild, Jacob Mortimer \"Jack\" (1911-1973) (personal name)","Sacks, Jonathan Henry (1948-2020) (personal name)","Sanders, Carl Edward (1925-2014) (personal name)","Sanders Jr., Harold Barefoot (1925- 2008) (personal name)","Schwartz Jr., William Bernstein \"Bill\" (1922-2010) (personal name)","Selig, III, Simon (Steve) Stephen (b. 1943) (personal name)","Seligman, Sandy (b. 1942) (personal name)","Sharansky, Avital (b. Natalia Stieglitz, 1950) (personal name)","Sharansky, Natan (b. 1948) (personal name)","Silver, Arthur B. (b. 1942) (personal name)","Smathers, George (1913-2007) (personal name)","Smith, Dean Edwards (1931-2015) (personal name)","Spotts, Leon H. (1933-2019) (personal name)","Strauss, Robert Schwarz (1918-2014) (personal name)","Trump, Donald (b. 1946) (personal name)","Vandiver Jr., ​​Samuel Ernest (1918-2005) (personal name)","Wallace, Jr., George Corley (1919-1998) (personal name)","Watson Jr., Jack Hearn (b. 1938) (personal name)","Watson, William Marvin (1924-2017) (personal name)","Wiesel, Eliezer \"Elie\" (1928-2016) (personal name)","Wirtz, William Willard (1912-2010) (personal name)","Wright, Jr., James Claude (1922-2015) (personal name)","Young, Andrew Jackson (b. 1932) (personal name)","Zaban, Erwin (1921-2010) (personal name)","Zarif, Mohammad Javad (b. 1960) (personal name)","Ahavath Achim Synagogue (corporate name)","American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) (corporate name)","Aleph Zadik Aleph (AZA) (corporate name)","Atlanta Crackers (corporate name)","Atlanta Jewish Community Center (corporate name)","Atlanta Jewish Times (corporate name)","Beth Jacob (corporate name)","Blue Star Camps (corporate name)","​​Boston College (corporate name)","Boys’ High School (corporate name)","Brandeis University (corporate name)","Camp Barney Medintz (corporate name)","Camp Ramah (corporate name)","The Carter Center (corporate name)","Columbia University (corporate name)","Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (corporate name)","Congregation Shearith Israel (corporate name)","The Daily Tar Heel (corporate name)","Defiant Requiem FoundationDefiant Requiem FoundationDefiant Requiem Foundation (corporate name)","Emory University (corporate name)","Georgia Baptist Hospital (corporate name)","Georgia Institute of Technology (corporate name)","​​Harvard Law School (corporate name)","Harvard University (corporate name)","Jewish Agency for Israel (corporate name)","Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) (corporate name)","Jewish People Policy Institute (corporate name)","Kennedy Center (corporate name)","Mayfair Club (corporate name)","Morningside Elementary School (corporate name)","National Council of Jewish Women (corporate name)","North Carolina Central University (corporate name)","Northside High School (corporate name)","Powell Goldstein LLP (corporate name)","Progressive Club (corporate name)","Ramah Darom (Ramah of the South) (corporate name)","Rich's (corporate name)","Standard Club (corporate name)","Tau Epsilon Phi (corporate name)","The Temple (corporate name)","University of Chicago (corporate name)","University of North Carolina (corporate name)","University of Pennsylvania (corporate name)","University of Virginia (corporate name)","United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (corporate name)","Urban League (corporate name)","Voter Education Project (corporate name)","William Bremen Jewish Heritage Museum (corporate name)","Yale University (corporate name)","Young Democrats of America (corporate name)","Young Judaea (corporate name)","Zeta Beta Tau (ΖΒΤ) (corporate name)","Asheville, North Carolina (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Berlin, Germany (geographic term)","Boston, Massachusetts (geographic term)","Brussels, Belgium (geographic term)","Cairo, Egypt (geographic term)","Camp David (geographic term)","Chapel Hill, North Carolina (geographic term)","Chicago, Illinois (geographic term)","Durham, North Carolina (geographic term)","Everett, Massachusetts (geographic term)","Greensboro, North Carolina (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Morningside/Lenox Park (geographic term)","Petah Tikva, Israel (geographic term)","Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (geographic term)","Ponce de Leon Park (geographic term)","Sioux Falls, South Dakota (geographic term)","Washington, D.C. (geographic term)","American Civil Rights Movement (named event)","Arab-Israeli War of 1948 (named event)","Greensboro sit-ins (named event)","The Holocaust (named event)","Iran hostage crisis (named event)","The Six-Day War (named event)","Vietnam War (named event)","World War II (named event)","Aliyah (other)","Ballyhoo (other)","Bar mitzvah (other)","Bat mitzvah (other)","Camp David Accords (other)","Conservative Judaism (other)","Democratic Party (other)","European Union (EU) (other)","Haredi Judaism (other)","Knesset (other)","Kosher (other)","Nobel Peace Prize (other)","​​Orthodox Judaism (other)","Reform Judaism (other)","Republican Party (other)","Shabbat (other)","Yiddish (other)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eStuart Eizenstat was interviewed by Miles Alexander on August 25, 2017, in Atlanta, Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStuart Eizenstat was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1943 to Leo and Sylvia Medintz Eizenstat. He moved to Atlanta, Georgia, with his mother when he was eight months old after his father had returned from his service in the Army. Stuart\u0026rsquo;s father, Leo, was born and raised in Atlanta. He grew up in the Morningside area. He attended Sunday school and was bar mitzvahed at Ahavath Achim Synagogue.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe attended Morningside Grammar School and Grady High School, where he played basketball and was an honorable-mention All-America player. He graduated from the University of North Carolina and Harvard Law School. While attending Harvard, he met Frances Taylor. The couple has two children: Brian and Jay. Frances passed away in 2013.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eStuart has held numerous prominent positions in the Carter, Clinton, and Biden administrations, including as Presidential Advisor. He served as Under Secretary of State for Economic, Business, and Agricultural Affairs; Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade; Deputy Secretary of the Treasury; and ambassador to the European Union. Stuart has been extensively involved in advocacy for Holocaust victims and survivors. He served as Special Representative of the President on Holocaust Issues, during which he lobbied for Holocaust restitution and recovery. He was also involved in the creation of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. For many years, Stuart has served as a partner and Senior Counsel at the Washington, D.C.\u0026ndash;based law firm Covington \u0026amp; Burling.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview focuses on Stuart\u0026rsquo;s upbringing in Atlanta, his career, and his involvement with the Carter Administration. He talks about his parents and grandparents. He discusses growing up in Atlanta. He talks about going to public school and playing basketball. He shares his recollection of segregation in Atlanta during the 1950\u0026rsquo;s and 1960\u0026rsquo;s. He recalls attending the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill during the Civil Rights Movement. He discusses his early law career.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eStuart talks about the major law firms in Atlanta, Georgia. He talks about raising his family in Atlanta. He talks about becoming involved with the Carter Administration, and he shares his thoughts on various members of the Carter cabinet. He reflects on how his Jewish identity influenced his political career. He reflects on playing a major role in Carter\u0026rsquo;s Middle East policy and advocating for Israel. He talks about his experience in the Clinton Administration. He discusses his involvement with the Soviet Jewish movement. He talks in great detail about his involvement in the founding of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. He also shares his involvement with the Terezin Declaration and the Jewish Claims Conference.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eStuart discusses his role as Ambassador to the EU and keeping a kosher diplomat\u0026rsquo;s home. He reflects on different administrations and how he believes the country will fare under Donald Trump\u0026rsquo;s leadership. He shares the books he\u0026rsquo;s written and the book he's currently working on. He reflects on what he wishes he could have done if Carter had been reelected.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/307/838/small/Eizenstat_Stuart.mov_1776360164.jpg?1776360169","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Eizenstat_Stuart.mov"]},"duration":15342.40601,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/307/838/small/Eizenstat_Stuart.mov_1776360164.jpg?1776360169","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/307/838/original/Eizenstat_Stuart.mov?1776360147","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":15342.40601,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Eizenstat, Stuart [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e This is Miles Alexander. I am a lawyer in Atlanta. I'm here with Stuart Eizenstat on August 25, 2017, at the Breman Museum. Stuart, thank you for agreeing to participate in the Taylor Oral History Project at the Breman Museum. Let me start by going to the beginning of your life when you recall. I hope we hear from Chicago [Illinois] and tell me about your early educational experiences. We have a full oral history of your family. It’s on record, so you don't have to go to grandparents or parents. I'm really focusing on your life now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=0.0,44.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e It's an important part of my life, though. First, I'm pleased to do this. My grandfather [Esar Eizenstat] came to Atlanta in 1904. Many years later, in 1952, only four years after the War of Independence, after his wife, my grandmother, passed away, he informed my father, my aunt and uncle, my Aunt Bessie, now Bessie Minsk. Excuse me, Ida Minsk. My Uncle Berry and my dad [Leo Eizenstat] that he was going to make aliyah at the age of 80 plus. They all said you're crazy. What are you talking about? At your age? We don't have a large family there. He said, “I want to be buried in the Holy Land.” This establishes a link that is very important in my life. My first visit to Israel was in 1965. It was after my first year at Harvard Law School. I saw him at an old age home in Petah Tikva [Israel], which is where he had moved. He was then in his early 1990’s. It was a very emotional reunion. His English skills, even when he was in Atlanta, were imperfect, to say the least. My Yiddish skills, which, actually, when I grew up, were at least I could understand Yiddish and speak some of it, because both grandparents had faltered over the years. But we communicated. It was a very, very emotional connection. He died about six months later. Fran [Frances Taylor Eizenstat] and I, my wonderful wife of 45 years, now my late wife, in our first visit together in Israel. She had gone to Brandeis [University] and spent the junior semester abroad in 1963. After the [Jimmy] Carter administration, we were invited by Begin, Prime Minister [Menachem] Begin, for the things I had done for Israel during the administration, to be his guest in Israel. One of the first stops we made was to the cemetery in Petah Tikvah. We went to the proprietor's office. I said, “I want to see my grandfather's grave, Esar Eizenstat.” I knew he had died in the last few months of 1965 or early 1966, but we didn't have the precise date of death. There were no computers in those days. It took him a few minutes to find it. Went to the gravesite. It was clearly his. Fran and I said a prayer. Put some stones on that. I said, “Look, this is my grandfather. I’m told by some relatives in Atlanta. I think it was Malcolm Minsk, my first cousin, that there is a possibility that his father, my great grandfather, is buried here as well. I know nothing about it, except his name would be Eizenstat. I don’t know his first name. I don't know the year, the decade, or even a century he would be buried here. He said, “I know exactly where it is.” I said, “How is that. It took you five minutes just to find my grandfather?” He said, “Did your grandfather have one bad eye?” I said, “Yes when he had a little store, five and dime type store, in the south side of Atlanta, there was a robbery. He was robbed and his eye was injured during the robbery.” He said, “I remember when he came shortly after he made aliyah to buy his own gravesite. He said, I want one as close to my father as possible. We went over, Miles, one row, and there was my great grandfather buried in 1910. That established to me such an emotional linkage to the State [of Israel] to have my grandfather and my great grandfather. We've looked at chevra kadisha records and newspaper records. We cannot find how and why it was that the two of them who lived in a little shtetl in what's now Belarus, one obviously went to Palestine, and the other in 1904, my grandfather ultimately to Atlanta. That was a town with the Kitchener riots, the time of the Russo-Japanese War when Jews were leaving, but they clearly separated, and he wanted to be buried next to his father, my great grandfather. That was an emotional piece. In terms of where I was born, my father was born in Atlanta. He was raised in a very traditional setting. They were members of a synagogue, but also of Beth El . . . , not Beth Jacob, but the other Conservative synagogue [Shearith Israel]. In any event, where Rabbi [Tobias] Geffen was. Rabbi Geffen was his tutor. He had a very traditional Jewish background. He was drafted in the war. He joked. He was a great Jewish storyteller. He joked that when he was drafted that everybody rushed to buy Japanese war bonds. He was stationed in places like Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and elsewhere, teaching Morse code. My mother was pregnant with me. Because he was away from Atlanta in the service, she wanted to be with her parents who had come from Chicago. I was born in Chicago. But when he was released in 1943, after I was born, the military had that rule, they moved back to Atlanta, which is where he had grown up. I was eight months old when I came back to Atlanta. All my formative years were spent in Atlanta initially on Boulevard in an apartment near Georgia Baptist Hospital, where both of our boys were also born. Then we moved, when I was about five years old, to the northeast side of the city on Windemere Drive near Cheshire Bridge Road and Morningside Drive. That's where I grew up. I went to Morningside Grammar School, which was probably, Miles, 65 to 70 percent Jewish at the time. Grady High School, which I'm guessing, was around 50 percent Jewish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Who are your closest friends at Morningside Grammar School who you grew up with?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=450.0,459.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I belonged to a group called Devoted Sons of Israel. It was somewhat of a misnomer given the attitude of some of the kids. It was people like my cousin Phillip Medintz. Jerry Finkelstein.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=459.0,474.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Was it an AZA [Aleph Zadik Aleph] Chapter?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=474.0,476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e It was not an AZA chapter. It was a Young Judaea chapter. Morris . . . what was his last name? He was our mentor. I can't think of his name right now. Henry Bauer did not belong to that. He belonged to The Temple but Henry was one of my very closest friends from Morningside and from Grady. Sandy Seligman, Kenny Kaufman, the Franco's, Ramon Franco. They were all part of this same group. It was a very malcohesive community. All of our social activities. I played basketball at Grady, where it was all city and honorable mention All-American. I played also at the JCC [Jewish Community Center]. We used to have softball leagues in the summer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=476.0,534.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Was this the [Jewish Educational] Alliance or the Jewish Community Center?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=534.0,537.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I still remember the old Alliance. I remember going up on the balcony and changing the score during basketball games. The places in which I played were really on Peachtree basketball. All of our social activities were with our cohorts and with Jewish girls who belonged to the Jewish equivalent of AZA. I had very few non-Jewish friends. There was a fellow, George Chakos [sp], who was a Greek American. Basically, all of our friends were part of that very cohesive and multi-generational Jewish community. Our fathers and most of our grandfathers had grown up in Atlanta. They might not have been born there, but they had at least had their formative years there. It was a very tight knit, cohesive community, and yet, there were divisions even then. We were part of the Conservative congregation, Ahavath Achim [AA], which was originally around Washington Street. I always say it was around second base of what was the old Atlanta stadium. Then, of course, it moved to Peachtree Battle. Rabbi [Harry] Epstein was the rabbi there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=537.0,633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Not your parents?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=633.0,634.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e My parents belonged there as well. Absolutely. And yet there were divisions. The conservative members of what was then maybe a 25,000 person Jewish community in the early 1950’s belonged to the . . . there were three clubs. There was the Mayfair Club, the Standard Club, and the Progressive Club. We belonged to the Progressive Club. My Uncle Berry belonged to the Mayfair Club. The club we couldn't belong to was the Standard Club. That was for German Jews, largely Reform temple.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=634.0,681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Henry Bell was probably a member.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=681.0,683.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Henry was . . . I don't know if he was a member, but he was certainly a member of The Temple, which at that time didn't allow kippah, tallit, bar or bat mitzvahs. Even at some point, Israeli flags. I used to joke with some of my best friends who were Reform Jews, but it was a very disaggregated community in that sense. In terms of our Morningside group, which was almost all Conservative, almost all went to the AA and participated in the Young Judaea and AZA activities. It was a very wholesome, very cohesive, very multi-generational group.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=683.0,725.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm curious. When I came here in 1948, there was a real split between the German Jewish Reform community and the very Conservative. Then there was a third group, the Sephardic  group.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=725.0,739.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. This was Rabbi [Solomon Robert] Ichay. Interestingly, when we moved back . . . we are sort of going non-chronologically, but when we moved back from Washington initially to Atlanta, we went to Rabbi Ichay’s congregation and were very taken by him. He was a fantastic guy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=739.0,759.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Very warm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=759.0,760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Very warm. Very wonderful person. But the traditions were so different that, in the end, we did not. But we kept a friendship up with Rabbi Ichay and his wife for many, many years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=760.0,773.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Back to your early years. When I came to Atlanta, again in 1948, to go to college, the Reform, the Conservative, and the Sephardic community didn't even inter-date as a general policy. There was Ballyhoo for the Reform. Was it that still that way?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=773.0,792.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, very much so. Very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=792.0,794.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e It was not a cohesiveness between the Jewish?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=794.0,797.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e There was not. There was a cohesiveness within our group at Morningside. Henry Bauer did belong, did go to Morningside. I remember playing softball. If you hit the ball over the fence in left field near the Mimosa tree, you’d hit it into Jody Breen Franco's yard. That was a goal, to hit it hard enough to get it into her yard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=797.0,829.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you have a recollection of Beth Jacob, which at that time was opposite Georgia Baptist and Rabbi [Emanuel] Feldman had just moved here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=829.0,841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, we had very little relationship with the Orthodox community, although my father had grown up in a more orthodox tradition. But once we went with AA, we had very little relationship. I did become quite friendly with Rabbi Feldman when Fran and I came back from Washington after the [Lyndon B.] Johnson administration and the [Hubert] Humphrey campaign in 1969-1969. We started something called the Institute of Jewish Studies under the umbrella of the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education. Leon Spotts was the head. We built it up to 250 people or so. They had classes a couple of times a week. Rabbi Feldman taught one of the courses there. We became, I would say, quite friendly. Because my first cousins, some of the Minsk’s belonged to Beth Jacob, I often went to Beth Jacob.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=841.0,903.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I assume some of Franco's belonged too?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=903.0,908.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Ramon and his family belonged. There's a funny story. There were a large contingent of Atlanta Jews. Larry Fein, who was one year ahead of me in school, went to UNC [University of North Carolina]. Arthur Silver from Atlanta, went to UNC. There were several others that went to Carolina, including Ramon. We had driven Ramon up and back from Chapel Hill [North Carolina] in our freshman year. My dad with a station wagon, and mother would to drive me back for my sophomore year. We rang the doorbell for Ramon’s house. I'll never forget. Ramon said, “I'm not going this year.” His father had convinced him to transfer to Emory [University]. By the way, I have to say, when I think of Atlanta Jewry, Joe Franco, Ramon’s father, comes to mind. What a wonderful human being. He was so ebullient and so warm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=908.0,983.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e He was one of the early Emory graduates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=983.0,985.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=985.0,988.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember from Grady, which had been previously Boys’ High School, do you remember any of your teachers or mentors?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=988.0,999.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EIZENSTATYes. First of all, my dad went to Boys’ High School, and Boys High School became Grady. Mr. Osborne in chemistry. Particularly, Mattie Sue Walker in history was someone who had a great influence on me. She was a terrific history teacher. She imbued in me a great interest in history, political and otherwise. I remember she would always say like this with her fingers. Once, twice, the third time, it's yours. You'll never forget it. But she had a real influence on me. It's interesting, Miles, one thing that strikes me is that they used to read over the loudspeaker the Lord's Prayer. I went up to her. I said . . . I was like in the ninth grade. I said, “This is unconstitutional. It's a public institution. It's a separation of church and state.” That was my early intervention. She was very important in my life. Professor Osborne for chemistry. Dr. Krantz [sp] in mathematics. He was tough as nails, but he was really good. I remember him very, very well. I also remember taking woodshop. We had to take mandatory woodshop. We had to make a pencil holder with three holes. Every time I shaved one part off, it tilted too far in that direction. I would tilt the other too far in the other direction. I realized that working with my hands was not going to be my ultimate occupation. I remember that very well. In my really formative period in terms of Grady, beside academics, was sports. Let me go back. Before sports. We had mandatory ROTC [Reserve Officers’ Training Corps]. We had our uniforms. We had to shine our belts, shine our shoes, have mandatory inspection. I remember a couple of humorous incidents at Grady. One was, that in the dead of winter, we were out there and you had to cock your rifle. There was a particular drill you did where you held the rifle back and then you would let it go. Bruce Finkelstein decided to pull a joke. He took his glove and he sort of pulled the thumb out several inches, and he left the cock go. He said, “Sergeant Morris,” who was the head of our guard. “Sergeant Morris. Sergeant Morris.” He said, “My finger, my finger.” That was one incident. The other involved Henry Bauer. Sergeant Morris' big day came when the lieutenants and colonels and generals came from Fort McPherson to inspect their young troops. It was always at the end of the year, hot as blazes at Grady Stadium. We would march and then go in formation. We had our flags, and they would review us. I'm standing next to Henry Bauer. It's hot as blazes. No water. All of a sudden, Henry faints like somebody cut a log. Sergeant Morris said, “Move the man. Move the man before the generals come.” We dragged Henry around to the back so no one would see him. I'll tell you, if we had to fight a war, we would have been in bad shape. But that was important. But the really formative piece beside my education and I feel like I did get a very good education, was my sports. Starting in the eighth grade, I went out for junior varsity. By the ninth grade . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=999.0,1255.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Baseball?  Basketball.?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1255.0,1258.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEISENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I also played baseball. I was a pitcher. And basketball. By the end of the ninth grade, I was already sort of elevated to the varsity. I had to make a decision. I was taking after school piano lessons for five or six years, and I made a decision. I was going to Camp Blue Star, which also we should talk about. Camp Blue Star was very formative. Very formative. Excuse me for jumping back. I'll go back to the basketball in a minute. I went to Camp Blue Star for maybe five or six years. Clamp Blue Star was owned and run by the Popkin brothers. We called them Uncle Harry and Uncle Herman from Atlanta. My cousin Malcolm and Donald Minsk were the CPAs, accountants, for them. It was not an Atlanta camp. It was a camp for Southern Jews. It was very important for me because it was my first exposure to Jews from other places in the South. Very much the south. Miami [Florida], Meridian, Mississippi, Nashville [Tennessee].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1258.0,1323.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Are there any in particular you remember?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1323.0,1325.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, people like Alvin Marshman from Meridian, Mississippi. But what was important about Camp Blue Star, was it was my first bout in politics. Why? Because there was a mayor of teenage village who had, so far as I could determine, no power and no authority, but he was called mayor. An election came. I was drafted and unanimously selected as mayor of teenage village. I think I've been appointed to many things. I think it's the only elective office I've ever held. I can say there was no graft, no corruption, in part because there was no money to allocate. But seriously, that was important. The camp was beautiful. It imbued a spirit of Judaism, a love of Israel. Friday nights after Shabbat dinners, which were always with only paper or plastic so they wouldn't have to wash, we would go down to the playing field with a bonfire. We were dressed in either white or blue and dance, really dancing. Saturday morning, we would have services in a beautiful outdoor chapel. It was not a religious camp, per se, but it was serious about the Jewish religion and culture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1325.0,1413.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Was it coed?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1413.0,1414.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e It was coed. I loved it. I absolutely loved it. We would have swimming among many other activities. If you swam enough times around the lake, it was called getting whales, then you'd earn the right to go in to Asheville [North Carolina]. I remember seeing the Asheville folk festival with the cloggers and their sort of Dutch type shoes. You could go to a movie. But the camp was a really formative piece of my life. I absolutely adored it. I liked the people. I liked the spirit. This was, again, where this fork in the road came.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1414.0,1466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e This predates Barney, the camp?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1466.0,1468.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e It predated Barney. There was no Camp Barney. My Uncle Barney Medintz died in 1950, and the camp came some years later. This was in North Carolina in Hendersonville. We used to go down the French Broad River. We used to go to Slippery Rock. You have to wear two bathing suits. The water was ice cold. Many, many memories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1468.0,1495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e My best friend was a counselor there, speaks very highly of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1495.0,1502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I would have been going into my 10th grade at Grady. If I had gone the next summer, a counselor in training, a CIT.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1502.0,1512.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you in the eighth grade when you first went?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1512.0,1514.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I would have probably been maybe sixth grade or something like that, fifth or sixth grade. I went for about five years. Maybe even fourth grade. I had to make a decision. Do I go back to this camp that I love and become a counselor and training and then ultimately a counselor? Or do I get serious about my basketball? I decided to get serious about basketball, and I went to Whack Hyders. It was a Georgia Tech [Georgia Institute of Technology] basketball camp. He was then the coach of Georgia Tech. It was of paramount importance to me because I got real skills in playing. But I also played against the best kids like Jerry Brooks and Morris Mitchell. Jerry Brooks at Northside. Morris Mitchell at Murphy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1514.0,1564.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e There were no African-American kids there, were there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1564.0,1567.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I'll get to that in a minute. It was very important for me. By the 10th grade, I was starting. By my senior year, I was the second or third leading scorer in the city, 20 points a game. I was All City, I think the only Jew. I was honorable mention, All-American, Dell magazine. They chose ten from each state. I have always said that all those accolades should be with a giant asterisk pre-integration. I want to tell you two stories that say a lot about Atlanta at that time and about Jews. We had, before the season started with our city league, we would often play teams outside the immediate city limits. One in the south side of Atlanta, south of the airport, was a high school called Couch. C-O-U-C-H. I think it was. Rough, tough kids. They knew that Grady was heavily Jewish. After the game, we were literally attacked. [We were] called kikes and Yids and Coach Webster, who would never be mistaken for Red Auerbach in terms of his coaching ability, literally pulled a gun out. He expected this. He held it up. He said, “You touch my boys and you'll be in trouble.” We're talking about now 1959, 1960. We're not talking about pre-Civil War. It shows already at that time we were living in this insulated bubble. It was an early exposure, maybe the first exposure I had, with one other exception to some antisemitism. The other exception was my mom, Sylvia [Medintz Eizenstat], was the best mother anybody could ever have, took me and a friend to Mooney’s Lake, which was a private lake. There was a sign outside saying, no Jews, blacks, or dogs allowed. Those are two instances where I remember some antisemitism. I'll come back to that with after law school later. But basketball was very important. I'll tell you, it's character building. You learn how to lose. You learn how to win. You know the importance of teamwork. You know how to operate under pressure when you're on a one on one with 10 seconds to go and your team is behind at one point. It's very formative. I also played baseball. The baseball team was sort of my off-season sport.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1567.0,1736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You're going to baseball. Your friend Henry would talk about basketball days. He indicated he thought the whole starting team was Jewish. Is that, correct?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1736.0,1746.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EIZENSTATNot all, but a substantial number. Phillip Medintz, Bruce Finkelstein, myself. The other two, Jim Bones Baxter, we called him the center, and the Johnson, the guard, was not Jewish, but it was a significantly Jewish team. Coach Skelton, bless his heart, he may have saved us from being beaten up. As I said, he was not a Red Auerbach. We would come at 3 o’clock in the afternoon after school. This was another important discipline in sports, Miles. We would practice from 3 o’clock to 6 o’clock. End with wind sprints. Then you go home. You had to do your homework, dead tired. It taught discipline. It taught me how to use time effectively. When we started one of the practices, the coach said, “Boys, come to the chalk room. I've got a play that is going to win us the city championship.” We go to the chalk room. He draws the X's and O's. This man is . . . this man is . . . He says, “This man is always open for a layup.” I said, “Coach, it's because there are five X's and four O's.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1746.0,1821.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e No doubt the brightest star overshadowed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1821.0,1827.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e But seriously, sports, I think, can be a tremendous thing for young people. It was, for me, a tremendous discipline.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1827.0,1838.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Everybody has described you as very shy as a young man. Did being the go-to person on the team change your attitude?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1838.0,1850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No, it did not. In fact, I'm sure I would have been voted as the least likely to ever be in politics. After the game, I would keep my head down. The cheerleaders would come over, and I would keep my head down. I was very shy. I almost never dated. I took Sherry Frank to the senior prom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1850.0,1873.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I got a copy of that picture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1873.0,1874.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and that's about the only date I think I've ever had at Grady. I was very, very shy. I focused on sports and my studies and my studies and sports.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1874.0,1888.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me take you back to starting kindergarten and first grade. Your mother's oral history indicates that you were born in January.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1888.0,1899.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1899.0,1900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I was born late in the year, and my son was born late in the year. I know it can have an impact whether you start with your contemporaries or you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1900.0,1910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. This is a very good point. You're absolutely right. I was born January 15, 1943. When you lap over into a new year, you're already a year behind your contemporaries. All of my contemporaries at Young Judaea, etc., were in a grade above me. After the fifth grade, my mother determined that I should skip a grade, do summer studies, and go right into the seventh grade. That's what I did. That put me at the same grade level as my cohorts. But it is an issue. You're either the you're the youngest when you switch or the oldest if you stay in it. In this case, it was it was important that I be in school with my cohorts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1910.0,1968.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I thought about that because there's a book called Outliers [The Story of Success]. I don't know whether you ever read, but the hockey players who started a year ahead of time made up all of the All-Stars because they had a year extra.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1968.0,1981.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1981.0,1986.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember any books from your high school years that stayed with you? Any reading? Any literature? Or what was the first time you became captured by reading?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1986.0,2001.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I think that the books that were interesting to me were particularly our history books. American history, in particular. I remember there were books by . . . It's called The History of the United States. I can't think of his name right now, a quite famous author. I read it from stem to stern. I got very interested in World War II history. This was a formative time for me in terms of my interest in history and ultimately in politics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2001.0,2045.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's jump to your last year of high school where you had to consider . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2045.0,2051.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Henry Steele Commager, his book.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2051.0,2054.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e When did you start considering which college you wanted to go to?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2054.0,2062.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e This was an interesting story, too. I was recruited, thanks in part to Ron Balser, who had gone to Penn [University of Pennsylvania], and who pointed the coach at Penn to me that they should try to recruit me. The Ivy League does not provide scholarships, but they have other ways of getting you in. I was flown up to Philadelphia [Pennsylvania]. I went to the Palestra and saw some ball games. Talked to the coach. I was offered a scholarship at Oglethorpe [University] here in Atlanta. I applied to Duke [University], UNC, Vanderbilt [University], and so forth. In the end, it was basically a choice between Penn and UNC. I was very parochial at the time. The only time I had been out of the south, at that point, was my mother as a graduation present, [who] took me to New York. Otherwise, I had never spent any time outside the south. At that time, the University of Pennsylvania was in a very bad section in Philadelphia. When you go to Chapel Hill, you see this bucolic college town. The contrast was dramatic, and it was in the south. I, again, was very parochial at the time. I went to apply to all of these, and I went for my interview at UNC. The assistant dean of admissions looks at my record. He said, “You won't have any trouble getting in even though we have a sort of rigid limit on the out-of-state people and your grade point average and college boards and so forth. But,” he says, “I'm really interested in your basketball.” He says, “You know, we have great basketball teams.” He said, “We're not recruiting you, but would you like to see Coach Frank McGuire?” Miles, this was 1960. In 1957, only three years before, UNC won the NCAA [National Collegiate Athletic Association] championship 32 and 0. The last game was one of the greatest finals ever played triple overtime against Kansas and Wilt Chamberlain. McGuire was the coach. I said to the assistant dean, I said, “Sir, if I could meet Coach McGuire, it would not only make my day, it would make my life.” They drove me over to Woollen Gym. I come into his office. He was suave, sort of wavy hair, gray. Trophies all around. Totally intimidated. He put me very much at ease. He said, “We’re not going to recruit you. But we have freshman ball.” At that time, NSC rules were, regardless of how good you were, had to play freshman ball. He said, “Where else are you looking?” I said, “I'm looking at Penn. I'm looking at Duke.” “Whatever you do, don't go to Duke.” I sort of laughed because it was a big rivalry. It has nothing to do with the rivalry. I said, “Coach, why shouldn't I?” He leans over to me nose to nose. He says, “They hate Jews at Duke.” I'm taken aback. He says, “You're asking yourself, why would an Irish Catholic from New York say that?” He said, “First, they have a rigid quota against Jews,” which we don't. He said, “The second is I grew up in Hell's Kitchen in New York. I knew Yiddish before I knew English.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2062.0,2279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e A star player in that game was Jewish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2279.0,2281.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e It was Lennie Rosenbluth. Again, here's again the notion of Judaism coming in unexpected ways. I tried out for freshman ball. What happened that summer was, with all my accolades, again, I was like the second or third leading scorer in the city. After games, my mother would say, “Stu, you're squinting.” I said, “It's just perspiration.” She said, “Are you sure it's not your eyes?” I said, “No, how can it be my eyes? I'm hitting 20 points a game.” We went to the Atlanta Crackers baseball game, Double-A at that point, with my parents. I want to come back and talk about Jackie Robinson in a minute. We were sitting in left field. The scoreboard and the advertisements were over the right field stand. I said to my parents, “What does that sign say?” “You can't read that sign?” I said, “No, it's very fuzzy.” We're going to Gibby Cohen tomorrow.” The optometrist.” I went to Gibby Cohen. He said, “I don't believe . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2281.0,2355.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You got 65 points, huh?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2355.0,2357.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. He said, “I don't believe you got 20 points a game. You can't see the backside of a barn.” It was, I don't know, 20 to 100 or whatever. What happened was they gave me glasses. I should have had contacts. I didn't practice that summer with my glasses and threw my shot totally off. When I went to try out for the freshman team at UNC, I just wasn't myself. Plus, I was self-conscious about having glasses. It took me about two practices to realize I had reached my level in sports. I had to hit the books. Who was the coach of the freshman team in 1960-1961 at UNC? A young guy. His first year as coach as the freshmen named Dean Smith. Became the winningest coach in history. Years later, when I was working with Carter in the campaign, they started to do profiles of his staff. They had a picture of me. It said underneath the picture, “UNC All-America,” instead of “high school.” My cousin Phillip called and said, “Dean Smith is going to say, ‘I remember Charlie Scott, Billy Cunningham. How can I not remember this Eizenstat guy if he is All-American?” I want to go back to the Atlanta Crackers, segregated southern league. Birmingham Barons, New Orleans Pelicans, Nashville Vols. I'm about six years old. My father brings me to a baseball game, which was historic. Why? Because in those days, the Brooklyn Dodgers would have spring training, Miles, in Vero Beach [Florida]. Then they would break camp and they would take a train up the coast to Brooklyn and play exhibition games against the major leagues. They could decide to play against the Atlanta Crackers. The issue was their third baseman, number 42 was Jackie Robinson, first black player in the major leagues. There was a huge cry in Atlanta. We can't let a black play on hallowed grounds of Ponce de Leon Park, which was across from what was then Sears. In the end, he did play. I can remember like it was yesterday, watching Jackie Robinson play third base. It was my first exposure to segregation. I remember in the bleachers over right field were the blacks, dressed in what we used to call Sunday-go-to-meeting clothes. It was like they were going to church. It was a big deal for them. There was one other incident I must tell you about because it reflects on this whole issue of being black and Jewish. The AA synagogue, when I was bar mitzvahed, was still on the south side of Atlanta. That's where I was bar mitzvahed, not on Peachtree Battle. Our DSI group, our Devoted Sons of Israel Group, and all of our friends at Young Judaea, we were sequencing. Almost every Saturday one it seemed to be bar mitzvahed. We would go to each other's bar mitzvahs. Then we would take a bus downtown. We would eat at the S\u0026W Cafeteria and then see a movie and then take a bus home. I get on the bus to go home. Two-thirds to three-quarters of the bus was the white section. The last third or quarter was the black section. There was only one seat left in the white section. I'm just under 13 years old. It was the aisle section of the last seat in the white section. I sat down. As I sat down, an elderly black lady gets on, laden down with bags. Every instinct I had was to get up and let her sit there. I said to myself and, again, I can remember it like it was yesterday. If I do this, I violate the law. She's going to violate the law. I didn't do it. It's haunted me ever since. One other example of this was when I was at UNC. The point I want to make in this, and this other anecdote is when you grow up under a system, however unjust it may be, of segregation, you simply accept it as a given unless it's pointed out to you. There were a couple of instances in which it was my senior year in high, [Samuel] Ernest Vandiver, then the governor, said he was going to stand in the schoolhouse door like [George] Wallace and keep the schools from being integrated. My mother panicked. She looked at private schools like Emory at Oxford, and so forth until he finally relented. This was like my first exposure to it. Okay, it was something I raised with that wasn't part of my . . . it didn't go to my moral fiber. What did, is I'm a sophomore now at UNC. We're talking about 1962. I was a member of a ZBT [Zeta Beta Tau] fraternity. On Sundays, the kitchen closed. The cook got a day off. We would also often go to Howard Johnson's, we called it Hojo's, at Chapel Hill Boulevard between Duke and UNC. This particular time, a fraternity brother drove me, who was from New York. We come up to Hojo's. Park in a parking lot. There are black students from North Carolina Central who were sitting in blocking access. I said to him, “Why are they doing that?” He said, “I don't believe you're asking that. What planet do you live in? It's because they can't go in and be served there.” Here I am, a sophomore in UNC. Miles, it was like someone lifted a veil from my eyes and it pointed out the injustice. I then got involved in trying to voluntarily desegregate restaurants and shops on Franklin Street in Chapel Hill. It was an extremely formative piece in my life. It drove home as nothing had before the injustice of segregation. I have to tell you about my UNC experience because, again, as I said, I was least likely to get involved in politics. I decided that I was going to get involved in student activities. UNC had then and now one of the most well-developed student governments of any school. They had a student legislature. They had a student attorney general staff on which I served, which would investigate honor code violations, kids cheating and so forth. I wrote articles for the Daily Tar Heel, won national and international events, which was the newspaper. There were political parties. The sort of dorm party was one, and the fraternity party was another. In 1962, that same year, if you look, you'll see the [Greensboro] sit-ins started that very year in 1962. I went to a lecture by Frank Porter Graham, who had been the president of the Consolidated University [of North Carolina], not just at Chapel Hill, but then went on to become undersecretary of the UN [United Nations]. Came back to UNC and he gave a talk at Memorial Hall. It was in the midst of all this ferment and demonstrations in Greensboro [North Carolina]and in Durham [North Carolina]. One of the students stood up and said, “President Graham, isn't it true that these demonstrations started in Moscow [Russia]? That Moscow is the one is directing it?” He said, “Young man. They didn't start it in Moscow. They started in Greensboro.” President [John F.] Kennedy spoke in 1962 at Kenan [Memorial] Football Stadium. It was an inspiration for me. He talked about the importance of public service, of young people getting involved in public service. It was a very formative thing in my life. When he was assassinated in 1963, I can remember exactly where I was, right outside the political science department, running right upstairs to Professor Prothro and Dawson's office to watch Walter Cronkite pronounce him dead. A fraternity brother, it might have been two, and I drove all night, Miles, from Chapel Hill to Washington so we could be at the Capitol building when his body was brought in from the White House to the Capitol. We stood right there. We probably got there, I don't know, four or five o’clock in the morning. We went up and paid our respects and then drove back. When he was assassinated, there were literally white fraternities at Chapel Hill, the so-called supposedly paragon of progressive southern education, actually having a party to celebrate his assassination because he had submitted the 1963 Civil Rights Act.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e A number of people did that. They apologized afterwards when they realized what they did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2948.0,2952.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No. Quite the contrary. In addition to the student activities. One other thing that really did launch my political career was also from Chapel Hill. They chose, each summer, five interns to be placed in congress from UNC when the plan was accepted. The five of us meet in Professor Ray Dawson's office. He asks us who we would like to be placed with. He said, “We have almost 100 percent success because we pay all the expenses.” It's like a freebie for the congress. One of our colleagues, Vince Barron, chose a young Texas congressman named Jim Wright, who later became majority leader. One chose the Congressman Williams. I chose Claude Pepper. Professor Dawson says, “Why did you choose Claude Pepper?” I said, “He lost this infamous re-election race to Senator [George] Smathers, who called him Red Pepper and said his sister was a thespian and had matriculated at Harvard.” It was a dirty race. When he lost the Senate race, he went back and ran for Congress and won in Miami. He will probably be the only southerner, it turned out Charlie Walton, who was another who will vote for the Civil Rights Act. Kennedy is voting in 1963, which is the summer I was going to be there. This was a big Civil Rights summer. He goes to the congressional Almanac and pulls it out. He said, “I can accept everyone else's recommendations, but not Stu’s.” I said, “Why?” He said, “He's in his early 60’s. He's not going to be around very long.” As it was, he served 30 more years. When I was in the White House, I used to always joke with him about it. But that summer was crucial for me. They ended up replacing me, of all people, with G. Elliott Hagan from Savannah [Georgia], who was anti-civil rights. It was a formative summer because the five of us from UNC decided that we were going to have some real chutzpah. After hours, we were going to try to see every famous person who would see five young kids from UNC. We saw Joe Alsop. We saw David Brinkley. We saw Dean Acheson. We saw [Thomas] Hale Boggs when he was majority leader. That did it for me. I got Potomac fever and have never lost it since. That summer from UNC was really quite crucial.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2952.0,3116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me ask you about some of your fraternity brothers that you remember. What made you join ZBT, and what your reaction was to Jewish and non-Jewish fraternities?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3116.0,3131.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e First of all, there were no options because the non-Jewish fraternities wouldn't take Jews. There were only two Jewish fraternities, TEP [Tau Epsilon Phi] and ZBT. I went to ZBT largely because of Larry Fein, who was a year ahead of me at Grady. He has always been one of my closest friends. Larry was at ZBT and urged me to come. I said, “Larry, I don't want to do it. I'll do it after my first semester. I want to get my grades up. I want to make sure I don't have any diversions. I know all this pledge stuff takes a lot of time away from my studies. I want to get my grades.” “Oh, come on. Just an interview.” I said, ”Okay, I'll interview.” Larry said to me, “I want you to meet Billy Aufhammer [sp] from New York. When he was in your position, he was in the same situation. He said, ‘“I want to make my grades’ He found that by going to the fraternity, it was the best thing for his grades. We take pride in the fact we ever had him.” They took me up to what I later told was a hotbox where they sort of pressured that Billy Aufhammer. He convinced me, so I pledged. I found out as soon as I signed on the dotted line. He was in his fifth year. He still hadn't graduated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3131.0,3211.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Were there any friends from Grady or high school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3211.0,3213.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EIZENSTATArthur Silver was from Grady. Arthur only stayed one year. He went to dental school at Emory right afterward. Ramon was there as a freshman but didn't go back. Larry stayed the whole time, but he was one year ahead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3213.0,3226.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you play intramural ball?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3226.0,3227.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I did. I was, if I may say, sort of the star of their basketball team and played softball and tag football and other things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3227.0,3235.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Any memorable professors there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3235.0,3237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. The professors there who had influence on me were in the political science department, Professor Prosser, Ray Dawson, and Matthews, those three professors. Of the three, I would say probably Prosser and Dawson. They had a real influence on me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3237.0,3266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Any students that you studied with?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3266.0,3268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I got to know Charlie Schaefer [sp]. Not well, but I got to know him. We were in some activities together. I was voted into the old well and things like that. Because I was involved in student politics, I got out of my Jewish shell. While I was in ZBT, I was very much involved in campus politics, as I said, writing for the Daily Tar Heel, doing a congressional internship with five people from UNC, being on attorney general staff. That exposed me to the, if I may say so, the leadership of the campus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3268.0,3308.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Following North Carolina, did you go straight into law school or take some time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3308.0,3317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e The summer of 1964 was also, it turned out, to be the seminal event in my life besides the 1963 internship. The reason was, through a UNC connection, I was placed in the political office of John Gronouski, who was the postmaster general. In those days, Miles, postmaster general and the post office were cabinet departments. He was the first Polish American ever appointed to the cabinet. LBJ appointed him to get the Polish vote in the big cities in the Midwest, Cleveland [Ohio], Chicago, and so forth. I was on the speechwriting staff reporting to Robert Hardesty. We would draft speeches for him, which were then transliterated into Polish. I knew as much Polish as he did. We would get these incredible letters. Eric Epstein [sp], happens to be, by the way, Jewish was the head of the whole policy unit, a great man. Died incredibly young of cancer, but he had a real influence. My immediate boss was Bob Hardesty. We would get these letters from Polish-American groups saying how wonderful it is that a person from the motherland not only is appointed to the cabinet, but still remembers their Polish language. The deal was that I would work there during the day, and at night I would work with the Young Democrats of America, a fellow by the name of Arhaus [sp] from North Carolina was president of Young Dems. That led me to my first Democratic convention in 1964. They took a group of young Dems to Atlantic City for the 1964 convention. There again, there was a racial issue which impacted me. We're there. I'm excited. Here I am at the 21st convention. It was Johnson against [Barry] Goldwater.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3317.0,3436.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Was this the Mississippi delegation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3436.0,3442.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Marvin Watson was chief of staff. He calls young Democrats in to a side room off the main floor. He said, “I have a really important assignment for you, boys and girls. How about this? This first convention? We have something really important to do.” He says, “What's happened is the Freedom Democratic Party in Mississippi, a mixed racial group, is challenging the all-white group for Mississippi, and the Rules Committee is going to resolve it. It's going to be very difficult. Your job is to sit in those contested seats and don't even go to the bathroom until the Rules Committee resolves it.” I was somewhat deflated by that responsibility. Again, it dramatized for me the racial issue, which was now becoming increasingly to the forefront. I had seen it seen in UNC in 1962. I saw it in 1963 in Congress when the Civil Rights Act was being debated. Now I saw it again. The reason this became seminal this summer was because Hardesty, Robert Hardesty, to whom I was reporting at the post office for the political staff of the Postmaster General. We would have a sort of New Year's card relationship. We would keep up. It's about April 1967. I'm engaged to Fran, who I met through a mutual friend at Brandeis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3442.0,3528.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Don't jump that far ahead. I'm trying to find out what made you want to go to law school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3528.0,3532.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay. We have to come back to this because this is where my White House stuff comes in. I wanted to go to law school because I felt it would . . . I knew I didn't want to be a doctor. I didn't want to be an accountant. By the process of elimination, but I think more broadly, I saw it as an intellectual challenge and something that would enable me to go into government and go out of government.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3532.0,3559.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e When do you think you made that decision?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3559.0,3562.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I clerked. I wanted to clerk. Do you mean the decision to go to law school? I would say certainly about my senior year in college. I took the LSAT in high school. High school. That's when I decided.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3562.0,3578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you do any debating in high school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3578.0,3581.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3581.0,3583.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You knew you were going to go to law school while you were in North Carolina? Where did you apply to law school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3583.0,3590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I applied to all the major schools, Chicago, Columbia, Penn, Yale, Harvard and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3590.0,3601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e What made you choose Harvard?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3601.0,3604.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I think it was because Harvard was Harvard. Was the great school. Was the best school, at least we thought.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3604.0,3614.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e It was smaller.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3614.0,3616.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I wanted the Harvard mantel. I would say it was a difficult time. Harvard Law School, in those days, still had elements of the paper chase. Very rigorous. Very competitive, which was ridiculous because we were all A-plus people anyway, but very competitive. The joke used to be that someone would keep a recording of a typewriter on so you could hear it through the next wall. We had ladies . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3616.0,3651.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Leach?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3651.0,3653.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Leach and Casner. There were 500 students, 25 of whom, not percent, and not 24. Not 26. Always 25 were women. Ladies Day, the ladies were the only ones called on. You did not want to be called on. By the way, my professor, the first day, my first class was his first day and his first class as professor. A guy by the name of Alan Dershowitz. We since become very, very friendly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3653.0,3679.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's get the years down. You finished high school in 1960?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3679.0,3684.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3684.0,3685.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Went to UNC. Graduated 1964?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3685.0,3687.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I graduated cum laude Phi Beta Kappa in my junior year, etc. [indistinct: 1:01:36] I wrote my senior thesis on the 1956 Sinai Campaign at UNC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3687.0,3705.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you did you have any Jewish courses?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3705.0,3708.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No. Zero. There were none.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3708.0,3711.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e What dormitory . . .First of all, where did you live?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3711.0,3716.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e The first year I lived across from the basketball gym in Winston dorm before I moved into the fraternity. I remember my first day, this guy comes to me, sort of a portly fellow from some little town in North Carolina. He says to me, “What religion are you?” I said, “Why don't you guess?” He comes up with every Christian denomination ever invented by man. When I said Jewish, he said, “Jewish? I never met somebody who is Jewish.” UNC was very non-Jewish at the time, very non-Jewish. There were two fraternities, but I don't think there were more than 250, 300 Jews in the whole place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3716.0,3767.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e When you applied to Harvard and got in, did you believe you would be accepted, I take it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3767.0,3774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3774.0,3775.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you find out what dormitory you were going to live in, or did you live in a dorm?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3775.0,3779.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I did live in a dorm. It was simply assigned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3779.0,3783.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Where? Where was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3783.0,3785.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e It was right on campus. I don't remember the name of the dorm, but it was right on campus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3785.0,3794.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Not the old dorm, Hastings, but the . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3794.0,3796.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No, not the old one. The new ones. They were not big rooms. This was important to me for a number of reasons. For one thing, I met my future wife because I was going to law school as a first-year student with David Ruston, who was from Chicago. Again, to Brandeis. He and his wife Barbara were married at Brandeis and knew Fran. There were three couples that they had all married, young marrieds and Fran and me. It didn't dawn on me that we were being set up. I ultimately called her. Our first date was to see . . . she had graduated from Brandeis, but she was going to Boston College graduate school to get a master's in social work. Their social work school was on Commonwealth Avenue. It was not in Chestnut Hill. She took the subway to Cambridge. We went to hear a professor talk. It was the most boring thing imaginable, but it was wintertime. My car was parked right outside my dorm. Snow emergency signs. Who knew snow emergencies growing up in the south? This awful lecture is over. Fran was then living with her parents in Everett, a suburb of Boston [Massachusetts]. Go out to my car. What it meant for snow emergency was they didn't tow your car, but the plows came, and they if your car was still there, they packed the snow against your car. My car was like in a sheet of ice that you could not move. I had no long underwear, no scraper, no gloves. She was laughing as I was trying to get this. It was the power of adrenaline to finally shake it enough to get the key in the key.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3796.0,3918.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You actually got out of that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3918.0,3919.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I got out of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3919.0,3921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I understand at one point you were not driving your car very much during law school, and your friends got you enough tickets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3921.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No. What happened was . . . because I never went out. I just studied and studied and studied some more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3930.0,3937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e What year did you first date Fran?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3937.0,3938.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e As a as a first-year student. Then we were we were married just when I graduated in the third year. I never used my car. My cousin Marcia Medintz was going to pick me up after this interview. [She] was going to Boston University. She said, “Can I use your car? You never use it.” I said, “Yes, sure.” All of a sudden, here I am in law school. Knock on the door. This big sheriff said, “Is this your car, son?” I said, “Yes, sir.” He said, “You have hundreds of dollars of unpaid traffic tickets.” I said, “But I swear I never use my car.” “You're responsible for it.” I called Marcia up. I said, “You're going to get me in trouble here. Kicked out of law school because you're using my car. She told a wonderful story that she went down with her friend. It turned out that the judge was Jewish. She put on this exaggerated Southern accent and said, “Your Honor, I never knew about all these rules. I grew up in the South.” He said, “Zei gezunt,” which means go, just get out. So that was my story about my car.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3938.0,4029.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Critical in law school, you are usually studying in a group.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4029.0,4034.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. We had a study group with the Dave Hope from Pennsylvania, Jay Meltzer [sp] from New York. We still stay in touch. In fact, my 50th anniversary is coming up October of 2017. Dave Ruston. The study group is very important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4034.0,4057.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you join any clubs?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4057.0,4063.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e It's very interesting. I ran for one of the student offices. Without doubt, the fact that I was Southern was a huge disadvantage. I remember saying, “Look, I'm a new Republic Democrat. Don't let the accent throw you off.” But I was not elected. I was in some of the student organizations, but I didn't do debate or anything like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4063.0,4097.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you have compulsory moot court?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4097.0,4100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I did moot court. I had to do a senior thesis. The senior thesis was on the dilemma of pleading non-guilty for mental incompetence. It was a really good paper. I still have it, showing that you could spend 40 years in jail trying to get your competence back for if you were convicted, would be a six-month penalty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4100.0,4132.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Different age, Mine was the Brown [Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka] decision.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4132.0,4139.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I monitored Freun's [sp] class in constitutional law. I had . . . I can't remember his name now, but for all of its difficulties, Harvard was very important. It instilled discipline, writing skills. You were competing against the very best students. They did everything they could in a way to insult you. The grading scale was if you got to 70 or 71, it was a good grade. Who ever heard of getting a 70 on a test? In a way, they did everything they could to denigrate you. The grade scale, the sort of rigor of the classes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4139.0,4184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Did they have teaching fellows there that tried to ameliorate some of that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4184.0,4187.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No. The ladies’ day, where only women would be asked to answer questions. It was not a warm and fuzzy place. In the third year, it became much better. I took a course with Professor Shapiro, which was excellent. You got to have much more intimate, smaller classes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4187.0,4213.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Who were your favorite professors there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4213.0,4216.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Dershowitz was fantastic in criminal law. Really fantastic. Again, Professor Shapiro was very good. Clark Byse, administrative law. Professor Horowitz, antitrust.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4216.0,4239.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Which of your classmates do you remember best? Are you still friendly with them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4239.0,4244.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I'm friendly with a lot. Jay Melcher, Dave Hope, Dave Ruston, Len Green [sp] from New Hampshire. In fact, I went up over one of the holidays with him. Hope Eiseman. Now Hope Eiseman. That was her name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4244.0,4267.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you have a good feeling about your education?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4267.0,4270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Absolutely.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4270.0,4272.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you feel it could have been a warmer, friendlier place?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4272.0,4275.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. They have since made it such, but it could have been. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4275.0,4281.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me about what you did, you got married right after graduation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4281.0,4286.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I was married right after graduation in July of 1967, in Lexington [Massachusetts]. It would have been Everett but the congregation to which Fran belonged was being remodeled.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4286.0,4299.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did you go on your honeymoon?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4299.0,4301.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e This is a story, too. But let me go back to my occupation. April of 1967, I am applying for clerkships. I got on a shortlist of several, including one Judge Arthur Godbold, in the Fifth Circuit in Montgomery [Alabama]. Fran and I were engaged. We flew down. She had a thick Boston accent. Had hardly ever been out of New England except Israel. We drove from Atlanta to Montgomery. Come into the judge's chambers. It's looking out on the lawn of every Civil War hero you can possibly think of. But we had a very good, a very good interview. I thought I was going to be selected. He said, “Who's your little lady out there?” I said, “She's my fiancée. She will be my future wife.” “I'd like to meet her.” Fran comes in with this Boston accent. He said, “Little lady, where are you from?” “I am from Boston.” “Boston. Where did you go to undergraduate school?” “Brandeis.” In that era, it was Angela Davis and all the civil rights things. “Brandeis. Oh.” He said, “Are you getting any graduate degrees?” She said, “Yes, sir, I'm getting a graduate degree in social work at Boston College.” “What area of social work?” “Community organization.” You could see his eyes lighting up. Brandeis. Community organization. Civil rights. He said, “Young lady, it's a long way from Boston to Montgomery.” When we left, I said, “Fran, there goes my clerkship.” It was the best thing that ever happened to me, because this Robert Hardesty, for whom I worked in the political shop of the postmaster general, calls me in maybe April of 1967. He said, “Do you have a job yet?” I said, “No, but I'm on a short list for some clerkships.” He said, “How would you like to work with me?” I said, “Bob, look, I'm going to have a Harvard Law School degree. It was fun when I was in college working at the postmaster general's office. I don't want to work in the post office department as a Harvard Law School graduate. He said, “Hell, I'm not working in a post office. I'm writing speeches for President Johnson in the White House.” I said, “In that case, let me check with my fiancé and I'll get back to you.” That's how I started.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4301.0,4467.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You did that the first year after law school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4467.0,4469.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. My office . . .  the first year immediately after law school and you ask where our honeymoon was. This also is a Jewish story. We honeymooned in Quebec City. It was the year of Expo 67, the World's Fair. We spent, Miles, about a week in Quebec City, a place called Manoir St-Castin. We drove down on a Sunday from Quebec City to Montreal. It happened to be the same Sunday that Charles de Gaulle came to Quebec and declared ‘Vive le Quebec libre!’ Imagine somebody saying to a province, become an independent country. But it also was only a couple of weeks after the Six-Day War in which France had cut off Israel's arms. It had been its major arms supplier. We're sitting behind this motorcade. It goes through every little town and people are going crazy with their blue and white fleur-de-lis. We needed to get to Montreal to sign into a hotel and so forth. We were angry at de Gaulle to begin with because of the Six-Day War. Fran said, “I'll tell you what, let's find out what is route is and we're going to go ahead of the motorcade and we're going to do something.” We went ahead of the motorcade. Got to this little town. Couldn't have been 100 people standing on both sides with their fleur-de-lis. She said, “Let's get out the biggest piece of white paper we can. I'm going to draw something on it.” She draws something on it. She said, “Take your glasses off.” She had a black scarf at the time. She balls the scarf up, puts it on my eye, put some string up so I look like Moshe Dayan. The sign she made says ‘Viva le Israel libre!’ We're sitting, standing as the great man de Gaulle comes in an open-air car with his aide. I am, Miles, maybe ten feet from them. She said, “Now.” I hold up my sign with my Moshe Dayan patch. I remember his aides saying, “Viva le Israel, libre?” That was our first protest. It also showed Fran's incredible spunk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4469.0,4605.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Elaine and I there were there at the same as you were with all four of our children because my father lived in Montreal. You wrote speeches for jobs and then for Humphrey?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4605.0,4617.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I worked for Hardisty. He was one of Johnson's chief speechwriters. We also wrote for members of Congress to support LBJ’s legislation. My office was in the Old Executive Office Building, part of the White House complex, right next to the West Wing and right next door to the office of the vice president. In those days, the vice president was in the West Wing. I was involved, I was a junior aide, but I was involved in several meetings that Johnson attended, particularly congressional relations meetings that were chaired by a fellow named Harold Barefoot Sanders from Texas. When there was really an important vote, what Barefoot did is he would have the congressional relations people from all the departments to talk about the legislative agenda. If there was something really crucial, then Johnson would walk in and say, “I want you to get your own legislation, your departments. This is what we want to work on.” Miles, I'll tell you, I still have a picture with him now. Imagine, I'm all of 25, but still, Johnson was like a mythic figure. He was huge. Six feet four inches, six five, 250 [pounds]. Big arms. Big ears. Big hands. He overwhelmed a room. He just filled it up. It was like the fear of the Lord when he came in. You shot up like a general had come in. That was quite an important year, working in the White House.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4617.0,4720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you apply during that period of time to go to work [Berry] Edenfield the following year?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4720.0,4723.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I did. But at that time, he did not have an opening. In any event, I wanted to work on the 1968 campaign. What happened was, it's 1967 after New Hampshire, which Johnson won, by the way. He beat [Eugene] McCarthy, but barely. He was going to give a speech on Vietnam [War], a very important speech. I had a memo due on Monday to Joe Califano. This whole group report to Califano, who was . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4723.0,4763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Joe was a classmate of mine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4763.0,4765.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Really?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4765.0,4766.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e He and Bob Hardesty too. He was in the administration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4766.0,4772.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Joe was my ultimate boss. Joe was as tough as nails, too. My memo was due on Monday morning. I'm working all weekend on it. It comes Sunday night. Johnson’s speech is at 9 o’clock at night. Fran says, “Take a break and let's hear the president's speech.” I said, “Fran, I got to finish this memo. Califano will kill me if I don't get it done.” In any event, here is the speech. I had picked a copy up from the West Wing press office. She said, “Come on, come on. Take a break.” We had a one-bedroom apartment. A little TV was on the dresser. We’re laying in bed, watching the thing. I'm sort of in a desultory way, just following the thing on the speech. All of a sudden, something that was not in the speech was, “I've decided I'm not going to run for reelection.” I almost fell off the bed. I called Hardesty up. I said, “Bob, I know this is a stupid question, but I assume my campaign memo is not due anymore.” My office, as I mentioned, was next to Humphrey's. I had gotten to know many of his staff people. John Stewart, Ted Van Dyk, Bill Connell. They invited me to join their staff. Since Johnson was not going to be president anymore after January 1969, I left the White House and became research director of the Humphrey campaign. Had he won, and he got within a hair's breadth, I would never have come back to Atlanta. I would have stayed and been part of the Humphrey administration. Who knows what would have happened? Then again, I would have never met Jimmy Carter. When he lost, at that point a clerkship opened. I remember we moved . . . our big thrill was Orville Freeman and [W. Willard] Wirtz, who were Secretary of Agriculture and Secretary of Labor, got the Honey Fitz, the boat [USS] Sequoia. They invited all the top Humphrey people for a cruise on the Potomac [River]. We thought this was the essence of things. When we pulled out of our apartment, 2410 20th Street in Washington, I said to Fran, we're driving back to Atlanta for the Edenfield clerkship, “We'll never see this town again.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4772.0,4915.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e How was your clerkship with Edenfield?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4915.0,4917.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I loved the clerkship with Edenfield. Edenfield, who you knew, was a remarkable man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4917.0,4926.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e First case I ever argued in the Court of Appeals was against him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4926.0,4930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e He was a terrific lawyer. Came from South Georgia. There were judges like [Felix] Frankfurter, who were politically liberal but judicially conservative. He was just the opposite. He was politically conservative and just really liberal. We had housing rights issues. We had habeas corpus issues. There were two sort of humorous incidents. I loved him. He clearly couldn't have been antisemitic because he had me, but also, he had Neil Koslowe a year afterward. I would do funny incidents. One was, because we were in Atlanta Federal Penitentiary area, all the clerks were told to come on an organized visit to the pen. If you ever had any thought of committing a crime, you are going to Atlanta Penitentiary. You'll never think about it again. The bad boys were there. We got mammoth numbers of habeas corpus petitions for everything in the world. The one that was the most memorable was a fellow who said he had invented a new religion, called a religion of the new song. They were not permitting him to practice it. You had to pray five times a day, had a special diet, and all these things. Of course, he asked me to do a memo. I did a very quick memo denying it. He said, “I don't think you're right.” I said, “Why?” He said, “Well, he thinks he's invented a new religion.” I said, “But, judge, how can somebody . . . “He said, “Jesus did. If Jesus did, so could he. Religion of the new song.” It was reversed by the Fifth Circuit about as fast as . . I remember that very clearly. I also remember Neil telling me, Neil was a clerk about a year or so after me. Neil wore a kippah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4930.0,5036.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e We recruited him on. Couldn’t get our firm to make an offer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5036.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I'll tell you about my story, too. Neil and I became and still are extremely close, unbelievably close, his whole family . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5040.0,5049.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Has he retired from justice now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5049.0,5052.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. He's been with Shearman \u0026 Sterling for a number of years. Neil told me the following story. Edenfield called him in one year. He was petrified. He said, “I have something very personal to talk to you about.” He thought he blew a precedent or something in a memorandum. It was one of those years in which all the Jewish holidays fell during the workweek, like 13 days. Two days of Passover, Sukkot. He says to Neil, “Neil, do you know Stu Eizenstat?” Neil says, “Yes, we have become quite friendly.” He said, “I thought Stu was Jewish.” He said, “He is.” “He didn’t take all these holidays.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5052.0,5098.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e We had to prepare with paper plates with canned tuna and such when we had them for dinner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5098.0,5105.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e But here I am.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5105.0,5106.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e It's about the job.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5106.0,5109.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Here I am. I'm back in Atlanta. If I may say so, at a young age, sort of hometown boy, made good. Great credentials. Whitehouse. Humphrey. Harvard Law School and UNC. Phi Beta Kappa. Edenfield, who was a great advocate for me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5109.0,5131.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e For Neil.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5131.0,5133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I got one . . . Morris Macey's firm made me an offer, but there were no major firms, not one. King \u0026 Spalding and . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5133.0,5147.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Alston and King.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5147.0,5149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Alston.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5149.0,5151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Until Herschel [Bloom] . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5151.0,5152.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. The only one that I got was Powell, Goldstein, Frazer \u0026 Murphy, which was founded by Elliott [Goldstein]’s father. Again, this was an example that here we are, it's 1969, 1970. I have done all these things. I'm a hometown boy. Zero offers except major firms. I don't want to denigrate Morris Macey's firm, but it was more of a bankruptcy, a little litigation firm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5152.0,5186.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Gambrell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5186.0,5188.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e All of those. Zero. I'm not a person to wear a chip on his shoulder.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5188.0,5199.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I can tell you that our firm, I was an advocate for you. We had to [indistinct: 1:26:50] a classmate of yours. It was a very interesting time because Harvard had more people coming back to Atlanta in your years than I had ever seen. When I came to Atlanta, there were only three people that had gone to Harvard Law School. We must have had 15 looking for jobs, in your year, from Harvard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5199.0,5242.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e In any event, I had a very productive time. I was made partner very early, after five years. I was in litigation. My most famous case . . . I did a lot of fidelity and surety defense work. The insurance company insured Perini Corporation in Boston, which is a huge, and still is, a huge builder. They built the Ted Williams Tunnel and stuff like that. They had a defalcation in there in their treasury office. A whole bunch of pre-stamped checks had disappeared and been cashed at a little bank in North Georgia, not Bert Lance’s, to the tune of millions and billions of dollars. The first thing that Ed Dorsey, who was my senior partner, and I did is we interviewed the assistant treasurer who left and went to Las Vegas [Nevada]. A little bit suspicious. He wouldn't talk to us at all. Dorsey, who said to me when I first came with the firm, he said, “Stu, I'm at a stage where I open the cases and I close the cases. You do everything in between.” I went up to this little town. I interviewed one of the clerks. The payee the checks was James D. Quisenberry. The checks were $100,000, $250,000, $450,000, $500,000.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5242.0,5348.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e A fictional name, I take it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5348.0,5350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Fictional name. I interviewed the bank clerk in the little town. I said, “Ma’am, do you remember a customer by the name of James D. Quisenberry?” “Oh, yes,” she said. “I remember him well. We've never had a customer like him.” I said, “Why is that?” “He took so much money out, we had to go to our correspondent bank in Atlanta to have enough cash.” I said, “That's really interesting. He was an unusual customer?” “Yes, I guess he was.” I said, “Where did he live?” “He lived in a motel.” I said, “He wasn't a permanent resident of your little town?” “No.” I said, “Don’t you think it was unusual about somebody just coming in and staying at a hotel and cashing money like this?” “Well, I suppose so in a way.” I said, “Was there anything about his appearance that was unusual?” She said, “Well, come to think of it, there was.” “What was that?” She said, “He came in with one of these large checks from Perini Corporation. As he leaned over to sign his name, his mustache fell off. He asked if I had scotch tape to put his mustache back on.” Case closed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5350.0,5419.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me ask you a question because we got involved together in Maynard [Jackson]’s campaign.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5419.0,5424.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5424.0,5425.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I know somebody in your family married into the Massell family. Was there any conflict? I know my conflict in terms of representing an attorney for an African-American candidate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5425.0,5440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No, but what happened was. Again, I sometimes look at myself, and I say, “How did I do this?” I'm really, I’m still a very understated person. I went back to Atlanta, and the first stop I made after the Humphrey campaign was to Carl Sanders, who had been a quite successful moderate governor, under Georgia Constitution, had to wait four years, as you remember, and run again. He was a prohibitive favorite. I go to his sumptuous office, I give my credentials, Atlanta, White House, etc. “I'd like to work for your campaign.” “Okay.” That was it. Henry Bauer, my classmate at Morningside and Grady, said, “I'd like you to meet a former state senator running, Jimmy Carter. He’s running for governor, 1970. I said, “I can't do it, Henry. I've committed to Carl Sanders.” He badgered me unmercifully. I said, “All Right, all right, I'll meet the guy.” He said, “He is a really an attractive guy.” We met and I was still clerking. I went across the street in front of the federal courthouse. I think, Miles, it was the Hurt Building, if I'm not mistaken. It was an old building. I went up to one of the floors, and there is Jimmy Carter in khaki outfit work boots. In contrast to Cross Sanders, a sumptuous law office, he has a folding table with two folding chairs. I was enchanted by the guy. Why? Because he had a great interest in urban issues like mass transit. I saw him as a potential bridge between the rural South Georgia and Atlanta, which was always historically at odds, and that he could be a sort of bridge. He was interested in education reform and environment issues. But I still felt I had an obligation. That was that. It lasted maybe an hour. He calls me back. “Would you see me a second time?” The second time I was hooked. I called Sanders up. I said, “I'm sorry, not going to work for you.” I'm sure he didn't even remember who I was. I became his policy director as governor. I didn't serve in his administration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5440.0,5591.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e This is his second run as governor?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5591.0,5593.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e His second run.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5593.0,5594.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You were still in law school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5594.0,5597.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e In 1966, correct. I was his policy director when he won. I was practicing law. I didn't go into his administration. He calls me in 1970, 1971, or beginning of 1972. He said, “I have an assignment for you.” I said, “What's that?” He said, “I've been appointed by Bob Strauss, the head of the Democratic National Committee, to be the honorary chairman of the DNC's Congressional Campaign Committee. I'm going to use it to campaign. I want you to do policy papers which critique the [Richard] Nixon administration and provide alternatives for Democrats running for Congress that will go out under my name. I have them in my office right now.” Twenty-five of them in every conceivable area. I had the old statement, rolodex, a little blue box. I went to congressional staff people, armed services, agriculture in every area. Agriculture, housing, jobs, urban defense, foreign policy. I put the papers together using their expert help, and they went out in Carter's name. It's about now October of 1972. I called him up. I said, “Governor, I'd like to take you out to lunch to celebrate completion of the project.” We went to Dante's Inferno restaurant in what was then Down the Hatch. We're in a booth. Remember, the state trooper is standing by. I said, “I've got a sort of wild hair.” I said, “You've got a lot of publicity and you'll get a lot of credit for I'm sure with the whole Watergate thing. It’s going to be a blowout year, and you'll get some credit for it.” I said, “You can't run again for governor.” I said, “Why don't you run for president if you do well in a few Southern primaries? You'll have a chance to be on the ticket as vice president. They'll need a Southerner on the ticket.” With that big toothy grin, he said, “Well, I'm going to run for president, but I'm not going to be vice president. I'm going to be the presidential candidate. Would you like to join my campaign?” And that's what I joined.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5597.0,5756.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e We're going to pick up later, but I'd like to cover just one thing because I don't want it to in case we don't ever get back on tape and you go down a plane or I go down on a plane. Your relationship with Carter has been exceptional and extraordinary in every way. You're clearly probably the closest person who is Jewish to him in his life. You and I share the belief that Carter wishes well for Israel. But we also share the knowledge that the Jewish community is up in arms and almost irreparably so, it seems today. What is your reaction to his apartheid title, and do you see any remedy for that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5756.0,5815.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e First of all, I have a book coming out in March of 2018, which is called President Carter: The White House Years. It will go into detail about the administration, not the post administration. Here's a man, here's a president who brokered the first Middle East peace agreement, not just Camp David, but the treaty, which was just as difficult, with Israel and its most fearsome, dangerous Arab neighbor, who championed the cause of Soviet Jewry, who saved, and [Natan] Sharansky says so in his book, Sharansky’s life by declaring he wasn't a spy, who created the Holocaust Commission headed by Elie Wiesel that led to the museum [U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington.] He gets the smallest percentage of Jewish votes in the 1980 election of any modern Democrat, including George McGovern. Now, fast forward. This would be . . . when did that book come out? That came out 2002 or something like that 2003, whenever it was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5815.0,5893.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I found out about it from Dershowitz at the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5893.0,5896.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm doing a panel at Hofstra University with Dershowitz and Irwin Cotler, who was then the justice minister, Jewish, of Canada. Irwin and I are now very, very close. Before the panel starts, we're in a sort of green room, as you would call it. Dershowitz comes up and says, “Stu, I've got a personal question to ask. Doesn't have anything to do with the panel.” I said, “What is it, Alan?” He said, “I've been asked by The New York Times to do a review of your former boss' new book.” I said, “I don't know anything about it.” “You don't know about the new book?” I said, “No, I don’t know anything about it.” He said, “You don't know about the apartheid book?” I said, “No.” He tells me about it. I was horrified. I come back to Washington. I sent him a long memo. I explained why the term “apartheid” what everyone thinks about the West Bank settlements is inappropriate. It associates him, I say, with the Durban apartheid Moment against Israel. It’s historically and legally incorrect because apartheid is when a minority government refuses to give the majority its due process and rights. Israeli-Arabs, who are a minority, have full rights. They can’t serve in the army. They are in the [indistinct: 1:39:53]. They get free education. They get to vote. They have members of the parliament. I said, “If you're talking about the West Bank and Palestinians, they're not citizens. They're stateless. The Jordanians don't claim them.” I said, “You can be against it, but it's not apartheid.” I said, “You don't want to be associated with those people.” Then I followed the memo up with a phone call, reviewing them. I said, “You made some very good points.” I said, “Look, why don't you do this? I'm not asking you to rewrite the whole book. I haven't read it. Just rewrite the title.” He said, “It's too late. They're already in boxes going to the bookshelves, going to bookstores.” Of course, all hell breaks loose. We're at the 30th anniversary of his inauguration. That would date this. He was inaugurated in 1981. Excuse me, in 1977. January, 1977. This was the 30th anniversary, so it would be 2007. Fran had had a stroke in 2004. The 30th anniversary conference was in Athens [Georgia]. The University of Georgia. Ham [Hamilton] Jordan comes over to me. He says, “I didn't know anything about this book. It's the worst thing he's done since his presidency.” Steve Hochman, who sort of ghost wrote it, said that this was one of the few, in fact, the only nonfiction book that he had not run by his former aides [and] that he chose the title. It was with malice of forethought. We drive back from Athens to Atlanta. We were taking a late-night flight. We're sitting in one of these little restaurant areas. Fran had, what turned out, not to be a stroke, but a sort of a reaction from the strokes, which came because of the scar tissue in her brain. She ended up having many of these little mini, like a seizure almost. After 5 minutes, she was fine. She said, “We're going to go back to Atlanta.” I said, “No way.” I called Mark Silverman, Diane's late husband, who was a cardiologist, to get us into Piedmont Atlanta Hospital. We go to Piedmont that night. She's hooked up that night. In the morning, they say this is not dangerous, but it could recur. The brainwaves get interfered with by the scar tissue from the original hemorrhage. In the meantime, as we're there, Carter calls me up and he had told me that after this hullabaloo that a professor at Brandeis had invited him to speak on the book. Should he accept? I called Jehuda Reinharz, the president. He says, Jehuda to me, “Do anything you can to keep Carter off the campus. It will be bedlam, and our donors will go nuts. Besides,” says Jehuda, “This particular professor really is virulently anti-Israel. It will only reinforce the problem.” I mentioned to Carter the problem. I said, “I think you shouldn't take it.” I didn't mention Jehuda’s comments. He said, “Okay.” Calls me back a couple of weeks later. “I've got another invitation, this time from a group of Jewish students. What should I do?” I call Jehuda up again. I said, “I guess you can't turn that down. What should I do?” Yehuda says to me, “I said, Here's what you should do. It will help.” I was ultimately . . . at one point in 1991, I was offered presidency at Brandeis and was on their board for many years. “Here's what you should do. Have Carter speak at one hall on his book and then an hour later, have Dershowitz speak because Dershowitz had been his most persistent critic on the book. When you're giving both sides, it will temper the anger of your big donors, which is what happened. But we're in this hospital room at Piedmont. Carter says to me with one day's notice, “I've got to give the speech tomorrow. I want you to draft the speech.” I said, “Mr. President, I'm in the hospital room here with Fran. Can you do something for me?” I’m with my BlackBerry. I type out a very detailed summary. He gives it. Dershowitz said, “There are two Jimmy Carters. There's the Brandeis Jimmy Carter, and there's the Al Jazeera Jimmy Carter.” I was responsible for the next Jimmy Carter. It did cause a friction between us, but I never let it totally divide us. I know there were people, I think Steve Selig, and others who left the Carter Center board.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5896.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Steve Selig was very angry at me when I went on the board two years later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6332.0,6337.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes . . . as important as this issue is, I think you have to take the totality of a presidency. By being inside the tent, you have an ability to influence things, which I think I have. Was it a point of friction? Yes. Was it a point of division and separation? No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6337.0,6364.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I think it was wise not to lose your ability to impact him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6364.0,6370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I have one other suggestion if this will work. We have an exceptionally good video capacity at the firm where we use it, which I'm sure you do. I'll be glad if you want to continue this. That means . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6370.0,6388.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I think that makes sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6388.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I think we should do it sooner rather than later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6390.0,6392.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I do as well. What we've covered has previously been covered to some extent, not this extensively. Going forward, I think is really important in terms of your experience with the legal community in Atlanta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6392.0,6410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Also, the Holocaust . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6410.0,6413.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Those things that are really benchmarks of your life are very important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6413.0,6418.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6418.0,6419.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't want to cover the Carter years because I read 157 pages of that, which doesn't even tap the surface of it compared to what you're doing now. I assume . . . when I read your . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6419.0,6437.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e There were parts of that that are important and Jewish. For example, I helped broker the Anti-Boycott bill. Things like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6437.0,6447.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I'm reluctant to deal with . . . We can deal with Iran and other things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6447.0,6452.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No, but so I don't forget, there are three or four things that are distinctively Jewish. One is the Arab boycott bill  and the regulations. The second is my advocacy for Sharansky and for Soviet Jews. Third, which will not be known until my book comes out, is I basically got Carter to save 50,000 Iranian Jews during the Islamic Revolution in Iran. We can go into . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6452.0,6487.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e The Holocaust Museum?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6487.0,6488.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Then the Holocaust Museum. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6488.0,6492.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6492.0,6492.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6492.0,6494.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e This is a continuation of the oral history that we started in Atlanta for the Jewish Breman Museum. We left off in that history with your starting with Powell Goldstein, you're your disappointment at not having received offers from more Atlanta firms, your clerkship with Judge Edenfield, and some of your experience as a young lawyer with Powell Goldstein, including one of your cases. Let's pick up with your Powell Goldstein years. You also went into how you met Governor Carter, how you got involved in Governor Carter's campaign and how . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6494.0,6535.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I think one of the things, Miles, was very solicitous of the Powell Goldstein firm is that while I was an associate and then ultimately a young partner, I was given the discretion to involve myself in a whole range of political and Jewish activities at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6535.0,6563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e One of my questions was to ask you to run through some of those activities and your involvement. We were involved together in Maynard Jackson's campaign, for example. I'd like you to discuss your involvement both in the Jewish community, the general community, and the political community, if you would.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6563.0,6581.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. With respect to the general community, I decided to involve myself because of my White House tenure with Johnson and the campaign of Hubert Humphrey, in which I was his research director in 1960 in Washington, to involve myself in state and local politics. I was elected, for example, to the Fulton County Democratic Party Executive Committee, and which I was very active. I was elected to the State Executive Committee of the Democratic Party, which was a convention. I remember Fran and I were soliciting votes. I imagine I'm probably 20 years younger than most of the people there, if not more. There was this African-American politician. I remember I said, “I really would like to get your vote.” I told him about my background and my positions on issues of civil rights. He said, “I'll tell you, I'll scratch your back if you'll scratch mine.” But I was elected to the state executive committee and, again, was very active. As a result of being on the state executive committee, I was asked to rewrite the entire charter for the Democratic Party of Georgia. I did so with Zell Miller. I think his name was Joe Spotts. There was another fellow. Zell Miller was very much involved at that time and later became lieutenant governor, senator, and governor. We produced a new charter for the party. At the same time, again, on the political side, I was involved in several campaigns. The first was in 1970 with Andy Young, which I served as his policy director. Fran was very active. He lost the congressional race. He was trying to become the first African-American congressman from the Deep South since Reconstruction. He lost to Fletcher Thompson, a Republican. Under the constitution, every ten years, there is a census and each state legislature reapportions their congressional districts based on the new census data. The Georgia legislature created, out of the 5th [congressional] district, which was the district of Atlanta and its immediate suburbs, a district for 1972 and the succeeding decade, which was highly unfavorable to Andy. It was done consciously, even though the legislature was heavily Democratic, to keep a black from becoming . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6581.0,6778.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e The more things change, the more they stay the same.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6778.0,6781.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e The district was so imbalanced that it literally was like a snake's tail. It took the northern suburbs of Atlanta. It sliced through the city, not taking all of it. It went around the south, around what's now the extension of Atlanta airport to capture the subdivision in which Fletcher Thompson lived. It was absolutely blatant. I said to Andy, “We have no chance of winning.” He ran a good race before in a district that was already imbalanced. This was even more so. It was maybe 62-65 percent white, 35 percent or so black. I said, “There is only one thing we can do, but it has an almost impossible barrier.” That is under Section 5 of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, the Justice Department, ultimately the courts, can overturn a district that is gerrymandered for racial discrimination reasons. The problem is that you have to first go through the Justice Department before you go to court, and the Justice Department was the Nixon Justice Department controlled by John Mitchell. It's highly improbable that they're going to require the legislature to go back and redraw the lines, but we had no other choice. You may remember him, Miles, Chuck Morgan, who was the head of the ACLU [American Civil Liberties Union]. He filed a petition and with the Justice Department and, lo and behold, within weeks, the Justice Department ordered the Georgia legislature back into special session and said that they had found the district to be racially discriminatory and ordered the legislature to redraw the lines of the 5th district. They did so in a way that was, I think, the district then became 55 percent white, 45 percent black, something along that order. Again, in a 1972 campaign, I was his policy director while I was practicing law and doing these other activities. Fran organized the whole north side of the district, which was the predominantly white side. We had our signs oftentimes torn down and so forth, but she had really brilliantly organized group of volunteers to put these signs up. Janice Blumberg was involved and a number of Jewish women because Fran was then very active in the National Council of Jewish Women, ultimately became vice president and president elect before moving to Washington. We won, and it was truly historic. It was the first African-American from a Deep South state since Reconstruction. Also, I got involved in the mayoral campaign of Sam Massell and worked on policy issues for him, again, on a volunteer basis. He became the first Jewish mayor of Atlanta. It turned out that we had a sort of distant family relationship, but through some Chicago relatives. I was very much involved in Sam's campaign and then with you in Maynard Jackson's campaign. Maynard became the first African . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6781.0,7003.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you catch as much static as I did from the Jewish community in backing Maynard against Sam?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7003.0,7010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Absolutely, and particularly since I had backed Sam. I certainly did. But I thought Maynard was an extraordinary person. It wasn't that Sam in any way was a bad mayor. He was honest in television. But I really thought this was a time to make history for Atlanta. Maynard, as you remember, was extraordinarily bright, very charismatic and an enormously effective word. I helped do his policy work during the campaign.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7010.0,7044.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You may recall there were a group of ten white lawyers who met regularly with Maynard. Exactly. Exactly. Exactly. Exactly. Exactly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7044.0,7055.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Exactly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7055.0,7055.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXENDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Exactly. Exactly. Exactly. Exactly. Exactly. You were one of them as well as Lloyd Whitaker and people from major firms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7055.0,7059.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Exactly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7059.0,7061.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You were his policy wonk in terms of doing white papers for him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7061.0,7067.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e The white papers, helping with speeches on policy issues, and so forth. At the same time as I was practicing law, trying to become a partner and doing political activities, I got quite deeply involved in the Jewish community in which I had grown up. That took two aspects. One, I was on the board of the Atlanta Jewish Community Center, which was an important institution to me. I had grown up with the old Alliance on the south side. Our boys were active in sports.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7067.0,7105.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e How old were your boys when you left Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7105.0,7108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Jay was born in 1970. He would have been six. Brian was born in 1973. He would have been a little over three. I also think that thing in the Jewish community that I was most proud of, and I’ll mention Fran's activity with the National Council in a minute. Fran and I decided that one of the things that was lacking in the Jewish community, not just in Atlanta but nationwide, was adult Jewish education. Sort of lifetime learning, which is now, when we talk in the twenty-first century, an accepted thing, was not so much accepted then, particularly in a Jewish community. We went to Leon Spotts S-P-O-T-T-S, who was then the executive director of the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education, which was one of the agencies of the Atlanta Jewish Federation. We proposed to create what became the Adult Institute of Atlanta Jewish Education. For several years, three or four years, we built that up until we had twice a week, I would say up to 250 people for a variety of courses. Rabbi Feldman did one course. It was very ecumenical. We had teachers and professors on Jewish history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7108.0,7212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Where were they held?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7212.0,7213.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e At the Atlanta Jewish Community Center at the AJC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7213.0,7214.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e The one on Peachtree [Street]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7214.0,7215.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e The one on Peachtree. Do you remember Feldman?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7215.0,7221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Emanuel Feldman?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7221.0,7222.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No. He was the rabbi. The guy who was the executive director. Very portly. Wonderful guy. His sons, Marty . . . In any event, we built this up and it met twice a week. It was very successful. We worked very hard on it with developing the courses and everything. One humorous aspect was that I had known some Yiddish when I grew up because both grandparents spoke Yiddish. Over the years, I had totally lost it, and I wanted to see if I could get some back. Fran and I would coach. We had a certain clout in terms of putting at least some of the programs on. I wanted a beginning Yiddish course. I still remember there were no CD discs in those days. We had either 33 or 78 [RPM] records. Beginning Yiddish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7222.0,7284.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember who taught the course?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7284.0,7286.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't, but I remember very humorous incident. There were maybe eight or ten people in the course, including a very heavyset, gray-haired lady, a beautiful smile. She spoke with what my father, Leo, called broken handwriting. It was clear that she had come from Eastern Europe, probably Poland. I kept saying to myself, “Why is this lady taking a beginning Yiddish course?” About the third course, she raised her hand. The teacher called her. She said, “No, so when that we start learning the English?” She thought it was an English-speaking course for Yiddish . . . So that was another activity. I must say, at this point, Fran became very active, even while raising our two boys in the National Council of Jewish Women. She pioneered the first ever in the U.S. it is now done routinely, and it was a result of Emory and CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] work on Tay-Sachs disease. Tay-Sachs disease is a disease of heavily, predominantly Ashkenazi women's children. It's fatal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7286.0,7369.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You may know Bernie Marcus has established a program and a foundation to deal with a number of diseases such as Tay-Sachs, for pre-testing, to encourage Jews to take that test after marriage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7369.0,7385.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. I still remember like it was yesterday. As it was, Fran held a test in the auditorium of the Atlanta Jewish Community Center on Peachtree. It was a terrific success. It became a model for other Jewish communities. Telling me Bernie Marcus, but Fran really was a pioneer in and doing this. I think has saved an extraordinary amount of heartache for an awful lot of women. Those were some of the Jewish activities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7385.0,7425.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you active in ADL [Anti-Defamation League] or AJC or Jewish defense organizations?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7425.0,7430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I spoke to them. I wasn't on the board or anything, but I knew Stuart Lowengrub. I certainly worked with him. I also coached the basketball teams of my boys at the AJC and their basketball league.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7430.0,7448.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Weren't they too young?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7448.0,7449.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Jay was six, so they were just starting. Actually, you know what? I think they were. I think that was at the community center in Rockville [Maryland].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7449.0,7466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e In Washington?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7466.0,7467.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e In Rockville, yes. It was when we moved there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7467.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the difference between, to revert back to your own Jewish basketball days with, was it DSI?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7470.0,7475.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Remember, I was on the Grady High School team as I mentioned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7475.0,7478.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You could not play on the NBA [National Basketball Association] league, or could you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7478.0,7482.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I basically couldn't because it was a full- time job to be on the Grady team.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7482.0,7490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Later on, they disqualified varsity high school players from that league.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7490.0,7494.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. I think I may have played in some games, but it was just very difficult to do. I did play in DSI, which was always a misnomer. Devoted Sons of Israel. I think many of the people in it were not Devoted Sons of Israel, but I did play on their softball team in the summer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7494.0,7511.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e How did the Jewish community get divided between, let's say, between 518 and 134 and DSI and the various . . . ? Did some come from the Sephardic Jewish community? Because I've come from the AA? Did some come from The Temple? Or was there a different type of organization?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7511.0,7531.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e As we may have discussed in our first interview, there was then, I think much less so now, a very sharp division between Orthodox, Conservative, Reform that manifested itself not only in different synagogues. At that, Miles, when you and I are talking now, we're talking about growing up in the 1950s, there were maybe 20,000 to 25,000 Jews in four synagogues, including the Temple. But it manifested itself even in social clubs. The Progressive Club, which is near the Georgia Tech campus, the Mayfair Club were more or less where the Conservative Jews belonged. The Standard Club was where the German Jews, Reform Jews, belonged, and never the twain shall meet. I don't think literally that there was one Eastern European Ashkenazic origin family at the Standard Club in those days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7531.0,7598.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Not even in dating, as I understand it. Unless you're a very attractive young girl, you didn’t inter-date within the two groups.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7598.0,7607.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. It was very, very separate communities. The social clubs, Devoted Sons of Israel. We were a Young Judaea club. There were AZA groups. Marvin Silverman was heading our DSI group. In any event, they were sharply divided, again, along lines of ethnicity within the Jewish community.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7607.0,7633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Ballyhoo was strictly Reform.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7633.0,7637.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Strictly Reform. I never participated, never knew anything about it except by reputation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7637.0,7643.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e By way of example, Elaine was Reform in Boston. She was shocked when The Temple did not do bat mitzvahs, so she joined the AA.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7643.0,7654.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e This was an important point. I learned when I went to Harvard Law School and I had a friend who was from New Hampshire. I went up there to a Reform service. Reform Southern was a very different Reform than Reform in the Northeast. There were no Israeli flags. No kippah. No tallit. No bar mitzvahs. You could count the words of Hebrew and the prayer service on the fingers of both hands. There was confirmation. Rabbi [Jacob] Rothschild, who of course, was a great man on civil rights, and we discussed this before, when our rabbi, Rabbi Epstein, never talked about civil rights. In terms of the religiosity, it was a very, very pale carbon copy of even Reform in the Northeast. That's much less the case now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7654.0,7716.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me return to your law practice and how that was impacted by your other activities. Both your firm and my firm were very liberal in letting people be active in organizations. But what was the nature of your practice? Were you a litigator? Were you corporate?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7716.0,7733.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I was a litigator, which was very demanding. Trial preparation, depositions, trials themselves. I look back and I see, for better or for worse, an early pattern in my life. To this day, as we're talking now, on November 9, 2017, I'm still involved in political activities, public policy activities, Jewish activities, my law firm, corporate boards. I've always had this . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7733.0,7767.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e A fortunate predilection.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7767.0,7768.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Of having a number of balls in the air at the same time. My practice was a litigation practice, a very demanding practice. A lot of travel for depositions for trials. I simply had a very loving, supportive, and accommodating wife who always said, “Stu, I know that law practice puts food on the table and all the other activities are your real nourishment.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7768.0,7801.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e It's a wonderful expression. Who were your mentors at Powell Goldstein? In litigation with Frank Love?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7801.0,7807.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e That's a good question. First of all, I would say my overall mentor, but not so much in law practice as simply in navigating through life, was Elliott Goldstein. Elliott had a real impact on me. We had gotten to know each other because his nephew, Billy Schwartz, III. Billy Schwartz, Jr., I guess, would have been the ambassador, right? They were brothers-in-law. Billy Schwartz, III, was my fraternity brother at ZBT. He was a couple of years behind me. Elliott had a very close relationship with him. Buck Goldstein, who was a nephew. I felt like I was part of an extended family. Billy and I were very friendly, even back in Atlanta, Buck Goldstein. Elliott was sort of an overall mentor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7807.0,7870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e But from a different religious background than you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7870.0,7872.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Very different. My direct report, so to speak, my senior partner, was Ed Dorsey. Ed was a terrific litigator. When I first started with him, he said, “Stu, here's the ground rules. I open the files and I close the files, and you do everything in between.” That turned out to be a great boon for me because he let me try major cases always with his supervision. I got right out in front in my first year or so with really major cases. He was my sort of my . . . I did some work with Frank Logue, who was also a great litigator, and C.B. Rogers. We had a very strong, very strong litigation practice, but Ed was really my major overseer. Looking back, there was one humorous think it shows you his mindset at that time. I was in his office and a client called. The client asked him over the phone a question of law. He said, “I'm sorry, I can't answer that off the top of my head.” The client said, “I'll wait. Why don't you go to law library?” Ed said, “Sir, I'm light years from the law library.” One other thing. I think I mentioned it. My father and Uncle Berry started a wholesale shoe company, selling my father's Pirelle company. P-I-R-E-L-L-E. Ed Dorsey was a fastidious dresser of handkerchiefs and his coat very well-tailored. One day, of course, in those days, everybody wore ties. I had left my jacket in the office to go to the library to do some research. I had a pen in my pocket. Ed saw me. He said, “Eizenstat, get that pen out of your pocket. You look like a shoe salesman.” Not knowing that's what my father was. The Dorsey family goes back to the [Leo] Frank days as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7872.0,8024.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me let me ask you about your arrival in Atlanta and which firms accepted Jews and which did not. When I got to Atlanta, Alston, Byrd, King \u0026 Spalding and Gambrell did not hire Jews. Powell Goldstein only hired a child at that time. Sutherland had not hired a Jew since 1935 with Herbert Elsas. They were beginning to hire Jews when you got out of law school at some of the Atlanta law firms that had not done so before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8024.0,8055.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Not most of the major ones got. King \u0026 Spalding didn't hire a Jewish associate until Herschel Bloom, who was one year behind me at Harvard Law School. The low-key firm, Alston Miller did not have Jews at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8055.0,8074.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Gambrell never did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8074.0,8076.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Gambrell never did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8076.0,8078.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You were restricted as to what firms you could interview with. Do you remember who came out of law school at the same time you did, the year before and the year after, from the Jewish community or even not the Jewish community?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8078.0,8089.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e This was this was importantly not just a Jewish phenomenon. I just went to my 50th anniversary for Harvard Law School a couple of weeks ago. The white shoe firms, as we used to call them on Wall Street, Sullivan \u0026 Cromwell, Cravath, Swain \u0026 Moore, Sherman Sterling, they also didn't hire Jews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8089.0,8114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I interviewed at Cravath. I remember that from the 1950’s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8114.0,8118.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e The major firm that did was Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, which of course, was founded as a Jew.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8118.0,8125.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXENDER:\u003c/strong\u003e The Rosenman firm. Judge, it began with [Joseph M.] Proskauer. I remember calling my friend, as an aside, Bernie Gold was on Law Review, and I was at Proskauer. I called as Elaine and I were going from Mexico to Newfoundland. I asked for Bernie Gold. They said, “Bernie Gold in tax or Bernie Gold in labor?” That was a big major Jewish law firm at the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8125.0,8155.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, but the major point is that this bar against Jews was not just an Atlanta phenomenon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8155.0,8164.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e It was national. Who are the Jewish lawyers who were coming into practice the same time you did and non-Jews from Harvard, as well? Can you remember any of them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8164.0,8173.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e In my class, Larry Ash, for example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8173.0,8178.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e He was not Jewish, but he was in your class.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8178.0,8181.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. He was in my class. In terms of other Jews, very few. In fact, I'll tell you, there was an interesting phenomenon involving Neil Koslowe. I'm not sure if I mentioned this in our prior interview. Neil, who now lives in the Washington area and is one of my closest friends, went to Harvard Law School. He is Orthodox. Wears a kippah, which I did not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8181.0,8207.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e He was also a rabbi, actually.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8207.0,8210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. He spent one year, I would call it sort of a clerk, to Rabbi [Joseph] Soloveitchik on the [indistinct: 2:17:02] in Boston because his wife, Pat, was finishing with . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8210.0,8224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You did tell the story on tape about his Jewish holidays, if that's what you're getting ready to do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8224.0,8228.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. The point is that for those who were more Orthodox, it was even more difficult. There weren't a whole bevy of Jewish lawyers. You had Bob Lipshutz and Morris Macey, and people like that who had their own firms, but not who were prominent in large firms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8228.0,8247.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me let me ask you your recollection of the “prominent” Jewish lawyers in practice when you arrived. He also says of the Regensteins, Millers, and others. Do you recall senior Jewish laws in Atlanta when you were beginning practice?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8247.0,8271.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Other than Elliott, I really didn't know. I knew of them, but I didn't know them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8271.0,8278.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e The experience you had in not getting offers from a number of firms, including some firms that hired Jews, such as ours. Kilpatrick, Smith, Kilpatrick and Arnall Golden Gregory. Did that stay with you as a remembrance in your law practice, or were you able to sort of throw that off as that was life at the time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8278.0,8311.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't think that I went around with a cloud over my head. I did actually apply to the Arnall Golden firm. They were interested in me. It had an impact on my later activities in the White House and beyond in dealing with racial discrimination, affirmative action issues, which came up during the administration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8311.0,8335.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You were dealing with a man like Charlie Kirbo, who is with King \u0026 Spalding. I retained a remembrance of the Alston firm and the King \u0026 Spalding firm to this day as firms that did not . . . even though my son became a partner in King Spalding. I still have in my memory these firms are categorized as people with senior partners who would not hire Jews. I was wondering whether you carried that same . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8335.0,8362.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e That's a very good question. I had, of course, a great deal of interaction with Charlie Kirbo during the campaign and during the administration. Phil Alston was very active in the campaign with Alston over in Gainesville [Georgia]. He became our ambassador to Australia. I was able to really segment that. I had a job to do, a political job to do, with Carter to help him get elected. I didn't bear grudges. I didn't look askance at people like Kirbo, whatever they might have thought of me. They always treated me with dignity, and I treated them the same way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8362.0,8405.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e We used to joke that Philip Alston's appointment to Australia was just the perfect match, an all-white continent for Mr. Alston because of his racial views.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8405.0,8421.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Right, but it was part of the era. If I had let it affect my interpersonal relationships, politically, I wouldn't have gotten very far. This is an important point I want to make. To this day, I'm extremely active in Jewish activities. When I moved here, I became a member of the board of the Washington Jewish community, the Greater Washington Federation Sport. I was president of the Jewish Community Center of Greater Washington in Rockville. I am involved in a whole range of Jewish institutions. For example, I chair with Dennis Ross, the Jewish People Policy Institute of Jerusalem, was a think tank that was set up by the Jewish Agency. I've been involved in innumerable activities. Helped set up the Holocaust Museum. But I've always felt that I was not a Jewish advocate within an administration. If that is all I was, I would have been segmented and given a liaison with the Jewish community and I wouldn't have done anything else. There are people like that, and this was their whole life and activity. It's a huge part of my life. It affects the way I look at issues. It affected, as my book will indicate, the actions that I took toward Israel and my recommendations to Carter during the administration and thereafter. But I always felt that I was an American, a Democrat, a policy adviser who was Jewish and had very deep Jewish roots and Jewish values that I brought to issues that affected my outlook. I was not, per se, an advocate for the Jewish community. Had I been, I wouldn't have been as effective on Soviet Jewish issues during the administration and so forth. Carter knew that when I made a recommendation, whether it was coming out in favor of Sharansky and the Soviet Jewish movement in the 1970’s, whether it was trying to temper his concerns with Begin on settlements, that I was doing it obviously from my background, but that I was doing it with his best interest in mind. That's a very important distinction in government, because White Houses will always have a Hispanic liaison, black liaison, a laborer liaison, a business liaison, a Jewish liaison. That is all they do. They set up meetings. They serve to some extent as a channel of communication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8421.0,8601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e They're almost lobbyists in some respects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8601.0,8603.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, they are. They become lobbyists. I could not become a lobbyist for the Jewish community or I would not have had the kind of impact that I ultimately did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8603.0,8613.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me name two people and get your reaction to them. You said you didn't recall other Jewish lawyers, particularly in Atlanta but let me raise Morris Abram and Elliott Levitas, who you were aware of.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8613.0,8627.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8627.0,8628.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Their activities and in many respects were like you in terms of bringing America first. What was what was your view of Morris and Elliott?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8628.0,8643.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Morris was really an inspiration to me. Of course, he became president of Brandeis, and Fran was from Brandeis. But, the attack on the county unit system, his courage in that respect, coming from a tiny town, Colquitt, Georgia, or something like that. He really was an inspiration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8643.0,8665.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I think it was Fitzgerald.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8665.0,8666.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e One of the small towns. Elliott was more engaged in direct electoral politics. We became close, both from Atlanta and then when I moved up with Carter because he was a member of Congress.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8666.0,8680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Andy Young was in that class where Congress sort of changed things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8680.0,8685.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. But I didn't see Elliott as a practicing lawyer as much as I did as a political figure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8685.0,8694.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you look back at your decision to leave for Washington as a monumental decision in your life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8694.0,8706.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e It was monumental, but very easy. It was more difficult for Fran.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8706.0,8712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e That was my question. How was the decision made? Family wise. Children need to leave their school, but they were so young they didn't have much choice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8712.0,8719.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e They were very young. They didn't have the kind of attachments. We had sent them to the Epstein School. Brian was in preschool at the Atlanta Jewish Community Center. Jay was at the school. For Fran it was difficult, but not traumatic. It was difficult because she was going to be president elect of the National Council of Jewish Women. She would have been the next president. She had just been selected to, what you will remember, was a very prestigious group of young leaders, called Leadership Atlanta, which she was going to just start. She had a tremendous bevy of very deep and really lifelong friends. But as was typical of Fran, she was always supportive of my career decisions. She realized that this was the chance of a lifetime to play on a bigger stage. She was 100 percent in favor of our moving, even with the dislocations that were required. I may say, an even greater dislocation, because even though I was a young partner at Powell Goldstein, I was still making a considerable amount more than I was working in the White House. I took a huge pay cut, which meant that in addition to raising two kids in Washington, in a strange environment, she had to go to work. That was a tough balancing act.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8719.0,8823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e The financial sacrifice was something I was going to ask you about, whether it was . . . Where your parents of any help or did you get help outside.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8823.0,8832.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No. They were not in a position to help, and we didn't want the help. We lived within our means. The boys always called her frugal Franny.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8832.0,8845.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Where were you living in Atlanta, and where did you live when you moved to D.C.?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8845.0,8849.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e We lived in Atlanta on Haven Ridge Drive, right opposite the 18th green of Bobby Jones Golf Course off of Peachtree Battle. We initially moved to Washington. We didn't have time to look for a permanent home. We lived in Washington but in the area northwest, close to the Maryland line. We rented the home of George Will, the columnist, for about eight months. Then we moved to a home that we had for over 30 years on Haven Ridge Drive. Excuse me. It was in North Chevy Chase. We lived there. The house abutted on the Audubon Society. It was a very nice middle-class neighborhood in Chevy Chase.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8849.0,8913.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me go back to the Carter days as governor and what sort of activity you had at that point with Governor Carter. Was there anything in Carter's administration in terms of appointees that connected with the Jewish community? I'm thinking of things like judgeship. Joel Fryer was appointed a judge. Federally, I think . . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8913.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e First of all, I think I talked about how I met Carter?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8940.0,8943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8943.0,8944.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Our offices initially . . . While I was at Powell Goldstein in the early days of the campaign, late 1974 and 1974, 1975, we would meet our policy group in our living room. Or den, I guess it was, in Atlanta. At that time, it was a fledgling campaign. He announced in December of 1974. Preceding that. . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8944.0,8995.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Are you talking about the governor's campaign or the presidential campaign?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8995.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e The governor's campaign. I think I told the story about Henry Bauer pressing me?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9000.0,9006.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, you did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9006.0,9007.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I was his policy director, but once he won as governor, I had very little contact with him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9007.0,9014.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e That was my question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9014.0,9016.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Until 1973. He called me up. He said, “I'm going to be appointed by Robert Strauss, the chairman of the Democratic National Committee, as the honorary chairman of the Democratic National Committee's Congressional Campaign Committee. I would like you to develop a series of policy papers that would go under my name with the Democratic National Committee letterhead to all the congressional Democratic candidates that would critique every area of the Nixon administration's policies and offer options and alternatives for Democrats.” I have them still right in my office here in Washington. There were a series out of maybe 25. Many of the people I recruited from my Atlanta-based manager were from think tanks in Washington, from congressional committees, committee staffs. I had a blue box with their names. No computers in those days. They helped me develop a series of really quite good, if I may say, policy papers which went out under his name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9016.0,9101.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e This is when you recruited, you had some students working for you that took leaves?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9101.0,9105.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9105.0,9106.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You dealt with this in one of your, not for the Breman, but another oral history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9106.0,9113.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. But the interesting thing was that when this exercise finished, I called him up. I said, “I'd like to take you to lunch to celebrate finishing this facet of the campaign.” It was now October before the November off-year elections. We went to Dante's Down the Hatch in Underground [Atlanta].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9113.0,9143.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e It went out of business just recently.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9143.0,9146.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e We were at a booth. There was a state trooper by. I said, “Governor, I sort of got a wild idea. You're going to get some credit for the campaigning you've done and for these policy papers. Democrats are going to do very well in a congressional campaign, without a doubt, because of the Watergate scandal. You’ll get some credit. On any presidential ticket, they will be looking for a Southerner and have some regional balance. If you win, you will run for president in a couple of primaries, you have a chance of being selected as vice president.” With that sort of toothy grin, he said, “I'm going to run, but I'm not going to be vice president. I want to be president. I'd like you to join the campaign staff.” I did on a part time basis, still working at Powell Goldstein, having meetings of a small policy group in our home. Then after the Iowa caucuses when it appeared that things were really going to take off, I took a leave of absence from Powell Goldstein and worked full time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9146.0,9209.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you finance your household expenses at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9209.0,9215.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e The firm gave me a certain stipend, and Fran was working.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9215.0,9222.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e When did Carter ask you to join the administration?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9222.0,9228.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e It was hardly any question that I would because I worked so intimately with him on every policy issue through the snows of New Hampshire down to the convention and then to general election.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9228.0,9243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You just assumed that you would.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9243.0,9245.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, but the question of which position. There was some contest between Jack Watson and myself as to who would get the domestic policy position. With Ham Jordan's backing, I did. He became in charge of state local activities and cabinet secretary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9245.0,9264.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me get your nutshell. You have various people in the Carter administration, particularly the Jewish people, but the non-Jews as well, because there were some people in Atlanta who sort of panicked. The Jewish people that were up there in positions of responsibility because you always know your friends too well and you wonder whether a DeJongh Franklin or even his levels they were at or Steve Selig or Lipshutz are the gravitas to be council to the president based upon his law practice, background and so forth. He was very open to Jewish, not staff people, but I don't know how you would term the Selig, Franklin, Lipshutz type of Carter supporters that ended up in Washington compared to Jody Powell, Ham Jordan, or Bert Lance who were in top positions there. Let me start with the non-Jews and get your nutshell view of them, because I know you said in one of your oral histories that it was the least backbiting and the most open and friendly staff that probably was ever in Washington and supporting each other, even when there was jockeying for who between you and a Jack Watson as to who is going to get a particular position. Let's start with Jody Powell because, as you know, a lot of non-Georgians felt that there was a Georgia mafia up there, sort of like Michael Dukakis ran his campaign out of Boston.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9264.0,9388.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e There was a Texas mafia with LBJ. There was the Boston mafia with JFK, etc. It's not unusual. What was unusual is that in those other instances, people had prior government experience. I had spent a year on the Johnson White House. I had worked in the Humphrey campaign. I had been involved in political activities. For Ham, Jody, and Lance, Carter was their total universe. There was no prior experience that they brought.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9388.0,9421.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's go one by one. Let's take Jody Powell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9421.0,9423.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Jody became, by common acclamation of the press, one of the most effective press secretaries because he was smart. They knew he had the ear of the president. He was honest. He didn't mislead them. When he did, he apologized. Like everyone, mistakes were made. But I think Jody had the common respect for the [White House] press corps, even the Sam Donaldsons and people like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9423.0,9462.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You may remember that you and I worked on having Carter apologize for his apartheid book. This is above my level of Judaism. Between you and Elliott Levitas, we came up with the Elethe. E-L-E-T-H-E, I think it was. Carter agreed to make the apology, and he was about to do it at just the right time when Jody Powell died. He had to go to the funeral and he couldn't go to AJC to make it a national event. Carter's devotion to Jody Powell was through his death, and he felt strongly enough about it that he could not go to a national event because of it. But let's go on to Ham Jordan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9462.0,9519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Ham was an enigma. We had a wonderful relationship. He was my strongest supporter. I'm not sure I would have gotten the domestic policy job even with all the work I've done with Carter had it not been for him. We never had a cross word. Ham was the single most brilliant political analyst that I've ever seen. He devised, with a striking memo in 1972, how a totally unknown Georgia one-term governor could become president. That road map is a masterpiece of political strategy. During the White House years, he wrote trenchant memos. Little known, when it came to Israel issues, it was myself, [Walter] Mondale, Ham, and to an extent, Bob Lipshutz, but Bob really never got his neck too far out front and didn't have that much of a policy impact. But it was Ham, Mondale, and myself who were the sort of counterweights to [Cyrus] Vance and [Zbigniew] Brzezinski [Polish: Brzeziński] on Israel issues. You will see in my book several striking memos in which Ham reminds the president the 35 percent of all the funds for our political campaign came from Jewish Americans, that Jews predominate on the Democratic National Committee. How important Israel is to them. This is not known. It will be when my book comes out. He was a consistent champion for Israel. He told me at one point because when we had the Saudi arms sale, which was very controversial with the Jewish community, he helped coordinate the strategy to get it passed. He was quoted in Newsweek, saying, “We beat the Jews.” In other words, AIPAC and so forth. I went to see him. He said, “I would never say such a thing.” He said, “I want to tell you that I have a Jewish relative in my background.” I think it was his maternal grandmother. That was the only time we had any cross. But he was very solicitous of Jewish issues. But, as Carter's chief aide, really, he never went to one meeting of our economic policy group. He never went to one domestic policy meeting, or almost none. He never returned a call or met with a member of Congress, saying that it would undercut Frank Morris’ job. Every day I met with two or three or called the three to supplement with Frank, as like he would want me to do it. He embittered Speaker [Thomas “Tip”] O'Neill.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9519.0,9717.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you attribute? He's a very bright guy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9717.0,9725.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I think that Ham, and to a lesser extent Jody, had a chip on their shoulder when they came out of the White House. Ham would come with work boots and khaki pants and put his feet up on his West Wing office, the office next to the Oval Office in the West Wing. I think that it was we beat the establishment. We beat you guys, and I'm going to do things on my terms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9725.0,9757.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Not recognizing the support they needed from Congress? Some people attribute President Carter's difficulty in the White House to that attitude and the difficulty of working with the legislature. Is that accurate or a myth?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9757.0,9779.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e It's significantly, although not totally, a myth. The Congressional Quarterly, which is the sort of Bible for these issues, the Miller Center at UVA, University of Virginia. . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9779.0,9798.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Is that where you did your presidential interview?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9798.0,9802.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes . . did independent studies, as they do for every president, and found that his record of success on legislation was at the very top rung, almost approaching Lyndon Johnson's.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9802.0,9818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Much better than Kennedy's.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9818.0,9820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Kennedy’s and so forth. He actually had a very good record. But Carter was, in the strangest way for someone who went through two years of hell to get elected, shaking hands, staying in supporters’ homes, working rope lines, working 24/7 to get elected. He had the same approach as he did as governor, which is politics stopped once you were elected. He would meet with members of congress. Indeed, we did something that I don't think has been done since, every single week. Every single week we had a leadership breakfast with the Democratic leadership in the House and Senate to go over our whole legislative approach. [Robert] Byrd and his lieutenants, Tip O'Neill and his top aides, Jim Wright never went to one of those, but the president did. We also did, which is unthinkable in this time of polarization, we also met frequently with the Republican leadership. But every week, religiously, that he was in the country we met with on the Democratic leadership. He was not a schmoozer, Miles. He was not the kind of guy who would call up and ask somebody over for a drink. His relationship was distant. He didn't make people feel as if they were part of his team, but he would make all the calls for legislation. He could check off the boxes. An example is that Frank Moore and him urged him and [indistinct: 2:45:40] to try to start developing personal relationships. He would have, for example, Lloyd Bentsen, Senator Bentsen from Texas, down to the White House to play tennis. He'd play tennis, and then he'd walk off to go to work instead of saying, “Let's have a drink or let's have coffee or something.” We would say to him, “How come?” He’d say, “You asked me to play tennis.” It was a formalistic relationship, but there was a very real contact. Because he was so smart, had such vision, and such determination, we got a hell of a lot done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9820.0,9974.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me move on to one of my college classmates, Bert Lance. Give me your nutshell of Bert. I always felt that when Lance lost his gravitas and had to leave, that Carter lost somebody that he would listen to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9974.0,9995.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e You're very right. I have a whole chapter in my book on President Carter devoted to Bert Lance. First of all, I loved Bert Lance, and I say that with sincerity. He was a big bear of the man, physically, and he had a heart to match. He was solicitous of me, of Fran, the boys. He had a chuckle. He had a wonderful winning way, and he had great political instincts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9995.0,10028.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e With his heart and personality, no telling how far he would have gone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10028.0,10035.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Bert was miscast as budget director in two ways. First of all, it required Senate confirmation, which cut into all of his banking practices. He should have been like Ed [Edwin] Meese or people like that, a counselor to the president in the White House so he could go across the whole spectrum of issues. He had great relationships with members of Congress. He was so tied to Carter's southern base with southern governors and southern elected officials. Members of Congress loved him. He loved the Washington social scene, he and LaBelle. He was the only real peer that Carter had, age wise. We were all 20 years younger, and we had a great relationship. I didn't hesitate to say to Carter, “This is what you should do. You’re wrong taking this.” Bert had a different relationship. He could tell the emperor he had no clothes. Other than Kirbo, who, tragically decided not to come to Washington and work in the White House. He would come up every four to six weeks. Unless you're in the policy, you can’t really. Bert's loss was an enormous loss for Carter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10035.0,10113.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e That was Elliott Levitas’ view, which caused me to ask the question that nobody really was able to replace him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10113.0,10122.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No. He was irreplaceable. I think that it was also a loss because Carter, knowing how important he was to him, hung on to him too long, and the bloom went off the rose. It was the end of the Carter honeymoon with Bert Lance. But when Bert left, it left a huge void. Not from the budget perspective. He didn't involve himself in the details of the federal budget, but from an overall policy and political standpoint.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10122.0,10155.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me keep running down my list. Jack Watson.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10155.0,10157.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Jack is a tremendously bright guy. He did a very good job as cabinet secretary and as the liaison to state and local officials.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10157.0,10171.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I think Jack was part of the transition team, too, wasn’t he?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10171.0,10174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Jack headed the transition team. We in the campaign didn't know it existed. Carter set up this parallel camp policy group sort of to prepare issues if he were elected. We were also involved 24/7 with the campaign, and myself as policy director of the campaign. We really hardly knew he had such a thing. He ended up giving Carter old notebooks that we had never seen. He really was, in effect, challenging Ham's position.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10174.0,10207.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e That's what I understand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10207.0,10209.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Because Ham wanted to head the transition. Carter had Jack head it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10209.0,10213.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e But didn't Jack want to be chief of staff too?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10213.0,10215.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I'll tell you this. In my opinion, although Ham was my closest friend, ally amongst the top people, we would have been . . . First of all, Carter had no chief of staff for the first two years, none, which was a huge mistake. Second, we would have been better off having Jack as chief of staff than ultimately Ham. Ham was not well-organized. He had to bring in Al McDonald, who is a McKinsey executive, to do administrative things. Jack was very efficient. He became chief of staff in the last maybe eight months or something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10215.0,10260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e He's been more presentable to Congress, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10260.0,10262.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Jack would have been an excellent chief of staff from the start.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10262.0,10268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e How did his role develop during the four years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10268.0,10274.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e He was always a bit on the periphery when it came to really key decisions on policy, domestic and foreign. He was not involved. He was involved in implementing policies on a state and local level.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10274.0,10290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Frank Moore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10290.0,10292.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Frank didn't know until about a week before the inauguration that he was going to be the congressional liaison. Frank had no real experience with Congress. He was not a heavy policy person. He had a winning personality and he worked hard and he hired some very good young people from the hill for his staff. One has to say that Carter's substantial success with Congress owes to Frank. Frank's reputation never was repaired from early problems. For example, because Carter cut the White House staff by 30 percent and the anti-Watergate thing, which was crazy to do. Even during the campaign and the transition, Frank would get deluged with dozens and dozens and dozens of calls, which he could not possibly handle. He got the reputation of not returning calls, although he tried. There was a huge mix up with Kennedy Center tickets for the pre-inauguration gala, which Tip blamed Ham and Frank, when it was not their fault. It was the fault of his own deal on his staff who took the tickets and didn't tell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10292.0,10373.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I never heard that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10373.0,10376.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Frank suffered from that. In my opinion, although, he wasn't a brilliant strategist. He worked very hard, and he and his team accomplished a lot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10376.0,10389.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Barbara Blum. Environmental. She was on transition too, I think.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10389.0,10393.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e She became Deputy Director of the EPA [United States Environmental Protection Agency].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10393.0,10397.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Who is the director of the EPA?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10397.0,10400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Doug Costle. Barbara was very influential on environmental issues. EPA was very, very strong. Carter was a real environmentalist. Barbara didn't have a primary role, but she played an important role at EPA.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10400.0,10417.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e She later became president of Women's Bank, I think.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10417.0,10422.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Very talented.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10422.0,10424.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Jerry Rafshoon. Moving to the Jewish area now . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10424.0,10428.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Jerry didn't join the White House earlier. He had his own . . . He was the media person for the campaign, both gubernatorial and presidential. He had his own firm and he did not come up for the first year or so. We lost a lot by not having Jerry there. Once he came, he helped establish Saturday sessions with regional and local presses around the country. He helped develop a more tailored message. Jerry was very talented.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10428.0,10466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e His daughter, interestingly, works at the Carter Center, one of the few Jews that really were loyal at the end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10466.0,10476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Jerry is originally from New York. Jerry has a very . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10476.0,10480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e But he had Atlanta ties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10480.0,10482.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e He had Atlanta ties. He had moved to Atlanta. Jerry was a bit like Bert in a sense that he could say things to Carter that others couldn't because he had a sort of biting humor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10482.0,10496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e DeJongh Franklin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10496.0,10497.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e DeJongh didn't really play a significant role.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10497.0,10502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e What did he do up there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10502.0,10504.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e You mentioned Bob Lipshutz. Bob was a wonderful person. I'm not sure that he ever quite grew into the position as legal counsel. There are a whole set of policy issues of being a real estate lawyer didn't prepare him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10504.0,10521.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e His background made it very strange to a lot of people that somebody of Kirbo’s stature was not in that role, even though Kirbo had a different role with the administration. But Bob's house was like a museum of Carter memorabilia. I don't know whether you were ever in his downstairs area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10521.0,10547.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10547.0,10548.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Steve Selig.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10548.0,10549.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Steve, as I remember it, was a liaison to the business community, not the Jewish community so much. Steve was very well-organized. He wasn't in a policy position.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10549.0,10562.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e He has turned out to be a very able leader. Tragically, his son just died, as you may know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10562.0,10568.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I’m sorry. But Steve is a very talented guy. He was in an administrative and outreach position, which he did a very good job of.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10568.0,10579.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Bill Schwartz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10579.0,10581.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Bill was made ambassador to Bermuda. That speaks for itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10581.0,10588.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Were there any other Jews in the administration that you can think of or Atlanta people that I missed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10588.0,10597.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Harold Brown had some Jewish roots, but they were very distant. Sol Linowitz, played a huge role. He was the chief negotiator for the Panama Canal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10597.0,10608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Have you ever read his book? It's amazing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10608.0,10611.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e He became, the last year, the press representative on the Middle East peace process. Bob Strauss was a major figure and became, was chairman of Democrat National Convention and became the trade representative to Carter. Bob is a good example of the kind of person who was wasted. He did a great job as trade representative. He negotiated the five-year impasse and he brokered it with the Tokyo multilateral trade round. Bob should have been in the White House providing overall political advice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10611.0,10653.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Griffin Bell, who I had not mentioned. Tell me about his role because he was closer to a contemporary as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10653.0,10662.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Griffin was the most conservative member of the cabinet. Was a good attorney general, hard-working and earnest. We had one significant fallout over the Bakke case. He brought over, this was the affirmative action case. Bakke was a white applicant of a medical school in California and was denied and contended that the university had a quota system that precluded him from joining, and he filed a suit. It went to the [United States] Supreme Court. The U.S. was not a party, but we were asked to supply amicus brief, a friend of the court brief. He brought over a draft brief from the Justice Department, handed it to Carter in the oval office, and said, “I did not write this brief. I recuse myself from this because, as judge, I have had a number of cases involving civil rights and affirmative action. I don't want anybody to say there is any kind of conflict. I've given the responsibility of drafting this to the best black lawyer in the United States, Wade McCree, the solicitor general in the Justice Department.” It was sealed. He left. Carter, opened it. He asked me to take a look at it. Bob Lipshutz and I . . . Bob played a very positive role, a very positive role. It got around to Mondale and Joe Califano and H \u0026W. We were horrified because it took Bakke’s place and said the Supreme Court should invalidate the affirmative action program. Word got out. It caused sheer pandemonium in the black community. Jesse Jackson, Philip Randolph, Vernon Jordan. Andy himself, I have in my notes, said this is going to be like the Dred Scott case. They have Carter, who so heavily won black support, even as a Southerner, to come out against affirmative action. The facts were horrible. It set aside 16 slots for blacks. You couldn't have a worse set of facts. I called Wade McCree, the solicitor general. I said to Wade, “Griffin Bell said that you drafted this brief. As a black solicitor general, how could you do that?” He said, “I didn't draft it. I sort of gave it a cursory look.” I said, “How could you give it a cursory look? It's a huge case.” He said, “I gave it to a career person, Frank Easterbrook,” who's a very talented lawyer. Frank Easterbrook was a holdover from Nixon, [Gerald] Ford. He's now on the A circuit, a very bright but very conservative judge. I was just shocked. I was able to convince Wade to give it to Drew Days, who was just like assistant attorney general for civil rights. Between Drew Days, Lipshutz, myself, Mondale, and some help from Califano, we wrote to Carter a sort of outline of the position we wanted the Justice Department to take and the brief, which was essentially to say we favor affirmative action. We oppose quotas. This case should be remanded for further facts to determine which it was, and that is what the brief came. That relieved all the pressure from the black community. The Supreme Court on a 5 to 4 vote with Lewis Powell as the deciding vote invalidated the plan but took our position on affirmative action that affirmative action was constitutional so long as it didn't come to a strict numerical quota. That's the law of the land to this day but Bell was furious. He called me over to his office at the Justice Department. He said, “This is like a repeat of Watergate, all of the White House interference.” I said, “No, sir, it's totally the opposite.” I said, “The White House in the Nixon administration interfered in criminal cases. They interfered in civil litigation. They politicized issues. This is a policy brief we're following. The U.S. government is not a party to this case. We're being asked for our policy position. We cannot tolerate the policy position that you had Easterbrook write.” There was friction there. We got along on a lot of things, but there was definitely friction. He was aggravated to beat the band that when he, on his own, decided to resign, he ended up getting caught up in the cabinet firing and made it look as if he had been fired as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10662.0,10972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I think Carter spoke at his funeral and said the only problem with Griffin was that he never realized that Carter was president and not him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10972.0,10984.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e He had very strong views, very conservative views, but it was an important balance. But he was as honest as the day is long.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10984.0,10995.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e They brought a Republican up to . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10995.0,10997.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e He ended up supporting [Ronald] Reagan and others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10997.0,11002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e They brought Mike Egan up from the Sutherland firm, who is another law school classmate of mine, for nomination of judges, which I thought Michael was very good at.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11002.0,11014.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Carter did something striking the judges. It's part of the merit selection, which doesn't exist anymore. For all circuit court judges, he had senators create bipartisan commissions to recommend three qualified representatives, of whom he would choose one. He also urged them to do it for district court, but they wouldn't. But Mike was very active with that and in general was a terrific asset to Griffin and to the administration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11014.0,11043.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e We went to a class reunion. You may find this humorous in light of your situation. After two years, Mike returned to the Sutherland firm. People asked him why because he loved being in Washington. They had six children. He said, “Donna told me I was having more fun than we could afford.” Tell me about your recollection, stepping back from the Carter years to the Atlanta years, who you regarded as the key Jewish leaders in Atlanta in business, legal, or other community, whether it be . . . now you would talk about Arthur Blank [indistinct: 3:04:56] but I’m talking about people like [Erwin] Zaban and others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11043.0,11103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. My own beloved, Uncle Barney Medintz, who died very prematurely in 1960 at 50 years old. Alterman. Sam Alterman. I’m trying to think. His whole his whole cadre of people. He had a store down in Fulton Industrial Boulevard. I can't think of his name now. Erwin Zaban, of course, was very much a leader.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11103.0,11146.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e How about the Rich family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11146.0,11148.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e They own Rich’s, but I don't think they were very active except in the Reform Jewish community. His store was segregated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11148.0,11158.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I’m not really talking about just the Jewish community. I'm talking about general community. Try to think of the people who were on . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11158.0,11167.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e They had Mills Lane, the head of C\u0026S National Bank. Ivan Allen. They were the Atlanta Jewish . . . the Atlanta. Excuse me, the business community was a very enlightened community. They realized the damage brought on themselves with Bull Connor and under having Alan's leadership voluntarily desegregated. He testified in favor of the Public Accommodations Act. He was the only white elected official who did so. The city “too busy to hate.” On the other side, Jesse Hill. Herman Russell, construction person. There was a strong middle class black business community with all the black universities, Morris Brown [College] and Atlanta University.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11167.0,11224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me about your views on people like John Lewis and Vernon Jordan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11224.0,11229.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Vernon Jordan headed the Voter Education Project. We became friendly from that day to this from that time. He ultimately came out of the Urban League, but he headed the Voter Education Project and was a very important to it. Really, Atlanta is not fully appreciated. It was the center of the Civil Rights Movement. The business community, the black business community, Vernon, Martin Luther King, Daddy King, Andy Young.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11229.0,11270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Coretta [Scott] King and Andy Young’s wife were big forces that people should not forget as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11270.0,11276.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Sure. Atlanta really was in many ways the sort of center of the whole civil rights movement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11276.0,11284.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I think [William] Hartsfield is often not given the credit he deserves for the integration of the Brown decision. There was no violence at all in Atlanta. The only two people arrested were FBI [Federal Bureau of Investigation] agents who got too close to the school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11284.0,11300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, but I remember, I think I mentioned this. When I was a junior in high school at Grady and a rising senior, Vandiver, the governor, pledged to stand in the schoolhouse door and block integration. My mother was looking at alternative, Oxford and so forth. It was a time of real racial turbulence. But yes, Hartfield and later Maynard Jackson, Sam Massell. It was a very progressive set of leaders on the black and white side.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11300.0,11337.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Have you followed the line of politics, currently?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11337.0,11339.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11339.0,11340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e In terms of your own, a more philosophical question, it has to do with immigration and the Orthodox Jews and Muslim population. There are some people who feel that the Orthodox powers in Israel are as dangerous to Israel as the surrounding countries. Do you have any general views?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11340.0,11388.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I wouldn't go that far. I think the whole . . . I was involved at the end of June 2017 as co-chair of the Jewish People Policy Institute with Dennis Ross. We present among our papers an annual assessment of the state of the Jewish people worldwide. We have a number of barometers that we look at. This particular report focused on pluralism. Prime Minister [Benjamin] Netanyahu, who always gives us 45 minutes to an hour to present the summary of our report to the cabinet. In this case, we were there for two hours because he allowed us to sit on the whole debate over the egalitarian section of the wall where he initiated the agreement Sharansky had spent three years negotiating with the Haredi parties. This tremendously alienated the Jewish community, the Jewish diaspora. Sharansky was with us. Sharansky was at the Jewish Agency and the famous refusenik. He was with us at that meeting, and he was so depressed. He said to me, “Stu, what and I supposed to do? I have my whole annual board here worldwide?” They canceled a meeting with Bibi [Benjamin Netanyahu], a gala dinner with him that night. A delegation from AIPAC came to tell him that a lot of their big donors, who are Reform and Conservative Jews. The Haredi are now eight-ten percent of the population. They are growing by leaps and bounds, 12-14 percent. I think that the prospect of divisions within Israel, but also between Israel and the diaspora, will grow to the extent that their agenda keeps pressing. They've got a bill now which because of the uproar over the vitiating, he called it freezing, the agreement that Sharansky made with the authority parties in writing to allow a separate section and equal access and so forth. There was a companion, unrelated, but a companion legislation that would give a monopoly to the Orthodox rabbi and on conversions so that even Orthodox rabbis in Israel and in the United States, unless they were sort of part of their group, that their conversions would not be accepted. Bibi slowed that legislation down, but it's still very much pending. These are the kinds of issues that can cause a rent in the whole Jewish world. It's a very serious problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11388.0,11548.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you see any solution for it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11548.0,11550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e The solution is, already we're seeing the Conservative and Reform movement beginning a massive education campaign of the Israeli public because the non-Orthodox community in Israel, I should say, excuse me, the non-Haredi community, because you have modern Orthodox Haredim and the secular don't understand these diaspora issues. This issue of the wall was not an issue for them. It was issue for the diaspora. From a political standpoint, Bibi lost nothing. What it lost was alienating significant elements of the Jewish community in the diaspora. I am saying the solution. There is a real effort now of educating, have major education programs of the Jewish population, Israeli population, informing them of how divisive this is, how important support from the diaspora is to Israel's national security.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11550.0,11614.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I've been very friendly with Rabbi Feldman from the time he began in Atlanta. His son has succeeded to him, and he's in Israel. You may recall at one point Atlanta during the 1960’s when there was concern about what Jewish teenagers were doing with drugs and so forth, of giving them access to the Jewish community center on Saturday. Were you in Atlanta during that period of time? Rabbi Feldman took out an ad in the Jewish Times saying that the Jewish community in Atlanta has done what Hitler could not do and desecrated the Sabbath. Is that the type of confrontation that you seek?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11614.0,11668.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. For example, I'm a great admirer of Rabbi Jonathan Sacks, the former chief rabbi, of the UK. I get, weekly, his parashah of the week which are brilliant, very modern thinking. He's Orthodox. But again, very modern in his thinking. I wanted him to speak at the lecture series I've set up at the AA in 1987 following my father's death. We've now had 27 or 28 major speakers at lecture series. We had difficulty finding a time when his schedule and ours could make it possible for him to speak. 2018 will be the fifth anniversary of his passing, and I wanted to do something special. Arts and Agog in Washington asked if he would speak. We found that February 11, 2018, was a date we could both accommodate. I was very excited about it. Our rabbi, Rabbi [Lyle] Fishman, was excited about it. Then his aide, Joanna, called and said, “We have one problem, which is the venue.” I asked her, “What's wrong with the venue?” “He won't come into a Conservative synagogue.” I said, “Wait a minute, we're not talking about having a prayer service. This is simply the venue for the speech.” “He won't walk into a Conservative synagogue or Reform. Won't even walk in.” This is where we've come here. We have 14.5 million Jews left in a world of 7 billion, far fewer than we had before the Holocaust. The Holocaust . . . the Nazis didn't distinguish between Orthodox, Reform, Conservative, secular, whatever. “Nor,” as I said to her, “I've negotiated $10 billion worth of compensation both in the Clinton administration and now as head of the Jewish Claims Conference, negotiating with Germany. When we hand our checks out, we don't ask what the religious affiliations are as long as they were Jewish and they suffered.” We're in a period of disunity, which is extremely troubling, between Israel and the diaspora, within the Jewish community here between Orthodox and non-Orthodox. There was a real need for a mutual respect. It's very difficult to remain Jewish in the diaspora. It's a struggle that's not appreciated by either the non-Orthodox community, either in the U.S., particularly not in Israel. [interview pauses, then resumes]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11668.0,11850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I’d like to discuss some Jewish issues that came up during the Carter administration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11850.0,11856.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I'd like to do that. Let me let me just finish with one, though, in terms of current. I want to through all the people who have spoken at your lecture and your reactions to them. I’m going to want to talk about Jewish issues during the Carter administration. I'd also like to get your take on Netanyahu, American Jewish community, [Barack] Obama conflict over something like Iran . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11856.0,11896.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e It’s over Iran, though.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11896.0,11898.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . and what you think the rules of Iran are, the nuclear treaty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11898.0,11902.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e First of all, during this climactic cabinet meeting at the end of June 2017, in which he vitiated the agreement that Sharansky had made for equal access for the [indistinct: 3:18:40] Dennis Ross stressed that the support of the diaspora is important for Israel's national security. I said to him in a cabinet meeting, I said, “Mr. Prime Minister, I've had the privilege of knowing you for decades, going back to the time you were finance minister, U.N. ambassador. You’ve been the most eloquent spokesman for Israel, both as a Jewish state and as a state of the Jewish people. That means all the Jewish people, not just a segment of the Jewish community. If the welcome mat to non-Orthodox Jews and Israel seems to be pulled back, then Israel won't be the state of the Jewish people. I feel very intensely about this. It's a very, very important issue.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11902.0,11983.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e There's no question about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11983.0,11985.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e In terms of Obama-Bibi, Obama bears a significant part of the responsibility, in my opinion, for the tension, but not the whole part. When he gave his speech, several things. First of all, he preemptively publicly without prior consultation in his first weeks in office urged a settlement freeze without laying the groundwork, without informing the Prime Minister. In the end, Bibi agreed to a ten-month settlement freeze, which is often forgotten. Point number two, when he gave his speech in Cairo [Egypt] to the Muslim world, that's important. It's important that we have good relations with the Muslim world. It was a good moderate speech. I think it had some flaws. It sort of related Israel to the Holocaust as a result of the Holocaust coming into being, rather than the fact that it's the historic tie going back thousands of years. But the biggest problem was he was a 35-minute plane ride from Israel. His next stop was to Saudi Arabia. He never went to Israel. The combination of that preemptory unilateral call for a settlement freeze and a Cairo speech in the way its aftermath was handled, created substantial amounts of tension. Having said that, there was responsibility on the other side because given the Conservative pro-settler coalition that the prime minister had, Miles, you would have settlements announced when the vice president was in Israel. The real support for a two-state solution, which Obama believes really intensely about and I do, too, was substantially undercut by the expansion of settlements. Most of those settlements were in the settlement blocks which are a part of Israel anyway, but not all of them were. Again, it was done in a way without prior consultation with the administration. This reached a peak of tension over several things. First, a very bad decision by the prime minister to speak to Congress without being invited by the president to do so, just the Republican leadership without prior knowledge. It was a very politically divisive thing to do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11985.0,12162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Some people liken it to the president coming to speak to the Knesset to oppose a policy of Netanyahu.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12162.0,12169.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Not only to oppose it, but to come there without his prior knowledge, which of course, in a parliamentary system couldn't exist. They really didn't know he was going to be invited. The biggest division, policy wise, was over the Iran nuclear deal. I've chaired for, including now, for over five years an Iran task force for the Atlantic Council, which is a think tank in Washington.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12169.0,12201.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e My son-in-law is involved in it, the Mideast, actually.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12201.0,12206.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I have met three times with Iranian Foreign Minister [Mohammad Javad] Zarif, a small group. I have no illusions, having been in the Carter White House during the [Iran] Hostage Crisis, I feel like I would have lost my job in part because of that. I have no illusions about Iran. They're ruthless. They intimidated the Jewish community, and I played a role in getting them out of Carter. They support terrorism. They've given Hezbollah increasingly sophisticated precision-guided missiles, now, a total of 100,000 pointed at Israel. They support Hamas. They try to destabilize Iran and build a military base there. They want a land bridge between Iran, through Iraq to Syria. They have Quds Force, Revolutionary Guards forces in Iraq. They are developing their missile program. And, they would have developed a nuclear program. In fact, they were well on their way to do it. They had 9,000 centrifuges. They were building a heavy water plant and Iraq. Having said that, the agreement, although it is flawed, is by far better than the alternative. A military attack would not have succeeded in knocking all these out. It would have caused a huge conflagration. Israel could not very well do it because of the distances involved and had to have refueling in midair. Only the United States could do it. It takes two-thirds of the centrifuges out. It bars enriched uranium past the level where it could be used for military force. It totally cemented in and disabled the plutonium plant. It has 24/7 intrusive inspections with cameras and very talented people from the International Atomic Energy Agency. Its flaw is, it doesn't touch missile development, and it expires in 2025-2030, depending on particular provisions. But at least, during that time, it provides some sort of breathing space where we can try to work out a more permanent solution. I think vitiating it is a huge mistake. I think that undercutting the president's achievement was a mistake from Israel's standpoint, given the options that exist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12206.0,12373.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e That has been my view, but I found members of organizations that are outspoken in their criticism of it. It includes AJC with David Harris, included ADL with their current and their past head. It includes AIPAC. Have you written about this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12373.0,12392.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I have. I've spoken about it publicly. Our task force issued a report. I can give you chapter and verse of all the flaws. I know it as well as they do. What I'm suggesting is what is the alternative now? The notion of more sanctions is not the case. The only reason Iran came to the bargaining table to begin with was not our unilateral sanctions. It was when we got the European Union to join with us in the sanctions. They didn't take . . . 16 percent of all their oil comes from Iran. They barred it. They joined with us in sanctioning the Central Bank of Iran. They basically couldn't clear any transactions through the so-called SWIFT system. The EU will not participate in further sanctions. They like the agreement, the so-called P5+1.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12392.0,12446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You said the task force that you’re in, is this is this Atlantic or . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12446.0,12451.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e It’s the Atlantic Council task force.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12451.0,12452.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e And they've given a report of it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12452.0,12453.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12453.0,12454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I need to get a copy of that at some point. Let me go back to Atlanta connections and the speakers that have come in and honoring initially your, I guess, your father and mother and now Fran. Would you run through the people that have come?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12454.0,12480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e We’ve had 27 of them. Without naming every one of them, we've had four Nobel Peace Prize winners. We've had two Pulitzer Prize winners. We've had two Israeli prime ministers. We've had two U.S. presidents. We've had two U.S. Supreme Court justices. We've had two vice presidents. We've had two secretaries of state. We've had several senators. We've had several Israeli ambassadors. We've had major business figures like Michael Bloomberg.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12480.0,12518.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e The reason I wanted to, rather than come with a list, I was hoping you would take a few minutes to deal with some of those who came and because of your relationship with them and your reaction to their talks and what they contributed in terms of . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12518.0,12541.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e They all came because of my relationship with a lot of them. They didn't get large honorariums or anything like that. They came because of the relationships that I had built up, both in Israel and the Jewish world and in American politics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12541.0,12556.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me let me take some of the people to comment on your relationships with them, starting with Bill and Hillary Clinton.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12556.0,12564.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Bill Clinton, I think we had close to 3,000 people there. When he came to the AA, it was almost, the emotion was like a Democratic convention. He has such charisma. I gave him, as was appropriate, a very flowery introduction. He was known as a great president and all these achievements. He pulled out the brochure we give out each year, which has all the previous speakers. Hillary was then U.S. Senator. So typically offhand and humorous, he said, “I sure am glad Stu gave me that kind of introduction because I was wondering for a while, why would he want the spouse of a U.S. senator to come when he has this kind of distinguished group of people?” Hillary also got a similar audience. We get very large crowds, very enthusiastic. It's free. It's open to the general public. We advertise very heavily. It has cost me a lot of money, but it's been worth doing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12564.0,12629.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me about your relationship with and activities during the Clinton administration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12629.0,12636.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e During the Clinton administration, I had five positions. I used to joke I couldn't keep a job. I was ambassador to the European Union. It was at that time that I began the dual function of Special Representative of the President on Holocaust Issues because I was based in Europe. I carried that second role when I came back to Washington and became Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade. Then Under Secretary of State for Economic, Business and Agricultural Affairs. Then Deputy Secretary of the Treasury, number two Under Secretary to the Treasury next to Larry Summers. All of those positions, I had this dual role. I think that is sort of appropriate for my career, because my career, as I've mentioned earlier, has been a duality. It's been the Jewish world, it's been the political world. Of course, my family as well. In terms of my career, I carried that position. I continued during the Obama administration to be a special representative. First, Secretary Clinton and then Secretary of State [John] Kerry, carrying on that role. Now, since 2009, I lead the negotiating team for the Jewish Claims Conference, which was the official body set up in 1952 by Israel and then West Germany. I've negotiated agreements there. If you total it all up with art restitution, insurance payments, slave labor payments, property, etc., restoration of bank accounts, its over $10 billion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12636.0,12739.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e That's one of the crown jewels in your career, obviously. I want to get all of those into the record in a little more detail. During the Clinton years, after you were ambassador to the EU . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12739.0,12757.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e You have to understand, when I was ambassador to the EU, I got a call from Dick Holbrooke. Everything in politics is always connected. I brought Dick in the campaign in 1976 to be our foreign policy adviser in Atlanta. He was a very distinguished young foreign service officer. He left and protested Vietnam. Ultimately negotiated the Balkan War Agreement, the Dayton Accords, and so forth. As a result of the bringing him to campaign, I helped get him his first position as assistant secretary of state for Asian affairs. So we're now in the Clinton administration. I'm ambassador of the EU. I'm sitting working away at my ambassadorship there. I get a call from Dick Holbrooke. He's assistant secretary for European affairs now. He said, “I have an unusual request. The president wants you to be a special envoy on Holocaust issues.” Edgar Bronfman is very close to Hillary and Bill. He went to see them as president of the World Jewish Congress and said to them, “Look, the world has changed. The Cold War is over. Communism is over, and the. Surviving Jewish communities in Eastern Europe, small though they are, have no physical infrastructure.” They were synagogues, the cemeteries, the state schools, the community centers were confiscated by the Russians and then nationalized by the communists who didn't allow the practice of religion. “Now there is a possibility, if we can get those back, of helping restore these fragmented Jewish communities, and he would like you to do this while you're ambassador to the EU.” I called my senior staff in from the U.S. Mission to the European Union, the DCM, Tony Wayne, the political counselor, economic counselor. They universally said, “That's crazy. You can't. You've got a full-time job as ambassador to the EU. It's one of the most difficult ambassadorial positions in the world because you're not just ambassador to a single country. You're ambassador to the whole European Union. You can't take this on.” I went to Fran, and we talked about it. She said, “You have to do it. When you were with Carter, you took a major role in Middle East policy, trying to modulate his policies toward Israel on Israel's behalf. You were a champion for Sharansky and for the Soviet Jewish movement. It was your memo to Carter that created the Presidential Commission on the Holocaust headed by Elie Wiesel that has led to the Holocaust Museum. This was a unique, historic opportunity, and I will support you. I know it will mean seeing less of you because you'll be having to travel all over. I know it will be a burden, but you have to do it.” I did. You talk to anybody in Brussels [Belgium], they'll tell you, ask “Who was the model, today 2017, who was the best ambassador in your lifetime?” I think you'll find they will say me, and I'm not the person to brag. I kept that responsibility while doing this. It was brutal, brutal. My record was going to four countries in one day. We started with property restitution, communal property restitution. The big breakthrough occurred when I read an article in Brussels, front-page article, in the Wall Street Journal Europe about hidden Swiss bank accounts that had been created by Jews during the war to shelter their assets in neutral Switzerland from the onrushing Wehrmacht and Nazi army, and said the article by a fellow by the name of Brian Popper [sp], those who survived the war, or if they didn't, the families of those who were killed when they went to try to get their bank accounts were told there is no record of them. The sort of figure for this was Greta Behr [sp], who I just met at . . . she now lives in Boston. When I went for my Harvard Law School reunion in October, 2017, we kept very close contact. She went bank account, bank, to bank, to bank. Her father told her it was created. No bank. I called Holbrooke up. I said, “Dick, you got me into this dual role to begin with property restitution. It's not property restitution, per se, but it clearly has the same thread. It's not physical property, but it's bank property, and it's a Holocaust event. I'd like to follow this lead.” He said, “If you feel like you've got the time, fine.” I took the article with me to Basel, Switzerland, to the Swiss Bank Association. I said, “Is this article true? Were there such Holocaust era bank accounts that haven't been returned?” “Yes. We have found we've gone through every bank account from 1933 to 1945 and every Swiss bank, including those that don't exist anymore. We found 732 accounts. If you plus up the interest over all this time, it would be $32 million, and we're going to pay each account holder.” I didn't trust them. We got Paul Volcker, who had been head of the Fed during the Carter administration, to head an independent commission with four U.S. based accounting firms. In those days Arthur Andersen existed, Deloitte, and so forth. He spent five years, $200 million in audit fees, which the banks picked up. There weren't 732, Miles. They found 54,000 possible accounts, of which 21,000 were certainly Jewish accounts. That brought on a settlement of class action that I mediated with Judge Korman in New York. It’s just finishing up now in 2017 with the final payments of $1.25 billion. The publicity behind that then led, and I call it like peeling back the scales of the onion peel in the book I wrote about this called Imperfect Justice: Looted Assets, Slave Labor, and the Unfinished Business of World War II. That brought class actions against German slave labor companies and Austrian slave labor companies. I settled with a German slave labor company after grueling negotiations for $5 billion, 10 billion Deutsche Marks, going to and from Germany constantly while I was undersecretary of state. Now I’m back in Washington. Undersecretary of state and deputy secretary of the Treasury. Those are like 24/7 jobs to begin with.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12757.0,13193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e It was amazing that you were able to do all these things at the same time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13193.0,13196.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Insurance policies and so forth. The European insurance companies didn't pay policyholders whose relatives had died in concentration camps because they said the premiums weren't kept up while they were in concentration camps.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13196.0,13213.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e How did they find the beneficiaries of these?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13213.0,13216.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e We used websites. Publicity. The same with art. I negotiated the Washington Principles on Nazi looted art in 1998. Forty countries agreed to those. As a result, hundreds, indeed thousands, of pieces of Nazi looted art were returned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13216.0,13238.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Where there were no surviving heirs, what did you do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13238.0,13242.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e With no surviving heirs, for example, in France in their so-called . . . they will have, which is fine for educational purposes, signage that says this was stolen from a Jewish family that has no heirs. At least people have the recognition that this happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13242.0,13267.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e That was for the art, but how about the funds where there were no Jewish . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13267.0,13272.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e The biggest part of the $5 billion negotiation with Germany was for living slave laborers. By the way, this was not just a Jewish activity. On our property restitution, it was getting churches back to the Christian community. It was getting schools back to the Christian community. But on the $5 billion, the majority of that went to non-Jewish slave laborers. When I first went to, actually it was Bonn [Germany] the time and then Berlin [Germany], they were willing to start negotiating over Jewish slave laborers, but not non-Jewish forced laborers like Poles and Czechs and so forth. They said, “That will open a Pandora's box.” I said, “I'm representing the United States of America. I'm not representing the Jewish community. We need to have both covered.” The way we did it is we gave three times more to Jewish slave laborers who were being, literally, worked to death than forced laborers, non-Jews who were working under very difficult circumstances but oftentimes had their families there. They were giving them enough to work. They got $2,500 apiece. The others got $7,500 apiece. Again, it was . . .What I said to you during the interview, if I had been a Jewish representative, I would have said, 100 percent has to go to Jews. But by being a representative of the U.S. government with a particular set of Jewish values and Jewish upbringing, I was able to get more for Jews, get the whole issue on the agenda and get maximum. Of course, almost all the policy holders in Switzerland and in France were Jewish policy holders just in 2014 when I was special representative of Kerry for Holocaust issues while I was at Covington [\u0026 Burling]. It's called a non-governmental employee. It's not a full-time employee. I negotiated a $60 million agreement with France. We're just finishing payments now in 2017 for Jews who were deported by the French National Railway during World War II, who left France after the war for the U.S., for Israel, for Canada, and therefore did not get the benefit of any of the French restitution programs for those who were deported. People are getting six figure recoveries. We've covered surviving deportees, surviving spouses, and a critical breakthrough. Which, by the way, I had to also negotiate with the French Jewish community. This goes beyond what we get. The heirs of those who were deported or the heirs of their spouses, can also recover.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13272.0,13441.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e If you had to identify the four or five things in your career from a Jewish standpoint and being the most impact. Then I'd like to go to non-Jewish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13441.0,13458.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I would say from a Jewish standpoint, it's clearly the Holocaust negotiations. Again, $10 billion recoveries, art, insurance, slave labor. When I started taking over from the claims conference, again on an unpaid basis as they're negotiating with Germany, I'd gotten $2 billion fresh for people who weren't covered before. Home care workers, flight victims. A new child survivor program I negotiated in 2013. Just in 2017, on July 6, 2017, I met with the finance minister [Wolfgang] Schauble [German: Schäuble] and then negotiated an additional $80 million for 2018 for elderly survivors all over the world. The Holocaust Museum, we've had 50 million visitors, three quarters non-Jewish. My memo set that off with Carter. I got that started. I would say that's one part. Second, we took a very strong stand during the Carter administration, significantly, because of my urging to save Sharansky. President Carter made a statement, which in his book, Sharansky is not a great fan of Carter because his Middle East policy in his book, Sharansky said this saved my life when Avital [Sharansky] came to see me many times in my West Wing office. Carter made a statement that previous presidents have not made before or since, saying he was not a spy for the U.S. That's not said because when the next person is captured, you might be. If you don't say anything, it obviously implicates. We got Soviet Jewish emigration doubled during our tenure. That's another. Third, and unknown until my book is published, I helped with Carter to get 50,000 Iranian Jews out of Iran after the Islamic Revolution by coming up with a very unique visa status that said that they could have a visitor's visa status, but they didn't have to return, which you normally do, until the Shah [of Iran] was returned on the throne. That's another part of the sort of Jewish activity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13458.0,13597.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I guess your lectureship would have to be included.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13597.0,13601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Lectureship and the chairmanship of The Defiant Requiem Foundation, which we've now had 40 concerts worldwide. We found surviving members of the Jewish prisoner chorus at Theresienstadt. We have put on concerts called the Defiant Requiem: Verdi at Terezín all over the world. We've done it in Hebrew in Jerusalem. We've done it in German in Austria, Berlin, Vienna. We've done it in the Czech Republic. We've done it all over the United States, twice in Lincoln Center, once in the Kennedy Center in Lincoln Center. I partnered with the UJA-Federation of New York and raised $4 million for Holocaust survivors for their Holocaust Survivor Fund. We just did a concert in 2016, September, in Chicago with the Jewish Federation Chicago. We raised in one night, Miles, using the Chicago Symphony venue $4.7 million for Holocaust survivors in the Chicago area. I've done two ADL concerts, raising money for them in Atlanta and in San Diego [California] with the Defiant Requiem. We have a documentary called Defiant Requiem, which honors the prisoner revolt, artistic revolt, at Theresienstadt, through music, through dance. We got two Emmy nominations in 2014 for the film best documentary, best Script. We continue to do that. Now what we're doing, and in a very exciting way to bring this to the next generation, is we're bringing The Defiant Requiem to universities. We use university music departments. We just did it in Chapel Hill, my alma mater. We’ve done the University of Mexico University, University of Alaska, University of South Carolina. We used student musicians, student chorus. We're educating a whole new generation of a new aspect of the Holocaust, how Jews used their artistic and music capabilities to revolt, as Schachter [Schächter], Rafael Schachter, who is the young Jewish Czech musician who bought smuggling in a score for his requiem, created this Jewish prison chorus at Theresienstadt, “We’ll sing to the Nazis what we can't say to them.” This has been a very important part of my life. It was a very important part of Fran’s life. When I had this role in the Obama administration as special advisor, I negotiated two agreements beyond the ones I've mentioned. One was called the Terezín Declaration 2009, which 47 countries agreed to do more for the Holocaust survivors. In 2010, we did something called Best Practices for the Restitution and Compensation of Real Property with over 40 countries. But in 2009, after we finished five days of negotiating, and I was the chief drafter of the Terezín Declaration, the final celebratory session was in Terezín. That's where I first saw Murry Sidlin conduct this Defiant Requiem using film footage of surviving members of the original chorus. He had actors embedded in the orchestra.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13601.0,13795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Was a documentary made of that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13795.0,13797.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, that's a documentary. But, also, this was the full symphony. We did it at Symphony Hall in Atlanta, too. We saw it, and it was the most moving thing I've ever seen. Fran said to him, “You go up,” she was with me, “And introduce yourself to Murry Sidlin and tell him what you've done for Holocaust survivors. Tell him we want to bring this to the Kennedy Center so our nation's leaders can see it.” That was June 30, 2009. October 6, 2010, we had 2,500 people, capacity crowd, at the Kennedy Center. We had the whole joint leadership of Congress, Republican and Democrat. I joked it was the only thing they agreed on as sponsors. The Czech foreign minister came in. Excuse me, the Czech prime minister, came in. The finance minister from Israel came in. Because the Verdi Requiem has now been incorporated into the Catholic mass, we had the archbishop, now Cardinal Dolan, came in from New York. It was a tremendous success. Got great reviews artistically from The Washington Post. We’ve done it, as I mentioned, twice in the Lincoln Center. New York Times Book Review, just from an artistic standpoint, were fantastic. We have to this very day, November 9, 2017, at 12:30, we have a strategic planning committee meeting of the Defiant Requiem Foundation, which I have headed since that day in 2009.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13797.0,13879.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e The ADL performance in Atlanta one of the first ones?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13879.0,13883.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e It was one of the earlier ones, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13883.0,13886.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me about Fran's role in the Defiant Requiem and some of the things you mentioned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13886.0,13893.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Fran's role has been more than just a supportive partner. She was, as I mentioned, very active in the National Council of Jewish Women in Atlanta, was president elect. Organized the first Tay-Sachs screening, which is quite historic. She was my coach here in Atlanta of the Adult Institute of Jewish Studies under Leon Spotts Bureau of Jewish Education in Atlanta Federation. She has been a very strong supporter of Israel. She spent her junior year at Brandeis in Israel, spoke very fluent Hebrew. Got both of our boys to spend time in Israel. Brian spent a junior semester at Emory in Israel. Jay had spent several summers working at a kibbutz that was a sister kibbutz to our Jewish community center in Greater Washington, which I was president of. She brought the boys for eight weeks to Israel. They rented a place in the Old City, which had a formative impact on their life. Then four years, two years later, [spent] four weeks in Israel, where we swapped houses with the economic minister from the Israeli embassy here. She imbued our house with Judaism through Shabbat dinners that were our principal form of entertaining friends. Fran had a Jewish soul in the most meaningful way. She was my inspiration, Jewishly. She was always my supporter, politically. Her loss after a series of four strokes that first came in 2004 was just a huge, huge loss.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13893.0,14010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I try to avoid getting into the weeds because of our time limitation. But let me, at least with respect to a few things, talk a little deeper than we've got and your EU experience as ambassador and your first kosher embassy and what your specific role in what your activities were as an EU ambassador?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14010.0,14035.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e We koshered our home, not initially after we were married, but we koshered our home significantly because of our oldest son, Jay. We sent him to Camp Ramah, which is a conservative but traditional camp in Palmer, Massachusetts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14035.0,14053.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e He came back and recruited you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14053.0,14054.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I was kosher. He would come back each summer and say, “How come we keep kosher at camp and not at home?” We sort of brushed it off. After several years we said, “You know, we're not setting a good example.” I had the mis-impression that the whole kosher business was more of a health thing, with trichinosis, which took a gnosis. It had nothing to do with that. Our rabbi in Washington, [A. Nathan] Abramowitz gave me a book about it. It’s I am Holy: God Says You Shall be a Holy Pupil. It's part of being Jewish. Remind yourself that you're Jewish. We koshered our home. There was a funny story connected that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14054.0,14093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You were not raised in a kosher home?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14093.0,14095.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No. My mother had been kosher at home. My father had been kosher, but when they were married during the war, she said it was too expensive. We converted our home to dishes and pots and pans and utensils. Brian had had an allergy of some kind. His eyes were running. We took him to the allergist. He did the skin tests and all that. He called up an allergist and said, “We have good news and bad news.” I said, “Give us the bad news first.” The bad news is he's allergic to fish. Even the smell of fish. “Okay, what's the good news?” “He's not allergic to shellfish. You can have all the shellfish you want.” The kosher episode. We took that kashrut to Brussels. [interview pauses, then resumes] This caused a problem because we said we needed all new dishes, all new utensils. We're not talking about . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14095.0,14175.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Because you had Passover, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14175.0,14177.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. You're not talking about just one set of dishes. When you run an embassy, you're talking about 50, 60, 70 of each kind. Big dishes, small dishes, soup dishes, salad dishes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14177.0,14191.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Serving pieces.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14191.0,14193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Serving pieces. The State Department says, “No way, we can't afford it. You have to use what you can.” I said, “I can't use it. Cannot use it and I'm not going to use it.” We were in a bit of a crisis. I called some of the rabbis, Orthodox rabbis, that we knew in Washington and Atlanta. They said, “There's a rule that if you don't use a non-kosher dish for seven years, you can kosher.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14193.0,14221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You can wash it in sand too, can’t you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14221.0,14223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e But not . . . china absorbs. Utensils can be done overnight. Just put them in boiling water, but not china. It absorbs. After seven years. The State Department found in a warehouse in Germany . . . after World War II or something. By the way, this was not just regular china. It has to have the official seal, the gold rim, and so forth. They found unused china and so we . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14223.0,14256.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Did they put the seal on it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14256.0,14257.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No. The seal was there. It was it was official china.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14257.0,14266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e It was from the Embassy?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14266.0,14268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it was official, in a warehouse. Maybe it was after World War II or something, but it was official china. There was a funny conclusion to this story. We got it. We had a French chef who was part . . . we were very strict, mixing milk and meat, which made him hugely unhappy because he couldn't do all his famous French dishes. He had to get his kosher meat from Strasbourg, France. Be very careful about fish. No shellfish and so forth. Sometimes we would have . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14268.0,14293.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e What motivated you to do this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14293.0,14296.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Because we kept a kosher home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14296.0,14301.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You’re not going to change it and the children who were with you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14301.0,14302.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No, they weren't with us. They were in college and law school at the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14302.0,14305.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You weren't doing it for them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14305.0,14307.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No, doing for us. We didn’t want to make a big scene out of it . . . Plus, we formed very close friendships with Jews in Antwerp and Brussels, many of whom were Orthodox. We wanted to have them feel they could come over. Maybe a year into my tenure, sometimes I would have working lunches at the residence rather than at the embassy, which we didn’t have the facilities for. We had a big table in our dining room. It was a beautiful house. Fran would oftentimes . . . she had an office upstairs . . .she would have the same meal that I had for lunch. At the end of the day, when I came home, she said, “What do you think about the lunch?” I said, “I don't even remember it.” She said, “You know, it was the fish.” I said, “It was fantastic.” She said, “It was too good. There's something wrong with that fish. It had a very chewy quality.” We went to the chef the next morning. He was outraged. “I'm very careful. It’s plain white fish.” “What kind was it?” In French, it's called Lotte. L-O-T-T-E.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14307.0,14379.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Lobster?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14379.0,14380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No. Lotte. L-O-T-T-E. Fran didn't want to call the rabbis and start making a fuss. She called some of her Orthodox friends. They said it's a trich fish. It's a scales and fins thing. It loses its scales at some point and so forth. It's a scavenger like catfish. It's not kosher. It's monkfish. It's monkfish in English. Fran collected, to her credit, shows how sincere she was, every one of the plates we used at that lunch. Kept it the whole rest of our tenure upstairs. We never used it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14380.0,14419.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me about your functioning as an ambassador. What were your . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14419.0,14424.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I would say that in government, my proudest achievements, beside the Jewish side. With Carter, it was having a major hand in creating a whole new energy policy that made us much less dependent on OPEC oil. Having real market prices on natural gas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14424.0,14447.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Are we talking about your EU ambassadorship now or generally?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14447.0,14453.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No, with Carter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14453.0,14454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I was trying to focus on what you did as EU ambassador, your day-to-day role and your accomplishments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14454.0,14458.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Part of things like the EU-Turkey Customs Union, which I helped with establishing close relations. Helping with their launch of the euro. Establishing much closer trade relations between the European Union and the U.S. Having the EU as a political partner on a lot of political issues that we had with a number of countries and then doing the dual role as special . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14458.0,14495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you work with the other ambassadorial corps in Europe or various countries?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14495.0,14500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I worked with all the bilaterals. I would have them in frequently to talk about Europe-wide strategies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14500.0,14505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Was this during the time that Eddie Elson was in?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14505.0,14510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, in fact. Fran and I went and stayed in his embassy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14510.0,14515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me about Elson.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14515.0,14519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Elson was a very good ambassador. It was Denmark. A very good ambassador.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14519.0,14524.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e He had been active in the Carter campaign as well?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14524.0,14526.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e He had been very active in the Carter campaign. Of course, Elson’s bookstores and newsstands and so forth. Eddie did a very good job. I sort of coordinated the policies of then all 12 of 28. The expansion to 15 occurred while I was there. My job was to interface with the institutions of the European Union that represent the whole European Union. The European Commission, the European Parliament. I was the first U.S. ambassador that really paid attention to the European Parliament. I'll tell you to this day. I testified there on behalf of U.S. policies. I had them invited to major events. I worked directly with those centralized institutions. But then I coordinated Eddie Elson in Denmark and Alan Blinken in Belgium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14526.0,14592.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You never got a chance to take advantage of the great Brussels cuisine, I take it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14592.0,14601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I did but always with fish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14601.0,14603.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You were willing to go out to restaurants? Not in your home, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14603.0,14610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I would. Right, but I wouldn't have meat or chicken or anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14610.0,14613.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You started to go into the landmark accomplishments with the Carter administration. What are the things you are most proud of in terms of what the Carter administration has done?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14613.0,14627.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I think on foreign policy. It's the Panama Canal treaty and opening a whole new chapter in Latin American relations. It's normalizing relations with People's Republic of China. It’s the SALT II [Strategic Arms Limitation Talks] arms control treaty. It's taking a very strong stand against, even as critics admit, against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Of course, it's the Middle East peace process and then putting human rights as a central feature of his foreign policy. We reached the first agreement between Israel and an Arab neighbor. That peace exists today. It's never been violated. Not one instance of it. It removed the whole threat of Israel's greatest Arab threat from its south and repositioned Israel's whole defense posture on domestic affairs. It was creating 10 million jobs. We deregulated all the transportation and airline deregulation that brought airline travel to the middle class. Three major energy bills, which transformed our whole energy policy. Alternative energy, for solar credits, for wind credits, or market prices, which no president, Republican or Democrat, had done for crude oil and natural gas, encouraging their domestic production. Conservation incentives. He was the greatest environmental president since Theodore Roosevelt. He doubled the size of our national park system through the Alaska Lands Bill, the Superfund. Just a whole range of . . . We saved New York City from bankruptcy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14627.0,14732.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e How much of his accomplishments, and his predecessors’, and his successors, do you see [Donald] Trump capable of destroying?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14732.0,14747.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e He's trying to destroy almost all of it. The environment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14747.0,14753.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you feel a country can survive Trump?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14753.0,14756.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I think our institutions are strong enough, but I think it's a huge challenge. There are presidents with whom I have policy disagreements, like Reagan or the two Bushes, [George Herbert Walker Bush] [George Walker Bush] but they respected and enhanced the stature of the presidency. That's not the case with our current incumbent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14756.0,14780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Sort of interesting, Bernie Marcus wrote an editorial supporting Trump in the election. I started to call you, but I thought it was an imposition. I thought we needed somebody with more gravitas than I had to reply to it. I got Elliott Levitas to draft a reply. Elliott, I think, adopted a theme to it, which you might want to keep in mind. Elliott said, “I’ve served under presidents who were not that bright. I’ve served under presidents that were not well motivated. I've served under presidents who were destructive, but I've never served under a vile president.” He uses over and over again the word “vile” whenever he says Trump. It's not just egomania, but it's a lack of a moral compass.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14780.0,14839.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e He is dividing the country in ways that are very destructive. He doesn't have a respect for the rule of law. It's very concerning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14839.0,14851.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I was looking over some of the . . . first, for the record, give me a brief description of each of your books, including the one that's about to come out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14851.0,14865.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e My first book was a short book that I coauthored with Bill Barutio, called Andrew Young: The Path to History. It was about Andy Young's Voter Education Project. I published that. My second book was published in 2003 and a paperback in 2004 called Imperfect Justice: Looted Assets, Slave Labor and the Unfinished Business of World War II. We got very good reviews and went through four printings. The paperback was translated into Hebrew, French, Russian, and Czech. My third book, which was published in 2013, was called The Future of the Jews: How Global Forces are Impacting the Jewish People, Israel, and its Relationship with the United States. And now my current book, which will be out in April of 2018, is called President Carter: The White House Years. It will be the most comprehensive view of the Carter administration. I've interviewed over the years over 350 people. I have over 5,000 pages of contemporaneous notes of all meetings and calls. I've had access to all the declassified documents. Night notes from the Secretary of state, weekly reports from Brzezinski. I've interviewed Republicans and Democrats. I interviewed people outside as well as inside. It's gotten already very good endorsements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14865.0,14958.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Have you considered as a next book a biography for your heirs?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14958.0,14962.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No, because this is partly a memoir. It talks about how I came to Carter. This book is it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14962.0,14974.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e But it doesn't necessarily capture your parents and your upbringing and your law career.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14974.0,14980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e They can go to the Miles Alexander Breman interviews and get that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14980.0,14985.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm very conscious of your time, so I'll try to bring this to a close for today. I've gone off kilter in terms of chronology because I wanted to cover other things. If there were some things in your life you had to do over again and different advice or different decisions, what are those at the top of your list, be it advice to Carter or be it would be your own career decisions, be it your inability.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14985.0,15022.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e The hardest career decision I had was I was offered in 1991 after extensive set of interviews over many months, presidency of Brandeis. I decided not to take it because I was hoping for one more Democratic administration, which in fact, happened with Clinton. I couldn't have accomplished any of these things without that, but that was a very tough choice. Fran had gone to Brandeis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15022.0,15045.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e It may not be too late.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15045.0,15046.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e They have a new president.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15046.0,15049.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e It did not serve Morris [Berthold Abram] very well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15049.0,15051.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No, it did not. It's a tough school. It got a lot of turn over. That was a very difficult personal decision. I think that the other family decisions we made, for example, coming back to Atlanta after the 1967-68 Johnson White House and the Humphrey campaign 1968 turned out to be the right decision. It was very painful. I said to Fran, we'll never be back to Washington again. The decision to move here after the election was the right decision. I've had a lot of near misses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15051.0,15090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm looking for some wrong decision.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15090.0,15094.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e In terms of advice, I missed how embedded inflation was in the Carter administration and did not give . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15094.0,15102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e The interest rate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15102.0,15104.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e The right advice on tightening up early enough. I think that was one of my major mistakes there. I feel as if I did everything I could on Middle East policy, given the fact I was not the primary policy maker, but I was involved in many, many decisions. Could I have done more? I'm not sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15104.0,15131.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You’ve never had an urge to be a judge?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15131.0,15133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e No. I took a strong position against his apartheid movement. I could have taken perhaps a more visible position on it but I didn’t speak out on it, but maybe not as visibly as I could have. I don't know. I think that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15133.0,15154.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I know this was not your role in the Carter administration. Do you think something different on the Iranian hostage situation which cost him the election could have been done?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15154.0,15164.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I gave him advice to blockade Cargill where 60 percent of the oil imports came right off the bat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15164.0,15175.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you think that could have turned the election?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15175.0,15178.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I do. I also urged him not to come back that last weekend from Chicago, which brought the whole issue back when they came up with another offer and it wasn't acceptable. But in terms of big career decisions, I married the woman I loved and we had a wonderful family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15178.0,15194.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e You made all the right decisions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15194.0,15196.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't look back and think that there was some huge fork in the road. Had [indistinct: 4:13:27 possibly ‘Ford’] been elected, I would have been in the cabinet. Had Carter been reelected, I would have been probably in a cabinet in a second term. But these are not my own decisions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15196.0,15212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Last question. If Carter had, and you may deal with this in your book, if Carter had been reelected, what could have been accomplished that was not accomplished in your mind?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15212.0,15225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I think we would have had further progress on arms control. We would have built on our energy program. We already, and by the way, this is again, was my misjudgment. Carter, over all of our advice, decided everything he had done on inflation, voluntary wage and price guidelines, tight budgets, jawboning, two anti-inflation czars, credit controls. Didn't break the back of inflation. He decided to appoint Paul Volcker, knowing Volcker was going to choke the economy with high interest rates and a tough monetary policy. I was opposed to that appointment because I thought it was going to wreck his reelection, which in part it did. Carter said to us, “I've tried everything else. I'm not going to leave my legacy as this kind of inflation.” Unfortunately, it's still part of his legacy, but he stuck with. Reagan didn't appoint Volcker. Carter did. I think it's one of his proudest achievements. Again, it was a misjudgment on my part not to support him on that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15225.0,15291.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e If we had more time, I would start running through your relationships with Elie Wiesel and various.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15291.0,15298.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e We'll do that. I just have to get over this hump. We can do it can through the video thing that we've done before. I need another two weeks just to get over three weeks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15298.0,15310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e I want to be conscious of your time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15310.0,15315.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I literally have a deadline to get these end notes and I've just got to . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15315.0,15318.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e Not jump from area to here. I've got this Defiant Requiem thing at 12:30 for two hours. I will let you go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15318.0,15326.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e I appreciate the time. I understand well, I appreciate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15326.0,15331.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eALEXANDER:\u003c/strong\u003e The effort for jumping around more than I would have rather than go chronologically.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15331.0,15336.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/transcript/92991/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEIZENSTAT:\u003c/strong\u003e It's more interesting to do it this way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15336.0,15340.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiles Alexander (b. 1931) attended Emory University and Harvard Law School. He joined the law firm Kilpatrick Townsend in 1958 and became a partner in 1963. He and his wife, Elaine have four children and have been active in the Atlanta community.Miles Alexander (b. 1931) attended Emory University and Harvard Law School. He joined the law firm Kilpatrick Townsend in 1958 and became a partner in 1963. He and his wife, Elaine have four children and have been active in the Atlanta community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=0.0,44.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Atlanta celebrates and commemorates Jewish history, culture, and art through events and museum spaces. The Breman also contains the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History, which houses thousands of manuscripts, oral histories, and photograph collections, related to southern Jewish history and the Holocaust.The William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Atlanta celebrates and commemorates Jewish history, culture, and art through events and museum spaces. The Breman also contains the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History, which houses thousands of manuscripts, oral histories, and photograph collections, related to southern Jewish history and the Holocaust.The William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Atlanta celebrates and commemorates Jewish history, culture, and art through events and museum spaces. The Breman also contains the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History, which houses thousands of manuscripts, oral histories, and photograph collections, related to southern Jewish history and the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=0.0,44.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChicago is the largest city in Illinois and located on Lake Michigan. It is known for its bold architecture with skyscrapers such as the John Hancock Center, the Willis Tower, formerly the Sears Tower, and the neo-Gothic Tribune Tower. It is also known for its museums including the Chicago Institute of Art. The city was incorporated in 1837 and it grew rapidly during the 19\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=0.0,44.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBerry Eizenstat (1913-1989) was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He served in World War II and founded Berle Shoe Company with his brother Leo Eizenstat. He was married to Bessie Cohen, and they had two children, Joel and Renee. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Eizenstat (1911-1986) was born in Atlanta, Georgia. Leo served in the United States Army during World War II, training soldiers on the use of the Morse Code at various bases throughout the country. Later, he worked for Berle Shoe Company. In 1943, he married Sylvia Medintz. He is the father of Stuart Eizenstat, President Jimmy Carter's Chief Domestic Policy Adviser, and a senior official in the Clinton Administration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAliyah\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew: \"ascent\") is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to the Land of Israel historically, which today includes the modern State of Israel. Also defined as \"the act of going up\"—that is, towards Jerusalem—\"making \u003cem\u003ealiyah\u003c/em\u003e\" by moving to the Land of Israel is one of the most basic tenets of Zionism. The opposite action, emigration from Israel, is referred to in Hebrew as \u003cem\u003eyerida\u003c/em\u003e (\"descent\"). The State of Israel's Law of Return gives Jews, their children, and their grandchildren automatic rights regarding residency and Israeli citizenship.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarvard Law School is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1817 in Cambridge Massachusetts, Harvard Law School is the oldest continuously operating law school in the United States. The law school is generally considered one of the most prestigious in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePetah Tikva, also spelt Petah Tiqwa and known informally as Em HaMoshavot is a city in the Central District of Israel, 6.6 miles east of Tel Aviv. It was founded in 1878, mainly by Haredi Jews of the Old Yishuv, and became a permanent settlement in 1883 with the financial help of Edmond Rothschild.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture.Yiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture.Yiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture.Yiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture.Yiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrances Eizenstat (1944-2013) was a philanthropist and active member of the Atlanta and global Jewish community. She earned two master’s degrees, in social work from Boston College in 1967 and business administration from George Washington University in 1985. She was especially dedicated to Israel and to bettering the lives of Jews in the former Soviet Union. She worked with numerous charities, notably developing one of the first screening programs for Tay Sachs disease, a genetic disorder that is especially prevalent in Ashkenazi Jewish children. She was married to diplomat and attorney Stuart Eizenstat and together they had two sons, Jay and Brian.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrandeis University is a private research college located in Waltham, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1948, as a non-sectarian, co-ed university sponsored by the Jewish community. The university was named for Louis Brandeis, the first Jewish United States Supreme Court Justice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Earl “Jimmy” Carter Jr. (1924-2024) was the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967 and as the 76th governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. Founder of the Carter Center, he was awarded the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize for work to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development. He is the author of numerous books, including \u003cem\u003ePalestine: Peace Not Apartheid\u003c/em\u003e (2006), \u003cem\u003eAn Hour Before Daylight\u003c/em\u003e (2001) and \u003cem\u003eOur Endangered Values \u003c/em\u003e(2005). In October 2024, he turned 100 years old, making him the longest living U.S. President.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMenachem Begin (1913-1992) was an Israeli politician, founder of Likud and the sixth Prime Minister of Israel. Before the creation of the state of Israel, he was the leader of the Zionist militant group Irgun, the Revisionist breakaway from the larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah. He proclaimed a revolt, on 1 February 1944, against the British mandatory government, which was opposed by the Jewish Agency. As head of the Irgun, he targeted the British in Palestine. Later, the Irgun fought the Arabs during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine and its chief Begin was also noted as \"leader of the notorious terrorist organisation\" by British government and banned from entering the United Kingdom.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEsar Eizenstat (1874-1965) was born in Lithuania. He came to Atlanta, Georgia, in 1904. He was married to Bessie Zelen Eizenstat, and they had four children: Ida, Rose, Leo, and Berry. He is the grandfather of Stuart Eizenstat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMalcolm Minsk (1929-2022) was an Atlanta, Georgia native, and son of Harry and Ida. He attended Boys High School and Emory University. He worked as an accountant and served in the army during the Korean War. He was active in Atlanta’s Jewish community serving as president of Congregation Shearith Israel and the Atlanta Jewish Academy. He also helped found Camp Judea. Malcolm and his wife, Betty had a son and two daughters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChevra Kadisha\u003c/em\u003e is an organization of Jewish men and women who see to it that the bodies of Jews are prepared for burial according to Jewish tradition. The task is considered a laudable one as the recipient cannot return the gift. It is referred to as a “good deed of truth.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Yiddish term for town, “\u003cem\u003eshtetl”\u003c/em\u003e commonly refers to small towns or villages in pre–World War II Eastern and Central Europe with a significant Jewish presence that were primarily Yiddish speaking.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Russo-Japanese War occurred from February 1904 to September 1905. It was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire. The Treaty of Portsmouth was mediated by U.S. President Teddy Roosevelt. Through the treaty, Japan’s interest in Korea were recognized, and awarded to Japan Russia’s lease on the Liaodong Peninsula, control of the Russian built South Manchuria Railway, and the southern half of the island of Sakhalin. The war transformed the global balance of power with the Empire of Japan emerging as a greater power and the Russian Empire declining in status among the European powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation. Beth Jacob is now Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation. The congregation first met in a rented grocery store on Parkway Drive. It moved to a permanent location on Boulevard when it purchased and renovated a two-story apartment building. In 1956, it converted the Tabernacle Baptist Church on Boulevard to a synagogue. It built its current synagogue building on a five-acre lot on LaVista Road in 1961. Rabbi Joseph Safra was the congregation’s first permanent rabbi in 1951, followed by Rabbi Emanuel Feldman from 1952 to 1991. Rabbi Ilan Feldman has been the congregation’s Senior Rabbi since his father Emanuel’s retirement in 1991. The original founders of Congregation Beth Jacob in Atlanta were 11 men who petitioned for the charter in 1943: Maurice Gavronski, Frank Taffel, M.S. Katz, A. Tenenbaum, E. Miller, Sam Kingloff, R. Shavin, H. Pfeffer, S. Miller, J. Prolotsky, and H. Epstein.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Congregation Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960's, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002. As of 2022, the current Senior Rabbi of the congregation is Ari Kaiman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi David Geffen (b. 1938) was ordained at Jewish Theological Seminary rabbinical school in 1965. Geffen immigrated to Israel in 1977 with his family. He writes for The Jerusalem Post, having published more than 350 articles and book reviews and another 75 in the World Zionist Press Service. He also authored the American Heritage Haggadah in 1992. Geffen returned to the US in 1993 to serve as rabbi of the Temple Israel congregation in Scranton, Pennsylvania, a position he held until 2003. David Geffen is the grandson of Tobias Geffen who was the rabbi of Congregation Shearith Israel in Atlanta, Georgia from 1910 to 1970.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSioux Falls is the most populous city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Minnehaha County and extends into northern Lincoln County. Chartered in 1856 on the banks of the Big Sioux River, the city is situated in the rolling hills at the junction of interstates 29 and 90.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorse code is a method used in telecommunication to encode text characters as standardized sequences of two different signal durations, called dots and dashes, or dits and dahs. Morse code is named after Samuel Morse, one of the early developers of the system adopted for electrical telegraphy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWellstar Atlanta Medical Center, formerly known as Georgia Baptist Hospital, is a hospital in Atlanta, Georgia operated by Wellstar Health System. It has 460 beds and over 700 physicians. The hospital is a Level I Trauma Center, and an Advanced Primary Stroke Center. It houses a Neurointensive Care Unit and a Level III Neonatal ICU.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorningside Elementary School is an Atlanta Public School that opened in 1929 in the Morningside neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia. Morningside feeds into Inman Middle School and Grady High School. It serves the neighborhoods of Morningside, Lenox Park, Sherwood Forest, Piedmont Heights, and Ansley Park.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoys’ High School was founded in 1924. It later merged with Tech High and became coeducational and became known as Henry W. Grady High School. It is part of the Atlanta Public School System. It has had many notable alumni, including S. Truett Cathy, the founder of Chick-fil-A. It is located in Midtown Atlanta. In 2020, the Atlanta School Board voted to rename the school “Midtown High School” beginning in the 2021-2022 school year.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Arab-Israeli War of 1948 broke out when five Arab nations invaded territory in the former Palestinian mandate immediately following the announcement of the independence of the state of Israel on May 14, 1948. In Israel, the war is remembered as its War of Independence. In the Arab world, it came to be known as the Nakba (“Catastrophe”) because of the large number of refugees and displaced persons resulting from the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBessie Cohen Eizenstat (1917-2000) was born in Jacksonville, Florida and moved to Atlanta, Georgia. She was a lifelong member of Ahavath Achim Synagogue. She was married to Berry Eizenstat, and they had two children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIda Eizenstat Minsk (1904-1974) was the daughter of Esar and Bessie Eizenstat. She came to Atlanta, Georgia as an infant. She married Harry Minsk, and they had three children, Malcolm, Alvin, and Donald.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=44.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhillip Medintz (1942-2023) was an Atlanta, Georgia native and eldest child of Barney and Dorothy Davis Medintz. He attended Grady High School and the University of Illinois-Champaign. Phillip took over the family business, Service Uniform after his father's death in 1960 and operated it until his retirement. In 1966, he married Robin Sears. They had three children, Amy, Barry, and Debbie, and four grandchildren. He was a lifelong support of Camp Barney Medintz, which was named in honor of his father. On August 6, 2023, he passed away after a battle with pancreatic cancer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=459.0,474.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAleph Zadik Aleph (AZA) is an international youth-led fraternal organization for Jewish teenage boys. Its sister organization for teenage girls is B'nai B'rith Girls (BBG). B'nai B'rith Youth Organization, now BBYO, is an umbrella organization including Jewish teens in both AZA and BBG.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=474.0,476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYoung Judaea is a peer-led Zionist youth movement founded in 1909 for Jewish youth in grades 2–12. Its programs include youth clubs, conventions, summer camps and Israel programs that provide experiential programming through which Jewish youth and young adults build meaningful relationships with their peers, emphasize social action, and develop a lifelong commitment to Jewish life, the Jewish people, and Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=476.0,534.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHenry R. Bauer, Jr. (b. 1942) is an Atlanta lawyer and descendant of one of the founding members of The Temple. Henry later went to Vanderbilt University and obtained a J.D. from Emory University School of Law. He worked as a law clerk and a trial lawyer for an insurance defense firm. Henry opened his own law practice where he served a variety of clientele, including The Temple.Henry R. Bauer, Jr. (b. 1942) is an Atlanta lawyer and descendant of one of the founding members of The Temple. Henry later went to Vanderbilt University and obtained a J.D. from Emory University School of Law. He worked as a law clerk and a trial lawyer for an insurance defense firm. Henry opened his own law practice where he served a variety of clientele, including The Temple.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=476.0,534.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or “Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,” is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1500 families. As of 2022, its Senior Rabbi is Peter S. Berg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=476.0,534.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRamon Saul Franco (b. 1942) is an otolaryngologist doctor and member of the Atlanta Jewish community. He is one of four children born to Joseph David Franco and Rachel [Saul] Franco. He attended Henry Grady High School and graduated from Emory University Medical School. Ramon served Air Force during the Vietnam War. He is married to Jody Franco, and they have son and daughter.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=476.0,534.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Community Center was officially founded in 1910, as the Jewish Educational Alliance. In the late 1940's it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to the suburb of Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=476.0,534.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) operated from 1910 to 1948 on the site where the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium was later located. The JEA was once the hub of Jewish life in Atlanta. Families congregated there for social, educational, sports and cultural programs. The JEA ran camps and held classes to help some new residents learn to read and write English. For newcomers, it became a refuge, with programs to help them acclimate to a new home. The JEA stayed at that site until the late 1940s, when it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=534.0,537.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Hyman Epstein (1903-2003) served as rabbi of Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia from 1928 to 1982, when he became rabbi emeritus. Under Rabbi Epstein, the formerly Orthodox congregation began to shift to Conservative Judaism, and officially joined the United Synagogue of America (now the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism), in 1952.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=537.0,633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta–Fulton County Stadium, often referred to as “Fulton County Stadium” and originally named “Atlanta Stadium,” was built to attract a major league baseball team. In 1966 it succeeded when the Milwaukee Braves relocated from to Atlanta. Designed by Jewish Atlantan Cecil Alexander, the stadium was built on the site of the cleared Washington-Rawson neighborhood, which had been a wealthy area and home to much of Atlanta’s Jewish community. The Braves continued to play at Fulton County Stadium until the end of the 1996 season, when they moved into Turner Field, the converted Centennial Olympic Stadium originally built for the 1996 Summer Olympics. That stadium, in turn, was renovated and renamed Georgia State Stadium in 2016, and Center Parc Stadium in 2020. Fulton County Stadium was demolished in 1997. A parking lot for Center Parc Stadium now (2021) stands on the site.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=537.0,633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue (often referred to as \"AA\") was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2022, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area and its current Senior Rabbi is Laurence Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=537.0,633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mayfair Club opened in 1938 at 1456 Spring Street in Midtown Atlanta and was a focal point of Jewish life in the city for more than 25 years. The club was founded in 1930 and first met at the Biltmore Hotel. The club was visited by Eleanor Roosevelt, Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir, mayors Ivan Allen and William Berry Hartsfield, senators Herman Talmadge and Richard Russell, and Governor Carl Sanders. Fire destroyed the Mayfair Club on December 4, 1964.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=634.0,681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Standard Club is a Jewish social club that started as the “Concordia Association” in 1867 in Downtown Atlanta. In 1905, it was reorganized as the “Standard Club” and moved into the former mansion of William C. Sanders near the site of Center Parc Credit Union Stadium (formerly Turner Field). In the late 1920s the club moved to Ponce de Leon Avenue in Midtown Atlanta. Later, the club moved to what is now the Lenox Park business park and was located there until 1983. In the 1980s, the club moved to its present location in Johns Creek in Atlanta’s northern suburbs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=634.0,681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Progressive Club was a Jewish social organization in Atlanta, Georgia. It was established in 1913 by Russian Jews who felt unwelcome at the Standard Club, where German Jews were predominant. At first the club was located in a rented house until a new club was built on Pryor Street including a swimming pool and a gym. In 1940 the club opened a larger facility at 1050 Techwood Drive in Midtown with three swimming pools, tennis, and softball. In 1976 the club moved north to 1160 Moore’s Mill Road near Interstate 75. The property was eventually sold to the YMCA as the club faced financial challenges. The Carl E. Sanders Family YMCA at Buckhead, which stands on the former site of the Progressive Club, opened in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=634.0,681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=634.0,681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish men cover their heads during prayer with a small skullcap called a \u003cem\u003ekippah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew] or \u003cem\u003eyarmulke\u003c/em\u003e/\u003cem\u003eyamaka\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish]. Orthodox Jewish men always wear it to remind themselves of G-d’s presence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=683.0,725.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003etallit \u003c/em\u003eor \u003cem\u003etallis \u003c/em\u003eis a prayer shawl fringed at each of the four corners in accordance with biblical law. The wearing of \u003cem\u003etallit\u003c/em\u003e at worship is obligatory only for married men, but it is customarily worn also by males of \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e age and older. In non-Orthodox congregations, women may also wear the tallit if they so choose.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=683.0,725.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: \u003cem\u003eb’nai mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e quorum for public worship. He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=683.0,725.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: daughter of commandments] is a rite of passage for Jewish girls aged 12 years and one day according to her Hebrew birthday. Many girls have their \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e around age 13, the same as boys who have their \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e at that age. The \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e girl is now duty bound to keep the commandments. Synagogue ceremonies are held for \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e girls in Reform and Conservative communities, but it has not won the approval of Orthodox rabbis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=683.0,725.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa, and the Middle East, and their descendants. The adjective “Sephardic” and corresponding nouns Sephardi (singular) and Sephardim (plural) are derived from the Hebrew word Sepharad, which refers to Spain. Historically, the vernacular language of Sephardic Jews was Ladino, a Romance language derived from Old Spanish, incorporating elements from the old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, Hebrew, Aramaic, and in the lands receiving those who were exiled, Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Greek, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian vocabulary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=725.0,739.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Solomon Robert Ichay (1929-2012) was born in Tunisia and studied to become a rabbi in London. He married Blanchette Lieberman in 1957 in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1959, he moved to Salisbury, Rhodesia, to serve as associate rabbi at the Sephardic Hebrew Congregation of Rhodesia. In 1969, he moved to Atlanta, Georgia, to serve as rabbi to Congregation Or VeShalom. He became Rabbi Emeritus in 2002 after serving as chief rabbi for 33 years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=739.0,759.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBallyhoo was the name of a social party for upper-middle class Reform Jewish young adults (high school to college age) held annually in Atlanta, Georgia. The event attracted young people from all over the Southeast to meet boys and girls from other cities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=773.0,792.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJody Breen Franco (b. 1944) is an Atlanta native, and daughter of Emanuel “Mike” and Rebecca Breen. She attended Henry Grady High School. She attended Sophie Newcomb College at Tulane, and later Georgia State College. She worked as a teacher. In 1964, she married Ramon Franco and they have two children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=797.0,829.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEmanuel Feldman (b. 1927) is an Orthodox rabbi and Rabbi Emeritus of Congregation Beth Jacob of Atlanta, Georgia. During his nearly 40 years at Beth Jacob beginning in 1952, he nurtured the growth of Atlanta’s Orthodox community from a city with two small Orthodox synagogues to a community large enough to support Jewish day schools, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eyeshivas\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan\u003e, girls’ schools, and a \u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003ekollel\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan\u003e. He is a past vice-president of the Rabbinical Council of America and former editor of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eTradition: The Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan\u003e published by the RCA.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=829.0,841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=841.0,903.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLyndon Baines Johnson (1908-1973), often called ‘LBJ,’ was the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1968. He came into the office with the assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963. He was a Democrat from Texas and served as a U.S. representative and U.S. senator. Johnson instituted a set of domestic programs called Great Society, aimed at expanding civil rights, public broadcasting, access to health care, aid to education and the arts, urban and rural development, and public services. As part of these efforts, Johnson signed the Social Security Amendments of 1965, which resulted in the creation of Medicare and Medicaid. Johnson also enacted the Higher Education Act of 1965, which established federally insured student loans; and signed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which laid the groundwork for U.S. immigration policy today. Johnson's civil rights legacy was shaped by signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Civil Rights Act of 1968. His foreign policy prioritized the containment of communism, including in the ongoing Vietnam War. He launched a full-scale military intervention in Southeast Asia, dramatically increasing the number of American military personnel deployed. Casualties soared among U.S. soldiers and Vietnam civilians, prompting the anti-war movement and public opinion turned against America's involvement in the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=841.0,903.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. (1911-1978) was an American politician and statesman who served as the 38th vice president of the United States from 1965 to 1969. He twice served in the United States Senate, representing Minnesota from 1949 to 1964 and 1971 to 1978. As a senator, he was a major leader of modern liberalism in the United States. As President Lyndon B. Johnson's vice president, he supported the controversial Vietnam War. An intensely divided Democratic Party nominated him in the 1968 presidential election, which he lost to Republican nominee Richard Nixon.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=841.0,903.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeon H. Spotts (1933-2019) was an educator and ordained rabbi. He was Executive Director of the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education for 20 years and taught Hebrew Language and Literature at Georgia State University. Subsequently, he was Director of Education for Beth Shalom Synagogue in Columbia, SC. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a degree in Mathematics and had a doctoral degree in Jewish Education from Dropsie College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was the author of \u003cem\u003eThe Voice of Wisdom\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=841.0,903.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph David Franco (1910-2008) was a member of the Atlanta Jewish community. Franco was born in Rhodes, Greece’s Dodecanese islands, and immigrated to the United States in 1931, becoming a naturalized citizen in 1939. Franco had seven siblings, Morris, Isaac, Sam, Victor, Jack, Susie, and Sarah. He attended Emory University, where he graduated with a degree in economics. He worked for the U.S. government in Bogota, Columbia, procuring quinine, a treatment for malaria. In Atlanta, Franco owned apartment buildings and a liquor store, Roxy Liquor Store. He was an active member of Congregation Or VeShalom, serving as vice president. He married Rachael Saul in 1934 and they had five children, Richard, Ramon, Renee, Robert, and Rita.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=908.0,983.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=908.0,983.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChapel Hill is a city in North Carolina. The city was founded in 1793. It is located in the Research Triangle, or simply the Triangle, which are common nicknames for a metropolitan area in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. The area is anchored by three major research universities: Duke, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University. The universities are in the three cities of Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill, which, if connected by an imaginary line on a map would form a Triangle. The area is also a hub for technology and biotech companies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=908.0,983.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Arthur B. Silver (b.1942) an Atlanta, Georgia native and son of Louis and Esther Silver. He is an orthodontic dentist in Atlanta, Georgia. He graduated from Emory University Dental School, where he also earned his Master of Orthodontics degree. He has been in private orthodontic practice for over 30 years. He is a member of dental and orthodontic societies, including the American Association of Orthodontists, the Georgia Society of Orthodontics, and the Georgia Dental Association. He is married to Carla Weitz, and they have three children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=908.0,983.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of North Carolina is the multi-campus public university for the state of North Carolina. It includes 16 public universities and the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics. UNC-Chapel Hill is the university’s flagship school and was the nation’s first public school.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=908.0,983.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSee annotation for Grady High School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=988.0,999.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort McPherson was a U.S. Army military base located in Atlanta, Georgia, bordering the northern edge of the city of East Point, Georgia. It was the headquarters for the U.S. Army Installation Management Command, Southeast Region; the U.S. Army Forces Command; the U.S. Army Reserve Command; and the U.S. Army Central. World War II, Fort McPherson served as a general depot, where thousands of men were processed for entry in the army. Fort McPherson was closed down in 2011. The property is now owned by actor/producer Tyler Perry, who redeveloped the site into Tyler Perry Studios.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=999.0,1255.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBruce B. Finkelstein (1942-2019) born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. He was the son of Joe and Blume Finkelstein. He attended Henry Grady High School, and he served in the United States Marine Reserve. In 2000, he married his wife, Shirley.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=999.0,1255.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) is a college-based program for training commissioned officers of the United States Armed Forces. ROTC officers serve in all branches of the United States armed forces. Army ROTC students who receive scholarships are obligated to fulfill a service commitment after graduation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=999.0,1255.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBlue Star Camps is a Jewish summer camp for children ages 6-16 located in Hendersonville, North Carolina. It was founded in 1948 by Harry, Herman, and Ben Popkin. Lauren Popkin Herschthal, the granddaughter of Herman Poplin and her husband Seth Herschthal are the third generation to owner and direct the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1258.0,1323.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Popkin brothers, Herman, Harry, and Ben founded Blue Star Camps in Henderson County in 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1258.0,1323.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDonald Minsk is the son of Ida Eizenstat and Harry Minsk. He was born in Atlanta and graduated from Emory University. He is a name partner with Birnbrey, Minsk, Minsk \u0026amp; Perling, the practice where he began his career. He is a member of Congregation Beth Jacob. He married Sheila Scharfman in 1960.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1258.0,1323.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiami is a city located in south Florida on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. It is the second largest city in Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1258.0,1323.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMeridian is a city in Lauderdale County in the state of Mississippi. It was established in 1860, at the junction of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad and Southern Railway of Mississippi. Meridian built an economy based on the railways and goods transported on them, and it became a strategic trading center. During the Civil War, General William Tecumseh Sherman burned much of the city to the ground in the Battle of Meridian in 1864. The city was rebuilt and has diversified in the 21st century, with healthcare, military, and manufacturing industries. The city is home to the Meridian Museum of Art, Meridian Little Theatre, and the Meridian Symphony Orchestra.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1258.0,1323.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNashville is the capital city of Tennessee and was founded in 1779. It was named for Francis Nash, a general of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. The city is home to Vanderbilt University and the legendary country music venues like the Grand Ole Opry, Ryman Auditorium and the Country Music Hall of Fame.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1258.0,1323.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew) or \u003cem\u003eShabbos/Shabbes\u003c/em\u003e (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1325.0,1413.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAsheville, North Carolina is a city located on the junction of the French Broad and Swannanoa rivers in Buncombe County, North Carolina. It is the largest city in Western North Carolina. Before the arrival of Europeans, where Asheville exists was part of the Cherokee Nation. Colonization of the area began in 1784, Buncombe County was formed in 1792, and the county seat was named Morristown. In 1797, Morristown was incorporated and renamed Asheville after North Carolina Governor Samuel Ashe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1414.0,1466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCamp Barney Medintz is an overnight Jewish summer camp near Cleveland, Georgia, in the North Georgia mountains. It was founded in 1963 and in 1961 named in memory of Barney Medintz, a prominent Jewish leader in Atlanta, who died in 1960. It is owned by the Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1466.0,1468.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBarney Medintz (1910-1960) was a Jewish leader both nationally and locally in Atlanta.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eHe was one of the national leaders of the United Jewish Appeal and the Israel Bond Organization. He was also vice-president of the National Community Relations Advisory Council, vice-president of the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds and a former member of the executive committee of the American Jewish Committee. Locally, he was president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and past president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council and the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education. He was also president of the Southeast Regional Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. Medintz graduated from Northwestern University at Evanston, Illinois where he was a star basketball player. He came to Atlanta after he graduated to become a recreation director at the Jewish Educational Alliance. In 1936, Barney married Dorothy Davis. Camp Barney Medintz, a Jewish camp in Cleveland, Georgia, is named in his honor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1468.0,1495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHendersonville is located in Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. The city is named for the 19\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e century North Carolina Supreme Court Chief Justice Leonard Henderson.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1468.0,1495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorgia Institute of Technology, which is commonly referred to as Georgia Tech is a public research university and institute of technology in Atlanta. It was founded in 1885 during Reconstruction as part of the plan to build an industrial economy in the post-Civil War South.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1514.0,1564.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNorthside High School opened as a Fulton County, Georgia school in 1950. It became part of the Atlanta Public Schools (APS) when the property was annexed into the city of Atlanta. In 1991, the Atlanta Board of Education formed North Atlanta High School by combining North Fulton High School and Northside High School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1514.0,1564.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJ.C. Murphy High School was located at 256 Clifton Street SE in Atlanta. The school opened in 1949 and was among the first all-white schools in Atlanta to desegregate. It began admitting African American students on August 30, 1961. From 1988 to 2005, the school was named Alonzo Aristotle Crim Comprehensive High School. In 2005, it became known as Alonzo A. Crim Open Campus High School and closed in 2020.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1514.0,1564.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1567.0,1736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArnold Jacob \"Red\" Auerbach (1917-2006) was an American professional basketball coach and executive. He served as a head coach in the National Basketball Association (NBA), most notably with the Boston Celtics. He was also the head coach of the Washington Capitols and Tri-Cities Blackhawks. As a coach, Auerbach set NBA records with 938 wins and 9 championships.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1567.0,1736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil War, widely known in the United States as the “Civil War” or the “War Between the States,” was fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. In January 1861, seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often called the “South,” grew to include 11 states, and although they claimed 13 states and additional western territories, the Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by a foreign country. The states that did not declare secession were known as the “Union” or the “North.” The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. After four years of bloody combat, which left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring national unity and granting civil rights to freed slaves began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1567.0,1736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSylvia Medintz Eizenstat (1914-2007) was born in Chicago, Illinois. She was the younger sister of Barney Medintz. She moved to Atlanta, Georgia to marry Leo Eizenstat when he was serving in the US Army during World War II. She is the mother of Stuart Eizenstat, President Jimmy Carter's Chief Domestic Policy Adviser, and a senior official in the Clinton Administration. She was President of Pioneer Women (now Na'Amat), and founded the Minyonaires group at the Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, to which she and her family belonged for over 60 years. Sylvia was a well-known docent at the Carter Center.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1567.0,1736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA lake known as Mooney's Lake was originally located in Lindbergh on the east side of Piedmont Road. Deuward S. Mooney developed it into a recreation center in 1920. It had two spring water pools, a lake for swimming and canoeing, horseback riding, miniature golf, and a railroad. Food was sold at the pavilion, and there was dancing to jukebox music. The pavilion burned down in the 1950s and subsequently went out of business. In 1958, Mooney's Lake was drained and the developers Jordan, Davis, and Carter built the Broadview Shopping Center, later named Lindbergh Plaza.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1567.0,1736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSherry Zimmerman Frank (b.1942) is a native of Atlanta, Georgia. Sherry has been involved and led numerous organizations including serving as Executive Director for the Southeast Region of the American Jewish Committee (AJC) for 25 years. She was also President of the National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW), served on the board of Ahavath Achim (AA), and was Vice President of the Epstein School. While at AJC she helped found many groups including the Atlanta Black/Jewish Coalition, ACCESS, and Faith Alliance of Metro Atlanta (FAMA). In 2019 her book, A Passion to Serve: Memoirs of a Jewish Activist, was published, offering a detailed and engaging look at her fifty years of activism and community service. She attended Stephens College in Columbia. She was married to Leonard Frank, and they had four children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=1850.0,1873.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ql-cursor\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2001.0,2045.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRonald Davis Balser (b. 1938) is a businessman, philanthropist, and active member of the Atlanta Jewish community. Balser graduated from The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania with a degree in economics and entered the insurance industry, founding Balser Companies. Balser sold the business in 2007 and focused on his involvement in the art world, founding Balser Art Ventures, and serving on the boards of the Santa Fe Opera and Atlanta’s High Museum of Art. He served as a National Commissioner of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL). He and his wife, Barbara, are Founding Lifetime Members of the United States Holocaust Museum Circle of Freedom Donors. Balser and his wife have six children and live in Florida, with homes in Naples, Atlanta, and Santa Fe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2062.0,2279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2062.0,2279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference that is made of eight private research universities in the northeastern United States. The schools included Brown University, Columbia University, Yale University, Harvard University, Princeton University, Cornell University, Dartmouth University, and the University of Pennsylvania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2062.0,2279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhiladelphia is Pennsylvania's largest city. It has a deep connection to the founding of the United States because it is home to Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were signed. It is also home to the Liberty Bell and other American Revolutionary sites. The city was founded in 1682 by William Penn.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2062.0,2279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Palestra, often called the Cathedral of college basketball, is a historic arena on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It opened January 1, 1927, and has been called the most important building in the history of college basketball. The Palestra is famed for its close-to-the-court seating, with the bleachers ending at the floor with no barrier to separate the fans from the game. At the time of its construction, the Palestra was one of the world’s largest arenas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2062.0,2279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuke University is a private research university located in Durham, North Carolina. It was founded in 1838 by Methodists and Quakers in Trinity, NC and moved to Durham in 1892. It was renamed Duke University in 1924 after Washington Duke, who was the father of James Buchanan Duke who established the “The Duke Endowment.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2062.0,2279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVanderbilt University is a private research university located in Nashville, Tennessee. It was founded in 1873 and named after businessman Cornelius Vanderbilt who provided a $1 million endowment to the school.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2062.0,2279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilton Norman Chamberlain (1936-1999) was an American basketball player who played as a center and is considered one of the greatest players in history. He played for the Philadelphia/San Francisco Warriors, the Philadelphia 76ers, and the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2062.0,2279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHell's Kitchen is a neighborhood on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York City, New York. Hell's Kitchen had long been a bastion of poor and working-class Irish Americans. Its gritty reputation has long held real-estate prices below those of most other areas of Manhattan. But by 1969, the City Planning Commission's Plan for New York City reported that development pressures related to its Midtown location were driving people of modest means from the area. Gentrification has accelerated since the early 1980’s, and rents have risen rapidly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2062.0,2279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Gilbert Francis “Gibby” Cohen (1917-2005) was born in Atlanta and graduated from Boys High and Duke University. He received his doctoral degree from Northern Illinois College of Optometry in 1938. He served in the U.S Army until 1946. After leaving the military, Dr. Cohen returned to Atlanta and resumed his optometric practice until his retirement in 1983. He was involved with Ahavath Achim Synagogue, the Atlanta Jewish Community Center, B'nai Brith, the Standard Club, and the Progressive Club. He was married to Pauline Saul Cohen, and they had two sons, Stanley and Walter.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2281.0,2355.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJack Roosevelt “Jackie” Robinson (1919-1972) was an American professional baseball player born in Cairo, Georgia, who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball in the modern era. He played for the Brooklyn Dodgers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2281.0,2355.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Crackers were minor league baseball teams based in Atlanta between 1901 and 1965. The Crackers were Atlanta's home team until the Atlanta Braves moved from Milwaukee in 1966. The Crackers played in Ponce de Leon Park from 1907 until a fire destroyed the all-wood stadium in 1923.\u003csup\u003e \u003c/sup\u003eSpiller Field (a stadium later also called “Ponce de Leon Park”), became their home starting in the 1924 season. The new park was constructed around a magnolia tree that became part of the outfield.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2281.0,2355.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHoward Johnson by Wyndham, still commonly referred to as Howard Johnson's, is an American hotel brand with over 300 hotels in 15 countries. It was also formerly a restaurant chain, which at one time was the largest in the U.S., with more than 1,000 locations. Since 2006, all hotels and company trademarks, including those of the defunct restaurant chain, have been owned by Wyndham Hotels and Resorts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNorth Carolina Central University (NCCU or NC Central) is a public historically black university in Durham, North Carolina, United States. Founded by James E. Shepard in affiliation with the Chautauqua movement in 1909, it was supported by private funds from both Northern and Southern philanthropists. It was made part of the state system in 1923, when it first received state funding and was renamed as Durham State Normal School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Daily Tar Heel (DTH)\u003c/em\u003e is the independent student newspaper of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. It was founded on February 23, 1893, and became a daily newspaper in 1929. The paper places a focus on university news and sports, but it also includes coverage of Orange County and North Carolina.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Greensboro sit-ins were a series of nonviolent protests from February to July 1960, primarily in the Woolworth store, now the International Civil Rights Center and Museum, in Greensboro, North Carolina. The sit-ins led to the F. W. Woolworth Company department store chain removing its policy of racial segregation in the Southern United States. While not the first sit-in of the civil rights movement, the Greensboro sit-ins were an instrumental action, and also the best-known sit-ins of the civil rights movement. They are considered a catalyst to the subsequent sit-in movement, in which 70,000 people participated. This sit-in was a contributing factor in the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrank Porter Graham (1886-1972) was an American educator and political activist. A professor of history, he was elected President of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1930, and he later became the first President of the consolidated University of North Carolina system. Graham was an active champion of many liberal causes, including academic freedom, economic justice, civil rights, disarmament, and world peace. He served on numerous advisory boards for Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, and in 1949, he was appointed by the North Carolina governor to fill a vacant seat in the United States Senate.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIn 1931, three main state-supported colleges were combined into the Consolidated University of North Carolina. This new institution included Chapel Hill, the Woman's College in Greensboro, and the North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering in Raleigh.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization established in 1945 to promote international cooperation. The organization was created following World War II to prevent another such conflict. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict. The headquarters of the United Nations is in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGreensboro is a city and county seat of Guilford County, North Carolina. It is the third-most populous city in North Carolina. The area was originally inhabited by Saura, a Siouan-speaking tribe of Indigenous people. The first white settlers were Quakers who came to the area about 1750. The city was established in 1808, and is named for Major General Nathanael Green, commander of the rebel American forces at the Battle of Guilford Court House on March 15, 1781.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDurham is located in Piedmont region North Carolina and the fourth most populous city in the state. It is part of the area known as the Research Triangle Region, which includes Durham, Raleigh, and Chapel Hill. The area is home to three major research universities including North Carolina University, Duke University, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoscow, Russia is the capital and largest city in Russia. The city sits on the Moskva River in central Russia. The city dates back to 1147 and grew into a prosperous city and served as the capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. It eventually became known as the Tsardom of Russia. When the Tsardom was reformed into the Russian Empire, the capital was moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. After the Bolshevik revolution the capital returned to Moscow. It is well known for its Russian architecture, historic Red Square and the other buildings including the St. Basil’s Cathedral and the Kremlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917-1963), often referred to by his initials \"JFK,\" was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his work as president concerned relations with the Soviet Union and Cuba. A Democrat, Kennedy represented Massachusetts in both houses of the U.S. Congress prior to becoming president.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKenan Memorial Stadium is located in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and is the home of the North Carolina Tar Heels. It opened in 1927.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalter Leland Cronkite Jr. (1916-2009) was a broadcast journalist and anchor for the CBS Evening News from 1962 to 1981. According to polls, he was largely considered “the most trusted man in America”. Cronkite reported on many major historical events, including the Nuremberg Trials, the Vietnam War, the Moon landings, and the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. He is well known for his departing catchphrase “And that's the way it is,” followed by the broadcast's date. He received numerous awards, including two Peabody Awards, an Emmy Award, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Jimmy Carter in 1981.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe White House is the official residence and office of the President of the United States. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C. Construction on the White House begin 1792 and was completed in 1800. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the British forces set fire to the White House destroying much of the building. It was rebuilt with various remodels done over time. In 1949 a major reconstruction was completed after the building was declared to be in imminent danger of collapse.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Civil Rights Act (PL 88-352) was enacted on July 2, 1964. It outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace, and by facilities that served the general public.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDean Edwards Smith (1931-2015) was an American men's college basketball head coach. Called a \"coaching legend\" by the Basketball Hall of Fame, he coached for 36 years at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Smith coached from 1961 to 1997 and retired with 879 victories, which was the NCAA Division I men's basketball record at that time.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Thomas Scott, also known as Shaheed Abdul-Aleem, (b. 1948) is an American former professional basketball player. He played two seasons in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and eight seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Scott was an Olympic Gold Medalist and was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2018.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam John Cunningham (b. 1943) is an American former professional basketball player and coach, who was nicknamed the Kangaroo Kid for his leaping and record-setting rebounding abilities. He spent a total of 17 seasons with the NBA's Philadelphia 76ers (nine as a player, eight as coach), and two seasons as a player with the Carolina Cougars of the ABA.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Birmingham Barons are a Minor League Baseball team based in Birmingham, Alabama. The team, which plays in the Southern League. The Barons were previously located in Montgomery, Alabama, and known as the Montgomery Rebels.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe New Orleans Pelicans are an American professional basketball team based in New Orleans. The Pelicans compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Southwest Division of the Western Conference. The team plays its home games at Smoothie King Center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nashville Vols were a Minor League Baseball team that played in Nashville, Tennessee, from 1901 to 1963. Known as the Nashville Baseball Club during their first seven seasons, they became the Nashville Volunteers (regularly shortened to Vols) in 1908 in reference to Tennessee's nickname, \"The Volunteer State\".\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Los Angeles Dodgers are an American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles. The Dodgers compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) West Division. Established in 1883 in the city of Brooklyn, New York. From the 1940’s through the mid-1950’s, the Dodgers made history by breaking the baseball color line in 1947 with the debut of Jackie Robinson, the first African American to play in the Major Leagues since 1884. The Dodgers are one of the most successful and storied franchises in MLB, having won seven World Series championships and a record 24 National League pennants.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVero Beach is a city in and the county seat of Indian River County, Florida. Because it is located about 65 miles north of West Palm Beach at the northern end of the South Florida region, the city has adopted two similar mottos: \"The Gateway to the Tropics\" and \"Where the Tropics Begin\".\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePonce de Leon Park, also known as Spiller Park or Spiller Field from 1924 to 1932, was the primary home field for the minor league baseball team called the Atlanta Crackers for nearly six decades. The Crackers played there in the Southern Association (1907–1959) and the International League (1962–64). It was also home of the Atlanta Black Crackers. After the Crackers moved to Atlanta Stadium in 1965, Ponce de Leon Park was demolished in favor of a shopping center, now also demolished, and today a strip mall, Midtown Place, occupies the location.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSears, Roebuck and Co., commonly known as Sears, is an American chain of department stores founded by Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck in 1886. It began as a mail order catalog company and opened retail locations in 1925. Kmart bought it in 2005. Sears was the largest retailer in the United States until October 1989 when was surpassed by Walmart.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eS\u0026amp;W Cafeteria was a Charlotte, North Carolina-based chain of cafeteria-style restaurants serving low-cost, Southern-style food. Branches were located in the Southeastern United States from Washington, D.C. to Atlanta, Georgia. The original cafeterias were located in busy downtown areas, often located near bustling theater and shopping areas. The chain began in 1920 and the last restaurants closed in 2011.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Ernest Vandiver Jr. (1918-2005) was an American Democratic Party politician who was the 73rd governor of Georgia from 1959 to 1963.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGeorge Corley Wallace, Jr. (1919-1998) was an American politician and the 45\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Governor of Alabama, having served two nonconsecutive terms and two consecutive terms as a Democrat: 1963-1967, 1971-1979 and 1983-1987. He made unsuccessful runs for the presidency in 1964 and 1968. He is remembered for his segregationist attitudes during the mid-20th century period of the civil rights movement. A 1972 assassination attempt left Wallace paralyzed, and he used a wheelchair for the remainder of his life.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOxford College of Emory University is a two-year undergraduate college that is part of Emory University. The campus is located on the original site of Emory University in Oxford, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZeta Beta Tau (ΖΒΤ) is a Greek-letter social fraternity based in North America. It was founded on December 29, 1898 at City College of New York and is recognized as the first Jewish collegiate social fraternity. Originally a Zionist youth society, its purpose changed from Zionism in the fraternity's early years, and in 1954 the organization became nonsectarian and opened itself to non-Jewish members, changing its membership policy to include \"all men of good character,\" but is still a predominantly Jewish fraternity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2357.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThomas Hale Boggs, Sr. (1914- 1972) was a Democratic politician and a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New Orleans, Louisiana. He was the House majority leader and a member of the Warren Commission. In 1972, while still majority leader, Boggs was on a fundraising drive in Alaska when the twin engine airplane on which he was travelling, along with Alaska congressman Nick Begich and two others, disappeared en route from Anchorage to Juneau, Alaska.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2952.0,3116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDean Gooderham Acheson\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e(1893-1971) was an American statesman and lawyer. From 1945 to 1947, Acheson served as the 51st U.S. Secretary of State and was President Truman’s main foreign policy adviser from 1945 to 1947. Acheson played a critical role in developing U.S. foreign policy in post-World War II Europe, helping design the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. He would later also advise Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and John F. Kennedy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2952.0,3116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid McClure Brinkley (1920-2003) was a newscaster for NBC and ABC from 1943 to 1997. Over the course of his career, Brinkley received ten Emmy Awards, three George Foster Peabody Awards, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He wrote three books, including the 1988 bestseller \u003cem\u003eWashington Goes to War\u003c/em\u003e, about how World War II transformed the nation's capital. His books were largely based on his own observations as a young reporter in the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2952.0,3116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Alsop (1910-1989) was a journalist and syndicated newspaper columnist from the 1930’s through the 1970’s. He was an influential journalist and top insider in Washington, D.C. from 1945 to the late 1960’s, often in conjunction with his brother Stewart Alsop. He also worked as a covert operative of the Central Intelligence Agency.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2952.0,3116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChutzpah\u003c/em\u003e is the quality of audacity, for good or for bad. It derives from the Hebrew word חֻצְפָּה, meaning \"insolence\", \"cheek,\" or \"audacity\". Thus, the original Yiddish word has a strongly negative connotation but the form which entered English as a Yiddishism in American English has taken on a broader meaning, having been popularized through vernacular use in film, literature, and television. The word is sometimes interpreted—particularly in business parlance—as meaning the amount of courage, mettle, or ardor that an individual has.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2952.0,3116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSavannah is the oldest city in the state of Georgia. It is a coastal city, separated from Charleston, South Carolina by the Savannah River. The city and the colony of Georgia was founded in 1733 when General James Oglethorpe and settlers arrived. During the Revolutionary War the city was the southernmost commercial port and during the Civil War it was the sixth most populous city in the Confederacy. City officials negotiated a peaceful surrender of the city in 1864, saving the city from destruction by General Sherman’s army. The city is known for its historic district with its 22 parklike squares, which was based on a design known as the Oglethorpe Plan.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2952.0,3116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Elliott Hagan (1916-1990) served in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1939 to 1944. He resigned from office to join the United States Army. He returned to office and served from 1946 to 1953. He was a Democrat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2952.0,3116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against Black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2952.0,3116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Smathers (1913-2007) represented the state of Florida in the United States Senate from 1951 to 1969. He was a Democrat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2952.0,3116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eClaude Denson Pepper (1900-1989) represented the state of Florida in the United States Senate from 1936 to 1951. He was in the United States House of Representatives, representing the Miami area, from 1963 to 1989. He was a Democrat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2952.0,3116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Claude Wright, Jr. (1922-2015) served as the 48\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1987 to 1989. He represented Texas’ 12\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e congressional district as a Democrat from 1955 to 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=2952.0,3116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTau Epsilon Phi (ΤΕΦ, nicknamed “Tep”) is a college social fraternity founded by Jewish students at Columbia University in 1910. As of 2022, it has fifteen active chapters and five active colonies, with its oldest active chapter residing at the University of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3131.0,3211.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn A. Gronouski (1919-1996) was the Wisconsin state commissioner of taxation and served as United States Postmaster General from 1963 until 1965 under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3317.0,3436.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCleveland is a city in Northeast Ohio, in Cuyahoga County. It is on Lake Erie, across the American-Canadian maritime border. It is the second-most populous city in Ohio. Cleveland was founded in 1796 near the Cuyahoga River, its location on the Great Lake and near the river made it a major industrial center. It has many cultural institutions including the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, the Cleveland Museum of Art, and the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3317.0,3436.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Louis Hardesty (1931-2013) was an American educator and speechwriter for President Lyndon B. Johnson. Hardesty served in the United States Army and then received his bachelor's degree from George Washington University. He worked for the United States Postmaster General and then worked for President Lyndon Johnson as a speechwriter. After Johnson left office, Hardesty helped Johnson with his memoirs. He served as chairman of the board of governors of the United States Postal Service. From 1981 to 1988, Hardesty served as president of Texas State University.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3317.0,3436.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe Young Democrats of America (YDA) is the youth wing of the Democratic Party of the United States. YDA operates as a separate organization from the Democratic National Committee. The group's membership consists of Democrats from ages 14 to 35, and its political activities include an emphasis on increasing the voter turnout of young people.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3317.0,3436.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBarry Morris Goldwater (1909-1998) was an American politician and United States Air Force officer who was a five-term U.S. Senator from Arizona (1953–1965, 1969–1987) and the Republican Party nominee for president of the United States in 1964. Goldwater is the politician most often credited with having sparked the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3317.0,3436.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYale University is an Ivy League private university located in New Haven, Connecticut. It was established in 1701 as the Collegiate School and became known as Yale in 1718. It is the third-oldest university in the United States and considered one the most prestigious in the world. The Yale Divinity School was established in 1822.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3590.0,3601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColumbia University is a private Ivy League university located in New York City. The university was founded in 1754 and was known as King’s College. It is the oldest higher education institution in New York and the fifth oldest in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3590.0,3601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. The university has an undergraduate college, four graduate schools, and eight professional schools. The school was founded in 1890 by the American Baptist Education Society with endowments from John D. Rockefeller and Marshall Field. The university is based in Chicago’s Hyde Park neighborhood with campuses in England, Europe, and Asia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3590.0,3601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlan Morton Dershowitz (b. 1938) is an American lawyer and law professor known for his work in U.S. constitutional law and American criminal law. From 1964 to 2013, he taught at Harvard Law School, where he was appointed as the Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law in 1993. Dershowitz is a regular media contributor, political commentator, and legal analyst. Dershowitz has taken on high-profile and often unpopular causes and clients such as Mike Tyson, Patty Hearst, Leona Helmsley, Julian Assange, and Jim Bakker. In 1995, Dershowitz served as the appellate adviser on the murder trial of O. J. Simpson as part of the legal \"Dream Team\" alongside Johnnie Cochran and F. Lee Bailey. He was a member of Harvey Weinstein's defense team in 2018 and of President Donald Trump's defense team in his first impeachment trial in 2020. He was a member of Jeffrey Epstein's defense team and helped to negotiate a 2006 non-prosecution agreement on Epstein's behalf. Dershowitz is the author of several books about politics and the law. An ardent supporter of Israel, he has written several books on the Arab-Israeli conflict.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3653.0,3679.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Phi Beta Kappa Society (ΦΒΚ) is the oldest academic honor society in the United States, and is often described as its most prestigious one, owing to its long history and academic selectivity. Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the liberal arts and sciences, and to induct the most outstanding students of arts and sciences at American colleges and universities. It was founded at the College of William and Mary on December 5, 1776 as the first collegiate Greek-letter fraternity and was among the earliest collegiate fraternal societies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3687.0,3705.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Suez Crisis, also known as the second Arab–Israeli war, the Tripartite Aggression in the Arab world and the Sinai War in Israel, was a British–French–Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1956. Israel invaded on 29 October, with the primary objective of reopening the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba, as the recent tightening of the eight-year-long Egyptian blockade further prevented Israeli passage. After issuing a joint ultimatum for a ceasefire, the United Kingdom and France joined the Israelis on 31 October, seeking to depose Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser and regain control of the Suez Canal, which Nasser had nationalized earlier in the year.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3687.0,3705.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBoston College is a private Jesuit research university in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1863. Although Boston College is classified as a research university, it still uses the word \"college\" in its name to reflect its historical position as a small liberal arts college. Its main campus is a historic district and features some of the earliest examples of collegiate Gothic architecture in North America. In accordance with its Jesuit heritage, the university offers a liberal arts curriculum with an emphasis on formative education and service to others. Boston College’s athletic teams are the Eagles.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3796.0,3918.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoston, Massachusetts is the capital and largest city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The city was founded in 1630 by Puritan settlers. During the American Revolution, the city was the location of various key events including the Boston Tea Party, the Boston Massacre, and the siege of Boston.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3796.0,3918.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarcia Medintz Mayes (1951-1996) was the daughter of Coleman and Myra Falkin Medintz. She graduated from Briarcliff High School and was involved in BBG and BBYO. She was married to Gary Mayes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=3938.0,4029.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka\u003c/em\u003e (1954) was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for Black and white students unconstitutional. The ruling paved the way for integration and the civil rights movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4132.0,4139.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLexington is a suburban town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, located 10 miles from Downtown Boston. The area was originally inhabited by Native Americans and was first settled by Europeans circa 1642 as a farming community. Lexington is well known as the site of the first shots of the American Revolutionary War, in the Battle of Lexington on April 19, 1775. It is home to Minute Man National Historical Park.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4286.0,4299.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEverett is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, directly north of Boston, bordering the neighborhood of Charlestown. Everett has an increasing population as people are seeking new households near downtown Boston while not wanting to pay the higher prices of living now associated with surrounding municipalities, such as those in neighborhoods of Boston, Cambridge, or Somerville.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4286.0,4299.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMontgomery is the capital city of the state of Alabama. The city was founded in 1819 and was named for Continental Army General Richard Montgomery. During the Civil War, the city was the first capital of the Confederate States of America until the capital was moved to Richmond, Viriginia. During the Civil War Movement, the city was center of various events including the Montgomery bus boycott and the Selma to Montgomery marches. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4301.0,4467.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAngela Davis (b. 1944) is an American Marxist and feminist political activist, philosopher, academic, author, and social theorist. She is Distinguished Professor Emerita of Feminist Studies and History of Consciousness at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Davis was a longtime member of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and a founding member of the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism (CCDS). She has been active in movements such as the Occupy movement and the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions campaign.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4301.0,4467.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoshe Dayan (1915-1981) was an Israeli military leader and politician. He was the second child born on the first kibbutz. He served as commander of the Jerusalem front in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces (1953–1958) during the 1956 Sinai War, and especially as Defense Minister during the Six-Day War in 1967, he became a worldwide fighting symbol of the new state of Israel. He was known for his trademark black eyepatch that he wore after the binoculars he was looking through were struck by a French rifle bullet fired by a sniper from several hundred yards away, propelling metal and glass fragments into his left eye and causing severe damage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4469.0,4605.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMontreal [French: Montréal] is the second most populous city in Canada in the Canadian province of Quebec. The city’s official language is French, with about 58 percent of the population able to speak English and French. Montreal was historically the commercial capital of Canada until it was surpassed by Toronto in the 1970’s. Today, it is still an important cultural center for Canada.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4469.0,4605.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Six-Day War was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known at the time as the United Arab Republic), Jordan, and Syria.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eRelations between Israel and its neighbors had never fully normalized following the 1948 War of Independence and in the period leading up to June 1967 tensions became heightened. As a result, Israel launched a series of preemptive airstrikes against Egyptian airfields on June 5 following the mobilization of Egyptian forces along the Israeli border in the Sinai Peninsula. The outcome was swift and decisive. Israel took control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. The Sinai was returned but the other territories were incorporated into Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4469.0,4605.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles de Gaulle (1890-1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces against Nazi Germany and Vichy France in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 to restore democracy in France. Following the Algiers putsch, he came out of retirement at the request of President René Coty, who appointed him Prime Minister. He commissioned a new constitution, which was approved by voters in a referendum, establishing the Fifth Republic. He was subsequently elected President of France later that year, a position he held until his resignation in 1969.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4469.0,4605.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1967 Montreal, Canada hosted a World’s Fair, called Expo 67. It was held from April to October, showcasing the history, accomplishments, and prospects of Canada in celebration of the Canadian Centennial.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4469.0,4605.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eQuebec City is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec. It is also the second-largest city in the province, after Montreal. It has a humid continental climate with warm summers coupled with cold and snowy winters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4469.0,4605.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHarold Barefoot Sanders Jr. (1925- 2008) was an American attorney, politician, and jurist who served as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas and counsel to President Lyndon B. Johnson. He was best known for overseeing the lawsuit to desegregate the Dallas Independent School District.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4617.0,4720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBerry Avant Edenfield (1934-2015) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia. He joined the court after being nominated by President Jimmy Carter. He served as chief judge from 1990 to 1997.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4720.0,4723.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEugene Joseph McCarthy (1916-2005) was an American politician, writer, and academic who represented Minnesota in both houses of the United States Congress for over 22 years, first in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1949 to 1959, then in the U.S. Senate from 1959 until his resignation in 1971. During the 1968 Democratic primaries, McCarthy entered the race on an anti-war platform. McCarthy finished in a strong second place in the New Hampshire primary. After that, Kennedy entered the race, and Johnson announced that he would not seek reelection. McCarthy and Kennedy each won several primary contests. The race was upended in June 1968 when Kennedy was assassinated. McCarthy won a plurality of the popular vote and delegate count in the primaries, but the rules did not bind delegates to their primary results. After Kennedy's assassination, his delegates became uncommitted, with most ultimately backing Vice President Hubert Humphrey, who had not actively campaigned in the primaries. He had entered the primaries in April 1968 and was the preferred candidate of President Johnson. This gave Humphrey the majority needed to secure the Democratic nomination at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. McCarthy did not seek reelection in the 1970 Senate election. He sought the Democratic presidential nomination in 1972 but fared poorly. He ran in more races after that but was never elected to another office.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4723.0,4763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Vietnam War occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from November 1, 1955 to the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975. This war fought between North Vietnam—supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies—and the government of South Vietnam—supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4723.0,4763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Anthony Califano, Jr. (b. 1931) is an American attorney, professor, and public servant. He is known for the roles he played in shaping welfare policies in the cabinets of Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Jimmy Carter and for serving as United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare in the Carter administration. He is also the founder and chairman of The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASAColumbia), an evidence-based research organization, which is now the Partnership to End Addiction, where Califano holds the title of Chair Emeritus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4723.0,4763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUSS Sequoia \u003c/em\u003eis the former presidential yacht used during the administrations of Herbert Hoover through Jimmy Carter. It was often called the floating White House. Carter ordered her sold in 1977. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4772.0,4915.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHoney Fitz\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan\u003e was President John F. Kennedy’s presidential yacht. The 93-foot wooden yacht was originally built in 1931 by Defoe Shipyard in Bay City, Michigan, for Sewell Avery, a prominent businessman from Chicago, who mostly used it to cruise around Lake Michigan. The yacht was purchased, or possibly expropriated, from Avery in 1942 by the U.S. government and assigned to the coast guard.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4772.0,4915.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Willard Wirtz (1912-2010) was a U.S. administrator, cabinet officer, attorney, and law professor. He served as the Secretary of Labor between 1962 and 1969 under the administrations of Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4772.0,4915.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam J. Connell was executive assistant to Hubert Humphrey when he was senator and Chief of Staff and Assistant for National Security when Humphrey was Vice President.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4772.0,4915.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTed Van Dyk (b. 1934) is an author and former government official. His career includes work as an intelligence analyst at the Pentagon, president of the Center for National Policy, and as a policymaker in the Lyndon Johnson and Jimmy Carter administrations. He has also served as president of the Center for National Policy, as executive vice president of the Milken Institute, vice president of Columbia University, and vice president of the Weyerhaeuser Company. He has written frequent essays and columns over the years for the \u003cem\u003eSeattle Post-Intelligencer, Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Fortune, Newsweek, The Atlantic\u003c/em\u003e, and other national publications.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4772.0,4915.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFelix Frankfurter (1882-1965) was an American jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1939 until 1962, advocating judicial restraint.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4930.0,5036.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNeil H. Koslowe is a senior litigator at Potomac Law. He graduated from Yeshiva College and Harvard Law School. He was Special Litigation Counsel at the U.S. Department of Justice for 20 years. In 1969, he married Patricia Anne Frank.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=4930.0,5036.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShearman \u0026amp; Sterling was a prestigious multinational law firm headquartered in New York City, United States. Shearman \u0026amp; Sterling was founded in New York City in 1873 by Thomas G. Shearman and John William Sterling. In 2024 it merged with Allen \u0026amp; Overy to form A\u0026amp;O Shearman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5052.0,5098.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzo\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5052.0,5098.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSukkot\u003c/em\u003e is one of the harvest festivals of Judaism. It is seven days long and comes after the ingathering of the yearly harvest. It celebrates G-d’s bounty in nature and G-d’s protection, symbolized by the fragile booths in which the Israelites dwelt in the wilderness. During \u003cem\u003eSukkot\u003c/em\u003e, Jews eat and live in such booths, which gives the festival its name and character.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5052.0,5098.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorris Macey (1922-2012) was born in Camilla, Georgia to Isadore and Frieda Macey. He graduated from the University of Georgia and Harvard University. After service in World War II, he began his career as a bankruptcy attorney. He was president of the Commercial Law League of America and served on the Board of Trustees of Fisk University and was a Commissioner on Uniform State Laws. He and his wife Dora had three sons.Morris Macey (1922-2012) was born in Camilla, Georgia to Isadore and Frieda Macey. He graduated from the University of Georgia and Harvard University. After service in World War II, he began his career as a bankruptcy attorney. He was president of the Commercial Law League of America and served on the Board of Trustees of Fisk University and was a Commissioner on Uniform State Laws. He and his wife Dora had three sons.Morris Macey (1922-2012) was born in Camilla, Georgia to Isadore and Frieda Macey. He graduated from the University of Georgia and Harvard University. After service in World War II, he began his career as a bankruptcy attorney. He was president of the Commercial Law League of America and served on the Board of Trustees of Fisk University and was a Commissioner on Uniform State Laws. He and his wife Dora had three sons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5133.0,5147.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKing \u0026amp; Spalding is an international law firm headquartered in Altana, Georgia with 23 international offices in North America, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5133.0,5147.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerschel Bloom (1943-2026) was an attorney in Atlanta, Georgia. He was a partner with King \u0026amp; Spalding. He was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi, to Bernice and Nathaniel Bloom. He graduated from Vanderbilt University, where he was part of ​​Alpha Epsilon Pi (AEPi). He then graduated from Harvard Law School. In 1969, after spending a year as an associate law professor at the University of Mississippi, Herschel joined King \u0026amp; Spalding in Atlanta. Herschel served with numerous organizations and businesses, including the Galloway School, Shepherd Spinal Center, Russell Corporation, and Post Properties. Herschel was the Assistant Head Coach for 23 years with the Atlanta baseball team, the East Cobb Yankees. In 2002, Herschel was diagnosed with Parkinson’s Disease. Since then, his family has been involved and has given philanthropic contributions to the National Parkinson Foundation (NPF). He and his wife Rita married in 1966, and they had two children, Robert and Lawton.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5151.0,5152.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eElliott Goldstein (1915-2009) was a prominent attorney in Atlanta. He served in World War II and fought in the Battle of the Bulge. Goldstein was active in a number of civic, cultural, political, and religious organizations, including the Atlanta Historical Society (now the Atlanta History Center), the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (The Temple), the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, the United Way, Central Atlanta Progress, the High Museum of Art, the National Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, the Atlanta Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Economic Opportunity Atlanta, Citizens Planning Group for Social Services Atlanta, Atlanta Action Forum, the American Jewish Committee, the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, the Chatham Valley Foundation, the Standard Club, the Commerce Club, the Atlanta Opera, and the Kiwanis Club.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5152.0,5186.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTutor Perini Corporation (formerly Perini Corporation) is one of the largest general contractors in the United States. It was formed by the merger of Perini Corporation and Tutor-Saliba Corporation in 2008. Tutor Perini is headquartered in Sylmar, California, and works on construction projects throughout North America. Specific areas of focus are civil infrastructure such as bridges, highways, tunnels, airports, and mass transit systems, and building infrastructure.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5242.0,5348.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThomas Bertram “Bert” Lance (1931-2013) was a Georgia native and an American businessman. He attended the University of Georgia and took graduate courses in banking at Louisiana State University and Rutgers University. Bert served as the president at Calhoun First National Bank and later the National Bank of Georgia. In 1977, he became the director of the Office of Management and Budget under President Jimmy Carter. He resigned in his first year due to a scandal of which he was later cleared. He served as chair of the Democratic Party of Georgia from September 1982 until July 1985.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5242.0,5348.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLas Vegas, sometimes known as Sin City or simply Vegas, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Nevada and the seat of Clark County. The Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area is the largest within the greater Mojave Desert and the second-largest in the Southwestern United States. Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city, known primarily for its gambling, shopping, fine dining, entertainment, and nightlife, with most venues centered on downtown Las Vegas and the Las Vegas Strip just outside city limits. The Las Vegas Valley as a whole serves as the leading financial, commercial, and cultural center for Nevada.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5242.0,5348.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaynard Holbrook Jackson Jr. (1938-2003) was an American politician and attorney from Georgia. A member of the Democratic Party, he was elected in 1973 at the age of 35 as the first Black mayor of Atlanta, Georgia and of any major city in the South. He served three terms (1974–1982, 1990–1994), making him the second longest-serving mayor of Atlanta, after six-term mayor William B. Hartsfield. After his death, the William B. Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport was renamed Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport to honor his service to the expansion of the airport, the city, and its people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5419.0,5424.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCarl Edward Sanders (1925-2014) was a lawyer and politician who served as the 74th governor of Georgia from 1963 to 1967. He served in the United States Air Force during World War II, studying law after his service. In 1967, he and his colleagues formed the law firm Troutman, Sanders, Lockerman \u0026amp; Ashmore. The firm was renamed Troutman Sander in 1992, and by his death in 2014, the firm included 600 lawyers. As governor, he encouraged the construction and expansion of airports in the state, and in 1997 he was recognized for his efforts by being inducted into the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5440.0,5591.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Schwarz Strauss (1918-2014) was an influential figure in American politics, diplomacy, and law whose service dated back to future President Lyndon Johnson's first congressional campaign in 1937. By the 1950’s, he was associated in Texas politics with the faction of the Democratic Party that was led by Johnson and John Connally. He served as the Chairman of the Democratic National Committee between 1972 and 1977 and served under President Jimmy Carter as the U.S. Trade Representative and special envoy to the Middle East. He later served as the Ambassador to Russia under President George H. W. Bush. Strauss also served as the last United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5597.0,5756.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard Nixon (1913-1994) was the nation's 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961, after he came to national prominence as a representative and senator from California. He served as the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign the office in the wake of the Watergate Scandal. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as the 36th vice president under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1961. His presidency saw the reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, detente with the Soviet Union and China, the Apollo 11 Moon landing, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5597.0,5756.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGeorge Stanley McGovern (1922-2012) \u003c/span\u003ewas an American politician, diplomat, and historian from South Dakota who served in the United States Congress as a member of the United States House of Representatives for two terms representing South Dakota's 1st congressional district from 1957 to 1961, the director of Food for Peace in 1961 and 1962 under John F. Kennedy, and a member of the United States Senate for three terms from 1963 to 1981. He was the Democratic Party presidential nominee in the 1972 U.S. presidential election.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5815.0,5893.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) in Washington D.C is the United States’ official memorial to the Holocaust. It provides for the documentation, study, and interpretation of Holocaust history. Dedication ceremonies for the museum were held on Thursday, April 22, 1993. At the dedication, speeches were made by United States President William Clinton; Chaim Herzog, President of Israel; Harvey Meyerhoff, Chairman of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council; and Elie Wiesel, professor, author, and Holocaust survivor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5815.0,5893.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEliezer \"Elie\" Wiesel (1928-2016) was a Romanian-born American writer, professor, political activist, Nobel laureate, and Holocaust survivor. He authored 57 books, written mostly in French and English, including Night, a work based on his experiences as a Jewish prisoner in the Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps. In his political activities, Wiesel became a regular speaker on the subject of the Holocaust and remained a strong defender of human rights during his lifetime. He also advocated for many other causes like the state of Israel and against Hamas and victims of oppression including Soviet and Ethiopian Jews, the apartheid in South Africa, the Bosnian genocide, and the Armenian genocide. He was a professor of the humanities at Boston University, which created the Elie Wiesel Center for Jewish Studies in his honor. He helped establish the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. Wiesel was awarded various prestigious awards including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986. He was a founding board member of the New York Human Rights Foundation and remained active in it throughout his life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5815.0,5893.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNatan Sharansky (b. 1948) is an Israeli politician, human rights activist, and author. He served as Chairman of the Executive for the Jewish Agency from June 2009 to August 2018, and currently serves as Chairman for the Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy (ISGAP), an American non-partisan organization. A former Soviet dissident, he spent nine years imprisoned as a refusenik during the 1970’s and 1980’s. Sharansky was born into a Jewish family in what is now Donetsk, Ukraine. He took his current Hebrew name in 1986 when he was freed from Soviet incarceration as part of a prisoner exchange and received an Israeli passport with his new name. Natan Sharansky is married to Avital Sharansky and has two daughters, Rachel and Hannah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5815.0,5893.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Camp David Accords were two political agreements signed by President Jimmy Carter, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin in September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David, the country retreat of the President of the United States in Maryland. The Accords established a framework for a historic peace treaty concluded between Israel and Egypt in March 1979. President Carter and the U.S. Government played leading roles in creating the opportunity for this agreement to occur. Sadat and Begin were awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1978 for their contributions to the agreements. The first framework (A Framework for Peace in the Middle East), which dealt with the Palestinian territories, was written without the participation of the Palestinians and was condemned by the United Nations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5815.0,5893.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Carter Center is a nongovernmental, not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter. He and his wife Rosalynn Carter partnered with Emory University to establish an organization whose mission is a “commitment to human rights and the alleviation of human suffering, the Center seeks to prevent and resolve conflicts, enhance freedom and democracy, and improve health.” It is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5896.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSimon (Steve) Stephen Selig, III (b. 1943) is the son of Simon Selig Jr. and Caroline Massell Selig. After college he worked in the Selig real estate development business, campaigned for Jimmy Carter in his presidential campaign, after which he moved to Washington D.C. where he served as Deputy Assistant to the President. After his government work, he returned to Selig Enterprises and then founded Southern Promotions, which arranged conventions and concerts in the Atlanta area. He was instrumental in bringing the Music Midtown Festival to Atlanta. Today Selig Enterprises is one of the major real estate companies in the Southeast with shopping centers, official buildings and industrial complexes. He was also active in the Jewish community with roles in the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and the United Jewish Communities, where he served as chairman of the annual campaign and president of the Federation from 1996 to 1998. He donated the building for the Selig Center and William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Midtown Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5896.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAl Jazeera Arabic\u003c/em\u003e is a Qatari state-funded Arabic-language news television network. It is based in Doha and operated by the Al Jazeera Media Network, which also operates \u003cem\u003eAl Jazeera English\u003c/em\u003e. It is the largest news network in the Middle East and North Africa region. It was founded in 1996 by the then Emir of Qatar Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5896.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJehuda Reinharz (b. 1944) served as President of Brandeis University from 1994 to 2010. He was the Richard Koret Professor of Modern Jewish History and Director of the Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry at Brandeis. He is the president and CEO of the Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel Foundation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5896.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePiedmont Atlanta Hospital was founded in 1906 as the Piedmont Sanitarium. Today, it is a 643-bed, non-profit hospital located on Peachtree Road in Buckhead.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5896.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDiana Dwane Silverman (1941-2026) was born in San Francisco, California, to David and Helen Freeman Dwane. She graduated from Menlo-Atherton High School and the University of California at Berkeley, where she majored in sociology. Diana worked in the medical and research field before raising her children. Diana moved to Atlanta after she married her husband. In Atlanta, Diana was involved with Temple Sinai, the National Council of Jewish Women, and also championed women’s causes at Planned Parenthood, serving on the board for six years. She was also involved with Federation, Jewish Family Services, directed the Atlanta chapter of the Weizmann Institute of Science, and served as development director of the Epstein School. Diana also spent time volunteering with the various organizations that would become Jewish HomeLife, as well as Jewish Kids Group and Second Helpings. In 1969, she married Mark Silverman, and they had two children, Joel and Adam.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5896.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMark Edwin Silverman (1939-2008) was a cardiologist, medical historian, medical educator, and author. Silverman founded the cardiology program at Piedmont Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. At Piedmont, he established one of America's earliest patient education libraries and initiated programs to educate people about heart disease and its prevention. He directed Piedmont's coronary care unit for over 25 years. In 1979, Silverman became president of the Georgia Chapter of the American Heart Association. In 2000, he was elected president of the American Osler Society, and in 2001, his work in British medical history was rewarded with a fellowship of the Royal Society of Medicine. The Mark E. Silverman Endowed Chair in Cardiology and Education was established in his name. In 1969, he married Diana Howard, and they had two sons, Joel and Adam.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5896.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHamilton Jordan (1944-2008) was an American politician and advisor to Jimmy Carter in the years leading up to his presidency. He also served as Chief of Staff under President Jimmy Carter. Hamilton was born in North Carolina and grew up in Georgia. He attended the University of Georgia and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1967. He worked as a civilian volunteer during the Vietnam War, assisting refugees. It is believed his exposure to Agent Orange during this time was the cause of his recurring battles with cancer later in life. In 1986, he ran for one of Georgia’s seats in the United States Senate, ultimately losing. Hamilton was married to pediatric oncology nurse, Dorothy Jordon, from 1981 until his death in 2008, together they had three children and founded two camps for children affected by cancer and type 1 diabetes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5896.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Georgia (UGA) is a public land grant university, which was founded in 1785 making it one of the oldest universities in the United States. Its main campus is in Athens, Georgia with two satellite campuses in Atlanta and Lawrenceville. It is the flagship school of the University System of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5896.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAthens, Georgia is located in northeast Georgia. The city was founded in 1806 and is known for its antebellum architecture. The University of Georgia, the state's flagship public university and an R1 research institution, is in Athens and contributed to its initial growth. The city also has a growing food scene, an influential indie rock music scene, and is home to the Georgia Museum of Art. Athens has 15 neighborhoods on the National Register of Historic Places.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5896.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Durban Moment refers to the period in the early and mid-1970’s when the South African city of Durban became the center of a new vibrancy in the struggle against apartheid. Coined by academic Tony Morphet, the term describes the convergence of various intellectual and activist movements in Durban that significantly influenced the anti-apartheid struggle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5896.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe New York Times\u003c/em\u003e is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18, 1851.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5896.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIrwin Cotler (b. 1940) is a retired Canadian politician who was Member of Parliament for Mount Royal from 1999 to 2015. He served as the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada from 2003 until the Liberal government of Paul Martin lost power following the 2006 federal election. He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in a by-election in November 1999.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5896.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHofstra University is a private research university in Hempstead, New York. It originated in 1935 as an extension of New York University and became an independent college in 1939. Hofstra has hosted a series of prominent presidential conferences and several United States presidential debates.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=5896.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust was the systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6410.0,6413.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Iranian Revolution, also known as the Islamic Revolution, culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. The revolution led to the replacement of the Imperial State of Iran by the Islamic Republic of Iran, as the monarchical government of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was superseded by Ruhollah Khomeini, an Islamist cleric who had headed one of the rebel factions. The ousting of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran, formally marked the end of Iran's historical monarchy. In 1953, the CIA- and MI6-backed 1953 Iranian coup d'état overthrew Iran's prime minister, Mohammad Mossadegh, who had nationalized the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. The coup reinstated Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as an absolute monarch and significantly increased the level of influence of the United States over Iran.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6452.0,6487.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZell Bryan Miller (1932-2008), a Democrat, served as Lieutenant Governor from 1975 to 1991, Governor of Georgia from 1991 to 1999, and as U.S. Senator from 2000 to 2005.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6581.0,6778.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAndrew Jackson Young (b. 1932) is an American politician, diplomat, activist and pastor from Georgia. He has served as a Congressman from Georgia's 5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e congressional district, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, and Mayor of Atlanta. He served as President of the National Council of Churches USA, was a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) during the 1960s Civil Rights Movement, and was a supporter and friend of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6581.0,6778.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReconstruction lasted between 1865 (the end of the Civil War) and 1877. It was the transformation of the southern United States as directed from Washington, including the re-establishment of state governments and instituting new standards for civil society, such as directing the legal status of freedman, rights to vote, etc. In addition, the southern states had been devastated physically and literally needed to be rebuilt. Each state had to reconstitute their government and then be formally reseated in Congress, to be restored to the Union. This period was greatly resented by the southerners as it was in the hands of the interloping northern victors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6581.0,6778.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStandish Fletcher Thompson (1925-2022) was an American lawyer, World War II veteran, and Republican politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1967 to 1973 from the 5th congressional district of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6581.0,6778.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel A. Massell Jr. (1927-2022) was a businessman and politician who served from 1970 to 1974 as the 53rd mayor of Atlanta, Georgia. He was the first Jewish mayor in the city's history. Massell attended the University of Georgia in Athens and transferred to Emory University before being drafted into the United States Army Air Force in 1946. He later returned to school and earned his bachelor's degree in commercial science and Bachelor of Laws degree from Atlanta Law School. A lifelong Atlanta resident, Massell had successful careers in real estate brokerage, elected office, tourism, and association management. His mayoral administration is credited with having established the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, the Omni Coliseum, the first enclosed arena in Atlanta, and Woodruff Park in Central City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6781.0,7003.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Council of Jewish Women is an organization of volunteers and advocates, founded in the 1890's, who turn progressive ideals in advocacy and philanthropy inspired by Jewish values. They strive to improve the quality of life for women, children and families.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6781.0,7003.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJanice Oettinger Rothschild Blumberg (1924-2024), a native of Atlanta, Georgia, is an author of several books on Southern Jewish history. She is the widow of Rabbi Jacob M. Rothschild (1911-1973) and David M. Blumberg (1911-1989), both nationally prominent Jewish figures, and the great-granddaughter of Rabbi E.B.M. \"Alphabet\" Browne, the first rabbi of the Temple in Atlanta. In 1985, she published a book entitled \u003cem\u003eOne Voice: Rabbi Jacob M. Rothschild and the Troubled South\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6781.0,7003.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a national organization that fights to protect the rights guaranteed by the Constitution for all those living in the United States, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6781.0,7003.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles \"Chuck\" Morgan Jr. (1930-2009) was an American civil rights attorney from Alabama who played a key role in establishing the principle of \"one man, one vote\" in the Supreme Court of the United States decision in the 1964 case Reynolds v. Sims and represented Julian Bond and Muhammad Ali in their legal battles.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6781.0,7003.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Newton Mitchell (1913-1988) was the 67th attorney general of the United States under President Richard Nixon. He was also chairman of Nixon's 1968 and 1972 presidential campaigns. Prior to that, he had been a municipal bond lawyer and one of Nixon's associates. Mitchell was tried and convicted as a result of his involvement in the Watergate scandal. After his tenure as U.S. Attorney General, he served as chairman of Nixon's 1972 presidential campaign. Due to multiple crimes he committed in the Watergate affair, Mitchell was sentenced to prison in 1977 and served 19 months.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6781.0,7003.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the civil rights movement on August 6, 1965. Congress later amended the Act five times to expand its protections. Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, the Act sought to secure the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country, especially in the South. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the Act is considered to be the most effective piece of federal civil rights legislation ever enacted in the country. It is also \"one of the most far-reaching pieces of civil rights legislation in U.S. history.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=6781.0,7003.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrian Eizenstat (b. 1973) is the youngest son of Stuart and Frances Eizenstat. He attended Emory University and Harvard University. He is the Managing Partner at Dilation Capital Management. In 1999, he married Erin Grossman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7108.0,7212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeon H. Spotts (1933-2019) was an educator and ordained rabbi. He was Executive Director of the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education for 20 years and taught Hebrew Language and Literature at Georgia State University. Subsequently, he was Director of Education for Beth Shalom Synagogue in Columbia, SC. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a degree in Mathematics and had a doctoral degree in Jewish Education from Dropsie College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was the author of \u003cem\u003eThe Voice of Wisdom\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7108.0,7212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States. The CDC is a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services, headquartered near Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7286.0,7369.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTay-Sachs disease is typically found in people with certain ancestry, such as Eastern European Jews. A fatty substance in the brain destroys nerve cells. Symptoms of slowed development usually appear around six months of age. Symptoms progress until they lead to death, often around age four.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7286.0,7369.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAshkenazi Jews [also known as Ashkenazic Jews or \u003cem\u003eAshkenazim\u003c/em\u003e] are Jews who originally lived in northern and eastern Europe. They once lived in the area of Rhineland and France and after the crusades they moved to Poland, Lithuania and Russia. In the 17th century, avoiding persecution, many Jews moved to and settled in Western Europe. As of 2018, \u003cem\u003eAshkenazim\u003c/em\u003e account for about 75% of the world's Jewish population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7286.0,7369.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBernard (Bernie) Marcus (1929-2024) is an American philanthropist and retail entrepreneur. He co-founded the Home Depot and was the company's first CEO. He served as Chairman of the Board until retiring in 2002. Marcus heavily contributed to the launch of the Georgia Aquarium in downtown Atlanta in 2005.\u003csup\u003e \u003c/sup\u003eBased mostly on the $250 million donation for the Aquarium, Marcus and his wife, Billi, were listed among the top charitable donors in the country by the\u003cem\u003e Chronicle of Philanthropy\u003c/em\u003e in 2005. Marcus also funded and founded the Marcus Institute, a center for the provision of comprehensive services for children and adolescents with developmental disabilities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7369.0,7385.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Anti-Defamation League (ADL) was founded in 1913 “to stop the defamation of the Jewish people and to secure justice and fair treatment to all.” ADL fights antisemitism and all forms of bigotry, defends democratic ideals, and protects civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7425.0,7430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7430.0,7448.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRockville is a city in and the county seat of Montgomery County, Maryland, and is part of the Washington metropolitan area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7449.0,7466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarvin Charles Silverman (1934-2022) was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He was the son of Alex and Rebecca Silverman. He attended Henry Grady High School. In 1959, he married Joan Pels, and they had a daughter and son. At the time of his death in 2022, he was living in Cincinnati, Ohio.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7607.0,7633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConfirmation is a coming-of-age ritual that originated in the Reform movement, which scorned the idea that at 13 years of age a child was an adult. They replaced \u003cem\u003ebar\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e with a confirmation ceremony at about age 16 to 18. In some Conservative synagogues the confirmation concept has been adopted as a way to continue and child’s Jewish education and involvement for a few more years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7654.0,7716.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob Mortimer \"Jack\" Rothschild (1911-1973) served as rabbi of Atlanta’s oldest Reform congregation, the Temple, from 1946 until his death in 1973 from a heart attack. A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he forged close relationships with the city’s Christian clergy and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7654.0,7716.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Bernstein \"Bill\" Schwartz Jr. (1922-2010) was a United States Ambassador to the Bahamas from 1977 to 1981, appointed by President Jimmy Carter. He was a graduate of Druid Hills High School in Atlanta and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He served in the United States Navy during World War II. He was vice-president of National Service Industries, and president of Weine Investment, a private family investment firm. He was president of The Temple in Atlanta when it was bombed in 1958 and president of the Atlanta chapter of the American Jewish Committee.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7807.0,7870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuck Goldstein (b. 1948, in Atlanta, Georgia) is the Entrepreneur in Residence and Professor of Practice in the Department of Economics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He was named Entrepreneur of the Year by the Information Industry Association and Information America, and the company he co-founded has appeared numerous times on the Inc. 500 list of fastest growing companies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7807.0,7870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1913, Jewish factory superintendent Leo Max Frank (1884-1915) was accused of raping and murdering a 13-year-old girl from Marietta named Mary Phagan at Atlanta’s National Pencil Company. Frank was arrested, tried, convicted and sentenced to death for her murder. The trial was the catalyst for a great outburst of antisemitism led by the populist Tom Watson and the center of powerful class and political interests. Frank was sent to Milledgeville State Penitentiary to await his execution. After two years of failed appeals by Frank, Governor John M. Slaton, believing there had been a miscarriage of justice, commuted his sentence to life in prison. This prompted the “Knights of Mary Phagan,” a group of 25 prominent men—including ex-Governor Joseph M. Brown, Judge Newton Augustus Morris, Solicitor General Eugene Herbert Clay, Legislator John Tucker Dorsey, businessman Bolan Glover Brumby, and attorney Fred Morris—to put a highly organized plan into motion. Telling their wives they were going fishing, they caravanned to the state prison in Milledgeville, Georgia. They stormed the prison with guns, and meeting no resistance from the prison staff, kidnapped Frank from his cell, and drove him the 100 miles back to Frey’s Gin, a site about two miles east of Marietta Square. At 7:05 on the morning of August 17, 1915, the men, assisted by other farmers and merchants hung Frank from a large oak tree. An increasingly unruly crowd of 3,000 men, women and children soon gathered to celebrate, some taking pieces of the rope and Frank's clothing as souvenirs. Undertakers had to wrestle Frank’s body away before it could be further battered. Ironically, Judge Morris, who had kicked the table out from under Frank’s feet at the lynching, was credited with bringing calm to the scene as the body was taken away. Despite the perpetrators’ well-known identities, none were ever indicted and their family names still resonate in high places and adorn prominent buildings across Georgia. Decades later, it was revealed that witness Jim Conley had committed the murder and framed Frank. Consequently, on March 11, 1986, the State of Georgia granted Frank a posthumous pardon, acknowledging the state's failure to protect him, though it stopped short of a full exoneration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=7872.0,8024.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlston \u0026amp; Byrd is an international law firm with 13 international offices in the U.S., Europe, United Kingdom, and Asia. The firm has advised high-profile clients such as Amazon, Microsoft, and Starbucks. The firm’s earliest predecessor began in 1893. In 1982, law firms Alston, Miller \u0026amp; Gaines and Jones, Byrd and Howell merged to form Alston \u0026amp; Byrd.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8024.0,8055.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSutherland Asbill \u0026amp; Brennan LLP, rebranded to the abbreviated name of Sutherland, was an AmLaw 100 American law firm. Founded in 1924 by William Sutherland and Elbert Tuttle as Sutherland \u0026amp; Tuttle, the firm originally achieved national prominence on tax issues. Sutherland's practice extended throughout the United States and worldwide, and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8024.0,8055.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerbert Rothschild Elsas (1910-1995) was a senior partner of the law firm of Sutherland, Asbill and Brennan. He graduated from Howard College and Harvard Law School. He married Edith Levy, and she helped manage his law practice while he served in World War II in the combat intelligence branch of the 8th Air Force in Europe from 1941 to 1945. His intelligence work earned him the Legion of Merit award. He was one of three lawyers who served as trustees of the Margaret Mitchell estate. He and Edith had two sons.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[1] Wall Street is an eight-block-long street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. The term ‘Wall Street’ has come to colloquially refer to the financial markets of the United States as a whole.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8024.0,8055.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eHarvard Law Review\u003c/em\u003e is a law review published by an independent student group at Harvard Law School. It is published monthly from November through June, with the November issue dedicated to covering the previous year's term of the Supreme Court of the United States. The law review is one of three honors societies at the law school, along with the Harvard Legal Aid Bureau and the Board of Student Advisors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8125.0,8155.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBernard “Bernie” D. Gold (1930-2024) was born in the Bronx to Abraham and Rose Wendum Gold. He graduated from Cornell University and Harvard Law School. He began his legal career at Proskauer Rose New York, where he practiced from 1955 to 1961. In 1975, he accepted the position as head of NBC's West Coast Law Department. In 1979, Bernie returned to Proskauer, opening its Los Angeles branch. In 1953, he married Madeline Edelstein, and they had three children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8125.0,8155.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Meyer Proskauer (1877-1971) was an American lawyer, judge, philanthropist, and political activist, and was the name partner of Proskauer Rose. Early in his law career, he became a friend of New York Governor Al Smith and served as his campaign advisor and speechwriter. In June 1923, Smith appointed him a judge on the New York Supreme Court to fill the unexpired term of another judge. In November 1923, he was elected to a full term. In 1927, he was appointed an appellate judge and served in that position until he retired from the bench in 1930. He then returned to private law practice and joined the firm of Rose \u0026amp; Paskus, which later became Proskauer Rose, and worked for it for 40 years until his retirement. He married Alice Naumburg in 1903, and they had three children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8125.0,8155.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8181.0,8207.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert “Bob” Jerome Lipshutz (1921-2010) was a native Atlantan, who graduated Boys High School in 1939 and the University of Georgia Law School in 1943. After serving in World War II, Lipshutz opened a private practice in Atlanta. Lipshutz first gained national prominence as the National Campaign Treasurer for Jimmy Carter’s successful 1976 Presidential Campaign. From 1977 to 1979, Lipshutz served as White House Counsel and a back channel role in the negotiations between Egypt and Israel that led to the signing of the Camp David Accords in 1978. Bob was also active in the Atlanta Jewish community, serving as the President of The Temple’s Board of Trustees from 1972 to 1979. He also served as President of the Atlanta Lodge of B’nai B’rith, on the Board of Trustees of the Atlanta Jewish Federation, was a co-chairman at the American Jewish Congress, and a trustee to the Union of American Hebrew Congregations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8228.0,8247.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorris Willliam Macey (1922-2012) was a native of Camilla, Georgia. He was a graduate of University of Georgia in Athens and Harvard University’s law school. He served in the United States Army in World War II, after which he was an attorney in Atlanta, Georgia. He was a member and a national president of Phi Epsilon Pi fraternity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8228.0,8247.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Hughes Kirbo (1917-1996) was a lawyer and advisor to President Jimmy Carter.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8335.0,8362.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhilip Henry Alston Jr. (1911-1988) was an American lawyer and diplomat who served as U.S. Ambassador to Australia and Nauru. Alston began practicing at the law firm that would become Alston, Miller and Gaines, where he became a partner in 1942. During World War II, Alston served in the United States Navy and returned to his legal practice following the end of the war. Alston was a confidant of U.S. President Jimmy Carter and began supporting Carter politically in 1966. In 1976, Alston was chairman of Jimmy Carter's presidential campaign committee. Carter appointed him ambassador to Australia and Nauru in 1977 and 1979, respectively. He served in those roles until 1981.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8362.0,8405.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGainesville is a city and the county seat of Hall County, Georgia, United States. Gainesville has a large number of poultry processing plants and it has been called the \"Poultry Capital of the World.\" Gainesville is included in the Atlanta–Sandy Springs–Gainesville, Georgia Combined Statistical Area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8362.0,8405.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDennis B. Ross (b. 1948) is an American diplomat and author. He served as the Director of Policy Planning in the State Department under U.S. President George H. W. Bush, the special Middle East coordinator under President Bill Clinton, and was a special adviser for the Persian Gulf and Southwest Asia (including Iran) to former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. Ross is currently a fellow at The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, a pro-Israel think tank, and co-chairs the Jewish People Policy Institute think tank's board of directors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8421.0,8601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish People Policy Institute (formerly: The Jewish People Policy Planning (JPPPI)) is an Israel-based think tank that produces strategic research and policy recommendations regarding the Jewish people and Israel, with the purpose of promoting and securing the Jewish people and Israel. Founded by the Jewish Agency in 2002, it became independent by 2013.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8421.0,8601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Agency for Israel, also known as \u003cem\u003eSokhnut\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: the agency], is the largest Jewish nonprofit organization in the world. Previously called the Palestine Zionist Executive, it was designated in 1929 as the \"Jewish agency\" provided for in the League of Nations' Palestine Mandate. The Jewish Agency played a central role in the founding and the building of the State of Israel and continues to serve as the main link between Israel and Jewish communities around the world. Since 1948, the Jewish Agency for Israel has been responsible for bringing 3 million immigrants to Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8421.0,8601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eElliott Harris Levitas (1930-2022) is a Jewish American politician who was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He was a Rhodes scholar who received a bachelor’s degree from Emory University, law degree from Emory Law School, and masters of law degree from Oxford University. From 1955 to 1958, he served in United States Air Force. He served in the Georgia House of Representatives (1965-1975) and was a United States Congressman from Georgia's 4th district in the United States House of Representatives (1975-1985).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8613.0,8627.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorris Berthold Abram (1918-2000) was an American lawyer, civil rights activist and leader in the Jewish community who grew up in Fitzgerald, Georgia. Defending civil rights workers in Georgia in 1963, Abram won decisions that helped overturn the state's insurrection and illegal assembly laws, which had been used against civil rights demonstrators. Over the years, Abram helped bring civil rights cases to the United States Supreme Court. President John F. Kennedy named him the first general counsel to the Peace Corps in 1961. President Lyndon B. Johnson made him United States representative to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, co-chairman of the Planning Committee of the White House Conference on Civil Rights and a member of the Committee on the Office of Economic Opportunity. Abram served as President of Brandeis from 1968-1970. He was the Representative of the United States to the European Office of the United Nations from 1989 to 1993. In 1993 he founded United Nations Watch while he was Honorary President of the American Jewish Committee.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8613.0,8627.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColquitt is a city and the county seat of Miller County, in the southwestern portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. Colquitt is named for U.S. Congressman and Senator Walter Terry Colquitt. The Colquitt Town Square Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8643.0,8665.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFitzgerald, Georgia is located in the south central part of the state. It is the county seat of Ben Hill. The city was developed in 1895 by Philander H. Fitzgerald, an Indianapolis newspaper editor, who had served as drummer boy for the Union Army in the Civil War. The community was founded for war veterans from the Union and Confederacy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8665.0,8666.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Epstein School (also known as the Solomon Shechter School of Atlanta) is a private Jewish day school in the Atlanta area located in Sandy Springs. In 1973, Rabbi Harry H. Epstein and the leaders of Ahavath Achim synagogue wanted to create a Conservative Jewish day school. The first campus was housed at the synagogue. In 1987 the school moved to Sandy Springs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8719.0,8823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeadership Atlanta, founded in 1972, is one of the nation’s oldest and most successful leadership training programs for young business, civic, and community leaders that have the desire and potential to work together for a better Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8719.0,8823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBobby Jones Golf Course is a golf course located in Atlanta Memorial Park, a public park in the Buckhead area. The golf course is named for golfer Bobby Jones, and opened in 1933. The formal clubhouse was completed in 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8849.0,8913.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGeorge Frederick Will (b. 1941) is an American libertarian conservative writer and political commentator. He writes columns for \u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Washington Post\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan\u003e on a regular basis and provides commentary for \u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eNewsNation\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan\u003e. Will won the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary in 1977. A former member of the Republican Party, Will was a close ally of Ronald Reagan during his presidential campaign in 1980. He assisted Reagan with debate preparation and was later falsely accused by former president Jimmy Carter of providing Reagan with a top secret briefing book in a scandal known as Debategate, an allegation Carter later retracted.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8849.0,8913.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Audubon Society is an American non-profit environmental organization dedicated to the conservation of birds and their habitats. Located in the United States and incorporated in 1905, Audubon is one of the oldest of such organizations in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=8849.0,8913.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnderground Atlanta is a shopping and entertainment district in the Five Points neighborhood of downtown Atlanta, Georgia, United States, near the Five Points MARTA station. It is currently undergoing renovations. First opened in 1969, it takes advantage of the viaducts built over the city's many railroad tracks to accommodate later automobile traffic. The popularity of the area has waxed and waned over the years, with its heyday lasting only about five years from its opening to 1974.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9113.0,9143.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Watergate scandal, or simply Watergate, was a political scandal in the United States involving the administration of President Richard Nixon. On June 17, 1972, operatives associated with Nixon's 1972 re-election campaign were caught burglarizing and planting listening devices in the Democratic National Committee headquarters at Washington, D.C.'s Watergate complex. Nixon's efforts to conceal his administration's involvement led to an impeachment process and his resignation in August 1974.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9146.0,9209.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJack Hearn Watson Jr. (b. 1938) is an American corporate strategist and political aide who served as White House Chief of Staff to President Jimmy Carter from 1980 to 1981.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9245.0,9264.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMichael Dukakis (b. 1933) is an American politician and lawyer who was governor of Massachusetts from 1975-1979 and from 1983-1991. He is the longest-serving governor in Massachusetts history. In 1988, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president and lost to the Republican nominee, Vice President George H.W. Bush. He was born in Brookline, Massachusetts and attended Brookline High School. Dukakis graduated from Swarthmore College and Harvard Law School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9264.0,9388.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Lester \"Jody\" Powell, Jr. (1943-2009) was an American political advisor who served as a White House press secretary during Jimmy Carter’s presidency. Powell later co-founded a public relations firm. Powell received his bachelor’s degree from Georgia State University and Master of Arts from Emory University. Powell served as White House press secretary for Carter's entire term as president.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9264.0,9388.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDeJongh Franklin (1922-1986) was an Atlanta native and attended Harvard law school. He served as special assistant to the president during President Jimmy Carter’s administration. Franklin was a political adviser and activist with various causes. He served as the president of the Georgia Mental Health Association from 1958-1962 and was instrumental in writing various mental health reform legislation. He was married to Phoebe Weil from 1948 to 1979. In 1980, he married Frances Arnold Richardson (1927-2018). He had a son with Phoebe and a daughter with Frances, as well as two stepsons and three stepdaughters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9264.0,9388.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Andrew Donaldson Jr. (b. 1934) is an American retired television reporter and news anchor. He broadcast with ABC News from 1967 to 2009. He was well known as the White House Correspondent (1977–1989 and 1998–99) with a booming loud voice, which could get the attention of President Reagan, amazingly cutting through the noise of whirling helicopter blades. He was a panelist and co-anchor of Sunday's \u003cem\u003eThis Week\u003c/em\u003e on ABC.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9423.0,9462.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalter Frederick \"Fritz\" Mondale (1928-2021) was the 42nd vice president of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 under President Jimmy Carter. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented Minnesota in the United States Senate from 1964 to 1976 and was the Democratic nominee in the 1984 presidential election.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9519.0,9717.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCyrus Vance (1917-2002) was the US Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter from 1977-1980. He previously served as US Deputy Secretary of Defense during the Lyndon Johnson administration and Secretary of the Army and General Counsel of the Department of Defense during the John F. Kennedy administration. He attended Yale Law School and served in the US Navy during WWII.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9519.0,9717.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZbigniew Brzezinski [Polish: Brzeziński] (1928-2017) was a Polish-American diplomat and political scientist. He served as a counselor to Lyndon B. Johnson from 1966 to 1968 and was Jimmy Carter's National Security Advisor from 1977 to 1981. Brzezinski was the primary organizer of the Trilateral Commission.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9519.0,9717.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNewsweek \u003c/em\u003eis an American weekly news magazine. The magazine started publication in 1933. In 1961, it was acquired by \u003cem\u003eThe Washington Post\u003c/em\u003e and was sold in 2010. It is currently owned by Newsweek Publishing LLC. In 2012, the magazine ended its print edition and is now fully digital.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9519.0,9717.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) is a Zionist lobbying group that advocates pro-Israel policies to the legislative and executive branches of the United States. 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He represented northern Boston in the House from 1953 to 1987.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9519.0,9717.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Virginia is a public research university in Charlottesville, Virginia. It was founded in 1819 by U.S. president Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson, along with U.S. Presidents James Madison and James Monroe severed on the original governing Board of Visitors. The university has eight undergraduate schools and three professional schools, the School of Law, the Darden School of Business, and the School of Medicine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9779.0,9798.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLloyd Millard Bentsen Jr. (1921-2006) was an American politician who served as the 69th United States Secretary of the Treasury under President Bill Clinton from 1993 to 1994. He served as a United States senator from Texas from 1971 to 1993 and was the Democratic Party nominee for vice president in 1988 on the Michael Dukakis ticket.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9820.0,9974.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrank Moore (1935-2025) was Assistant to the President for Congressional Liaison and worked as finance director for Jimmy Carter's 1976 presidential election. He was born in Dahlonega, Georgia, to Charles and Elizabeth Boyd Moore. He studied accounting at the University of Georgia and earned a bachelor’s degree there in 1960. He married Nancy Wofford in 1962, and they had four children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9820.0,9974.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Carlyle Byrd (b. Cornelius Calvin Sale Jr., 1917-2010) was an American politician who served as a United States senator from West Virginia for over 51 years, from 1959 until his death in 2010. A Democrat, Byrd also served as a U.S. representative for six years, from 1953 until 1959. He remains the longest-serving U.S. senator in history. Byrd is the only West Virginian to have served in both chambers of the state legislature and in both chambers of Congress.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=9820.0,9974.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdwin Meese III (b. 1931) is an American attorney, law professor, and author who served as the 75th United States attorney general from 1985 until 1988. A member of the Republican Party, Meese served in the Ronald Reagan administration, including as counselor to the president (1981–1985), on his transition team (1980–81), and during Reagan's governorship of California (1967–1974).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10035.0,10113.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlonzo L. McDonald (1928-2019) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He graduated from Emory University in 1948 and Harvard Business School in 1956. He was a reporter for \u003cem\u003eThe Atlanta Journal\u003c/em\u003e from 1948 to 1950. In 1979, he was appointed Assistant to the President of the United States and White House Staff Director under President Jimmy Carter. In 1981, he also became a faculty member of the Harvard Business School and served as Senior Counselor to the Dean until 1987.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10215.0,10260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, commonly known as the Kennedy Center, is the national cultural center of the United States, serving as a \"living memorial\" to John F. Kennedy. Located on the eastern bank of the Potomac River in Washington, D.C., the center opened September 8, 1971, and hosts many genres of performance art, spanning theater, ballet, modern dance, classical music, jazz, pop, psychedelic, and folk music. The Kennedy Center is the residence of the National Symphony Orchestra.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10292.0,10373.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe United State Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is a federal government agency responsible for overseeing environmental protection matters in the United States. It was formed in 1970 under President Nixon. The agency is responsible for maintain and enforcing federal standards for various environmental laws. The EPA works with state, tribal and local governments.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10393.0,10397.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSol Linowitz (1913-2005) was a lawyer and former United States Ambassador to the Organization of American States. Linowitz helped negotiate the return of the Panama Canal to Panama under the direction of President Jimmy Carter. Besides being a career diplomat, lawyer, and one time chairman of Xerox, he wrote two books, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Making of a Public Man: A Memoir\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan\u003e, and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Betrayed Profession\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10597.0,10608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Panama Canal, completed in 1914, was built through the Isthmus of the Panama to link the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to make maritime trade easier.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10597.0,10608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLewis Franklin Powell Jr. (1907-1998) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1972 to 1987. He graduated from Washington and Lee University School of Law and Harvard Law School and served in the United States Air Force during World War II. He worked for Hunton \u0026amp; Williams, a large law firm in Richmond, Virginia, focusing on corporate law and representing clients such as the Tobacco Institute. His 1971 Powell Memorandum became the blueprint for the rise of the American conservative movement and the formation of a network of influential right-wing think tanks and lobbying organizations, such as The Heritage Foundation and the American Legislative Exchange Council. In 1971, President Richard Nixon appointed Powell to succeed the late Associate Justice Hugo Black. He retired from the Court during the administration of President Ronald Reagan and was eventually succeeded by Anthony Kennedy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10662.0,10972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDrew Saunders Days III (1941-2020) was an American legal scholar who served as Solicitor General of the United States from 1993 to 1996 under President Bill Clinton. He also served as the first African American Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division in the Carter Administration from 1977 to 1980. He was the Alfred M. Rankin Professor of Law at Yale Law School, assuming that post in 1992, and joining the Yale Law faculty in 1981. From 1997 to 2011, he headed the Supreme Court and appellate practice at Morrison \u0026amp; Foerster LLP and was of counsel at the firm's Washington, D.C. office until his retirement from the firm in December, 2011.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10662.0,10972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (b. Leslie Lynch King Jr., 1913-2006) was the 38th president of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977. A member of the Republican Party, Ford assumed the presidency after the resignation of Richard Nixon, under whom he had served as the 40th vice president from 1973 to 1974 following the resignation of Spiro Agnew. Prior to that, he served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1949 to 1973. During his career in the House, he was also part of the Warren Commission, which investigated the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. In December 1973, two months after the resignation of Vice President Agnew, Ford became the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment. After President Nixon resigned in August 1974, Ford immediately assumed the presidency.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10662.0,10972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrank Hoover Easterbrook (b. 1948) is an American lawyer and jurist who is a United States circuit judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. He was appointed in 1985 by President Ronald Reagan, and he was the chief judge of the circuit from 2006 to 2013.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10662.0,10972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDred Scott (c. 1799-1858) was an enslaved African-American man who, along with his wife, Harriet, unsuccessfully sued for the freedom of themselves and their two daughters, Eliza and Lizzie, in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case of 1857, popularly known as the \"Dred Scott decision\". The Scotts claimed they should be granted freedom because Dred had lived in Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory for four years, where slavery was illegal, and laws in those jurisdictions said that slaveholders gave up their rights to slaves if they stayed for an extended period.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10662.0,10972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVernon Jordan (1935-2021) was born in Atlanta, Georgia and attended DePauw University and earned his law degree from Howard University. He became an American business executive and civil rights attorney. He worked for various civil rights movement organizations including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Southern Regional Council, and the Voter Education Project. He became a close advisor to President Bill Clinton during his administration. In the 2000’s, he was a managing director with Lazard Freres \u0026amp; Co. LLC, an investment banking firm.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10662.0,10972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA. Philip Randolph (1889-1979) was a civil rights activist and American labor unionist. He led a 10 year effort to organize the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, which was the first successful African American led labor union. He was a prominent voice in the early Civil Rights Movement and labor movement. His ongoing efforts lead President Franklin D. Roosevelt to issue an executive order in 1941, which band discrimination in the defense industry during World War II. In 1963, he was the head of the March on Washington, which was organized by Bayard Rustin and where Martin Luther King Jr. gave his “I Have a Dream” speech.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10662.0,10972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJesse Jackson (b. 1941) is an American civil rights activist, politician, and ordained Baptist minister. He was a young protégé of Martin Luther King Jr. during the civil rights movement, and has continued to be a prominent civil rights leader for his entire career. Jackson is the founder of the Rainbow/Push organization. He ran for president twice, in 1984 and 1988. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1990 from the District of Columbus, for which he served one term as a shadow delegate.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10662.0,10972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWade Hampton McCree Jr. (1920-1987) was an American legal scholar and judge. He was the first African American appointed as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit and the second African-American United States Solicitor General in the history of the United States. He joined the faculty of the University of Michigan Law School after leaving government service in 1981 and taught there until the time of his death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10662.0,10972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRegents of the University of California v. Bakke\u003c/em\u003e 438 U.S. 265 (1978) was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. It upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of the several factors in college admission policy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10662.0,10972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRonald Wilson Reagan (1911-2004) was the 40th President of the United States. He served from 1981 to 1989 and he was a Republican. Reagan began his career in the entertainment industry, from 1947 to 1952, and from 1959 to 1960, Reagan served as the president of the Screen Actors Guild. During the 1950’s, he worked in television and spoke for General Electric. He was elected governor of California in 1966 and in 1980, Reagan won the Republican nomination and then a landslide victory over incumbent Democratic president Jimmy Carter in the presidential election. Reagan implemented \"Reaganomics\", which involved economic deregulation and cuts in both taxes and government spending during a period of stagflation. Additionally, he expanded the war on drugs, signing the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and 1988 to specify penalties for drug offenses. Both bills have been criticized in the years since for promoting racial disparities. Reagan has also been criticized for his slow and minimal response to the AIDS epidemic in the United States, which began early in his presidency. Reagan and Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev held four summit conferences between 1985 and 1988 and Reagan is credited with ushering in a new era of trade and openness between the two powers. On March 30, 1981, Reagan was shot by John Hinckley Jr. outside the Washington Hilton and recovered after undergoing surgery.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=10997.0,11002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArthur M. Blank (b. 1942) is an American businessman and a co-founder of the Home Depot.\u003csup\u003e \u003c/sup\u003eToday he is known for his philanthropy and his ownership of the Atlanta Falcons. Blank is a signatory of the Giving Pledge committing himself to give away at least 50 percent of his wealth to charitable causes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11043.0,11103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNative Atlantan, philanthropist and community leader Erwin Zaban (1921-2010) was known by many as the “G-dfather of the Jewish Community.” After quitting school to help in his father’s Depression-era business at age 15, Zaban built successful businesses worth billions of dollars and donated millions to worthy causes. He worked alongside his parents to build Zep Manufacturing Company. Zep later merged with National Linen and became National Service Industries, a Fortune 500 Company. He donated and raised money for undeveloped land in Dunwoody that became Zaban Park, home of the Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta. He donated money to the Jewish Home, for which the Zaban Tower is named. He helped create the homeless couples’ shelter at The Temple which bears his name.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11043.0,11103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Alterman (1913-1997) was one of five brothers that operated Big Apple and Food Giant grocery chains. The business was started by their father, Louis Alterman in 1923 as a wholesale grocery business. In 1939, Sam and four of his brothers launched the retail grocery business, Alterman Foods Inc. He was a member of Hebrew Academy of Atlanta, William Breman Jewish Home, and Ahavath Achim Synagogue. He and his wife, Chippie had two sons and a daughter.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11103.0,11146.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta University a historically black college was founded in 1865 in Atlanta Georgia. It was the first graduate institution in the United States to award degrees to African Americans and the first to award bachelor degrees to African Americans in the South. Clark College was founded in 1869 and was the first four-year liberal arts college to serve African American students. The two universities consolidated in 1988 and formed Clark Atlanta University.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11167.0,11224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorris Brown College is a private, coed, liberal arts college located in the Vine City community of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It is a historically Black college affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11167.0,11224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerman Jerome Russell (1930-2014) is an Atlanta businessman and philanthropist. He was the founder and former chief executive officer of H.J. Russell and Company and a nationally recognized entrepreneur and philanthropist, as well as an influential leader in Atlanta. In 1957 he inherited his father’s business and turned the small plastering company into a construction and real estate conglomerate. Some of the construction projects H. J. Russell and Company were a part of include Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, the Georgia Dome, Philips Arena, and Turner Field. Russell became the first black member of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce in the 1960s, and later became the second black president of the chamber. When Russell stepped down in 2004 as head of the company, he handed leadership over to his two sons and daughter. He worked very closely with Martin Luther King Jr. in the 1960s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11167.0,11224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJesse Hill, Jr. (1927-2012) was one of Atlanta’s most prominent civil rights leader as well as president and chief executive officer of the Atlanta Life Insurance Company from 1973 to 1992. He used his position in the black business community to promote civil rights in Georgia and Alabama, worked to desegregate University of Georgia in Athens, helped make it possible for blacks to get mortgages to buy homes and organized successful voter registration drives in which 50,000 blacks were registered to vote. He even employed Rosa Parks in his Montgomery office as a secretary during the Montgomery bus boycott. He supported Martin Luther King, Hill was active in the civic and business communities of Atlanta for more than five decades.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11167.0,11224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTheophilus Eugene “Bull” Connor (1897-1973) was the Commissioner of Public Safety for the city of Birmingham, Alabama, during the years of the Civil Rights Movement. His office gave him the responsibility for administrative oversight of the Birmingham Fire Department and the Birmingham Police Department. Through his covert actions to enforce radical segregation and deny civil rights to African-American citizens, he became an international symbol of bigotry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11167.0,11224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIvan Earnest Allen, Jr. (1911-2003), was an American businessman who served two terms as the 51st Mayor of Atlanta during the turbulent civil rights era of the 1960s. He was in office from 1962-1970 and on his first day in office, he ordered the removal of all “white” and “colored” signs from facilities in city hall. He worked with Martin Luther King Jr. and others in the black community to desegregate the city. He was the only white Southern politician to testify on behalf of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11167.0,11224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCitizens and Southern National Bank (C\u0026amp;S) began as a Georgia institution that expanded into South Carolina, Florida, and into other states via mergers. It is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia and was the largest bank in the Southeast for much of the 20th century. The bank began in Georgia with the merger of the Citizens Bank of Savannah, established in 1887, and its crosstown rival, the Southern Bank of Georgia in 1906. Mills B. Lane had begun at Citizens Bank as a vice president and director in 1891. In 1901, Lane became president of Citizens Bank. In 1906, Lane and his associates purchased Southern Bank of Georgia enabling them to merge the two banks as the new C\u0026amp;S Bank. The newly merged banks were officially named the Citizens and Southern Bank of Georgia. In 1922 Citizens and Southern absorbed Central Bank and Trust Corp., the bank founded by Coca-Cola co-founder Asa Griggs Candler.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11167.0,11224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMills Bee Lane, Sr. (1860-1945) began at Citizens Bank as a vice-president and director in 1891. In 1901, Lane became president of Citizens Bank. In 1906, Lane and his associates purchased Southern Bank of Georgia enabling them to merge the two banks as the new C\u0026amp;S Bank. The newly merged banks were officially named the Citizens and Southern Bank of Georgia. His son, Mills B. Lane, Jr. (1912-1989), served as president, vice-chairman and chairman between 1946 and 1973 and made C\u0026amp;S the South's largest bank as well as the most profitable of the 50 largest United States banks at the time.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11167.0,11224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Robert Lewis (1940-2020) was an American statesman and civil rights leader who served in the United States House of Representatives for Georgia's 5th congressional district from 1987 until his death in 2020. He was the chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) from 1963 to 1966. Lewis was one of the \"Big Six\" leaders of groups who organized the 1963 March on Washington. He fulfilled many key roles in the civil rights movement and its actions to end legalized racial segregation in the United States. In 1965, Lewis led the first of three Selma to Montgomery marches across the Edmund Pettus Bridge. In an incident which became known as Bloody Sunday, state troopers and police attacked the marchers, including John Lewis. A member of the Democratic Party, Lewis was first elected to Congress in 1986 and served 17 terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. The district he represented included most of Atlanta. Due to his length of service, he became the dean of the Georgia congressional delegation. While in the House, Lewis was one of the leaders of the Democratic Party, serving from 1991 as a Chief Deputy Whip and from 2003 as a Senior Chief Deputy Whip. John Lewis received many honorary degrees and awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11224.0,11229.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVoter Education Project was started in 1962 to raise and distribute foundation funds to civil rights organizations for voter education and registration work in the southern United States. The project was federally endorsed by the John F. Kennedy administration with the hopes that the organizations of the ongoing Civil Rights Movement would shift their focus away from demonstrations and more towards the support of voter registration. Although the project did little to stop the demonstrations, it did make significant inroads in the registration of voters, especially in rural areas. The project ran until 1992.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11229.0,11270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFormerly known as the ‘National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes,’ is a non-partisan civil rights organization based in New York City that advocates on behalf of African-Americans and against racial discrimination in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11229.0,11270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) is best known for his role as a leader in the Civil Rights Movement and the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, in 1962, and organized nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that attracted national attention following television news coverage of the brutal police response. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous \"I Have a Dream\" speech. On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. In 1965, he and the SCLC helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches and the following year, he took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many United States’ cities. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, and as a United States federal holiday in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11229.0,11270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther King Sr. (1899-1984) was the father of Martin Luther King Jr. He was a Baptist pastor, missionary and an early figure in the Civil Rights Movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11229.0,11270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11229.0,11270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Berry Hartsfield, Sr. (1890-1971), served as the 49\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e and 51\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Mayor of Atlanta. His tenure extended from 1937 to 1941 and again from 1942 to 1962, making him the longest-serving mayor of his native Atlanta. He is credited with developing Atlanta into a national aviation center. He was considered a “racial moderate” and used the slogan “Atlanta is a city too busy to hate.” Prior to Christmas 1955, he ordered the city’s golf courses to be opened to black golfers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11284.0,11300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin “Bibi” Netanyahu (b. 1949) is an Israeli politician and current prime minister (2022) of Israel. He previously served as prime minister from 1996-1999 and 2009-2021. He is the chair of the Likud political party and the long-serving prime minister in Israel’s history. Netanyahu was born in Israel and was raised in West Jerusalem and the United States. He attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and served in the Israel Defense Force. He served as Israel’s ambassador to the United Nations from 1984-1988 and was elected chair of the Likud party in 1993.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11388.0,11548.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHaredi\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eJudaism is the most theologically conservative form of Judaism. Haredi Judaism is often translated as ultra-orthodox Judaism, although Haredi Jews themselves object to this translation. They simply refer to themselves as Jews and consider more liberal forms of Judaism to be unauthentic. They live in insular communities with limited contact to the outside world, and their lives revolve around \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e study, prayer, and family.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11388.0,11548.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRefusenik is an unofficial term for individuals—typically, but not exclusively, Soviet Jews—who were denied permission to emigrate, primarily to Israel, by the authorities of the Soviet Union and other countries of the Soviet Bloc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11388.0,11548.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust. Adolf Hitler applied for entrance into the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, Austria twice and was twice rejected, once in 1907 and again in 1908. For the next five years, Hitler struggled to earn money by selling small paintings, mostly images of buildings and other landmarks in Vienna that he copied from postcards. By 1914, Hitler was serving in World War I and would later enter politics. In his autobiographical manifesto, Mein Kampf, Hitler claimed that his antisemitic views formed during his time as a struggling artist in Vienna. His frustrated art career became part of the myth making—by Hitler himself and by his followers—that helped drive his fateful rise to power in Germany. Hitler was drafted for Austrian military service at the beginning of World War I but turned down due to lack of fitness. After moving to Germany, he enlisted as a German soldier in the summer of 1914 and was deployed to Belgium in October. Over the next two years, Hitler served first as an infantryman and then as a private. He won two decorations for bravery, including the Iron Cross First Class and was wounded twice. He was recovering from his second injury when the war ended. Hitler loved animals in general, but his favorite were dogs and especially German Shepherds. He was known to have had several dogs during his lifetime. His ancestry has long been a source of controversy and intense speculation. Because his father was illegitimate—his father was not known—rumors existed even during his life that his paternal grandfather could be Jewish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11614.0,11668.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eSouthern Israelite\u003c/em\u003e, now the \u003cem\u003eAtlanta Jewish Times\u003c/em\u003e, is a newspaper with the mission to create a sense of community throughout the geographically dispersed Jewish people of greater Atlanta through the timely dissemination of local and national news; support of local synagogue, nonprofit, and cultural endeavors and events; thought-provoking dialogue and debate on current issues and Jewish ideas; and the strengthening of the bonds and understanding of Jewish culture, tradition, and family.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11614.0,11668.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJonathan Henry Sacks (1948-2020) was an English Orthodox rabbi, philosopher, theologian, and author. Sacks served as the Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth from 1991 to 2013. As the spiritual head of the United Synagogue, the largest synagogue body in the United Kingdom, he was the Chief Rabbi of those Orthodox synagogues but was not recognized as the religious authority for the Haredi Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations or for the progressive movements such as Conservative, Reform, and Liberal Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11668.0,11850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eParashat ha-Shavua\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew], popularly referred to as a \u003cem\u003eparashah\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eparshah\u003c/em\u003e and also known as a \u003cem\u003eSidra\u003c/em\u003e, is a section of the Torah used in Jewish liturgy during a particular week. It is a custom among religious Jewish communities for a weekly Torah portion to be read during prayer services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11668.0,11850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLyle Fishman is Rabbi Emeritus of Ohr Kodesh Congregation in Chevy Chase, Maryland. He also served as rabbi at Greenburgh Hebrew Center in Dobbs Ferry, New York. He graduated from Yale University and received rabbinical ordination from The Jewish Theological Seminary of America in 1977. He was the founder and first president of the Westchester-Rockland (NY) region of The Rabbinical Assembly of America. He also served two terms on the Executive Committee and as president of the Baltimore-Washington region. He has been involved as a board member and co-chair of Super Sunday at the Jewish Federation of Greater Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11668.0,11850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” Following a series of electoral victories, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933. Within two years, Hitler and the Nazis had created a dictatorship. The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11668.0,11850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Jefferson Clinton (b. 1946) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the attorney general of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979, and as the governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992. Clinton, whose policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy, became known as a New Democrat. Born and raised in Arkansas, Clinton graduated from Georgetown University in 1968, and later from Yale Law School, where he met his future wife, Hillary Rodham. Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. Most of the accomplishments of his second term were overshadowed by the Clinton-Lewinsky scandal. This scandal escalated throughout the year, culminating in December when Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives. He was acquitted by the Senate. He has remained active in Democratic Party politics, campaigning for his wife's 2008 and 2016 presidential campaigns.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11668.0,11850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, or Claims Conference, represents the world's Jews in negotiating for compensation and restitution for victims of Nazi persecution and their heirs. The Claims Conference administers compensation funds, recovers unclaimed Jewish property, and allocates funds to institutions that provide social welfare services to Holocaust survivors and preserve the memory and lessons of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11668.0,11850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBarack Hussein Obama II (b. 1961) was the 44\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e President of the United States, serving two consecutive terms from 2009-2017. He is a member of the Democratic party. He also was the first African\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003eAmerican elected as president in United States history. Prior to being elected President, he served as a U.S. Senator representing Illinois and a Illinois state senator. Although Obama declared himself a Christian, rumors began that he was a Muslim. Whether the rumors were an effort to discredit him or to equate him with a faith some Americans perceive as negative, the rumors persisted throughout his presidency. During his first term, his administration had to respond to the 2008 financial crisis and included legislation like the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Additionally, he supported and pushed for passage of the Affordable Care Act, which became law in 2010; it’s often called Obamacare. In 2009, Obama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for efforts in international diplomacy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11856.0,11896.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt, part of the largest urban area in Africa, the Arab world, and the Middle East. Cairo is associated with ancient Egypt because of its proximity to the pyramids of Giza and the ancient cities of Memphis and Heliopolis. Cairo is considered the center of the region’s political and cultural life, with the oldest and largest film and music industries in the Arab world.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=11985.0,12162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eKnesset\u003c/em\u003e is the unicameral legislature of Israel. As the legislative branch of the Israeli government, the \u003cem\u003eKnesset\u003c/em\u003e passes all laws, elects the President and Prime Minister, approves the cabinet, and supervises the work of the government.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12162.0,12169.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Quds Force is one of five branches of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). It specializes in unconventional warfare and military intelligence operations. Responsible for extraterritorial operations, the Quds Force supports non-state actors in many countries, including Hezbollah, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Houthis, and Shia militias in Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12206.0,12373.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Islamic Resistance Movement, abbreviated Hamas, is a Sunni Islamist Palestinian nationalist political organization with a military wing known as the al-Qassam Brigades. It has governed the Gaza Strip since 2007. The Hamas movement was founded by Palestinian Islamic scholar Ahmed Yassin in 1987 after the outbreak of the First Intifada against the Israeli occupation. In October 2023, Hamas attacked southern Israel, killing nearly 1,200 people and taking more than 200 hostages. In response, Israel declared war aimed at eradicating the group.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12206.0,12373.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHezbollah is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party with an active paramilitary wing that has been banned by the Lebanese government. Hezbollah's paramilitary wing is the Jihad Council, and its political wing is the Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc party in the Lebanese Parliament. Its armed strength was assessed to be equivalent to that of a medium-sized army in 2016.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12206.0,12373.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Iran hostage crisis began on November 4, 1979, when 66 Americans, including diplomats and other civilian personnel, were taken hostage at the Embassy of the United States in Tehran, with 52 of them being held until January 20, 1981. The incident occurred after the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line stormed and occupied the building in the months following the Iranian Revolution. With support from Ruhollah Khomeini, who had led the Iranian Revolution and would eventually establish the present-day Islamic Republic of Iran, the hostage-takers demanded that the United States extradite Iranian king Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who had been granted asylum by the Carter administration for cancer treatment. The hostage crisis contributed to a dramatic decline in Iran–United States relations. After 444 days, it came to an end with the signing of the Algiers Accords between the Iranian and American governments; Iran's king had died in Cairo, Egypt, on July 27, 1980.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12206.0,12373.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMohammad Javad Zarif (b. 1960) is an Iranian career diplomat and academic. He served as the vice president for strategic affairs from August 2024 to March 2025. He was the foreign minister of Iran from 2013 until 2021 in the government of Hassan Rouhani.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12206.0,12373.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Alan Harris (b. 1949) is an American political activist who was the CEO of the American Jewish Committee (AJC) from 1990 to 2022. During his tenure, AJC became a global organization and began quiet engagement with countries in the Arab world, laying the groundwork for the Abraham Accords. For his role in international diplomacy, former Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres called Harris \"the foreign minister of the Jewish people.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12373.0,12392.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), legally S.W.I.F.T. SC, is a cooperative established in 1973 in Belgium and owned by the banks and other member firms that use its service. SWIFT provides the main messaging network through which international payments are initiated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12392.0,12446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe P5+1 refers to the UN Security Council's five permanent members (the P5), namely China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, plus Germany. The P5+1 is often referred to as the E3+3 by European countries. It is a group of six world powers that, in 2006, joined in diplomatic efforts with Iran with regard to its nuclear program.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12392.0,12446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMichael Rubens Bloomberg (b. 1942) is an American businessman and politician. He is the majority owner and co-founder of Bloomberg L.P., and was its CEO from 1981 to 2001, and again from 2014 to 2023. He served as the 109th mayor of New York City from 2002 to 2013. He was a lifelong Democrat until 2001, when he switched to the Republican Party to run for mayor, and later became an Independent in 2007. In 2018, he rejoined the Democratic Party, after which he ran an unsuccessful campaign for the 2020 Democratic nomination for president of the United States. Bloomberg is a centibillionaire, worth $109.4 billion as of March 2026, making him the 18th richest person in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12480.0,12518.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHillary Diane Rodham Clinton (b. 1947) is an American politician. Her husband, William Jefferson Clinton served as Governor of the state of Arkansas from 1983 to 1992 and as the 42\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. She served as a Senator in New York from 2001 to 2009 and as Secretary of State in President Barrack Obama’s administration from 2009 to 2013. She ran for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2008 and 2016 elections.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12556.0,12564.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWest Germany or the Federal Republic of Germany was the western portion of Germany and the associated territory of West Berlin during the Cold War. At the onset of the Cold War in 1949, Europe was divided between the Western and Eastern blocs, and West Germany was formed as a political entity during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II. It was established from 12 states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. Following the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the opening of the Berlin Wall in 1989, both states took action to achieve German reunification. East Germany voted to dissolve and accede to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990. The newly reunified country retained West Germany's political culture and continued its existing memberships in international organizations, as well as its Western foreign policy alignment and affiliation to Western alliances such as the United Nations, NATO, and the European Economic Community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12636.0,12739.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Forbes Kerry (b. 1943) is an American attorney, politician, diplomat, and former naval officer who served as the 68th United States secretary of state from 2013 to 2017 in the administration of President Barack Obama. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously represented Massachusetts in the United States Senate from 1985 to 2013 and later served as the first U.S. special presidential envoy for climate from 2021 to 2024. Kerry was the Democratic nominee for president of the United States in the 2004 election, losing to then-incumbent president George W. Bush.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12636.0,12739.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDeloitte Haskins \u0026amp; Sells, now Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, or simply “Deloitte,” is a global accounting and professional services firm based out of the United Kingdom. It was founded in London in 1845.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12757.0,13193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArthur Andersen LLP was an American accounting firm based in Chicago that provided auditing, tax advising, consulting and other professional services to large corporations. By 2001, it had become one of the world's largest multinational corporations and was one of the \"Big Five\" accounting firms (along with Deloitte, Ernst \u0026amp; Young, KPMG and PricewaterhouseCoopers). The firm collapsed by mid-2002, as details of its questionable accounting practices for energy company Enron and telecommunications company WorldCom were revealed amid the two high-profile bankruptcies. The scandals were a factor in the enactment of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12757.0,13193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaul Adolph Volcker Jr. (1927-2019) was an American economist who served as the 12th chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1979 to 1987. During his tenure as chairman, Volcker was widely credited with having ended the high levels of inflation seen in the United States throughout the 1970’s and early 1980’s, with measures known as the Volcker shock. He previously served as the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 1975 to 1979.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12757.0,13193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBasel is a city located in northwestern Switzerland on the Rhine River. The city is the third most populous city in the country. It is commonly considered to be the cultural capital of Switzerland and home to forty museums. It is also home to the University of Basel, Switzerland’s oldest university, founded in 1460.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12757.0,13193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWehrmacht was the name of the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1934-1945. It included the army (\u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeer)\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan\u003e, the navy (\u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eKriegsmarine)\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan\u003e, and the air force (\u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eLauftwaffe).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12757.0,13193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Wall Street Journal \u003c/em\u003eis an international American newspaper that focuses on business and economic issues. The paper is published six days a week by Dow Jones \u0026amp; Company, a division of News Corp. The paper was founded in 1889 and in headquartered in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12757.0,13193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrussels is the capital and largest city in Belgium. The city was founded in 979. Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river Senne to become an important city-region in Europe. During World War II, the city fell to the Germans in May 1940 and was held until September 1944, when the British liberated the city. Since the end of the Second World War, it has been a major center for international politics and home to numerous international organizations, politicians, diplomats, and civil servants. Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union, as it hosts several principal EU institutions, including its administrative-legislative, executive-political, and legislative branches (though the judicial branch is located in Luxembourg, and the European Parliament meets for a minority of the year in Strasbourg). The secretariat of the Benelux and the headquarters of NATO are also located in Brussels.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12757.0,13193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEarl Anthony Wayne (b. 1950) is a former American diplomat. Formerly Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs, Ambassador to Argentina and Deputy Ambassador to Afghanistan, he also served nearly four years as Ambassador to Mexico. He was nominated by President Obama and confirmed by the Senate in 2011.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12757.0,13193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommunism is a political theory derived from Karl Marx. It advocates for replacing private property and a profit based society with public ownership and communal control of most major means of production and natural resources. It’s an ideology that falls on the far left of the political spectrum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12757.0,13193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies, the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc, after World War II. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but the period is generally considered to span the 1947 Truman Doctrine to the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12757.0,13193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe World Jewish Congress began in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international group of Jewish communities and organizations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12757.0,13193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdgar Miles Bronfman (June 20, 1929 – December 21, 2013) was a Canadian-American businessman and philanthropist. Bronfman was President of the World Jewish Congress from 1979-2007. He was also the President of the World Jewish Restitution Organization, Founding Chairman of the International Board of Governors of Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life, and served as Chairman of both The Samuel Bronfman Foundation and the United States Commission on Holocaust Era Assets.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12757.0,13193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement or the Dayton Accords, is the peace agreement ending the three-and-a-half-year-long Bosnian War, an armed conflict part of the larger Yugoslav Wars. It was signed on 21 November 1995 in Dayton, Ohio, United States, at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. It was re-signed ceremonially in Paris, France, on 14 December 1995.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12757.0,13193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRichard Charles Albert Holbrooke (1941-2010) was an American diplomat and author. He was the only person to have held the position of Assistant Secretary of State for two different regions of the world (Asia from 1977 to 1981 and Europe from 1994 to 1996), assisting in brokering a peace agreement among the warring factions in Bosnia, leading to the signing of the Dayton Peace Accords.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=12757.0,13193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBonn is located in western Germany and sits on the Rhine River. Bonn is the birthplace of composer Ludwig van Beethoven. It was the capital of West Germany from 1949-1990 and served as the seat of government of reunited Germany from 1990 to 1999.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13272.0,13441.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBerlin is the capital and largest and most populous city in Germany and the European Union. Berlin was built along the banks of the Spree River and about one-third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks and gardens, rivers, canals, and lakes. After World War II at the onset of the Cold War, Berlin was occupied by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. The city was split into West Berlin and East Berlin, divided by the Berlin Wall. East Berlin was declared the capital of East Germany, while Bonn became the West German capital. Following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all of Germany. Today, Berlin is a hub for tourism and industries including the healthcare industry, biomedical engineering, biotechnology, the automotive industry, and electronics. Berlin is home to several universities such as the Humboldt University of Berlin, the Technical University of Berlin, and the Free University of Berlin. Berlin is also home to three World Heritage Sites, the Brandenburg Gate, the Reichstag building, the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, the Berlin Wall Memorial, and the Berlin Zoological Garden.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13272.0,13441.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShah\u003c/em\u003e is the Persian word for “king” or “sovereign.” Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1919-1980), also known as the \u003cem\u003eShah \u003c/em\u003eof Iran, reigned from 1941 to 1979 until his overthrow in the Iranian Revolution. He was known for his policies of modernization and secularism. He died in exile in Egypt, whose president, Anwar Sadat, had granted him asylum. He is buried in Al-Rifa’i Mosque in Cairo, Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13458.0,13597.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAvital Sharansky (b. Natalia Stieglitz, 1950) is a former activist and public figure in the Soviet Jewry movement who fought for the release of her husband, Natan Sharansky, from Soviet imprisonment to Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13458.0,13597.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWolfgang Schauble [German: Schäuble] (1942-2023) was a German politician whose political career spanned more than five decades. A member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), he was the longest-serving member of any democratic German parliament. Schauble served as the 13th president of the Bundestag from 2017 to 2021.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13458.0,13597.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMurry Sidlin (b. 1940) is an American conductor and professor. He studied at the Peabody Institute, graduating in 1968 with a master's degree.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13601.0,13795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Terezin Declaration is a non-binding declaration that was issued by 47 countries in June 2009, agreeing on measures to right economic wrongs that accompanied the Holocaust against the Jews and other victims of Nazi persecution in Europe. The Holocaust Era Assets Conference took place in Terezín, Czech Republic, the site of the Theresienstadt Ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13601.0,13795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRafael Schachter [Schächter] (1905-1945) was born in Braila, Romania, and educated in Brno. He went to Prague after World War I to study piano, composition, and conducting at the Prague Conservatory, from which he graduated. He established the Chamber Opera in 1937 and worked with Emil F. Burian at his Avant-garde theatre. Nazi persecution forced Schachter to reduce his musical activities to private lessons and home concerts. Schachter was taken to Theresienstadt in November 1941 and soon after began to organize singers and instrumentalists. He was a pioneer of cultural life in the ghetto and worked with Karel Svenk and Gideon Klein, among others, to arrange musical activities. He died on the death march during the evacuation of Auschwitz.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13601.0,13795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of South Carolina is a public university in Columbia, South Carolina. It is the largest university in the state by enrollment and is the flagship of the University of South Carolina system. It was found in 1801 by an act of the South Carolina General Assembly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13601.0,13795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13601.0,13795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Autonomous University of Mexico is a public research university in Mexico. It has several campuses in Mexico City, and many others in various locations across Mexico, as well as a presence in nine countries. It also has 34 research institutes, 26 museums, and 18 historic sites. It is one of the world's largest universities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13601.0,13795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSan Diego is a city in Southern California, immediately adjacent to the Mexico-United States border. It is the second largest city in California after Los Angeles, known primarily for its Mediterranean climate and location on the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13601.0,13795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLincoln Center for the Performing Arts or Lincoln Center is a 16.3 acre complex of buildings in the Lincoln Square neighborhood on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. It was built between 1955-1969. It houses various performing arts organizations including the New York Philharmonic, the Metropolitan Opera, the New York City Ballet, the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, and the Julliard School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13601.0,13795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVienna is the capital city of Austria and sits on the Danube River. The city has been called the “City of Music” because of its musical legacy with many famous classical musicians including Beethoven, Brahms, Haydn, Mozart, and Schubert living and working in the city. The city has a rich architectural history with Baroque palaces and gardens. Vienna hosts many major international organizations, including the United Nations, OPEC, and the OSCE. In 1945, Vienna was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union and supervised by an Allied Commission. The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the Austrian State Treaty was signed in May 1955 and came into force on 27 July 1955. By October, all soldiers had left the country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13601.0,13795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Theresienstadt (Terezín) \"camp-ghetto\" near Prague in the present-day Czech Republic was opened in late 1941 and existed until May 1945. It served as a ghetto, an assembly camp, and a concentration camp. During its existence, approximately 140,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and about one third of the Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia were sent to Theresienstadt. Roughly 33,000 died in Theresienstadt itself due to starvation and disease. Nearly 90,000 Jews were deported from Theresienstadt to other ghettos, concentration camps, and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13601.0,13795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Defiant Requiem Foundation is dedicated to preserving the memory of the prisoners in Theresienstadt/Terezín during World War II. The Foundation presents live performances of \u003cem\u003eDefiant Requiem: Verdi at Terezín\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eHours of Freedom: The Story of the Terezín Composer\u003c/em\u003e. It also supports the Rafael Schächter Institute for the Arts and Humanities at Terezín in both the Czech Republic and the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13601.0,13795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Symphony Orchestra (ASO) is an American orchestra based in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. The ASO's main concert venue is Atlanta Symphony Hall in the Woodruff Arts Center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13797.0,13879.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTimothy Michael Dolan (b. 1950) is an American Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of New York from 2009 to 2025. Dolan served as president of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) from 2010 to 2013. Dolan was rector of the Pontifical North American College in Rome from 1994 to 2001, auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of St. Louis from 2001 to 2002, and archbishop of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee from 2002 to 2009. Dolan was made a cardinal by Pope Benedict XVI in 2012. On February 10, 2026, Dolan was appointed co-chief chaplain of the New York City Police Department (NYPD).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13797.0,13879.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eWashington Post\u003c/em\u003e is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in Washington, D.C. since 1877. It is known for breaking important stories in American history, including the Pentagon Papers and Watergate.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13797.0,13879.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/921","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ekibbutz\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: gathering, clustering] is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. The first \u003cem\u003ekibbutz\u003c/em\u003e, established in 1909, was Degania. Today, farming has been partly supplanted by other economic branches, including industrial plants and high-tech enterprises. \u003cem\u003eKibbutzim\u003c/em\u003e began as utopian communities, a combination of socialism and Zionism. In recent decades, some \u003cem\u003ekibbutzim\u003c/em\u003e have been privatized and changes have been made in the communal lifestyle. A member of a \u003cem\u003ekibbutz\u003c/em\u003e is called a \"\u003cem\u003ekibbutznik\u003c/em\u003e.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=13893.0,14010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/922","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKashrut\u003c/em\u003e is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term \u003cem\u003ekashér\u003c/em\u003e, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14010.0,14035.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/923","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRamah Darom (Ramah of the South) is a Jewish overnight camp and retreat center in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Clayton, Georgia. It opened in 1997. The camp is affiliated with the National Ramah Commission, the national parent organization that oversees all Ramah overnight camps, day camps, and Israel programs. The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, a main hub for Conservative Judaism, sponsors Camp Ramah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14035.0,14053.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/924","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalmer is a city in Hampden County, Massachusetts. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Palmer adopted a home rule charter in 2004 with a council-manager form of government.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14035.0,14053.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/925","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA. Nathan Abramowitz is Rabbi Emeritus at Tifereth Israel, where he has led the congregation from 1960 to 1996. He graduated from Johns Hopkins University and the Jewish Theological Seminary. Following ordination, he joined the US Army to serve as a chaplain from 1955 to 1957.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14054.0,14093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/926","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntwerp is a port city in Belgium. It sits on the River Scheldt and its history dates back to the Middle Ages. The city center is home to the Diamond District with thousands of diamond traders, cutters, and polishers. The city hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics or Antwerp Olympics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14307.0,14379.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/927","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an organization enabling the co-operation of leading oil-producing and oil-dependent countries in order to collectively influence the global oil market and maximize profit. It was founded on 14 September 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. The organization, which currently comprises 12 member countries, accounted for 38 percent of global oil production in 2022.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14424.0,14447.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/928","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdward Elson (b. 1934) is a former American ambassador to Denmark from 1993 to 1998. He was also a faculty and board member at the University of Virginia and served on boards including, Atlanta News Agency, Inc., W.H. Smith Holdings, and Bank of Gordon County. Elson was born in Norfolk, Virginia, and attended the University of Virginia and law school at Emory University. He is married to Suzanne G. Elson.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14505.0,14510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/929","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlan John Blinken (b. 1937) is an American businessman, political candidate, and former diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador to Belgium from 1993 to 1997. Blinken was also the Democratic nominee in the 2002 United States Senate election in Idaho, losing to incumbent Larry Craig.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14526.0,14592.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/930","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) were two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union. The Cold War superpowers dealt with arms control in two rounds of talks and agreements: SALT I and SALT II. Negotiations commenced in Helsinki in November 1969. SALT I led to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and an interim agreement between the two countries. Although SALT II resulted in an agreement in 1979 in Vienna, in response to the 1980 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the US Senate chose not to ratify the treaty. The Supreme Soviet did not ratify it either. The agreement expired on December 31, 1985, and was not renewed, although both sides continued to respect it.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14627.0,14732.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/931","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTheodore Roosevelt, Jr. (1858-1919) was the 26\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e President of the United States from 1901-1909. He was the vice-president and when President McKinley was assassinated on September 6, 1901 Roosevelt became President. Known as “TR” or “Teddy Roosevelt” his famous slogan was “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” He is also known for the “Rough Riders,” a volunteer cavalry regiment he formed that fought in Cuba in the Spanish-American War. He was a Democrat and started a third party of his own, the Bull Moose Party.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14627.0,14732.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/932","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) is a United States federal law signed by President Jimmy Carter on December 2, 1980. ANILCA provided varying degrees of special protection to over 157 million acres of land, including national parks, national wildlife refuges, national monuments, wild and scenic rivers, recreational areas, national forests, and conservation areas. It was, and remains to date, the single largest expansion of protected lands in history and more than doubled the size of the National Park System.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14627.0,14732.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/933","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSuperfund is a United States federal environmental remediation program established by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA). The program is administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and is designed to pay for investigating and cleaning up sites contaminated with hazardous substances. Sites managed under this program are referred to as Superfund sites.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14627.0,14732.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/934","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDonald John Trump (b. 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman born in Queens, New York who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. While president, Trump implemented a travel ban on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, diverted military funding toward building a wall on the U.S.-Mexico border, appointed Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett to the U.S. Supreme Court, and withdrew the U.S. from the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Iran nuclear deal. In 2019, he became the first sitting U.S. president to enter North Korea, meeting with Kim Jong Un three times. Trump is seen as a controversial figure, the only federal official to be impeached twice, and in August 2023 he was charged with conspiracy to defraud the United States, witness tampering, conspiracy against the rights of citizens, and obstruction of and attempt to obstruct an official proceeding by a federal grand jury.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14732.0,14747.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/935","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Herbert Walker Bush (1924-2018) was an American politician, diplomat, and businessman who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993. A member of the Republican Party, he also served as the 43rd vice president from 1981 to 1989 under Ronald Reagan and previously in various other federal positions, including United States Ambassador to the United Nations and director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). He attended Phillips Academy and served as a pilot in the United States Navy Reserve during World War II before graduating from Yale and moving to West Texas, where he established a successful oil company. Foreign policy drove Bush's presidency as he navigated the final years of the Cold War and played a key role in the reunification of Germany. He presided over the invasion of Panama and the Gulf War, ending the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. He championed and signed three pieces of bipartisan legislation in 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Immigration Act and the Clean Air Act Amendments. With the victory of his son, George W. Bush, in the 2000 presidential election, the two became the second father–son pair to serve as the nation's president, following John Adams and John Quincy Adams.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14756.0,14780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/936","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Walker Bush (b. 1946) was the 43rd President of the United States. He served from 2001 to 2009 and he was a Republican. He also served as the 46th governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. He is the eldest son of the 41st president, George H. W. Bush. In the 2000 presidential election, he won over Democratic incumbent Vice President Al Gore, while losing the popular vote after a narrow and contested Electoral College win. In office, Bush signed a major tax-cut program and an education-reform bill, the No Child Left Behind Act. He pushed for socially conservative efforts such as the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act and faith-based initiatives. He also initiated the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, in 2003, to address the AIDS epidemic. The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, decisively reshaped his administration, resulting in the start of the war on terror and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security and the creation of the Patriot Act to authorize surveillance of suspected terrorists. In 2004, Bush was re-elected president in a close race, beating Democratic opponent John Kerry and winning the popular vote. Bush was widely criticized for his handling of Hurricane Katrina and the midterm dismissal of U.S. attorneys. At various points in his presidency, he was among both the most popular and the most unpopular presidents in U.S. history. He received the highest recorded approval ratings in the wake of the September 11 attacks, and one of the lowest ratings during the 2007 to 2008 financial crisis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14756.0,14780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/937","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam “Bill” Harry Barutio (1936-2023) was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Stephen and Evelyn Levinson Barutio. He graduated with his bachelor's degree from Yale and his master's degree from Pepperdine University. He served as a captain in the United States Marine Corps. He was an advocate of the Civil Rights Movement, and he worked alongside Martin Luther King as well as John Lewis, with whom he co-authored a book titled \u003cem\u003eThe Voting Rights Act: Ten Years After\u003c/em\u003e (1974). He also co-authored the book \u003cem\u003eAndrew Young,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eThe Path to History\u003c/em\u003e (1973) with Stuart Eizenstat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=14865.0,14958.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838/annotation_set/2489/annotation/938","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCargill, Incorporated is an American multinational food corporation based in Minnetonka, Minnesota. Founded in 1865 by William Wallace Cargill, it was the largest privately held company in the United States in terms of revenue as of 2023. Some of Cargill's major businesses include grain and other agricultural commodities such as palm oil, energy, steel, transport, livestock, feed, and producing food ingredients such as starch, glucose syrup, and vegetable oils for application in ultra-processed foods and industrial use. Cargill has been a subject of long-term and widespread scrutiny for a variety of issues, including child trafficking and child slave labor and other human rights abuses, union busting, ignoring worker safety during COVID-19, land grabbing, food contamination with mercury and E. coli, deforestation, air pollution, tax evasion, animal abuse, toxic spills, building on restorable wetlands, contributing to the antibiotic resistance crisis, and price fixing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/169256/file/307838#t=15164.0,15175.0"}]}]}]}