{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/p843r0rh5v/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Gulden, Gertrude"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2001-06-15 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGertrude Gulden was interviewed by Shirley Brickman on June 15, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eGertrude Gulden was born as Gertrude Melnick on January 25, 1912 to Sadie and Isaac Melnick in Paterson, New Jersey. She had three siblings: William Melnick, Lena Melnick Sisselman, and Annie Melnick. Annie unfortunately died from typhoid fever when she was only nine. Gertrude was the oldest of the siblings. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Gertrude’s parents were both born in Russia. Sadie Melnick came over to the United States with her sister, Polly. Their older sister, Leah Turkowitz, was already living in the U.S. when they arrived. They had a mother (Rose) and a brother (Labin) who refused to leave Russia. Both were tragically killed during a pogrom. Her mother’s father, William, was a part of the underground and unfortunately killed when Sadie was only two. Her father came to America when he was 14. His parents were named Aschel and Israel Melnick. He had a sister named Gittel who passed away. Gertrude was named after her.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Getrude’s family moved to Atlanta when Gertrude was only three months old. When they first moved to Atlanta, they lived on Woodward Avenue. Then, they moved to Washington Street, and then again to Jackson Street (now Parkway Drive). They also lived on the corner of Parkway Drive and Ponce de Leon. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Her father began work as a peddler and then eventually opened a scrap business called M \u0026amp; G Junk Company. The “G” in the business’s name stands for Gertrude. Isaac believed that naming his company after Gertrude would bring him good luck. Isaac Melnick liked to play the stock market, and the family unfortunately lost a lot of money during the stock market crash in 1929. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            The Melnick family home was open to all during Sabbath and the High Holidays while Gertrude was growing up. The family attended the Ahavath Achim Synagogue and Shearith Israel. Her father became the president of Shearith Israel when Tobias Geffen was the rabbi. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Gertrude went to Crew Street School, North Avenue School, O’Keefe Junior High School, Girls High, and attended night classes at Commercial High School. Shed went to Sunday school and was taught by Max Cuba. Unfortunately, she did not have the money to pursue a college education, so she entered the workforce. Gertrude worked at the Charlotte Dress Shop and Atlanta Savings Store. She also was a model for Ben Shutt at the High Museum of Art. She enjoyed drama and took acting lessons at the Alliance Theatre from Frank Wittow. Painting was another one of her passions. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Gertrude was introduced to her future husband, Sidney Gulden, by a mutual friend, Al Gilner. Sidney was born in Poland and came to America when he was only ten years old. The two began dating while Gertrude was visiting Al Gilner in New York, and became a long distance couple when Gertrude returned to Atlanta. Sidney told Gertrude on the third date that he wanted to marry her. Sidney was working for a nighttime cleaning business and was transferred to Atlanta. The couple married on August 3, 1939 at The Georgian Terrace Hotel in Midtown Atlanta. Their honeymoon was in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The two had three children: Pearlann Horowitz, Danny Gulden, and Isabelle Blumberg. They first lived on 7th Street, then moved to the Morningside area. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Gertrude took care of her mother as she suffered from rheumatoid arthritis. She also became involved in the Arthritis Foundation, Brownie and Cub Scouts, the Jewish Home, Heart Association, and Jewish Community Center. She also was a part of the Shearith Israel Sisterhood and was involved in the B’nai B’rith programs. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            On June 14, 1982, Sidney had a stroke. He recovered, but this event drastically changed their lives. Gertrude became his caretaker afterward. Sidney passed away seventeen years after his stroke, in 2000, shortly after he and Gertrude had moved to The Renaissance. Gertrude herself passed away in 2016.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eBecause Gertrude’s voice was bothering her when the interview was conducted, she entrusted the interviewer, Shirley Brickman, to record her thoughts. Shirley begins by discussing Gertrude’s birth and her family history. She describes her parents and they values the instilled on Gertrude. Sidney discusses how Gertrude’s parents met and courted one another. She continues narrating Gertrude’s family history. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Shirley discusses how the Melnick family home was open to everyone on the Sabbath or during the High Holidays. She also talks about how the family belonged to the Ahavath Achim and Shearith Israel Synagogues. She also lists the places in town where the Melnick family lived. She talks about how Isaac Melnick, Gertrude’s father, opened his M \u0026amp; G Scrap Iron company. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Shirley lists the schools that Gertrude attended and discusses her love of drama. She also mentions some of Gertrude’s closest friends and what they did for fun. She talks about the maid the Melnick family had and how Gertrude was afraid of dogs as a child. Shirley comments on Gertrude’s Sunday school experience and her time taking piano lessons. She also discusses how Gertrude’s father enjoyed playing the stock market, but lost a good deal of money during the 1929 crash.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Shirley talks about Gertrude’s early career and how she could not go to college because her family could not afford it. Next, Shirley discusses Gertrude’s trip to New York, where she met her future husband, Sidney Gulden, through a mutual friend, Al Gilner. Sidney narrates their love story, describing how they began dating and eventually married. She then talks about Gertrude and Sidney’s children and grandchildren. She discusses how Sidney had a stroke and how that changed the lives of the Gulden family, especially Gertrude’s life. Shirley talks about how Sidney passed away before sharing some of Gertrude’s final thoughts and concluding the recording. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Ahavath Achim Synagogue (Atlanta, Ga.) (corporate name)","American Heart Association. (corporate name)","American Jewish Committee (corporate name)","Antisemitism (topical term)","Arthritis Foundation (corporate name)","Atlanta (Ga.) (geographic term)","Atlanta Speech School (corporate name)","Bar mitzvah (topical term)","Beth Jacob Congregation (Atlanta, Ga.) (corporate name)","Bishop, Isabella (geographic term)","Blank, Max (personal name)","Blue Star Camps (Hendersonville, N.C.) (corporate name)","Blumberg, Barry (personal name)","Blumberg, Isabelle Gulden (personal name)","Blume, Jenette Goldstein (personal name)","B'nai B'rith (corporate name)","Bookkeepers (topical term)","Boy Scouts (topical term)","Brickman, Shirley (personal name)","Businesspeople (topical term)","Camps (topical term)","Charitable giving (topical term)","Chattanooga (Tenn.) (geographic term)","Childhood (topical term)","Cleaning personnel (topical term)","Clinics (topical term)","Clubs (topical term)","Community centers. (topical term)","Conservative Judaism (topical term)","Cuba, Max (1903-1972) (personal name)","Dartmouth College (corporate name)","Dating (topical term)","Day Camps (topical term)","Dechovitz, Ruby (personal name)","Delicatessens (topical term)","Department stores. (topical term)","Dogs (topical term)","Draft. (topical term)","Education (topical term)","Education, Elementary. (topical term)","Emory University (corporate name)","England (geographic term)","Europe (geographic term)","Family history. (topical term)","Feldman, Rosalee (personal name)","Florida (geographic term)","Geffen, Sam (1907-2002) (personal name)","Geffen, Tobias (1870-1970) (personal name)","Georgia (geographic term)","Gershon, Sam (personal name)","Gilner, Al (personal name)","Girl Scouts (topical term)","Goldberg, Abe (personal name)","Goldstein, Rose (1912-1973) (personal name)","Great Depression (named event)","Gulden, Candace Cohen (personal name)","Gulden, Danny (personal name)","Gulden, Dave (personal name)","Gulden, Gertrude Melnick (1912-2016) (personal name)","Gulden, Gina Rebecca (personal name)","Gulden, Harry (personal name)","Gulden, Sara Elana (personal name)","Gulden, Sidney (personal name)","Halloween (named event)","Henderson (N.C.) (geographic term)","High Museum of Art (corporate name)","High School (topical term)","Hirsch, Bertha (personal name)","Holocaust. (named event)","Horowitz, Gerald (1939-) (personal name)","Horowitz, Michelle (personal name)","Horowitz, Pearlann Gulden (1942-) (personal name)","Horowitz, Scott (personal name)","Hospitals (topical term)","Hotels (topical term)","Immigrants--United States. (topical term)","Institutions (topical term)","Israel (geographic term)","Jewish businesspeople. (topical term)","Jewish children (topical term)","Jewish community centers (topical term)","Jewish congregations (topical term)","Jewish cooking (topical term)","Jewish day schools (topical term)","Jewish families (topical term)","Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta (corporate name)","Jewish learning and scholarship (topical term)","Jewish men (topical term)","Jewish orphanages (topical term)","Jewish religious education of young people (topical term)","Jewish sects (topical term)","Jewish women (topical term)","Jews, American (topical term)","Jews, Polish (topical term)","Jews, Russian (topical term)","Jews--Dietary Laws (topical term)","Jews—United States (topical term)","Judaism—Study and teaching (topical term)","Kahn, Mordehei (personal name)","Key, James L. (1867-1939) (personal name)","Kosher food (topical term)","Levitas, Ida (1897-1987) (personal name)","Lipton, Ari Blumberg (personal name)","Lipton, Katie Blumberg (personal name)","London (England) (geographic term)","Marriage (topical term)","Masier, Rose (personal name)","Mayo Clinic. (corporate name)","Maziar, Jack (1908-1997) (personal name)","Melnick, Annie (personal name)","Melnick, Aschel (personal name)","Melnick, Gittel (personal name)","Melnick, Isaac (personal name)","Melnick, Israel (personal name)","Melnick, Sadie (personal name)","Melnick, William (personal name)","Mount Sinai Hospital (New York, N.Y.). (corporate name)","Museums (topical term)","National Council of Jewish Women (corporate name)","New Jersey (geographic term)","New York (geographic term)","New York City (N.Y.) (geographic term)","North Carolina (geographic term)","North Miami (Fla.) (geographic term)","Stroke (topical term)","Ocko, Ida Blank (personal name)","Ohio State University (corporate name)","Old age homes (topical term)","Orphanages (topical term)","Orthodox Judaism (topical term)","Osteomyelitis (topical term)","Paglin, Polly (personal name)","Passover. (named event)","Passover food (topical term)","Paterson (N.J.) (geographic term)","Pennsylvania (geographic term)","Pharmacists (topical term)","Philadelphia (Pa) (geographic term)","Piano (topical term)","Pidvolochysʹk (Ukraine) (geographic term)","Piedmont Park (Atlanta, Ga.) (geographic term)","Pihacapelouto, Esther (personal name)","Pogroms (topical term)","Poland (geographic term)","Professional associations. (topical term)","Public schools (topical term)","Rabbis (topical term)","Real estate agents. (topical term)","Religious education (topical term)","Restaurants (topical term)","Rheumatoid arthritis. (topical term)","Russia (geographic term)","Sabbath (topical term)","Sarnof, Lou (personal name)","Schools (topical term)","Scrap metal industry (topical term)","Sears, Roebuck and Company. (corporate name)","Secretaries (topical term)","Shearith Israel Congregation (Atlanta, Ga (corporate name)","Shutt, Ben (personal name)","Silver, Labin (personal name)","Silver, Rose (personal name)","Silver, William (personal name)","Sisselman, Lena Melnick (personal name)","Sisterhoods (topical term)","Skidmore College (corporate name)","Solomon, Sarah (personal name)","Speech clinics. (topical term)","Speech correction (topical term)","Speech disorders (topical term)","St. Augustine (Fla.) (geographic term)","Steel. (topical term)","Stock Market Crash, 1929. (named event)","Taylor, Esther Kahn (1905-1992) (personal name)","Tennessee (geographic term)","Travel (topical term)","Turkowitz, Leah (personal name)","Typhoid fever (topical term)","Ukraine (geographic term)","Universities and colleges (topical term)","Weitz, Mirzi Hirsch (personal name)","West End (Atlanta, Ga.) (geographic term)","Wittow, Frank (personal name)","Women in Judaism (topical term)","Women--Societies and clubs. (topical term)","Zionism. (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGertrude Gulden was interviewed by Shirley Brickman on June 15, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGertrude Gulden was born as Gertrude Melnick on January 25, 1912 to Sadie and Isaac Melnick in Paterson, New Jersey. She had three siblings: William Melnick, Lena Melnick Sisselman, and Annie Melnick. Annie unfortunately died from typhoid fever when she was only nine. Gertrude was the oldest of the siblings.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Gertrude\u0026rsquo;s parents were both born in Russia. Sadie Melnick came over to the United States with her sister, Polly. Their older sister, Leah Turkowitz, was already living in the U.S. when they arrived. They had a mother (Rose) and a brother (Labin) who refused to leave Russia. Both were tragically killed during a pogrom. Her mother\u0026rsquo;s father, William, was a part of the underground and unfortunately killed when Sadie was only two. Her father came to America when he was 14. His parents were named Aschel and Israel Melnick. He had a sister named Gittel who passed away. Gertrude was named after her.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Getrude\u0026rsquo;s family moved to Atlanta when Gertrude was only three months old. When they first moved to Atlanta, they lived on Woodward Avenue. Then, they moved to Washington Street, and then again to Jackson Street (now Parkway Drive). They also lived on the corner of Parkway Drive and Ponce de Leon.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Her father began work as a peddler and then eventually opened a scrap business called M \u0026amp; G Junk Company. The \u0026ldquo;G\u0026rdquo; in the business\u0026rsquo;s name stands for Gertrude. Isaac believed that naming his company after Gertrude would bring him good luck. Isaac Melnick liked to play the stock market, and the family unfortunately lost a lot of money during the stock market crash in 1929.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; The Melnick family home was open to all during Sabbath and the High Holidays while Gertrude was growing up. The family attended the Ahavath Achim Synagogue and Shearith Israel. Her father became the president of Shearith Israel when Tobias Geffen was the rabbi.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Gertrude went to Crew Street School, North Avenue School, O\u0026rsquo;Keefe Junior High School, Girls High, and attended night classes at Commercial High School. Shed went to Sunday school and was taught by Max Cuba. Unfortunately, she did not have the money to pursue a college education, so she entered the workforce. Gertrude worked at the Charlotte Dress Shop and Atlanta Savings Store. She also was a model for Ben Shutt at the High Museum of Art. She enjoyed drama and took acting lessons at the Alliance Theatre from Frank Wittow. Painting was another one of her passions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Gertrude was introduced to her future husband, Sidney Gulden, by a mutual friend, Al Gilner. Sidney was born in Poland and came to America when he was only ten years old. The two began dating while Gertrude was visiting Al Gilner in New York, and became a long distance couple when Gertrude returned to Atlanta. Sidney told Gertrude on the third date that he wanted to marry her. Sidney was working for a nighttime cleaning business and was transferred to Atlanta. The couple married on August 3, 1939 at The Georgian Terrace Hotel in Midtown Atlanta. Their honeymoon was in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The two had three children: Pearlann Horowitz, Danny Gulden, and Isabelle Blumberg. They first lived on 7th Street, then moved to the Morningside area.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Gertrude took care of her mother as she suffered from rheumatoid arthritis. She also became involved in the Arthritis Foundation, Brownie and Cub Scouts, the Jewish Home, Heart Association, and Jewish Community Center. She also was a part of the Shearith Israel Sisterhood and was involved in the B\u0026rsquo;nai B\u0026rsquo;rith programs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; On June 14, 1982, Sidney had a stroke. He recovered, but this event drastically changed their lives. Gertrude became his caretaker afterward. Sidney passed away seventeen years after his stroke, in 2000, shortly after he and Gertrude had moved to The Renaissance. Gertrude herself passed away in 2016.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBecause Gertrude\u0026rsquo;s voice was bothering her when the interview was conducted, she entrusted the interviewer, Shirley Brickman, to record her thoughts. Shirley begins by discussing Gertrude\u0026rsquo;s birth and her family history. She describes her parents and they values the instilled on Gertrude. Sidney discusses how Gertrude\u0026rsquo;s parents met and courted one another. She continues narrating Gertrude\u0026rsquo;s family history.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Shirley discusses how the Melnick family home was open to everyone on the Sabbath or during the High Holidays. She also talks about how the family belonged to the Ahavath Achim and Shearith Israel Synagogues. She also lists the places in town where the Melnick family lived. She talks about how Isaac Melnick, Gertrude\u0026rsquo;s father, opened his M \u0026amp; G Scrap Iron company.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Shirley lists the schools that Gertrude attended and discusses her love of drama. She also mentions some of Gertrude\u0026rsquo;s closest friends and what they did for fun. She talks about the maid the Melnick family had and how Gertrude was afraid of dogs as a child. Shirley comments on Gertrude\u0026rsquo;s Sunday school experience and her time taking piano lessons. She also discusses how Gertrude\u0026rsquo;s father enjoyed playing the stock market, but lost a good deal of money during the 1929 crash.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Shirley talks about Gertrude\u0026rsquo;s early career and how she could not go to college because her family could not afford it. Next, Shirley discusses Gertrude\u0026rsquo;s trip to New York, where she met her future husband, Sidney Gulden, through a mutual friend, Al Gilner. Sidney narrates their love story, describing how they began dating and eventually married. She then talks about Gertrude and Sidney\u0026rsquo;s children and grandchildren. She discusses how Sidney had a stroke and how that changed the lives of the Gulden family, especially Gertrude\u0026rsquo;s life. Shirley talks about how Sidney passed away before sharing some of Gertrude\u0026rsquo;s final thoughts and concluding the recording.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Gulden_Gertrude.mp3"]},"duration":2396.9698,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/242/046/original/Gulden_Gertrude.mp3?1717283008","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":2396.9698,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Gertrude Gulden [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[start of tape 1, side 1] BRICKMAN: This is Shirley Brickman interviewing\nGertrude Melnick Gulden on June the 15th, 2001, for the Jewish Oral History\nProject of Atlanta, which is co-sponsored by The American Jewish Committee, the\nGreater Atlanta Jewish Federation, and The National Council of Jewish Women.\n[tape clicks] Since Gertrude's [Gulden’s] voice was bothering her during the\ntimes we had scheduled these interviews, it was determined that the best way to\nget this story would be for me to just ask her questions and then I would write ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndown her responses. This oral history will be done just a little bit\ndifferently. It's going to be done in story form rather than a\nquestion-and-answer form. [tape clicks] Gertrude was born in Paterson, New\nJersey [United States], on January the 25th, 1912, to Sadie and Isaac Melnick,\nM-E-L-N-I-C-K. There were four children in the Melnick family. Gertrude ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n[Gulden] was the oldest, then there was William [Melnick] who was followed by\nLena Melnick Sisselman, and a sister, Annie [Melnick], who died of typhoid at\nthe young age of nine. Gertrude's [Gulden’s] parents were born in Russia. When\nher mom, Sadie [Melnick], was a young girl, she and her sister, Polly [Paglin]\ncame to America together and settled in New York ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n[United States]. Polly [Paglin] was married to a physician whose name was Dr.\nPaglin, and Polly [Paglin] was a midwife. Whenever Gertrude [Gulden] speaks of\nher parents, who are both deceased, she talks about them with reverence, with\nlove, and respect. She remembers her father as a man with lots of charisma. She\nsays he was a very affectionate father. Her dad worked hard and played hard. He\nloved being around people. He was always very involved in a variety of Jewish\norganizations. Gertrude's [Gulden’s] mom was the disciplinarian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin the family and kept a close eye on the behavior of her four children. Both\nparents were very giving people. Mr. [Isaac] Melnick was a generous man,\nGertrude [Gulden] said, and was one of the founders of the Free Loan Society in\nAtlanta [Georgia, United States]. Gertrude's [Gulden’s] mom, Sadie [Melnick],\nalways reminded the children to put money into the pushke on a regular basis. In\nfact, Gertrude [Gulden] recalls hiding behind her mom's skirt and watching her\nmother give to the variety of people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwho were always soliciting for one charity or another. These demonstrations of\nhearing her mom always saying yes to those in need made a lasting impression on\nGertrude [Gulden], and she made sure that she taught these same lessons to her\nchildren. [tape clicks] Gertrude [Gulden] recalled that she and her mom used to\ntake the streetcar on numerous occasions to the Hebrew Orphan's Home in Atlanta,\nwhere Mrs. [Sadie] Melnick often distributed gifts to the children who were\nresiding at the orphanage. [tape clicks] In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndescribing the romance of her parents, Gertrude [Gulden] recalled hearing from\nthem that Sadie [Melnick], her mother, was originally engaged to a pharmacist.\nHer dad, Isaac [Melnick], was visiting a friend in New York and saw Sadie's\n[Melnick’s] photo on the piano. He took one look at her and announced that that\nwas the girl he was going to marry. Her dad, Isaac [Melnick], was a very sharp\ndresser and evidently very serious about his announced ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndecision. He courted Sadie [Melnick], and sure enough, Sadie [Melnick] agreed to\nbecome Mrs. Isaac Melnick. In 1910, they were married, but there was one\nstipulation put forth by Sadie [Melnick]. She insisted that Isaac [Melnick] not\nwork on Shabbos. Isaac [Melnick] agreed and kept to his promise all their\nmarried life. Gertrude [Gulden] recalled that her father even tied his\nhandkerchief to his wrist on Shabbos so he wouldn't have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto carry anything on the Sabbath. When questioned about Mr. Melnick's family,\nGertrude [Gulden] said that her father came to America alone at the age of 14.\n[tape clicks] I questioned Gertrude [Gulden] as to who was already in America\nwho could sponsor the families when they came here. She said that her mom had an\nolder sister, Leah Turkowitz, who was already living in America with her husband. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nHer mother also had a brother, Labin [Silver], who refused to leave even though\nthere were frequent pogroms. The grandma, whose name was Rose [Silver], never\ncame to America. The grandfather, William [Silver], was killed when her mother\nwas two years old. He had worked in the underground, so he had already deceased.\nIsaac Melnick's mother and sister, Gittel [Melnick], had passed away. At that time, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nGertrude's [Gulden’s] father made the decision that it was time to make a change\nand to come to America. [tape clicks] Gertrude [Gulden] is named for Gittel\n[Melnick]. There was a gentleman who lived in Atlanta by the name of Sam\nGershon. He used to collect money from families who were living here in Atlanta,\nand he would take it back to Europe and give it to those families who had not\nmade the trip over to come to this country. Upon his return on one trip, he reported ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat Sadie's [Melnick’s] mother and brother Labin [Silver], who had refused to\nleave, had been killed in a pogrom. [tape clicks] Backing up a generation or\ntwo, Gertrude's [Gulden’s] grandparents on her mother's side were Rose Silver\nand William Silver. On her father's side, the grandma's name was Aschel Melnick,\nA-S-C-H-E-L, and Israel Melnick. When ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nGertrude [Gulden] was three months old, her family moved to Atlanta. Her father\npeddled at first to make a living. He opened a junkyard on Decatur Street…[tape\nclicks]…and it was called M \u0026amp; G Junk Company. The M was for Melnick and the\nG, he said, was for Gertrude [Gulden], because he felt if he named it that, that\nher name would bring him good luck. Her mother also worked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthere. She was a secretary and the bookkeeper. [tape clicks] Who were some good\nfriends of her mother? One was Rose Goldstein, Ida Levitas's sister, and Sarah\nSolomon. Her father had a mentor by the name of Mordehei Kahn. He also was very\ngood friends with Esther Kahn Taylor's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfather. There was always company for Shabbos at the Melnick home. Friends and\nstrangers alike were invited to join the family on the Sabbath, as well as on\nall of the holidays. Gertrude [Gulden] remembers her mother chopping fish in\nthis huge wooden bowl to make gefilte fish, and distinctly remembers her father\nmaking fresh horseradish every week. [tape clicks] The Melnick's belonged ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto Ahavath Achim Synagogue as well as Shearith Israel. Mr. [Isaac] Melnick\nbecame president of Shearith Israel during the time that Rabbi Tobias Geffen was\nthe rabbi. [tape clicks] At first, the family lived on Woodward Avenue. Their\nsecond home was on Washington Street. Then they moved to Jackson Street, which\nlater became Parkway Drive. They lived… [tape fades out] They lived at the\ncorner of Parkway Drive and Ponce de Leon. [tape clicks] Gertrude [Gulden]\nrecalled that Mayor [James L.] Key—who was the mayor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nduring the time they were on Parkway and Ponce de Leon—that his backyard joined\nup with theirs. Gertrude [Gulden] recalled that her father came to America at\nthe age of 14. He left Russia by himself, went to London [England], then to New\nYork, and eventually the family, later on, settled in Paterson, New Jersey. Her\ndad was a real entrepreneur, she said. He was capable of doing a lot of things\nin business. He was a sharp man. Some travels were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ninvolved with his business, and she said wherever he went, he always found a\nsynagogue and made it a habit to leave money there for the congregation that he\nhad visited. In recalling things about that first business, M \u0026amp; G Scrap\nIron, Gertrude [Gulden] remembered that across the street, Mr. Boaz had a\nbusiness, and there was a woman by the name of Sarah Solomon, who was her dad's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfirst secretary. She remembers that Bertha Hirsch's stepfather, Mr. Meltzer,\nworked for her father. She said, \"My dad was very easy going at home, but when\nit came to business, he was tough.\" He made a lot of verbal agreements in\nbusiness, not a lot of paperwork involved. He just shook hands with someone,\nthey agreed verbally, and that was it. At the age of 40, Mr. [Isaac] Melnick\nretired and went into the real estate business with a gentleman by the name of\nMr. Rabinowitz. They… [tape fades out and clicks] At one time, this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nparticular real estate company owned a full block of buildings on Houston\nStreet. The family at this time had moved to a two-story house on Washington\nStreet. The house was shared by two families. Upstairs lived the Hirsch family;\nthat was Mitzi Hirsch Weitz, and downstairs was the Melnick family. [tape\nclicks] Gertrude [Gulden] went to elementary school at Crew Street, Crew Street\nElementary, and then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto North Avenue School. [tape clicks] She attended O'Keefe Junior High School\nand she went to Girls High for her last few years. She even went to Commercial\nHigh School at night to take extra courses. Gertrude [Gulden] was always very\ninterested in drama, and some of the night courses offered were in drama. She\nreally enjoyed that and spoke about that frequently. [tape clicks] One of\nGertrude's [Gulden’s] very dearest friends was Ruby Dechovitz. [tape clicks] Mrs. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n[Sadie] Melnick and Mrs. Dechovitz knew each other, and they introduced their\nchildren to each other at the age of ten. [tape clicks] Ruby [Dechovitz] and\nGertrude [Gulden] remained tight friends for many years. I think Mrs. [Ruby]\nDechovitz passed away the latter part of the year 2000. I asked Gertrude\n[Gulden] how she spent her time as a young kid, what did she do to occupy\nherself? She said, \"We always played all kinds of games that kids ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncreated during those years when there weren't televisions or video games. We\nplayed house. We entertained ourselves with very basic things. I even played\ndentist one day,\" she said. \"My brother had a loose tooth,\" and she decided that\nshe would just pull it out for him. And she said, \"I remember being punished for\nthat, too.” During those early years, Gertrude [Gulden] said there was a\nwonderful maid that her mother and father had, who stayed at the house to take\ncare of the kids. Her name was Maude, and Gertrude [Gulden] was very fond of\nher. There was also a dog that was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin the neighborhood; and he was eating one day and Gertrude [Gulden] decided\njust to pull his tail. He jumped at her and bit her; and ever since that time\nshe was very afraid of dogs. Later on, her dad bought a beagle when they were on\nJackson Street, and he was a good pet for Gertrude [Gulden], until the little\ndog got some teeth, and then Gertrude [Gulden] said she was afraid of him too.\nBut the dog was killed while the family was away ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvacationing one time, and she said, \"I'll have to admit that I mourned the most\nand the longest. I really did like him.\" [tape clicks] The Melnick family\nvacationed at a place called Hurwitz's Inn in Henderson, North Carolina [United\nStates], during the summertime. The family would go up together, and then mom\nand the children would stay there during the week and dad would come up and\nspend the weekends with them. Gertrude [Gulden] recalled that she attended\nSunday school and enjoyed it. One ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nof her teachers was Max Cuba. She said, \"I also remember when my brother William\n[Melnick] was studying for his bar mitzvah,\" and both of them had been taking\nHebrew lessons. But she said, \"I will admit that by the time his bar mitzvah\ncame, I knew William's [Melnick’s] speech just as good as he did.\" [tape clicks]\nGertrude [Gulden] took piano lessons, too, from a teacher by the name of Ms.\nLowenthal. She said, \"I enjoyed that, but then one day Ms. Lowenthal hit me on\nmy finger when I was playing, and I never returned after that. The next teacher ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat I had came to the house to teach me. I didn't mind taking piano lessons,\nbut what I really wanted to do was to take dancing lessons.\" [tape clicks] She\nsaid, \"My mother and father enjoyed going to the theater, and there was one near\nEdgewood Avenue. They would buy their Saturday tickets before Shabbos and would\nwalk to shul in the morning, and then in the afternoon they would go to the\ntheater.\" [tape clicks] Mrs. Melnick was a wonderful cook. There was nothing she\ncouldn't make. She didn't allow Gertrude [Gulden] in the kitchen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nShe didn't need any assistance. She said, \"I remember that my mother could\nprepare, oh, the most delicious meals.\" Gertrude [Gulden] remembered that Rabbi\n[Tobias] Geffen's son, Sam [Geffen], stayed with the family frequently. Rabbi\n[Tobias] Geffen's family ate with them. It was too far for them to walk to the\nshul which was on Washington Street, and so sometimes Sam [Geffen] would stay\nwith the Melnick ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfamily. [tape clicks] Thinking back about the piano lessons, Gertrude [Gulden]\nrecalled that her father bought a piano first for the Geffens because they\nwanted one and evidently couldn't afford it. Her dad bought them one. She said,\n\"Then later, he bought us one, but we were not the first.\" She recalled again\nhow very generous her father was in numerous ways. Gertrude [Gulden] recalled\nthat there was a gentleman by the name of Mr. Unger who was a friend of her father's, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand those two gentleman and a few others were one of the founding members of\nBeth Jacob Synagogue, when it was located originally on Boulevard. [tape clicks]\nMr. [Isaac] Melnick enjoyed playing the market. \"Remember,\" she said, \"never on\nShabbos, though. He didn't work on Shabbos; he didn't play the market on\nShabbos, but he absolutely got a big kick out of playing the market.\" During the\nDepression, he lost quite a bit of money, and they lost their home as well and\nhad to rent a house to live in. The family moved to the duplex on Parkway. She\nsaid, \"My mother had put away some money ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand had kept it during this period of time, and they were able to start the same\nkind of business again, scrap iron business.\" I asked who lived near them when\nthey were in that area. She said, \"I remember Esther Pihacapelouto and Maurice\nwere their neighbors and lived close by.\" [tape clicks] Gertrude [Gulden] knew\nhow to type but said she wasn't able to go to college…didn't have the money to\ngo to college during this time. She was thinking about getting some kind of\nwork. She was good friends during that period of time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwith Jenette Goldstein Blume, and the two of them worked during the winter break\nholidays at the linen department at Rich's. She remembers working at Sears,\nRoebuck too. Gertrude [Gulden] worked at the Charlotte Dress Shop, which she\nremembers was next door to Sobelson's, a furrier. And they… [tape fades out]\nThis business was located on Peachtree Street. She said while working as an\nemployee in that particular dress shop, \"I had a boyfriend ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand I really liked to meet him at noon sometimes and go to a movie and spend\nsome time with him.\" There was a very nice bookkeeper there who used to cover\nfor her during these rendezvous. Another friend of Gertrude's [Gulden’s] was Ida\nBlank Ocko, O-C-K-O. One summer she was talking to her friend and said she\nreally needed another kind of job. It was during the Depression, and Ida [Ocko]\nsuggested that she apply at the Atlanta Savings Store. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIda's [Ocko’s] father, Max [Blank], was very much involved there. So, Gertrude\n[Gulden] applied for a job at Atlanta Savings Store. She was going to work the\nswitchboard, she said, and she also helped to balance the books there. …and\nremembered that the name of the general manager at that time was Jack Maziar.\nGertrude [Gulden] also had time, or took the time, to take a correspondence\ncourse in interior decorating. She recalls a trip to New York ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat she made with Ida [Ocko]. Ida [Ocko] was going to New York to do an\nunderpainting course, and Gertrude [Gulden] had started to paint a little bit\ntoo, but she didn't enjoy going to those classes as much as Ida [Ocko] did. The\ntwo women took six weeks off from their work to go up to New York, and they\nstayed there during those six weeks. She said, \"I had a fabulous time. I met\nsome very interesting people.\" There was an artist ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin New York at that time whose name was Isabelle Bishop. Gertrude [Gulden] said\nthat Isabella Bishop did a sketch of her. She said, \"I didn't like it too much.\nI just put it in the attic. But my daughter, Pearlann [Gulden Horowitz], found\nit years later and really fell in love with it, so I still have it.\" The sketch\nis now in the possession of Pearlann [Gulden Horowitz] and hangs on her wall.\n[tape clicks] Gertrude [Gulden] met Sidney Gulden when she was introduced to him\nthrough a friend of theirs by the name of Al Gilner. Al [Gilner]… [tape fades\nout] Al [Gilner] was in New York doing an internship for med school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nat that particular time. [tape clicks] Sidney [Gulden] took Gertrude [Gulden]\nout and, on the third date, he told her that he wanted to get married. He was\nalready madly in love with her. At the time, he was working for a gentleman by\nthe name of Lou Sarnof and was managing a night crew in the cleaning business.\nSidney [Gulden] was transferred to Atlanta in 1941. Gertrude [Gulden] returned\nand went back to work for Atlanta Savings. [tape clicks] Atlanta Savings was\nlocated on Whitehall Street ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nat that time. Upstairs in this building was a company called Monarch Pants\nManufacturing, and downstairs was Atlanta Savings. After this location on\nWhitehall, Atlanta Savings moved out to West End and the name was changed to\nQuality Service Stores. As some background on Sidney Gulden, Gertrude [Gulden]\ntold me that he was born in Poland, in a town called—I’ll spell it—P-U-D-V-A-L-L-A-C-H-I-N-S-K, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nPudvallachinsk. He came to America at the age of ten. He was one of ten\nchildren. The army wanted a brother, Dave [Gulden], to go ahead into the army,\nand the mother didn't really want him to but she had no choice when they came.\nHe went down to be checked out. They said, \"No, we can't take you. You're too\nshort.\" Then they were going to solicit Harry ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n[Gulden] to join, and the mother said, \"Harry [Gulden], don't go down there. Let\nDave [Gulden] go for you and make believe that you're Harry [Gulden].\" They told\nhim that he was too short too. [tape clicks] Both brothers didn't get into the\narmy. The mother was very happy, and it made the whole family happy, as a matter\nof fact. [tape clicks] Sidney's [Gulden’s] father was already in America with\nthe oldest daughter. Gertrude [Gulden] and Sidney [Gulden] dated for a while in\nNew York. They talked to each other long distance; they wrote to each other.\nThey decided ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat they weren't going to elope; they were going to think about how and when\nthey were going to get married. Gertrude [Gulden] said that he absolutely\nmesmerized her. He was an entertaining person, a wonderful dancer, a nice guy.\nUpon returning from New York once again, Gertrude [Gulden] went back to work for\nAtlanta Savings. In fact, she remained with that particular company for about\nsix years. Now Gertrude's [Gulden’s] mom and dad, Mr. [Isaac] and Mrs. [Sadie]\nMelnick, had not met Sidney [Gulden] yet. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthought they were going to find out a little bit about this gentleman. They\ncalled Al Gilner's uncle and said, \"Tell me more. Who is this guy?\" They also\ncalled Al Gilner's dad and said, \"We need to know a little bit more about this\ngentleman by the name of Sidney [Gulden].\" Evidently he had some great\nreferences, and so the love affair reached a peak through an agreement with\nGertrude's [Gulden’s] parents, and they were allowed to get married. Gertrude\nand Sidney Gulden ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbecame man and wife on August the 3rd, 1939, at The Georgian Terrace Hotel in\nAtlanta. Gertrude [Gulden] said it was catered by Siegel's. She said, just as a\nside note, she met her future mother-in-law at the [indistinct: 21.19] at the\nwedding. Thinking back about her dad, Mr. [Isaac] Melnick, Gertrude [Gulden]\nsaid, \"I was very close to my dad. I was close to both of my parents, but especially ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto my dad. He never really punished me for anything. I can distinctly remember\ntwo times that I was reprimanded for something I had done: once, because I had\ncrossed the street, which was not allowed, and the second time was when someone\nwas selling eggs to my mother, and I announced at the door, ‘My mother said that\nyour eggs are rotten!’” Gertrude [Gulden] got some time out for that. As a young\ngirl, Gertrude [Gulden] was interested in a lot of things. She was interested in acting. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nShe loved a lot of culture. She took classical piano lessons. She took a variety\nof courses. She participated in a lot of plays. At night, sometimes after work,\nshe would take drama courses. She really had involved herself in a lot of things\nthat kept her very busy. When thinking about her mother, she said, \"My mom never\nlearned to drive. She was a devoted person, a wonderful woman. She was a very\nobservant and religious ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nperson. She was honest. She raised four children. She did beautiful crocheting\nwork. She sewed; she cooked; she made hand-made items. She was a special lady\nand I loved her very much.\" When describing her dad, she said, \"If you will\nremember, I told you he had a lot of charisma. He was a very affectionate\nperson. He was observant, never did anything on Shabbos that was not allowed. He\nwas a very neat dresser. He was a hard-working man and a guy who liked to play\nhard too. Very honest, above board, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwas a very wonderful father. I feel very lucky to have had such great parents.\"\nWhen she talks about them, she tears up every single time. [tape clicks]\nGertrude [Gulden] said not only was her father a loving father and an\naffectionate man, but he was very much interested in synagogue. He was president\nof Shearith Israel. He was involved in the Free Loan Society. He helped start\nAnshi S'fard, another synagogue, and giving ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nTzedakah to everything and everyone was very much a part of his life. When\nGertrude [Gulden] married Sidney Gulden, they went on a honeymoon to\nChattanooga, Tennessee [United States]. It was just about three weeks after\ntheir honeymoon that Sidney [Gulden] developed an osteomyelitis in his leg and\nreally had a difficult time with that. They knew that their friend, Al Gilner,\nwas practicing in New York at Mount Sinai. They were in the area, and Sidney\n[Gulden] was taken care of and he did okay. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAt that particular time, his boss, Mr. Sarnof, had shifted him to working nights\nin Philadelphia [Pennsylvania, United States]. He also, after that, went to work\nfor a company called Lit Brothers. [tape clicks] In 1941, the couple came back\nto Atlanta. Gertrude [Gulden] returned to her job at Atlanta Savings. They\nreally wanted her there, and she liked that job. Sidney [Gulden] went into\nbusiness with Gertrude's [Gulden’s] father, Mr. [Isaac] Melnick. He learned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe business from Mr. [Isaac] Melnick and he adjusted very beautifully, and the\ncouple was happy here in Atlanta. In 1942, the Gulden's oldest child, Pearlann\n[Gulden Horowitz], was born. [interviewer clears her throat] Sidney [Gulden]\ndeveloped another leg problem. He set up an appointment at Mayo and went there\nto see about fixing that. At that particular time, they suggested surgery. They\nhad him on all kinds of drugs, and after a long period of time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhe recuperated. [tape clicks] Pearlann [Gulden Horowitz] was born in 1942. The\nsecond child, Danny [Gulden], was born in 1944, and the third child Isabelle\n[Gulden Blumberg] was born in 1947. Originally, the couple lived in an apartment\non Boulevard. [tape clicks] Then, they moved to Parkway Drive. Their third\nlocation was a duplex which they purchased on 7th Street, and they lived\nupstairs. At this time, all three children had been born: Pearlann [Gulden\nHorowitz], Danny [Gulden], and Isabelle [Gulden Blumberg]. Following that, they\nmoved from 7th Street to Homestead, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin the Morningside area, and stayed there for many years. Gertrude [Gulden]\nremembered that they bought their home on Homestead from a realtor by the name\nof Abe Goldberg, and recalled that in that Morningside area, where they lived\nfor 35 years, the Socolof family, the Novacks, the Hankins… They really loved\ntheir home on Homestead, and the children grew up going to school in the area,\nto Morningside, and then to Grady High School. Gertrude [Gulden] told me that\nher mother suffered ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfrom rheumatoid arthritis for many years, and she never minded taking care of\nher. She said, \"I distinctly remember when my brother, William [Melnick], got\nmarried, mama came to the wedding, but she came on a stretcher. [phone rings] I\nremember giving her a perm just for the occasion.\" [tape clicks] I asked\nGertrude [Gulden] how she spent her time when the kids were younger. She said,\n\"I had volunteered for the Arthritis Foundation. I was a Brownie leader. I\nvolunteered at The Jewish Home, Heart Association. I even worked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe switchboard on Sundays at the Jewish Community Center when it was on\nPeachtree. I loved programming and plays, Sisterhood for Shearith Israel. I was\ninvolved in B'nai B'rith programs. I worked with the Cub Scouts. Took and\nbrought the boys wherever they had to go. I really kept busy. There were some\npaining lessons involved in there, too. I tried to stay busy, and I enjoyed\nevery bit of my volunteering.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n[tape clicks] Gertrude [Gulden] told me that she was a model at the High Museum\nfor an artist by the name of Ben Shutt. She made a little money during the\nDepression doing that. She took acting lessons from Frank Wittow at the Academy,\nthe Alliance Theatre, and always found somewhere to spend any extra time that\nshe had. She never stayed home or just spent her time doing nothing. She\nliked…[tape clicks] Gertrude was a volunteer for the Atlanta Jewish Federation\nfor several years and enjoyed herself by doing things for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nothers. When her mother passed away in 1955, she wanted to go to The Jewish Home\nand work there for a while. It was on 14th Street at the time, and she used to\ngo there twice a week and volunteer her time. [tape clicks] In 1982, Sidney\nGulden had a stroke. In 1983, the couple decided to leave their home on\nHomestead and they moved to The Summit on Lenox. From 1985 to 1998, they resided ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nat The Plantation, and then the couple moved to The Renaissance, where Gertrude\n[Gulden] resides presently. After the three children had completed high school,\nPearlann [Gulden Horowitz] enrolled at Ohio State. Danny [Gulden] chose\nDartmouth as his college, and Isabelle [Gulden Blumberg] went to Skidmore. At\nthe time of this interview, Pearlann [Gulden Horowitz] is married to Gerald\nHorowitz and they have two children, Michelle Horowitz and Scott Horowitz. Danny ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n[Gulden] is married to Candace Cohen Gulden, and they have twin girls. And\nIsabelle [Gulden Blumberg] is married to Barry Blumberg and they have two\nchildren, Ari Blumberg and Katie Blumberg. Danny [Gulden] and Candace's [Cohen\nGulden’s] girls are named Jena Rebecca [Gulden] and Sarah Elana [Gulden]. Each\nof the children have been very much involved in the community in a variety of ways. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nPearlann [Gulden Horowitz] has been on several committees here, in charge of\nmany things, involved in developmental disabilities program. Isabella [Gulden\nBlumberg] is a fourth-grade teacher at the Epstein School. Danny [Gulden] is an\nattorney in town. Gertrude [Gulden] said many times during the interview how\nvery proud she is of her children. They are very close to her, and they were to\ntheir father, and there is nothing they wouldn't do for her. She shared this\ninformation during the interview, not as a way of showing off, but because she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nis so proud of her children. Gertrude [Gulden] is a very emotional person, and\nwhen she talks about family, she always cries. But it's out of joy, pleasure,\nand naches [Yiddish: the pride or joy someone feels toward a child’s\naccomplishments]. I wanted to know how they spent their summer vacations.\nGertrude [Gulden] told me that the children went to Blue Star, several summers.\nThey loved camping. She and Sidney [Gulden] took them to St. Augustine [Florida,\nUnited States], to New York, on several trips as a family. Many times, they went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\na place for Pesach in North Miami [Florida, United States] called The\nCannongate. They loved that, but when Sidney had his stroke, they discontinued\nthose trips. On June 14, 1982, Sidney [Gulden] woke up, came into the breakfast\nroom where Gertrude [Gulden] was making breakfast, and she said his face was\nturned down. He couldn't open the door to go out to get the paper. He just\ncried. He had had a stroke. Sidney [Gulden] suffered from this stroke for\nseventeen years. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nGertrude [Gulden] said everything changed for her, then. She became the\ntherapist, speech teacher, the driver, anything she had to become…the nurse, in\norder to take care of Sidney [Gulden]. She did what she had to do. Sidney\n[Gulden] had gone for a medical exam not more than six weeks prior to that and\nhad gotten a very good report. Gertrude [Gulden] remembers that day very vividly. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nShe said she didn't want anything unusual to happen…wanted everything to go as\nsmoothly as possible, and even had presence of mind to call Sidney's [Gulden’s]\nsecretary, and said that she would pick her up and get her to work because\nthat's what usually was done. Sidney [Gulden] had lost his brother six weeks\nprior to his having had this stroke, and he was so proud of how he felt since he\nhad gotten such a good report. On the trip up to his brother's home, he said he\nwas going to take his report to show them just how healthy he was. But he had a 90% ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nblockage, and the carotid had blocked so much they couldn't even operate. If\nthey did, the doctors told them then Sidney [Gulden] might not live. Sidney\n[Gulden] returned home after this hospital stay. They had to hire a couple of\nnurses. The right side of his face was affected…in fact, the whole right side of\nhis body, because he had had the stroke on the left side. Because Sidney\n[Gulden] was ambidextrous, being able to use his left as well as his right hand, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhe was able to eat by himself. A lot of his…speech therapy over a long period of\ntime at Emory Atlanta Speech School, and Gertrude [Gulden] said, \"We went on a\nregular basis, and I watched him slowly work very hard to try to improve\nhimself, so he could return to somewhat of a normal life.\" She remembers marking\nthe bed, the lamp, the table, the sofa, with words, so that when he came by, it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwould help Sidney [Gulden] remember exactly what these items were called. She\nbecame a teacher. Three weeks after that stroke, she said, they dressed, they\nwent to the Colonnade for dinner, and she wanted him to feel very independent.\nWhen it was time to pay for the bill, she even gave him the proper money, so\nthat he could pay for the dinner and feel like he at least had some pride left\nin what he was able to do. I asked her what she did for activity. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nShe had been really tied to the house to be sure that Sidney [Gulden] got along\nall right. She said, \"Friday was my day out. I would go out and do just simple\neveryday things.\" At the time, they were living at The Plantation. In fact, they\nlived there for 13 years. Sidney [Gulden] learned how to go outside alone and\ntake a walk. One evening, he didn't return. He fortunately had information in\nhis pocket that said who he was, but he had walked so far and gotten so tired,\nhe had just gone ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto Lenox and sat down and rested. He spent some time there. He had gotten\nexhausted from that trip. He was coming back, and Gertrude [Gulden] found him.\nOf course, she was a nervous wreck, she said, at this point, but she had to\nallow him to do some things alone. It was important for him to be able to do\nthat, and she said, \"It was important for me as well. Our lifestyles changed. We\nrestructured our lives…[interviewer clears her throat]…to match to what Sidney\n[Gulden] was able to do. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndid play cards. He couldn't deal right; he didn't know the exact number, but he\ndid play and we did have a little social life. We went to the movies and we went\nout to eat, and we tried to have some semblance of normalcy in our lives. That\nwent on for 17 years.\" Sidney and Gertrude [Gulden] showed up at many community\nevents. He was dressed perfectly. Although he couldn't speak, he always had a\nsmile on his face. Gertrude [Gulden] said she accompanied ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhim to everything, and they were always at many community functions together.\n[tape clicks] Gertrude [Gulden] said, \"My children did not ignore us during all\nof those years when Sidney [Gulden] was trying to recover from this stroke.\nPearlann [Gulden Horowitz] had lunch with her dad. Danny was there frequently.\nIsabelle [Gulden Blumberg] was there.\" She said, \"I didn't do everything alone.\nMy children were a support system to both of us during all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nof those years, and I'll be forever grateful for that.\" [tape clicks] The phone\ncalls were frequent from each child. The visits were frequent. She said, \"That\nmade a tremendous difference to both of us. The love and devotion that the\nchildren had for their father and for me, I'm sure, made me feel very good.”\n“I've got good children,\" she said several times. \"I don't want to ignore the\nfact that the spouses of my children were also wonderful to me and to Sidney\n[Gulden], as well. I could always depend on them to give the extra love and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nattention exactly like our own children did, and we were very appreciative of\nthat. It made a big difference.\" Gertrude [Gulden] said, \"Family has always been\nvery important to me and to Sidney [Gulden] as well, to be able to get together\nfor holidays, Jewish holidays, or vacations, to spend time with our children,\ntheir spouses, and our grandchildren. Really, that made up most of our happy\ntimes. When Sidney [Gulden] first had his stroke and our lives changed so much, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\neverything came to a real slowdown, and we missed the activity, the involvement\nin the community, going and coming, being with friends, and doing all of our\nvolunteer work. But times change sometimes and you have to adjust to that.\" And\nshe… [tape fades out an clicks] She also said that, \"I never minded all the time\nand the effort that was put into being with Sidney [Gulden]. He was a wonderful\nhusband, and I loved him very dearly.\" Gertrude… [tape fades out and clicks]\nGertrude [Gulden] and Sidney [Gulden] moved to The Renaissance in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAugust of 2000. They really hadn't even completed unpacking yet when Sidney\n[Gulden] passed away. They were in the midst of unpacking. Gertrude [Gulden]\nsaid he walked over to a chair and sat down. He had had his dinner first. She\nnoticed that he was a bit more tired than usual. He went to lie down on the\nfloor. [tape clicks] She thought he was just resting there for a while. She\nchecked in a little bit, and he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwas gone. That, she said, was the end of a very beautiful marriage, a wonderful\nrelationship for many years. [tape clicks] Gertrude [Gulden] was thinking back\nabout how she had occupied herself when the children were younger and in school,\nand she said, after Sidney [Gulden] had bought the business that she worked\npart-time for him. She was very involved in community work, volunteer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwork, collecting for Federation, working for bonds, the Brownie leader, the\nArthritis Foundation, just a multitude of things, and she really enjoyed that\ntime of her life. When I asked her about what was happening in the Atlanta\nJewish community during those times, she said that Community Center at that\nparticular time was on Peachtree, when there was a lot of activity going on in\nher personal family. [tape clicks] She said, \"I watched Federation change and\ngrow. I watched the community grow ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfrom just two or three synagogues to quite a few. There was a lot of activity\nwith Israel Bonds. The Jewish community was growing rapidly.\" [tape clicks] I\nasked who her very good friends were. She said, \"Rose Masier was a very good\nfriend of mine, and of course, my friend Ruby Decovitz. And Helene Facher is a\ngood friend of mine.\" Rosalee Feldman was another woman she named. Reminiscing\nabout the times when the children were younger, she said, \"We always celebrated\nthe children's birthdays at home ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwhen they were very small. Later, there were trains that were at Piedmont Park.\nWe went there. When they got a little older, the children were allowed to choose\nhow to celebrate their birthday. After they had gotten married, we celebrated\nwith everyone in the family, together. The person who was celebrating her\nbirthday, or his, could choose the spot, the location.\" She remembered that\nIsabella [Gulden Blumberg] had Halloween birthday parties, and then the children\nwould have their fortunes told. Gertrude [Gulden] talked about the importance of\nTzedakah, how very important it was for her and her husband to teach the\nchildren to not only help yourself but to help others, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto lead a clean, healthy life, to have respect for your elders, read a lot, be\naware that other people may need your help, take care of those in Israel, give\nTzedakah, don't forget the Holocaust. All… [tape fades and clicks] Gertrude\n[Gulden] said she enjoyed the way she had lived and was looking forward to many\nmore years with her wonderful family. She said it was a simple kind of life ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfilled with lots of pleasures. \"I especially love the involvement in the Jewish\ncommunity. My work at the synagogue meant a lot to me, the plays, the\nprogramming. Everything that I did for someone else made me feel good.\" I asked\nher, \"Gertrude [Gulden], what is your life's dream, your special wish?\" \"I want\nmy children to be happy,\" she said, \"to be healthy, to remember to care for each\nother, to stay together, indistinct: 39.50], to remember to always give\nTzedakah.” “If they did all of that,\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/transcript/67527/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nshe said, \"that would be the best that I could ever ask—\" [end of tape 1, side 1] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=2400.0,2430.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Esther and Herbert Taylor Family Foundation was founded in 1983 and is administered by the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta. The Foundation supports the Oral History Project at the Breman Museum in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Committee (AJC) was founded in 1906 to safeguard the welfare and security of Jews worldwide. It is one of the oldest Jewish advocacy organizations in the United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds, which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community. Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, and educational opportunities. It is an affiliate of the Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Council of Jewish Women is an organization of volunteers and advocates, founded in the 1890s, who turn progressive ideals in advocacy and philanthropy inspired by Jewish values. They strive to improve the quality of life for women, children and families. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaterson is a city located in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the city was the state's third-most-populous municipality, with a population of over 159,700.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphoid fever is an infection caused by Salmonella Typhi, a form of bacteria. The infection can be life-threatening.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRussia spans Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world and covers 6,601,670 sq mi. Russia has eleven time zones and borders fourteen countries. It has a population of over 147 million people. The country's capital and largest city is Moscow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEither New York City or New York State. New York City is the most populated city in the United States with over 8,800,000 residents as of 2020. It is a global cultural, economic, education, political, and tourism center. The city is comprised of five boroughs and sits on Hudson Bay, making it a major port city. The Algonquian peoples lived in lived in the region long before the first European settler, Giovanni de Verrazzano, arrived in 1524. The first European settlement in the area was a Dutch fur trading outpost, established in 1624. Shortly after, a Dutch fort was built, and New Amsterdam was established. New Amsterdam was surrendered to the English in 1664 and the settlement was named “New York.” In the early 1700s, the city quickly grew as an important port. During the 19th century, New York City’s population boomed, growing from 60,000 residents to 3.43 million. The city surpassed 10 million residents in the 1930s, making it the first megacity in the world. After World War II, New York became the leading city in the world.  New York state is a Mid-Atlantic state in the U.S. It borders the Atlantic Ocean, New England, Canada and the Great Lakes. The state has nearly 19.6 million residents (2023).  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Interest Free Loan of Atlanta (JIFLA) opened its doors in 2010 to provide interest-free loans to help with mortgage arrears, dental or medical costs, temporary unemployment, funeral cost, and debt reduction. Its predecessors in Atlanta included the Morris Lichtenstein Free Loan Fund, founded in the 1890s as the Montefiore Relief Association, the Congregation Ahavath Achim (AA) Free Loan Association founded in 1930. AA’s free loan fund existed until the early 1960s when it ceased operating and transferred its remaining assets to the Jewish Home for the Aged. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta is the capital city of Georgia. Before European settlers arrived in the area, the Creek people lived in the region. The 1821 Indian Removal Act forced the Creek to leave their north Georgia home. Atlanta was founded as a railroad hub and became the center of multiple tracks. The settlement at the railroad hub was called Terminus, Thrasherville, Marthasville, and finally, Atlanta. Atlanta was an important depot for military supplies during the American Civil War. General William Tecumseh Sherman ordered that the city be destroyed during his March to the Sea and the city was slowly rebuilt after the war. In the early 20th century, Atlanta’s population tripled, and Atlanta was vital to the United States war effort in World War II because of its local industries and railroad network. After the war, Atlanta became a hub for the Civil Rights Movement. As of 2020, over 498,000 people live in the city proper, while the larger metro area has over 6,100,000 residents. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first Blue Box was actually Theodor Herzl’s hat. At the Fifth Zionist Congress in 1901, Herzl removed his hat and asked delegates for donations to purchase land in Eretz Yisrael to re-establish a Jewish homeland. Two weeks later, the iconic Blue Box, or pushke in Yiddish, was born. Stamped with the words “National Fund,” small tin boxes were distributed to Jewish communities across the globe to collect coins and numbered over a million by World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Orphans’ Home was located at 478 Washington Street in Atlanta, Georgia. The residence facility was open from 1876 to 1930. It was originally called the Hebrew Orphans’ Asylum and was originally an actual orphanage. In 1901, the name was changed to the Hebrew Orphans’ Home. Then its services phased into placing children in foster home care and helping with adoptions instead of an actual orphans' home, during which time it was called the Jewish Family and Children's Bureau (and another variation—Jewish Children's Services). Finally it got out of the children's institutional care business entirely. In 1988, the organization’s mission changed and it became the Jewish Educational Loan Fund (JELF) with the goal of providing low-interest post-secondary education loans for Jewish students.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah  blessing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePogrom is a Russian word meaning \"to wreak havoc, to demolish violently\" that historically refers to violent attacks on by local non-Jewish populations on Jews. Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire were large-scale, targeted, and repeated anti-Jewish rioting that first began in the 19th century. Pogroms began occurring after the Russian Empire acquired territories with large Jewish populations from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Ottoman Empire during 1772–1815.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDecatur St. SE runs from Peachtree St. and becomes DeKalb Avenue NE. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRose Goldstein Anderson (1912-1973) was a social worker in the Atlanta, Georgia and Miami Beach, Florida Jewish communities. A native of Atlanta, Georgia, she was on the staff of the Montefiore Relief Society in Atlanta, a predecessor agency of the Jewish Welfare Fund, and with the Federation Family Service Bureau. She was a graduate of Oglethorpe University and attended Florida State University, where she took graduate courses in social service. After relocating to Miami Beach, she joined the staff of the Miami Beach Social Services Department and was one of the organizers of the Send A Beach Child To Camp program. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIda Goldstein Levitas (1897-1987) was born in in the town of Zabludow (near Bialystok), Poland and grew up in Atlanta, Georgia. During the First World War and before marrying her husband Louis J. Levitas, she was a social worker for the Jewish Educational Alliance in Atlanta. Her son Elliott Levitas was a United States Congressman from 1975 to 1985 and her son Ted Levitas was a prominent pediatric dentist.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEsther Kahn was born on March 22, 1905 in Atlanta to Janice and Marcus (d. 1927) Kahn, both immigrants from the Bialystok area of Eastern Europe.  Their home was Orthodox and she attended Hebrew school in the afternoons. The family was enthusiastic Zionists and they are related to Bertha (Bert) and Bob Travis, the foremost promoters of Zionism in the southeast. Esther discovered when she was quite young that she had a natural ear for music and began to take piano lessons.  She learned ragtime by ear and began to play for her brother’s college friends at their fraternity parties at Emory University. Esther started to attend Girls’ High when she was 12, where she was elected class president, and expected to go to college to be a teacher. Her father, however, refused to send her to college and felt that she should find a scholarly Jewish husband. Esther was unhappy about this decision and went to work as a Hebrew school teacher until she met and married Herbert Taylor (1895-1987). At the time of their marriage, Herbert was a pharmacist with his own stores, although later he went into real estate development. Esther and Herbert had one son, Mark (b. 1928). She resumed her musical studies when time and duties allowed, studying with noted pianists, and eventually attending both Julliard in New York City and the Sorbonne in Paris, France. Esther also was asked to be a member of the Atlanta Music Club and headed several efforts at musical education in classrooms and on the radio. Esther also joined Hadassah and the National Council of Jewish Women where she served in a variety of roles, much of it in the area of legislative lobbying. She attended the Conference on the Cause of Cure of War where she was received at the White House, an event which started a life-long admiration of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. She also joined ORT after a trip to Morocco, where she saw conditions that inspired her to a life-long commitment to the organization. Esther also brought Planned Parenthood to Atlanta, raising the funds, renovating the buildings for the first clinics, and establishing it firmly in the city. Esther Kahn Taylor passed away in Atlanta on November 13, 1992 at the age of 87.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGefilte fish is a dish made from a poached mixture of ground fish, such as carp, whitefish, or pike. It is a traditional Ashkenazi Jewish dish. Popular on Shabbat and Jewish holidays, it can be consumed throughout the year.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Lee Key (1867-1939) was the 45th and 48th Mayor of Atlanta. He was a lawyer who began practicing in the 1890s. He ran against prohibition and the blue law bans that prohibited Sunday baseball games and movies. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePonce de Leon Avenue stretches from Spring St. NW to James B. Rivers Memorial Dr. It cuts through Northeast Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eParkway Drive runs from Ponce de Leon Avenue to Highland Ave. NE in Northeast Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCurrent day Jackson St. runs from Highland Ave. to Decatur St. in the Sweet Auburn area of Atlanta, Ga. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWashington Street Northwest is located between Ozburn Road and Hamilton E. Holmes Dr. Washington Street Southwest is located in downtown Atlanta and is situated between Courtland St. and Pulliam St. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWoodward Ave. SE runs from Fraser St. SE to Connally St. SE. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Tobias Geffen (1870-1970) was an Orthodox rabbi and leader of Congregation Shearith Israel in Atlanta from 1910-1970. He is widely known for his 1935 decision that certified Coca-Cola as kosher. He also organized the first Hebrew school in Atlanta, and standardized regulation of kosher supervision in the Atlanta area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Congregation Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960s, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002. As of 2022, the current Senior Rabbi of the congregation is Ari Kaiman. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ahavath Achim Synagogue is a Jewish synagogue that was established in 1882 in Atlanta, GA. Eastern European immigrants founded the institution and built the first synagogue themselves in 1900 on Gilmer Street. The congregation grew to several hundred members in the 1920s, so they moved services to Washington Street (which would become Turner Field). Now the synagogue sits on Peachtree Battle Avenue and has more than 1,200 families attending. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLondon is the capital of England and the United Kingdom. It has a history stretching back to Roman times. The Houses of Parliament, Big Ben, and Westminster Abbey are all within the city. As of 2021, over 9,000,000 people live within the city and over 14,000,000 people live within its metro area. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHouston Street is now called John Wesley Dobbs Avenue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCrew Street SW runs from Weyman Ave. SW to Bill Lucas Dr. SW in the Peoplestown and Summerhill neighborhoods of Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCrew Street School was one of the first four public schools in Atlanta, opening in 1872. It was located between Capitol Avenue and Washington Street. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNorth Avenue School was located on 229 E. North Ave. in Atlanta, Georgia. It was founded by the North Avenue Presbyterian Church in 1909 and merged in 1951 with Washington Seminary to form the Westminster School system. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Daniel L. O’Keefe School was a junior high school named after Daniel L. O'Keefe, who was called the “father” of the Atlanta Public School system. It opened in 1923 and closed in 1973. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGirls High School was one of seven schools opened in 1872 as part of the original public school system in Atlanta, Georgia. It was the only public high school in Atlanta that was girls-only. In 1947, Atlanta schools became co-ed. The school was renamed Roosevelt High School and operated until 1985, when it was combined with the Hoke Smith School. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommercial High School was founded by Corinne Stanton Williams Douglas in Atlanta, Georgia. It began as a department of Girls High School in 1889. Students studied bookkeeping and typing, in addition to mathematics and history courses. The school soon expanded into new space, a four-story brick building at 138 Pryor Street in downtown Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenderson is a city in north-central North Carolina. It has a population of over 15,000 residents (2020). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMax M. Cuba (1903-1972) was born in New York and lived in Atlanta, Georgia. He was a Certified Public Accountant, community leader, and philanthropist. Max served as a city alderman several times, and was a leader on the Atlanta-Fulton County Joint Planning Board for over 30 years. He was also twice the president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council, and a member of the Board of Directors of the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. He was the “Man of the Year” for B’nai B’rith, Jewish War Veterans, and the Jewish Theological Seminary. He was the President of Ahavath Achim Congregation and B’nai B’rith. As he had no family of his own, his personal life was closely linked with the family of his brother, Joe Cuba, as he lived with him for some time.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: b’nai mitzvah] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdgewood Ave SE runs from Decatur St. SE and becomes Edgewood Ave. NE, which runs until it enters DeKalb Ave. NE in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShul is a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school,” and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Samuel Geffen (1907-2002) grew up in Atlanta, the son of Sara and Rabbi Tobias Geffen. He attended Boys’ High and Emory University. He was a concert violinist and lawyer before becoming a Rabbi. Then he received two degrees, Rabbi and Master of Hebrew Literature from the Jewish Institute of Religion in New York City. He was the spiritual leader for over 40 years of the Jewish Center of Forest Hills West in New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is an Orthodox Jewish Congregation located on LaVista Rd. in Atlanta, Georgia. It is the largest Orthodox congregation in Atlanta. The synagogue’s first service was held in 1942 but was officially founded in 1943 by Jews who wanted to attend a more Orthodox synagogue. Its first rabbi was Yosef Saffra and Emanuel Feldman joined as a rabbi in 1952. In the 1960s, membership included 190 families. By 1994, more than 560 families were present. After Rabbi Feldman retired in 1991, his son, Ilan D. Feldman, took over and is currently the rabbi of the Congregation. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoulevard is a street in Atlanta that runs parallel to the town’s Downtown Connector. It passes through the Old Fourth Ward, Grant Park, Cabbagetown, Chosewood Park, Boulevard Heights, and Benteen Park. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression between 1929 and 1939. It began after the Wall Street Crash of 1929. After the Crash, the economic depression spread across the world. The worldwide GDP dropped by 15% between 1929 and 1932. International trade fell by more than 50% and unemployment in the U.S. was 23%. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRich's was a department store retail chain, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, which operated in the southern U.S. from 1867 until March 6, 2005 when it was replaced by Macy's. The retailer began in Atlanta as M. Rich \u0026amp; Co., a dry goods store, on 28 May 1867. The sole proprietor was Mauritius Reich (Anglicized to Morris Rich), a Hungarian Jewish immigrant. It was renamed M. Rich \u0026amp; Bro. in 1877, when Morris and brother Emanuel formed a partnership. In 1884 when the third brother Daniel was admitted into the partnership, the name became M. Rich \u0026amp; Bros. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSears, Roebuck and Co., also known as Sears, is an American chain of department stores founded in 1892 by Richard Warren Sears and Alvah Curtis Roebuck. It began as a mail order catalog company and began opening brick and mortar stores in 1925. The company sells clothing and home goods. As of April 2024, only 11 locations were open. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePeachtree Street is a major road in Atlanta. It cuts through multiple areas, from Downtown to the northeast part of the city. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJack Maziar (1908-1997), a native of Russia, was a manager at Associated Grocers Co-op in Atlanta from 1929 to 1971, which bought merchandise and sold it to member retail grocery owners, eliminating the wholesaler. He set up the Associated Grocers Credit Union. He was active in the East Point Rotary Club, headed the grocery division of the Atlanta Jewish Federation, and was treasurer of the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePearlann Gulden Horowitz (b. 1942) was a native of Atlanta, Georgia who volunteered as a fundraiser for several Atlanta Jewish organizations. She was a graduate of Henry Grady High School in Atlanta and Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. The Zimmerman- Horowitz Independent Living Program at the Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta was named in honor of Pearlann Gulden Horowtiz and her husband Gerald along with Dorothy and Ben Zimmerman, who together established an endowment for the program.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eW. Whitehall St. SW becomes Peter St. SW, which runs to Ted Turner Dr. SW. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWest End is a historic neighborhood of Atlanta, one of the oldest outside Downtown Atlanta, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. West End residents are primarily (86%) African American and the neighborhood contains several prominent African American cultural institutions, in addition to being adjacent to the Atlanta University Center complex of HBCUs. As of the mid-2010s, the West End is quickly gentrifying and becoming an attractive neighborhood for new development and young, affluent, mostly white families.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePoland is a nation in Central Europe the size of 312,696 km², or over 120,700 mi². Poland has a population of 38 million residents and is the fifth-most populous member state of the European Union. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePerhaps Pidvolochysk, a rural settlement in Ternopil, Ternopil Oblast, in western Ukraine. It is located on the right side of the Zbruch River, opposite Volochysk in neighboring Khmelnytskyi Oblast. As of 2022, it had a population of 7,632. The town was primarily occupied by Jews before World War II. It was the site of a Nazi labor camp, which operated from 1941 until 1943. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Georgian Terrace Hotel is a hotel in Midtown Atlanta. It was designed by William Lee Stoddart and construction began in 1910. The hotel opened in 1911. It is still open today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSiegel’s Kosher Restaurant was located on Capitol Avenue across the street from the Jewish Educational Alliance and operated from the 1930s to the 1950s. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Anshi S'fard is an Orthodox synagogue located in Atlanta. It was founded in 1911 to provide a home for Hasidic worship and fellowship for Jews from Poland, Galicia and the Ukraine who had settled in Atlanta. At first the congregation met in the Red Men’s Hall on Central Avenue, but by the end of 1913 a wooden building at the corner of Woodward Avenue and King Street was secured. A few years later the congregation moved to the corner of Woodward and Capitol Avenues. After 1945, the settlement of Jews where Anshi S’fard was located disappeared, and the congregation moved to its present location on North Highland, in the Morningside area. It is the oldest Orthodox congregation in Atlanta, and as of 2022, it is led by Rabbi Nachi Friedman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTzedakah [Hebrew: philanthropy and charity] is an ethical obligation that the Torah mandates, also known as a mitzvah. Many Jews give tzedakah before Shabbat and festivals (such as Purim and Shavuot). Its intention is to show the Jewish people's determination to improve the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChattanooga is a city in Hamilton County, Tennessee. It borders the state of Georgia and sits along the Tennessee River. It has a population of over 181,000 residents (2020). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOsteomyelitis is an inflammation or swelling of the bone. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMount Sinai Hospital was founded in 1852. It is located in East Harlem in Manhattan, between East 98th Street and East 103rd Street. In 2023, it was ranked as the best hospital in New York State. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLit Brothers was a department store based in Philadelphia. Samuel and Jacob Lit opened the first store in 1891 at Market and N. 8th streets. The store marketed itself as more affordable than its competitors. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhiladelphia is the most populous city in Pennsylvania and the second-most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic region after New York City. It is one of the most historically significant cities in the United States and served as the nation's capital until 1800. Philadelphia is the nation's sixth-most populous city with a population of 1,603,797 (2020).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit American medical organization that conducts medical research and provides education and healthcare. William Worrall Mayo began a private practice in 1864 in Minnesota and passed it on to his sons, Will and Charlie Mayo. Mother Alfred Moses, the founder of the Sisters of Saint Francis of Rochester, Minnesota, proposed that the order would help fund a hospital in Rochester, which was erected in 1889. The hospital was called Saint Marys Hospital. In the 1910s, the hospital transitioned to a nonprofit organization focused on medical care, research, and education. In the 1980s, the Mayo Clinic began using the internet to connect with members of the public. Today, the Clinic is considered to be one of the best places to work and one of the best hospitals in America. As of 2022, it employs over 4,500 and over 58,000 administrators and health staff; it also has headquarters in Rochester, MN; Phoenix, AZ; Jacksonville, FL; and London, England. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e7th St. NE runs from W. Peachtree St. NW to Charles Allen Dr. NE in Midtown Atlanta, GA. It is intersected by Argonne Ave. NE and Durant Pl. NE.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorningside/Lenox Park is a neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia that was founded in 1923. It is located north of Virginia-Highland, east of Ansley Park, and west of Druid Hills. The neighborhood has around 3,500 households.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorningside Elementary School is a public school in Atlanta, Georgia. It has an enrollment of over 800 students and is located on East Rock Springs Road NE in the Morningside-Lenox Park neighborhood.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Woodfin Grady High School in Atlanta, GA, was established when Boys High School, Girls High School, and Tech High School merged in 1947. It was integrated in 1961. The school was named after Henry W. Grady, a 19th century American journalist that helped the former Confederate states return to the Union. He was also a white supremacist, which led the city of Atlanta to rename the school to Midtown High School in 2021.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory autoimmune disease that attacks the joints. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Arthritis Foundation is a nonprofit organization that helps people with arthritis in the United States. It raises money to educate the public about arthritic conditions and support research. The foundation was formed in 1948 in New York City. Today, the foundation’s headquarters are in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrownies are Girl Scouts in second and third grades (around ages 7–9) and earn triangular shaped Brownie Leadership Journey Awards and National Proficiency Badges. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA nursing home in Atlanta providing short and long-term dementia, Alzheimer’s, and nursing care. Formerly the Jewish Home, it first opened in 1951 at 260 14th Street, NW, on land that had been donated by real estate developer Ben J. Massell. The Home’s growth called for a larger, updated facility, leading to the construction of a new building at 3150 Howell Mill Road, NW. The second Jewish Home opened on February 16, 1971. In 1991, it was renamed the William Breman Jewish Home to honor and recognize its third president, Bill Breman, as the prime motivator of the modern-day facility. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Heart Association (AHA) is a nonprofit American organization that funds cardiovascular research, and educates the public in an effort to reduce disability and deaths caused by cardiovascular disease and stroke.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCub Scouting is part of the Scouting program of Scouting America, available to boys and girls from 5 to 10 years of age.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB'nai B'rith International (Hebrew: “Children of the Covenant”) is the oldest Jewish service organization in the world. B'nai B'rith states that it is committed to the security and continuity of the Jewish people and the State of Israel and combating antisemitism and bigotry. Its mission is to unite persons of the Jewish faith and to enhance Jewish identity through strengthening Jewish family life, to provide broad-based services for the benefit of senior citizens, and to facilitate advocacy and action on behalf of Jews throughout the world. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Sisterhood is a group of women in a synagogue congregation who join together to offer social, cultural, educational, and volunteer service opportunities. Its male counterpart is called either a \"Brotherhood\" or a \"Men's Club.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Community Center was officially founded in 1910, as the Jewish Educational Alliance. In the late 1940s it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to the suburb of Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe High Museum of Art is the largest museum for visual art in the Southeastern United States. It is located in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrank Wittow founded the Academy Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia in 1956. He was the artistic director of the Academy Theatre from 1956 until his death in 2006. During his life he directed more than 200 productions: plays, musical theatre and opera, in New York, Chicago, Cleveland, Montreal, Philadelphia and Los Angeles. As an actor, he appeared in more than 150 roles, including leading roles in A Touch of the Poet, Waiting for Godot, King Lear, Macbeth, and Death of a Salesman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Woodruff Arts Center is a visual and performing arts center located in Atlanta, Georgia that was opened in 1968. The center includes three divisions on one campus. The Woodruff Arts Center is home to the Alliance Theatre, the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, and the High Museum of Art.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e14th St. NW runs from Northside Dr. NW and becomes 14th St. NE and ends at Piedmont Ave. NE. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLenox Rd. NE runs from Piedmont Rd. NE and becomes Cheshire Bridge Rd. NE in the Pine Hills area of Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ohio State University is a public research university in Columbus, Ohio that was founded in 1870. It is one of the largest universities by enrollment in the United States, and has nearly 50,000 undergraduate students and 15,000 graduate students. The university consists of sixteen colleges and offers over 400 degree programs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDartmouth College is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire that was established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock. Dartmouth has been considered among the most prestigious undergraduate colleges in the United States since the 20th century. It has over 6,700 students as of the fall 2023 semester. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSkidmore College is a private liberal arts college in Saratoga Springs, New York that was founded in 1903 as a women’s industrial club by Lucy Skidmore Scribner. It was renamed as Skidmore College in 1922 and became coeducational in 1971. As of 2022, the school enrolled more than 2,600 undergraduate students. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerald “Jerry” David Horowitz (b. 1939) was an investment broker in Atlanta, Georgia. He was a graduate of Henry Grady High School and Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana. He was a member of the Board of Directors and president of the Atlanta Jewish Federation (now known as the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Epstein School (also known as the Solomon Shechter School of Atlanta) is a private Jewish day school in the Atlanta area located in Sandy Springs. In 1973, Rabbi Harry H. Epstein and the leaders of Ahavath Achim synagogue wanted to create a Conservative Jewish day school. The first campus was housed at the synagogue. In 1987 the school moved to Sandy Springs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSt. Augustine is a city along the coast of northeastern Florida. It was founded in 1565 by the Spanish and is the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the United States. As of 2020, it had a population of over 14,300 people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBlue Star Camps is a Jewish summer camp for children ages 6-16 located in Hendersonville, North Carolina. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129144/file/242046/annotation_set/1356/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNorth Miami is a suburb of Miami located in northeast Miami-Dade County, Florida. It is located about 10 miles (16 km) north of Miami. 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