{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/nz80k2880w/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Pulgram, Bill"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2006-02-23 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Pulgram, Bill (Interviewee)","Ghitis, Sara (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eSara Ghitis interviews Bill Pulgram on February 23, 2006 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eWilliam “Bill” Leopold Pulgram was born on January 1, 1921, in Vienna, Austria to Gisele Bauer Pulgram (b. 1889) and Zigmund Pulgram (b. 1877). He had two siblings: a younger sister, Lili (1923-1942), and older brother, Ernst (1915-2005). Zigmund was a tailor who managed a men’s clothing store and the family enjoyed a comfortable middle-class life. Bill attended public school and enjoyed activities like Boy Scouts and going to the YMCA.\u003cbr\u003eWhen Germany annexed Austria in March 1938, life changed dramatically for the Pulgrams. Ernst soon immigrated to the United States with the help of an uncle. Bill was also kicked out of high school and began attending a Jewish school. After Kristallnacht, Bill and his family realized they had to leave, too. With the help of a Quaker organization, Bill was able to immigrate to Manchester, England in December 1939.\u003cbr\u003eIn England, Bill trained to be a tailor while waiting for his papers to join Ernst in the United States. In the summer of 1940, Bill was arrested as an enemy alien and interred for three months. Finally, in November 1940, he boarded a ship bound for the U.S. He settled in Atlanta, Georgia and began working as a tailor and later in sales.\u003cbr\u003eAlthough Ernst and Bill had been able to secure visas and passage for their parents and sister, they were unable to leave Austria. In September 1942, all three were deported to Theresienstadt, where Lili died. Zigmund and Gisela were later transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they presumably were murdered. While some extended family members survived by emigrating or thanks to their non-Jewish spouses, many also died in the Holocaust.\u003cbr\u003eBill was enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1943 and served three years. After his discharge, he attended Georgia Tech and studied architecture. He continued his studies at the Ecole Des Beaux Arts in France before returning to Atlanta. In 1952, he married Lucia Walker Fairlie (1925-2020). Lucia and Bill raised four children. Bill became an associate at the firm of Finch, Alexander, Barnes, Rothschild \u0026amp; Pascal. In 1963, he founded their interior design firm, Associate Space Design. Bill enjoyed a successful career, winning many awards and working on projects around the world.\u003cbr\u003eAfter his retirement in 1987, Bill enjoyed a life of philanthropy and volunteering. He and Lucia enjoyed traveling and spending time with their children and four grandchildren. Bill passed away on April 16, 2020, just 70 days after Lucia. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eBill introduces his family and recalls his childhood in Vienna, Austria. He describes how life changed after the Anschluss. Bill recounts being arrested by the Gestapo. He remembers Kristallnacht. Bill talks about his schools in Vienna. He explains how he immigrated to England. Bill details his family’s experiences in the Holocaust. He discusses life and internment in England. Bill recalls sailing to the United States. He remembers those who helped him. Bill talks about his new life in Atlanta. He outlines his Army experience. Bill remembers meeting his wife and becoming an architect. He discusses his early career. Bill shares his pride in his children. He reminisces about his accomplishments. Bill considers what he hopes future generations will appreciate. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eSara Ghitis interviews Bill Pulgram on February 23, 2006 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026ldquo;Bill\u0026rdquo; Leopold Pulgram was born on January 1, 1921, in Vienna, Austria to Gisele Bauer Pulgram (b. 1889) and Zigmund Pulgram (b. 1877). He had two siblings: a younger sister, Lili (1923-1942), and older brother, Ernst (1915-2005). Zigmund was a tailor who managed a men\u0026rsquo;s clothing store and the family enjoyed a comfortable middle-class life. Bill attended public school and enjoyed activities like Boy Scouts and going to the YMCA.\u003cbr /\u003eWhen Germany annexed Austria in March 1938, life changed dramatically for the Pulgrams. Ernst soon immigrated to the United States with the help of an uncle. Bill was also kicked out of high school and began attending a Jewish school. After Kristallnacht, Bill and his family realized they had to leave, too. With the help of a Quaker organization, Bill was able to immigrate to Manchester, England in December 1939.\u003cbr /\u003eIn England, Bill trained to be a tailor while waiting for his papers to join Ernst in the United States. In the summer of 1940, Bill was arrested as an enemy alien and interred for three months. Finally, in November 1940, he boarded a ship bound for the U.S. He settled in Atlanta, Georgia and began working as a tailor and later in sales.\u003cbr /\u003eAlthough Ernst and Bill had been able to secure visas and passage for their parents and sister, they were unable to leave Austria. In September 1942, all three were deported to Theresienstadt, where Lili died. Zigmund and Gisela were later transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they presumably were murdered. While some extended family members survived by emigrating or thanks to their non-Jewish spouses, many also died in the Holocaust.\u003cbr /\u003eBill was enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1943 and served three years. After his discharge, he attended Georgia Tech and studied architecture. He continued his studies at the Ecole Des Beaux Arts in France before returning to Atlanta. In 1952, he married Lucia Walker Fairlie (1925-2020). Lucia and Bill raised four children. Bill became an associate at the firm of Finch, Alexander, Barnes, Rothschild \u0026amp; Pascal. In 1963, he founded their interior design firm, Associate Space Design. Bill enjoyed a successful career, winning many awards and working on projects around the world.\u003cbr /\u003eAfter his retirement in 1987, Bill enjoyed a life of philanthropy and volunteering. He and Lucia enjoyed traveling and spending time with their children and four grandchildren. Bill passed away on April 16, 2020, just 70 days after Lucia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBill introduces his family and recalls his childhood in Vienna, Austria. He describes how life changed after the Anschluss. Bill recounts being arrested by the Gestapo. He remembers Kristallnacht. Bill talks about his schools in Vienna. He explains how he immigrated to England. Bill details his family\u0026rsquo;s experiences in the Holocaust. He discusses life and internment in England. Bill recalls sailing to the United States. He remembers those who helped him. Bill talks about his new life in Atlanta. He outlines his Army experience. Bill remembers meeting his wife and becoming an architect. He discusses his early career. Bill shares his pride in his children. He reminisces about his accomplishments. Bill considers what he hopes future generations will appreciate.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/256/491/small/Pulgram_Bill.m4v_1731089803.jpg?1731089804","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Pulgram_Bill.m4v"]},"duration":4847.41,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/256/491/small/Pulgram_Bill.m4v_1731089803.jpg?1731089804","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/256/491/original/Pulgram_Bill.m4v?1731089801","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":4847.41,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Pulgram_Bill [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:My name is William Leopold Pulgram and I was born on January 1, 1921, in Vienna, Austria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=0.0,11.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: When did you leave Vienna?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=11.0,15.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:I left Vienna in the beginning of February 1939.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=15.0,25.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What was happening in your life at the time you left?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=25.0,31.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:At the time I left, I was eager to get out, frankly. It was a very frightening time and it was a time of much unrest and uncertainty. I was also, of course, concerned that I would be leaving my parents behind and my sister. My brother had left prior to prior to my leaving. I had serious concerns. That's the first time I'd ever been away from home for any long period of time. I did not know whether I would see them again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=31.0,64.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What made it possible for you to leave?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=64.0,68.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:A family in Manchester, England provided papers for me to become an apprentice in their shop, and that was handled through a Quaker organization in Vienna. The Quaker organization in Vienna was working with a Jewish committee of some kind in England. I'm not sure which it was. They sought out people to bring young men and women, boys and girls from Vienna or from Nazi occupied areas to rescue them from the Nazi occupied areas. Actually, a good friend of mine, just prior to my leaving, was the first person that I knew that actually left under similar circumstances and under similar conditions by this arrangement from the Quaker group with a Jewish committee in England.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=68.0,134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Now, could you talk about the family you left behind in Austria?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=134.0,139.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:In Austria, I left my parents, my sister, my grandmother at the time, a number of uncles and aunts, cousins, all sorts of family. Some of them had left prior to my leaving. Like I say, my brother left before I left. Some of my uncles, or some of my uncles, aunts, or whoever left before I did. Some of them were about to leave. People were trying to get out as much as possible. This was, as I say, a very crucial time in our life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=139.0,176.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What are your parents' names?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=176.0,177.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:My father was named Zigmund Pulgram and my mother was named Gisela Pulgram.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=177.0,185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: And how many children were there in the family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=185.0,188.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:In our family were three, an older brother and a younger sister.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=188.0,193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What was your father's occupation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=193.0,196.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:My father's occupation ... He actually ... I mean, he grew up or he was born in a little town in Austria ... about 20 miles north of Vienna. When he was 14, I think, he left home and came to the big city to become a tailor. This is what he did, but when I grew up, I've never known him to be a tailor, actually tailoring. He was the manager of a very fine custom clothing store in Vienna, men's clothing. He was sort of in charge of the place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=196.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What standard of living was your father able to provide?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=240.0,243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Well, we're very middle-class family. I mean, neither my father nor my mother had a university education. They were relatively simple people, but dear people, honest people, kind people, and intelligent people. We lived a very middle-class life, comfortable; certainly not rich, not poor. We had enough to eat and good clothing, but we were not the elite by any means.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=243.0,283.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What about Judaism in your life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=283.0,288.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:The Judaism in my life was very limited. Actually, a lot of my family came from mixed marriages. I really don't know exactly what the religion of one of my grandmothers was. I'm not sure. There was much integration in my family and so, it was a very secular attitude really. It was not ... We didn't belong to any synagogue, and we didn't belong to any churches, but we were just told that people can believe whatever they would like. It was a very free attitude.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=288.0,340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What happened when the Jewish holidays came along?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=340.0,344.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:We celebrated some, but we also celebrated some non-Jewish holidays. They were both celebrated. They were festivals and it wasn't so much a religion as it was a festival.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=344.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Could you give me an example?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=360.0,363.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:I don't know. I think during Yom Kippur, my father attended a ... Actually, he went to a synagogue, I think. I remember that very distinctly but that's about the only time, I think. At Hanukkah, we sometimes enjoyed the candles, but at Christmas, we also enjoyed the Christmas tree. It was not a religious holiday, as I say, for Christmas, but it was Weihnachten [German: Christmas]. It was just a festival.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=363.0,403.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: When you look back, what is your earliest memory of the rise of Nazism?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=403.0,412.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:The rise of Nazism ... In Austria, when I went to school, of course, Austria was very ... The people also [were] very antisemitic. They still are, but I can't hold the young people actually responsible for what happened in my past. But we were not known necessarily. I mean, I don't think everybody knew that we were Jewish quote by race or by background. Some of them did; some of them didn't. I remember when I left school, some of the teachers were surprised that I was kicked out of school. They did not know, but there were definitely some classmates of mine who were very antisemitic and who cherished the thought or were looking for the rise of Nazism. But somehow, my parents just didn't believe that this could come true, that this would really happen in Vienna to the extent that it did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=412.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Could you describe being kicked out of school? How did that happen? Tell me ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=483.0,492.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Yes, well, what happened [was] that [Adolf] Hitler took over in 1938. By the way, he was welcomed by the Austrians. It was not a forced taking. And I don't remember exactly when. It must have been not long after that. Hitler came in March. Well, was it March? Yes. Yes, I think it was March. I think in the latter part of April, actually, I was in gymnasium, in high school. One morning ... Drastic changes had taken place. I mean, there was everybody ... People were saluting, \"Heil Hitler,\" and all that, which never happened before, and the teachers came in the classroom with the \"Heil Hitler\" sign. One morning, we, the Jewish so-called children or students—and there were only about 20 of us in the whole school—were called into the director's office. I mean, I didn't know that. Only I was ... I mean, I was called. There, I find myself amongst all these people who were called into the director's office. The director told us that he was very sorry to tell us that we were no longer to be part of the school, that we were to go home, and immediately, not at the end of the school day, but immediately. And we were all very much surprised and kind of shocked by it. Actually, I went around saying goodbye to some of the teachers before I left. I found out later that the reason ... First of all, the director was told to send all these people away, but I was told later that there was some indication to the director that they would beat us up at the end of the day, so he told us to go home immediately. That was the way I left school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=492.0,620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: How did they find out they were Jewish?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=620.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Well, it was ... I'm not sure exactly. I'm not sure because, I mean, we hadn't made any secrets about being partly Jewish, or not Jewish, or [declared,] \"Yes, we're Jewish.\" But that was no secret. I don't think ... Well, some of the students knew and some of them didn't know, but I think the school knew because I think we were registered at the ... Israelitische Kultusgemeinde, which was the ... Do you know what that is? That is the organization where all Jewish people or births were registered, so that was no secret. But a lot of people just didn't care and some people did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=622.0,679.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Do you remember going home that day and how your parents reacted?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=679.0,687.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:I really don't. I don't think there was anything drastic in their reaction. We were told to go home, that we would be assigned to another school, which was indeed the case about a week later. I was assigned to another school from ... The so-called Jewish people from many schools were assigned to that particular school. That's where I finished the year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=687.0,711.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: You said you experienced antisemitism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=711.0,716.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=716.0,716.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What episodes do you remember?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=716.0,721.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:There [was] talk, there were comments, there were remarks, just typical Nazi remarks of \"Dirty Jew,\" and this, \"Lazy Jew,\" or just all those kinds of things. Sometimes, there even was some attempt of violence just before the Anschluss, just before Hitler came. These people became stronger and stronger and became more outspoken.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=721.0,752.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Were you ever attacked?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=752.0,754.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:No. No, I was not. I mean, not by my school friends. I mean, I was arrested later and pushed around a bit, but not from my schoolmates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=754.0,765.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: How did that happen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=765.0,767.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:I was ... I belonged to a Boy Scout group, which was interracial, integrated totally. A friend of mine ... I don't know. You know, this is one thing I've regretted over the years, I can't remember that person's name. He and I were walking back from a gathering at the Boy Scouts. He had a bicycle with him and I didn't have one. Mine had been stolen before. So, he had his bicycle, but we were both walking and we walked by the Gestapo headquarters, not thinking about it. A man came out, arrested both of us. I was put into a room, face against the wall, and kept standing there for about an hour or two. I can't remember exactly. I got pushed a little bit because I was weaving. They pushed me around a little bit. Then, I was taken into a room for questioning and there was a big lamp, much bigger than what you have here, that was focused on me, and there were all these people sitting around, asking me, \"Who was that communist leader that had this meeting,\" that I had been at. I said, \"I have no ... There was no communist leader. This was the Boy Scouts.\" They kept pushing, and pushing, and said, \"If you don't tell us the truth, we'll put you in a camp, in a concentration camp.\" I said, \"Well, I can't tell you. There wasn't anything.\" I could see myself being gone. They kept pushing, and pushing, and they asked me. They had taken from me an identification card that was issued to all the students, many ...  a long time before, where I was wearing leather shorts and sort of an Austrian jacket, the green loden jacket. So, they said, \"You aren't supposed to wear this kind of clothes.\" You know, they were just pushing, and sort of being very rude, and crude. I said, \"I didn't know.\" \"Why?\" I said. Then, they asked me because I was ... No, I wasn't wearing [those] clothes, but I had it in that picture. So, they asked me, \"Well, where are these leather shorts?\" I said, \"I've given them to a friend.\" I lied. I was shaky. I didn't know what to do, so I told them I'd given them to a friend. And they say, \"What friend?\" There was a man named Fritz Kreiner, who was pure Aryan, who was a good friend of mine. I said this and they wrote that down I noticed. Then, he asked me, \"Well, what about this jacket?\" I said, \"I have it at home.\" At that point, I had sort of realized that I can't push this much more. [I said,] \"I have it at home,\" so that was all that ... That was ... Then, they kept back asking about this communist leader, and all that stuff, and threatening me constantly with further consequences of a concentration camp, and all that stuff. Then, they stopped and let me sit in there. The room was dark. They turned out the light, and I was sitting there by myself contemplating, and I knew my parents were already terribly worried. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=767.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at night at that point or something like that. Finally, they came in and one of these people came in and said, \"Okay, I want you to bring this jacket tomorrow at 6:00. Meet me out there on that corner of that square, wrapped in nice paper and bring it to me. And now you can go.\" Off I took, glad to be out of there. I told my parents about this. Of course, they were terribly worried because I hadn't shown up, so they didn't know what to do. I didn't live very far from there. Actually, our apartment was very near the Gestapo headquarters, just a few blocks away. So, I told them that I told [the Gestapo] that I had these leather shorts given to Fritz Kreiner. They said, \"Oh, my. So, what are we going to do,\" because I had them in the house. First thing in the morning, my brother took those shorts and went to Fritz Kreiner's house to deliver them. He was not in, but his aunt was in, so she took the [shorts]. That's who ... I think he was living with his aunt, so she took the shorts and I, in the evening, got this package and took it there to this man. I didn't know whether he would take me back in or not. I didn't know what to expect, but he didn't. He just took it and left. On that very afternoon, before I delivered that, the lady called me, said that they had been there to ask her if I had given those shorts to that boy. So ridiculous, the little things like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4260.0,4694.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What was their problem with you and the leather shorts? Why was it ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4694.0,4700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram: Nothing. Nothing. It was my photograph that they saw and they wanted those leather shorts and they wanted the jacket.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4700.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What year was this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4710.0,4711.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:1938.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4711.0,4714.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Was this before Kristallnacht?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4714.0,4718.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Yes, before Kristallnacht. Yes, long before Kristallnacht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4718.0,4721.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: You were how old at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4721.0,4722.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Eighteen. No, I was 17. Seventeen, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4722.0,4726.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What are your memories of Kristallnacht?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4726.0,4729.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:They are terrible. My brother had already left. He left in August and I was there with my parents and my sister. There was much rowdiness on the streets, and shouting, and our parents told us not to go to the window, and all that sort of stuff, because prior to that even, I had mysterious telephone calls. At night, there would be a call saying, \"You come on down and meet me down on the corner there at so-and-so and so-and-so.\" I would hang up and I wouldn't go, but I never knew whether they would come and get me or just what the consequences would be, but nothing happened. On Kristallnacht, was a very rowdy business outside. We heard noises and we did hear glass breaking, as a matter of fact. We had the curtains drawn, and we were quiet, and nothing happened that night, but before going to bed, I bandaged my foot. About two months before, I had a rash on my foot and the doctor had given me some kind of a cream to put on in and bandage it. That was all gone. That was long finished. But somehow or other ... I don't think my parents told me to do that, but I bandaged it. My father saw me do that, but he didn't comment. The next morning, about ... Kristallnacht was a Friday night, I think. I can't remember exactly, but it was on the next morning. I hear this banging on the door. My room was not immediately at the entrance, but I still heard it because I was by myself in my room. I shared a room with my brother, but my brother was gone, so I was the only one in there. I hear this banging on the doors. Then, I heard these voices and I knew something was going on. Then, I heard my brother and some other people approaching my room. My brother ... not my brother; my father. My father, I think, purposely spoke loudly at that point because they were asking about me and he told them that I had a bad leg. In comes my father with this Gestapo man in a long black coat and a black hat, and a soldier with a rifle and bayonet. [They] come in [and said,] \"Go on. Go and get up. Come on, come on, come on, come on. Get up, get up, get up.\" I didn't move rapidly and [they said,] \"Oh, you're lazy. Why are you in bed?\" I said, \"Because I have a bad foot.\" [They said,] \"You have a bad foot? Where? Show. What?\" So, I pulled the foot out and it was bandaged. They looked and I can't remember what they said, but they left. But they were coming to arrest me. My father was over 60 years old at the time and had a row of little medals from the First World War because he had served in the First World War on the Russian front, under the Austrian Army. As a protection, he would wear these little miniature medals. So, they didn't take him. He was over 60 and he was an army veteran of the First World War, but they were after me or my brother. My brother was gone and here I was. I escaped what would have been otherwise a disaster. That was a close one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4729.0,4961.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What rank did your father have in the military?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4961.0,4965.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:I don't know. I think he was a sergeant or something like that. Actually, he was a noncommissioned officer of some kind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4965.0,4972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Do you know what his medals were?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4972.0,4974.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:I don't remember that. But a lot of men did that in those days, Jewish people, because that did protect them to some degree from being arrested on the street, or made to scrub the sidewalk, or something of that nature, which frequently happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4974.0,4997.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Were you wearing a yellow star?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4997.0,4999.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:No, that was ... All that came about after I left. That was before. You see, things got worse as they went along. I think six months or eight months later, they would not have respected a 60-year-old person or a veteran necessarily. That would not have kept them from arrest or detention of some kind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4999.0,5023.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Do you remember the address of your house?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5023.0,5025.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Sure, number 18 Hollandstrasse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5025.0,5031.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Is it still there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5031.0,5032.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:It's still there. As a matter of fact, I took my wife, and the children, and grandchildren to Vienna year before last. I showed them the various places where I went to school, visited the places, and stood in front of the house and had a photograph. I think I have some photographs of that particular ... Also, in the school, several years ago when I went to Vienna—not this last time, but the time before, which was a few years before—I had been contacted by the school, by somebody from one of the schools that I went to, saying that they were making a memorial for students that had been kicked out. I went to the school and there in the entrance, on the wall, the students had made these ... They had made bricks and put the names of all the students on there that were kicked out of the school and my name is amongst them. I showed that to my grandchildren and to my children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5032.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What was the name of the school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5100.0,5104.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:That was the Realschule [German: secondary school] in the Warhanekgasse in Vienna.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5104.0,5107.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: And what other schools did you attend?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5107.0,5110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After I left that, I went to another Gymnasium [German: high school] in the Schottengasse and then, the elementary school I attended was just a couple of blocks away from where we lived.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5110.0,5124.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What was the name of the elementary?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5124.0,5125.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:I don't know that it had one. I don't remember any name per se. It was off of the Untere Augartenstrasse. That was the street, but it was just a little school. There wasn't any ... I don't recall any name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5125.0,5139.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: After Kristallnacht ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5139.0,5140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5140.0,5141.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What happened with your life ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5141.0,5146.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:It was ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5146.0,5148.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: ... and with your family's life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5148.0,5148.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Yes, it ... Kristallnacht really ... It just brought home, I think, the seriousness of the situation. Prior to that, we were very much concerned and frightened, but this was really a drastic event and it was absolute. Then, it became obvious that we just had to leave. There was no way out. Prior to that, my parents thought this would be maybe a passing situation. Even before Hitler came, before he came to Austria, I remember my father saying, \"Well, it may not be all so bad, you know. It'll blow over,\" but after Kristallnacht, there was no question that this was the end. I had to leave, so it was ... That's when I pushed even harder to try to get out. After that, these arrangements were made that I could leave in February.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5148.0,5211.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Did you ever witness Jews being mistreated ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5211.0,5215.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Oh, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5215.0,5217.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis:... humiliated?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5217.0,5217.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Yes. Yes, I did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5217.0,5217.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What do you remember?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5217.0,5217.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:I remember seeing on the street a group of Jewish people, Jews, men, and boys, and everybody else scrubbing the ground, where they had spilled ... Something had been spilled and they were ... Then, these bums and ... I don't know what it was, but some fluid, some lye, or something ... They would squash [push people] down, so people would be covered with it, and sometimes they would kick somebody, or something like that. It was just a very ... It was just humiliating. Also, the feeling that you have absolutely no recourse, that they were totally defenseless, there was nobody you could go to for help, that you were at the mercy, totally at the mercy of these people, these hoodlums.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5217.0,5281.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Was there a Jewish organization?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5281.0,5286.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:There were some Zionist organizations, which I didn't belong to, but cousins of mine did and they went to Israel [Palestine]. As a matter of fact, they were Zionists and they went to Israel. Also, the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde had some kind of function of registering people and trying to assist them actually to get out, but I don't remember any particular activity of a Jewish organization ... All the Jewish organizations were disbanded except for that one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5286.0,5330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: You were able to leave. What about the rest of your family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5330.0,5333.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:I lost them, except my brother. My brother was in this country before I came. I went to England, actually. I did not come to this country directly. I went to England first and then I came to this country. Before I came here, even my brother, through his friends' ... We had some very good friends in Atlanta [Georgia] when he and I first arrived, they were wonderful people. They assisted in getting affidavits, which was papers signed by someone that they will take care of the people who were coming, but my parents had ... You [had] to be registered and given a number for immigration to the United States. My parents had a high number so they couldn't leave. They had the papers, but the American Consulate wouldn't see them. They would not accept [them] because they had to wait till their number numbers came up. Their numbers came up shortly before the war started. I mean, shortly before Germany invaded Poland. As far as we know—and that's fairly well authenticated—we had provided passage for them. We had tickets for them—bought them tickets here through help from friends here—and they had their visa. They had crates packed in their apartment, ready for shipment and they were to leave two days later. I'm told—and I'm not sure of that—that our concierge in the apartment turned them in, told the authorities that these people were about to leave. They were arrested because the concierge wanted some of the contents of those things. They were arrested, went to Theresienstadt. They were in Theresienstadt and I have some papers that verify that. My sister died in Theresienstadt. We're not sure. We think it was ... I think it was pneumonia, but I'm not sure. So, my parents were the only ones left. My parents were deported from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz-Birkenau in the last transport that left Theresienstadt towards the end of the war, and that was the end of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5333.0,5493.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What was your sister's name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5493.0,5496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Lili, L-I-L-I.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5496.0,5499.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Was she ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5499.0,5501.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:She was two years younger than I. She was 15.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5501.0,5506.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: And your brother's name is?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5506.0,5508.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:My brother's name is Ernst. Actually, Ernst just passed away about six months ago. He lived ... He was a professor of Romance linguistics at the University of Michigan until recently, but he lived ... He actually came to Atlanta first. That's another story that ... I had an uncle in Vienna. He was an architect. His name was Richard Bauer. That was my mother's family name. He was doing housing and community development. In 1937 or 1936, he met a man who came from America to look at housing projects all over the world. That man was a man named Charles Palmer, who was an Atlantan, who Franklin Roosevelt had appointed as his first director of public housing. There was no public housing before Roosevelt. This man was appointed as the first director of public housing, so this man went all over the world looking at developments. He came to Vienna, and my uncle met him, and showed him around. Then, when Hitler came, my uncle wrote to him and said, \"I want to get out.\" He brought him to Atlanta. That's how my brother and I then arrived here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5508.0,5596.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: I want to go back for a minute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5596.0,5598.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5598.0,5598.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Did you ever see a Nazi rally where you were present in the vicinity?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5598.0,5609.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Yes, there was ... Actually, there were some massive rallies that I saw at a distance because I wouldn't go close. But from my window, I could look down across the street. Catty corner across the street, there was a sort of an empty storefront shop. That was the local headquarters for these Stormtroopers. That's where they rallied. There was all this noise, and all this, all the Brownshirts. That was constantly going on all day long and those ... You just never knew when they would appear at your door. This was the experience, that just total lack of security, freedom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5609.0,5656.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: You had some other relatives in Vienna.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5656.0,5659.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Yes, I do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5659.0,5660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What happened to the rest of them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5660.0,5663.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Most of them perished. One uncle remained in Vienna. He had a wife who was pure Aryan and somehow, he was sheltered. I'm not sure the people knew that he was Jewish or not. I'm not sure. So, he survived in Vienna. One of my uncles went to China, and then he came here. Two of my relatives, an aunt and an uncle, were on one of these transports supposedly going to Israel [Palestine] and they weren't let in. [They were] shipped back and perished in some way or other. I think the whole shipload of people perished at some point or other. Another uncle of mine survived Ulm, in Germany. His name was Adolph Pulgram and he had also a quote Aryan wife. I don't think people knew that he was Jewish at all. But they were the only ones who really survived there. The rest of them, some of them came to this country, some of them went to England and various parts of the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5663.0,5736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: So, you said you were able to get to England and you became an apprentice?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5736.0,5742.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:In England.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5742.0,5742.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: In England.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5742.0,5743.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5743.0,5744.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What kind of an apprentice?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5744.0,5745.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Tailor, because that's what my father learned. I mean, when he was little. He felt ... I remember him talking about it, that I need to learn something that I can use, that can be useful, some kind of skill. So, I was eager to do that because when I came to ... My friend who went to Manchester before me was a baker apprentice. He ended up being a professor of engineering at the Royal Academy [in London, England], but that's something else. So, he was a baker apprentice and I was a tailor. But these people really, who brought me to England, didn't have a tailor shop. They only had a clothing store. I was very disappointed because I said I really wanted to learn how to do that. They said, \"Do you really?\" I said, \"Yes,\" so, okay. They put me in touch with ... They got me a job and I learned to sew. I learned to be a tailor. So, when I came here [to Atlanta], this is what I started doing at Davison-Paxon, in the alterations department.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5745.0,5819.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: How long were you in England?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5819.0,5822.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Almost two years. I left England in November 1941. No, 1940, in November 1940.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5822.0,5831.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Aside of your work as an apprentice, what did you do? What was your life like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5831.0,5838.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Well, it was ... There were a group of refugees—quote [so called], I mean—who got together, young people. But also, one of the things that happened to me was after the disaster at Dunkirk, the English became very frightened and much concerned, and rightfully so, because they had nothing. Germany could have walked through England at that time. One morning ... I usually ... We lived in the suburbs with this family and I heard them talking on the telephone with somebody. When it was time for us to leave—I usually rode in the car with them to the city—they said, \"No, the detective wants you to stay here.\" I mean, I had known this detective because I was already restricted from moving about and we were friends, sort of, you know. I mean, of course he knew I was harmless. [They said,] \"But you stay here because he wants to see you,\" and the detective came and very apologetically told me he had to arrest me. So, I was arrested and was put in prison in [an] internment camp as [an] enemy alien. I was ... The first camp I went to was an old cotton mill that had been out of work for ... hadn't been used for years, broken windows, glasses. I was one of the first ones there because it was close to Manchester and they gave me a mattress and said, \"Go, just do what you can.\" And then, all sorts of people came. They brought all kinds. We didn't have any bathrooms, so we had to dig ditches for those things. I gave my mattress actually to an older man, who was rather shaky. I said, \"I'll get some straw or something.\" Then, I was shipped to another camp. It was in the Midlands, somewhere where it was raining a lot. I remember being ankle deep in mud. It was in tents. We were living in tents and there was a fence between us and the German prisoner camp. There were German prisoners—I mean, military prisoners—right adjacent. Then, fortunately, the people I had lived with watched out for me because the mail arrived that I had ... that I was to go to the American Consulate to get my visa to come to America. So, these people forwarded that information to the authorities. Then, the authorities transferred me to an internment camp near London. It was a racetrack in Lingfield in Surrey. From there, I was taken by two armed guards to the consulate in London. I was marched. We went by train and from the train, we walked through the streets. There I was in civilian clothes with two guards on my side, with guns, and with rifles, and stuff. People thought that they had caught a spy and they were shouting at me, and spitting at me, and doing all sorts of things. But they stayed outside while I went into the consulate for another hour, processed, got my visa. Then, they took me back to the camp. The camp would not release me until I had passage to go to the United States. That's when the air raids started. Then, all the V-bombs came. They flew right over us and dropped them. That's another story. But then, they released me three days before my ship was due from out of Glasgow [Scotland]. I was supposed to go to Glasgow, but I had to pick up my belongings, my suitcase, one suitcase worth of belongings in Manchester. While in Manchester ... The day after I got to Manchester, I got information that that ship was canceled. I couldn't go. It was difficult to get passage. I went to the authorities and I thought they would put me back in camp, but they didn't, or they let me be ... I had to be in at night and all this sort of stuff. Then, I finally got word, okay, I have another ship that goes out of Liverpool [England]. They wouldn't tell me what ship or anything. They said, \"Just be ... Just go to this hotel for the night and the morning at 8:00, be downstairs in the lobby of that hotel,\" so I did that. There, I was pushed into a ... I mean, there was a gangplank into a truck, into sort of a police car. They took me to the dock and there was a gangplank onto the ship. On the ship ... It was the Samaria, a 20,000-ton Cunard liner. We were there in port for ... There was hardly anybody aboard. We were there for about a day. Then, there was ... There were very few people aboard and the engines cranked up. I said, \"Okay, we're on our way,\" but we went out and stopped in the harbor, and dropped anchor, and stayed there. That evening, the bombs started falling all over the place. It didn't hit my ship, but it hit other places. We stayed there for two days with constant air raids going on. Then, some tenders came along with a whole bunch of young people and they all climbed aboard. Then, after that was done, the ship cranked up and off we went. I was looking, \"Well, I mean, where's the convoy?\" We were ... We didn't have any convoy. We went up the strait, and passed Ireland, and up [past] Scotland. I thought, \"Well, maybe we'll meet a convoy there,\" but we never did. We zigzagged across the ocean and we went to Canada. We went to Halifax [Nova Scotia]. It took us ten days on a slow northern route, zigzagging. The people aboard were British sailors that were taking some ships from Halifax that the U.S. had sent there on a Lend-Lease back to England. We had a daily boat drill. We had total blackout and you never knew whether there was a real [threat] because the U-boats [German submarines; from German: Unterseeboots] were out and bombing. But then, from Halifax, we sailed on down to New York [City, New York].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5838.0,6225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Let us go back to England for a minute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6225.0,6226.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6226.0,6226.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Specifically what were you accused of?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6226.0,6232.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Being an enemy alien. I was a national of an enemy country. This was not unusual. Many people, including that friend of mine ... He unfortunately ended up on a prison ship going to Australia. He wasn't released for about a year and a half or two years in Australia. Then, he studied in Australia and came back to England. But there was nothing else to accuse us of. They were just frightened of people who were German nationals or Austrian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6232.0,6273.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Was it clear that you were a Jewish refugee?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6273.0,6275.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Yes. Oh, yes, it was clear.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6275.0,6278.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Now, this family that took care of you ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6278.0,6280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Yes. Marks was their name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6280.0,6282.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What was their name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6282.0,6283.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Marks, M-A-R-K-S.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6283.0,6285.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: How did you get to them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6285.0,6288.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Well, that was the family who had ... They actually wrote to me while I was in Vienna and I wrote back, or maybe I wrote first, or maybe they wrote me first. I don't know. But after the committee—the Quakers and the Jewish Committee—sort of arranged that match, they wrote to me, and I wrote them back. I stayed in London for two days when I first arrived in England, and then I took a train to Manchester, and they met me at the train station. I learned English in high school and I thought I knew English but it was useless just about. So, they started talking to me. They were surprised I didn't speak Yiddish. I said, \"Well, no, I don't. I really don't.\" Because that's how they hoped to be able to converse. But I learned English pretty fast. It wasn't too bad. They were very kind people. They had a younger boy that I shared a room with. His was name was Micky. It must have been Michael. I've been trying to find him and I have been unable to locate him. I was trying to find Michael Marks. Then, they had a baby while I was there and that was another boy, and they named him Neville. They were very nice people and I regret to say that I never fully thanked them. I was literally not cognizant. I was young, and I was devastated, and I was ... I really didn't know what was going on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6288.0,6386.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Did you know what had happened to your family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6386.0,6391.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6391.0,6391.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Or did you have a sense what could happen to them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6391.0,6395.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Oh, sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6395.0,6396.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: That they ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6396.0,6396.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Of course. I was constantly worried about it. I mean, we knew they had to get out, and we tried very hard. There were people here in Atlanta. It was Josephine [Heyman] and Herman Heyman, who were wonderful people to us. Another couple, Philip [Shulhafer] and ... Oh, goodness ... Philip and Hannah Shulhafer. Hannah Shulhafer, and Josephine Heyman, and Rebecca Gershon were classmates at Smith College and they lived here in Atlanta. And they were just wonderful people to us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6396.0,6438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: So you arrived in New York?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6438.0,6440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Yes. That was another story there. I was met by some Jewish committee or somebody. It wasn't a Jewish ... It was a refugee committee.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6440.0,6448.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: HIAS?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6448.0,6448.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:There were about maybe ... I didn't realize it when I was aboard ship, but there were about five or six others in my situation aboard ship, which I didn't know. Somehow, we met on the pier and there was this man from this committee.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6448.0,6469.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: HIAS? Was it HIAS?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6469.0,6472.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:I don't know. I don't know what it was, but this man asked me did we have any money? I was being honest. I said, \"Yes, I have $20. That's all I have.\" He says, \"Okay. Now, we have to take a taxi and you've got to pay for the taxi,\" and he took $2 from me. Of course, that was strictly for his pocket. But then, I stayed in some kind of a hostel kind of a place. One of my uncles had come to New York before and they had a little one ... They had a little efficiency apartment. I remember going to visit them on the subway or something. And then, I went to ... My brother arrived in Atlanta, couldn't speak English. He had a Ph.D. from Vienna just before he left, but he couldn't speak English. His languages were Romance linguistics, so he couldn't do anything here. He was ... I mean, he had never had a job before. The only job he could get here was as a stock boy in a ten-cent store on Bankhead Avenue, in a very poor area, so that's where he worked. That's when he ... Then, he met [the] Heymans and some of those people, and they said, \"Well, this fella ought to be able to do more.\" He was 22 years old at the time. Mr. Herman Heyman's brother ... was a man named Charles Heyman in Rome, Georgia, who had a furniture factory. My brother got a job in Rome, Georgia, as a clerk in the office. So, from New York, I went to Rome, Georgia, and I stayed there for two days. But it was obvious there was nothing for me to do in Rome, Georgia. My brother was earning every bit of $12 a week or something, so people brought me and deposited me on the Heyman's doorstep. I stayed for the first week in Herman and Josephine Heyman's house here. I got a job very quickly at Davison's because, thank goodness, I had some skill that I could use.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6472.0,6611.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: You were doing what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6611.0,6612.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Tailoring. I was doing alterations. I was doing sewing on buttons or doing whatever and then I was selling. I was the buyer of this men's department. What was his name? Rosenbloom, Rosenblatt, or something like that. [He] sort of had an eye on me. They were selling uniforms at Fort Benning to the new officers. I mean, it was a school for second lieutenants. All these stores from around the country, they set up these kiosks where all these young people came in to buy their new second lieutenant sort of a uniform. So, this man got me out of the tailoring department, and took me down there with them, and I started selling uniforms at Fort Benning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6612.0,6671.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What was your English like at this point?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6671.0,6673.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:What was the what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6673.0,6675.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Your English?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6675.0,6676.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:I learned English in England. I was in England for almost two years, so I was perfectly all right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6676.0,6684.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: How did people act towards you? They knew you were a refugee?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6684.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Yes. No, they ... Yes, they did, but they were extremely friendly. There was no problem of any kind. I lived in a boarding house here in Atlanta and actually I had to share a room with another young man because I didn't make enough money. That boy was a boy from the country. What was his ... His first name was Hartwell. I can't ... I don't know his last name. He was a grease monkey at one of the gas stations, you know, where he greased cars and stuff. It was just one of those things that …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6690.0,6731.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Did you connect at any point with any of the Jewish organizations?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6731.0,6737.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Here? The only thing [was] the Heymans again and some of those people formed a club called the New World Club that met at the Jewish Community Center on 10th Street. It was on the corner of 10th Street and Piedmont Avenue. That's where we met, but I never saw them otherwise, really, just at that time. I never connected with any of them otherwise. I stayed with the Heymans, and Shulhafers, and all those kinds of people, but I never really connected with any of the other quote refugees.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6737.0,6772.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Did you have a social life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6772.0,6774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6774.0,6777.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What did you do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6777.0,6777.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:It was very limited. There again, these friends of mine sort of put me in touch with other young people, girls, boys, et cetera. Then, I lived on North Rock Springs Road because the people I had lived with had ... That was early. That was all ... When was that? That was shortly after I came, I guess. I lived ... I remember I had a date quote, and I didn't have any transportation, of course. I looked at the map where this girl lived and she lived out near Emory. I didn't realize what distance that that was, so I started walking from Rock Springs Road to Emory. By the time I got there, it was hot. I remember that very distinctly. But that was a double date, and there was another boy who had a car and a girl, and we went to the Standard Club or some of the places like that. Also, here in Atlanta, my uncle was here. That was Richard Bauer, the architect. So, I had some contacts there. They were very good friends of another wonderful family named Felber, F-E-L-B-E-R. He was a physician. He had come from Austria, from Vienna. He was a wonderful urologist. There were lovely people, Anna and Ernst Felber. I was invited to their house quite frequently. So, those were my social contacts. They were not with other quote refugees necessarily but limited.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6777.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Now, these were the war years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6870.0,6873.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:That was the early war years, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6873.0,6877.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Did you know what was going on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6877.0,6879.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Of course I did. Matter of fact, my brother was drafted in the army from Rome, Georgia. He was one of the first troops abroad. He went to the South Pacific, to the Fiji Islands. [He] became ill there and was shipped back. He had bad ... and was then discharged on a medical discharge. [He] was in the hospital for a year because he was close to getting TB [tuberculosis], but he didn't, thank goodness. I was drafted, and I reported, and I said goodbye to everybody. I was ready to go. I wanted to go because I knew what was going on, of course. I was at Fort McPherson, went through all the physical, and all of that stuff. Then, we were all lined up there, about 20 of us, and some second lieutenant sat there looking through these papers before swearing us in. So, he looked through these papers and didn't look up, said, \"Pulgram.\" I said, \"Yes?\" He said, \"Please come up here,\" so I came up there. He told me, \"You're not a citizen. You are not a U.S. citizen.\" I said, \"No, I'm not.\" He said, \"You are from an enemy alien country.\" I said, \"Yes.\" He says, \"We can't have you in the army.\" They sent me home. That really upset me. That bothered me. My brother had been already back, already discharged, and I hadn't been in yet. That was 1943. So, I said, \"Well, how can I do this?\" They told me I couldn't enlist as a non-citizen, but I could request to be drafted, so I made a request to be drafted. I got drafted again, and I went to the army again, and then they took me. Then, I was in the army for three years here in this country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6879.0,7002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Where did you go?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7002.0,7005.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Not very far. It was another strange thing. For some reason, I was assigned to special services. Now, that was nothing as glamorous as it sounds. It was the entertainment branch of the army. How that ever happened, I don't know. But when they asked me questions, I told them, \"Yes.\" Yes, I played piano, yes, I did that, and so forth, and so on. So, evidently when they pulled the stick through there and pulled up the cards—that was the system of selecting people—my card came up and they needed somebody in California. I was in Fort McPherson for four days, which was unheard of because people got in, they got shipped out immediately to basic training and on from there. I was there and I didn't get shipped out. I thought, \"What's wrong?\" There again, \"Is something wrong,\" you know, \"Is something happening?\" Finally, this sergeant called me over, who I became very friendly with because I've been there so long, four days. He said, \"Hey, I have a paper for you here. You're on a single shipment, going to the 23rd Special Service Company in Los Angeles, California.\" I said, \"What? What, what, what?\" He said, \"Yes.\" I said, \"Well, what is special services?\" He said, \"I don't know, but we have some special services people here. But they just sort of fool around here. I'm not sure what they do.\" So, here I was, a single man being given my meal tickets and my duffel bag, going on a train to California. I arrived in California. I reported to the MPs [Military Police] at the station there, so they called ... What's that racetrack outside of [Los Angeles,] California? I can't remember it. It's about 15 miles out, another racetrack. I'd just come from a racetrack in England. He called them and they said, \"Well, just I mean, just tell him to wait. We'll pick him up at 5:00 this afternoon.\" So, here I was. I went out and walked around. At 5:00, I came back, and some sergeant in a jeep came, and took me to the camp, and there was nothing open. They had already finished eating and everything, so he told me, \"Just go to that barracks over there and there's a bunk there for you.\" I go into that barracks and there are these guys lying around, \"Hello. Hello.\" Then, they asked me, \"What do you do?\" I said, \"I mean, what do you mean, what do I do?\" [They] said, \"Well, I mean, what do you do? Are you a musician? Are you a singer? Or are you ...\" I said, \"What?\" So, then I realized what this was all about. It was the entertainment branch of the army. They were putting on shows, and singing, and dancing, and filming, and all this sort of stuff. The one guy said that he was a piano player, the other guy said he was something else, all sorts of people. I said, \"What am I doing here with this?\" So, the next morning I go to the captain. There was a company commander. He said, \"Oh, glad to have you. Glad to have you,\" and he said ... He looked at my papers and said, \"And where did you have basic training?\" I said, \"I've had no basic training.\" He said, \"Well ... But we're ready to go overseas!\" I said, \"Well, I can't help you. I have had no basic training.\" So, he said, \"Well, we have three more people coming in today just to fill out the company and we'll see what we can do then, after they are here.\" Well, it turned out that one of these people was a fellow named Gross, who was a magician from New York. He had done nightclub shows there. One was a man named Valencia who was a Mexican dancer, a little guy, a Mexican who did dancing. And the other man was another dancer from ... was Casimir Kokitch. He was from the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. And they hadn't had basic training either. So, the four of us got basic training within a week, marching up and down the company street with rifles. They gave us another sergeant who was a piano player, who was our sergeant, to give us basic training. The farce! So, that was my army career.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7005.0,7276.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What happened after the army?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7276.0,7278.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Oh, after the army, I went to school on the GI Bill. I mean, I went to ... When I came out of the army in March of 1946, I applied at various schools. I mean, I always wanted to be an architect, but I never had the money to study. I didn't have a chance to go to school. So, I applied at [Georgia Institute of Technology] because I had lived here before and my uncle had been here. He had already moved by then or he had actually died. No, he didn't. He died afterwards, but he had moved. But he also taught at Georgia Tech a little bit, some lecture stuff. And I applied at Cornell and at MIT. At that time, it was difficult to get into a school because a lot of the service people were coming out and they were taking their old students back. And I had no ... I had nothing. Then, I lived ... At that time, I went to live in Cambridge [Massachusetts] because my brother was just finishing Harvard. He actually got a Ph.D. at Harvard in 1946. I was living there with him when I got notice that I was accepted at Georgia Tech, so I wrote the other schools, said, \"Thank you.\" I don't know whether I would have gotten in or not. I'm not sure. I came to Georgia Tech, and interviewed there, and the ... I remember the registrar talking to me about it, and asked me what schooling I have had, and that sort of thing. He said, \"Well, I think from the schooling you had, I think we can give you most of the freshman year credit,\" which was pleasing. It was wonderful because I needed to go, and go, and go, get out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7278.0,7385.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: How old were you at this time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7385.0,7388.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:At this time, I was 25. I was getting old. [I was] much older than normally the students were. So, I did go to school there, and I finished my five-year course in three years, and left school. I became very ... befriended, not really befriended, but [was] on a friendly basis with the chairman of the department was a man named Harold Bush-Brown, who knew my uncle. So, [we] became friends. That's where I met my wife. I was invited to their house, to a gathering of the graduate students, and she was there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7388.0,7432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What is her name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7432.0,7433.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Her name is Lucia [Loo-SHI-ah]. Call her Lucia [or] call her Lucia [LOO-sha]. In Atlanta, it's Lucia. But she doesn't remember meeting me there. I met her there. A week later, there was an Austrian national holiday and the Consulate at that time, the Austrian Consul was named [Robert] Hecht, and he had a party [for] the national [holiday]. Lucia's family were friendly with the Hechts, so she was there again. That was just a couple of weeks later. So, that's when she met me. I started architecture and became ... and worked here for a while, about a year and a half. Then, I went back to school. I went to school at the École des Beaux-Arts [School of Fine Arts] at Fontainebleau [France], where I studied some more. Then, I came back and here I am.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7433.0,7491.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Could you talk about your career? What was your first job as an architect?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7491.0,7497.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Yes, my first job in architecture was just drafting ... just drawing away. Then, there were two jobs I had. Then, I joined the firm with Cecil Alexander. At that time, it was Alexander and Rothschild. There was just the two of them, partners. I joined them in nineteen fifty ... When was that? Nineteen fifty-four, I guess. Nineteen fifty-three or 1954, somewhere in there. I'm not quite sure. [I] stayed with them. I became an associate. The firm joined with another firm, Finch, Barnes and Pascal. It became Finch, Alexander, Barnes, Rothschild and Pascal. I became an associate in the firm, which means a stockholder to some degree. We were doing some major work. One of our first high rise buildings was the headquarters for the Georgia Power Company here, which has been remodeled. It is now the headquarters for the Southern Company on the corner of Baker Street and Peachtree, across from the Hyatt Regency [hotel]. At that time, we were always talking about being ... I mean, we're architects, but our buildings did not really get interior finished the way they should have been. Decorators came in—quote decorators—and really messed up our buildings. So, we always talked about creating a department, which was not very popular at the time, of interior design or interior architecture. I was very much in favor of that. I was in design and architecture, but I was in favor of completing a building, of doing more than just the structure of a building. So, I kept talking about it in our meetings and they said, \"Okay, we can do that. Let's do it.\" And then, they said, \"Well, who would head it up,\" and nobody raised their hand. So, they said, \"But you've been talking about it, Bill. I mean, how about you?\" I said, \"Oh, no. I'm an architect. I don't want to do that.\" They said, \"Well, there's nobody else. I mean, if you want to do it, you can.\" I said, \"Okay, I'll do it for a year. I'll set it up, but then I want to go back to architecture. I don't want to do this other stuff.\" I set it up and I became quite intrigued with it, fascinated with it, stayed with it. We developed into about a 15 people department and we did very well. We got published; we got awards for interior architecture. Then, it became apparent that we could do work independent of the architectural firm with other architects, but nobody would hire us because we were a part of that architectural firm. So, we decided ... We followed one example of a firm in Chicago [Illinois], Perkins \u0026 Will, which had established an interior design firm, interior architecture firm. So, Cecil and I went up to Chicago to talk to these people, to find out how this worked. They were very frank, and told us, and said, \"Yes, it's profitable. It's a good thing.\" So, we created a firm, which was at that time a subsidiary of Finch Alexander. I was heading it, hiring good people, and the firm flourished. Then, we became a total separate entity. I was still a stockholder in Finch Alexander and the five partners there were stockholders of Associated Space Design, [which] is what I called our firm. And our firm grew. We became totally independent, even though we were still working together at times. I made a career of it. We established a branch office in Tampa, Florida. We had a branch office in Washington, D.C., had a company about hundred employees. So, it was very successful. Then, I retired almost 20 years ago. I was 65 when I retired. I sold my company to my other principals, who had a part in it. On that retirement, I'm living now because it was profitable, and they had a lot of work, and stuff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7497.0,7763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What is your proudest accomplishment professionally?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7763.0,7769.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:I think my family is my proudest accomplishment. They are wonderful children and my wife, of course ... She's part of creating them, of course, but that's my proudest [accomplishment]. But, I was very proud of the work we did. We had many honors given. I mean, our work received national honors. I've been all over the world really. I did a lot of work abroad for the State Department. I did a lot of embassy and consulate work for the U.S. Department of State. For the State Department, and here ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7769.0,7809.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Name some of the ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7809.0,7809.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Here, of course, the Coca-Cola Company was our client. The high-rise building is a Finch Alexander product and we did an Associate Space Design, a joint effort. And the BellSouth building, and the downtown MARTA [Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority] station, the Five Points station ... And what else? I don't know, but various things around the country. Our firm, we did the Black and Decker headquarters up in Maryland, and we did the Iowa Electric Lighting Company in Iowa, and we did the Tampa Electric Company in Tampa, Florida. So, there are any number of buildings. As I say, we've received a good many awards, national awards, and been very successful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7809.0,7857.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: You mentioned your children ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7857.0,7858.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7858.0,7858.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: ... and accomplishments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7858.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7860.0,7862.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Can you talk about them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7862.0,7863.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Yes, I'll be happy to. I have four children. The youngest one is Christopher, who is a violinist here in the Atlanta Symphony ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7863.0,7875.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: His last name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7875.0,7876.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:... as the first violin. [What]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7876.0,7876.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: What's his last name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7876.0,7878.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Christopher Pulgram. He is a violinist with the Atlanta Symphony and also the violinist for the Atlanta Chamber Players, which is a small chamber group. He studied at the University of Michigan, and he got a fellowship to the [International Menuhin Music Academy] in Switzerland, and studied there, and traveled with Menuhin and a group of people all over the world playing. And now he's ... He played and he lived in Europe for a while and now, he's with the Atlanta Symphony. My next grade up son, next in age up, is Anthony Pulgram. He is an opera singer. He's in New York. He sings with the New York City Opera and also does some work in the chorus for the Metropolitan. Right yesterday, he performed for the chorus of the Met in Samson and Delilah. Next month, he's singing with the New York City Opera in Lysistrata. He has one of the major parts in it and he has been singing various places. Then, my next oldest son is Laurence Pulgram, who is an attorney, a Harvard graduate. [He] graduated from Harvard Law School, summa cum laude, and Phi Beta Kappa, and all this sort of stuff. [He] is very successful as a partner in a firm in San Francisco [California] and he has a wife who is an attorney also. They met at Harvard Law School and they have two children. We were just out to visit them last week for a week. That's why I couldn't meet with you sooner. Then, my daughter is Deirdre Pulgram, Deirdre Pulgram-Arthen, and she lives in Worthington, Massachusetts, which is about 30 miles away from Northampton, where Smith [College] is, out in the country. She lives on a big farm of 120 acres. There are two other families living there in separate houses, so they have sort of a commune. They sort of eat together and live together. She has two children. One of them is Donovan, who has just been accepted to Wesleyan College ... Wesleyan University, I should say. The other child is Isobel, who is a freshman in high school there. They're all doing very well and very happy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7878.0,8042.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Have you shared with them your experiences?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=8042.0,8046.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Some of it, yes. Not for a long time, but as I say, only about two years ago, we all went to Vienna three, two years, I guess it was two or three years ago. We all went to Vienna and I talked about some of the happenings there. I was just mentioning to Ruth [Einstein] that when they grew up, my wife also plays violin and some piano. But we had a string quartet here at home because Deirdre and Christopher played violin. She used to play first and he was the little guy. He played second. And cello, my other son, Laurence, my older son, played cello. Anthony, who was the singer, played piano and viola. So, we had a string quartet and they actually performed some a little bit here and there. Now, this is just going on and I'm very pleased with the way they all turned out. We have had no problems with them, thank goodness, and we're very proud of them and their children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=8046.0,8108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: How have your experiences during the war years and before impacted you as a human being?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=8108.0,8122.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:There are many times that I still dream and can't forget. I'm sure that my behavior ... the older I get, the mellower I get, I suppose. But I'm sure it must have been very hard for my family at times, because I'm sure that these experiences, these war years, and these tragedies have affected me. Obviously, [they] must have. I'm sure that was noticeable to people around me. I may not always have behaved as I might have or reacted the way I might have otherwise. But evidently, it wasn't severe enough to keep them from developing into good human beings. Sometimes ... Well, as I say, I still do remember, and I still think, and I still have dreams that are frightening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=8122.0,8192.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Is there something you would like to tell future generations based on what you went through?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=8192.0,8202.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Yes. I think, of course, of this country—this has become home—and what a wonderful opportunity it has been for me to be here, and how it has permitted me to progress and to achieve what I had hoped to achieve, which was almost impossible. It seemed like it was impossible. I have gone much further than I ever expected to. I'm more comfortable financially and in general than I had ever expected to be, certainly not when I was 17, 18, 19, 20, or these early stages. So, I suppose it is [to] never give up and also never forget. I think there are experiences that we should know of and never forget. I'm very appreciative of the Breman Museum, as well as the [United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]. I support the Holocaust Museum, which is ... I've only visited once and was with my wife. She said, \"I don't want to go back. I can't take it again. I don't ... \"I could go back. I probably will someday or other. But cherish the freedom that you have in this country, and the opportunities, and the liberties of speech, of being. I mean, before I left Vienna, you wouldn't be safe walking on the street. You would be afraid to be arrested, and put away, and killed. So, here we are and I don't think enough people appreciate the freedom that they have in this country and some other countries—not all of them, unfortunately. But I think those are the things that I would like for people to know and remember. I think what happened to these six million people should never be forgotten. I have a cousin [who] lives in Israel, a very progressive woman, very bright. She's getting old. She's six months older than I am. She's not well and she's terribly upset about what is happening in Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=8202.0,8362.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: In what sense?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=8362.0,8368.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:She is a very liberal person and she's very upset the way the Israelis sometimes behave, as well as the Palestinians. It goes both ways. She thinks that this peace movement ... they should have made peace long ago, that Israel is no longer what she had expected it to be. It is no longer what it was when she went there to build the country. She's very disheartened by what is happening and that is true for many places in the world right now. I mean, right now, it's tragic. It's unfortunate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=8368.0,8417.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Any other thoughts?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=8417.0,8419.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pulgram:Well, I appreciate you asking me to do all this. My children and other people have asked me to write all this stuff down and I never have. I've made a couple of tapes before, but I appreciate the opportunity of telling you this. Maybe I could get a copy of the tape that I can have for future reference. I appreciate it. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=8419.0,8445.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/transcript/72444/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=8445.0,4847.41"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVienna is the capital city of Austria and sits on the Danube River. Before World War II, the overwhelming majority of Austrian Jews lived in Vienna, which was an important center of Jewish culture, Zionism, and education.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=0.0,11.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eQuakers, also known as the Religious Society of Friends or simply Friends, are members of a Christian denomination that originated in England in the 17th century. Quakers had begun establishing aid organizations in the United Kingdom in 1933, as soon as news about violence against Jews began filtering out of Germany. Immediately after the Anschluss in March 1938, British and American Quakers created the Vienna Centre to help people who were persecuted by the Nazis flee Austria. By July, the Vienna Centre had the names of over 1,000 people who wanted to escape registered on its lists, and more names were added daily, especially those of Jews, all hoping for an affidavit allowing them to leave. It is unclear exactly how many people were helped by the Quakers to leave Austria, but it is estimated to have been between 2,500 and 4,500. But the Quakers were also involved in rescue operations called Kindertransports, where Jews and Christians of many denominations worked together and saved at least 1,000 Jewish children from Austria. Many organizations and individuals assisted in settling the children in the UK. When the trains arrived in London, Quakers and others met the children at Liverpool Street station and provided food and temporary accommodations. Children were then placed with families and other communities across the country. In September 1939, the declaration of war against Germany stopped the transports.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=68.0,134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur [Hebrew: day of atonement] is the most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=363.0,403.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHanukkah or Chanukah [Hebrew: dedication] is an eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar. Hanukkah celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rulers of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the menorah (ritual candelabra) but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil. This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The Hanukkah menorah, or hanukiah, with its nine branches, is used to commemorate this miracle by lighting eight candles, one for each day, with the ninth candle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=363.0,403.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” Following a series of electoral victories, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933. Within two years, Hitler and the Nazis had created a dictatorship. The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=403.0,412.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in March 1938, the situation grew dire for Austrian Jews. Jews were beat up, attacked and humiliated. Austrian Nazis forced Jews to clean public toilets and scrub the city’s streets while crowds jeered. Anti-Jewish policies were quickly adopted. Jewish teachers and students were barred from schools and universities. By May 1938, Germany’s Nuremberg Laws came into force. Jewish organizations were shut down. Jews were barred from many professions and forced to wear a yellow badge. Meanwhile, Jews were harassed and hounded, their homes and businesses plundered. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=412.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=492.0,620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn March 11-13, 1938, Nazi Germany annexed the neighboring country of Austria. The event is known as the Anschluss, which comes from a German word that means “connecting” or “joining.” The Anschluss was the Nazi regime’s first act of territorial aggression and expansion. Although it was in direct violation of the treaties that had ended World War I, other European powers did nothing to stop the Anschluss or punish the Nazis. The Nazi party already had many sympathizers and members. In fact, most Austrians supported incorporation into the German Reich and participated enthusiastically in the adoption of Nazi policies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=492.0,620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi salute, also called the 'German greeting' by the Nazi Party, 'Hitler greeting,' or ‘Sieg Heil’ salute, is a gesture that was used as a greeting by the German National Socialist (Nazi) party in the 1920s. The greeting later became compulsory in Nazi Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=492.0,620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Wein [German: Vienna Israelite Community; or IKG] was the Jewish community of Vienna, Austria. First established in 1852, it became the center of Jewish religious, cultural and educational organizations, as well as the unofficial representation of Jewish political interests. When Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938, the IKG had about 185,000 members. It was closed almost immediately but reopened later that year as a kind of buffer organization between the Nazis and Vienna’s Jewish population. The IKG’s extensive archive was used to identify the Jewish population and was also forced to organize the emigration and later the deportation of Vienna’s Jews. The IKG was dissolved on November 1, 1942. It was reestablished after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=622.0,679.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “Aryan” when used in relation to the Third Reich means the Nazi vision of the blond-haired, blue-eyed physical ideal of men and women. According to the Nazis, “Aryans” belonged to the master race of perfect humans. Everyone else was considered to be racially inferior.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=767.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police,” the Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=767.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across Germany and Austria, Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called “Kristallnacht,” which means “Night of Broken Glass,” because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. Thousands of German Jews and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany. Most were released within a few weeks, but only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4714.0,4718.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict from 1914 to 1918 that embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4729.0,4961.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs Nazi racial laws were implemented in the 1930s, Jewish veterans of World War I were initially exempted from many. These exceptions reinforced the way many veterans identified themselves—as Germans or Austrians rather than as Jews—and created a false and short-lived sense of security. Eventually, all Jews—regardless of their earlier service to their country—were disenfranchised and suffered under the increasing anti-Jewish laws and abuses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4729.0,4961.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Magen David [Hebrew: Shield of David], or as it is more commonly known, the Star of David, is the symbol most associated with Judaism today. During the Holocaust, the symbol was used by the Nazis to identify and isolate Jews. In September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=4997.0,4999.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Schottengymnasium was a private Catholic high school founded 1807 in Vienna, Austria. As a denominational school, it was closed after Austria's annexation in 1938 and the students had to transfer to other high schools. From 1938 to 1945, it’s building on Schottengasse was used by the Wasagymnasium, a high school whose building on nearby Wasagasse had been taken over by the Nazis. It had opened in 1871 and had a large population of Jewish students. After Jewish students were expelled from public schools in April 1938, the Wasagymnasium became exclusively Jewish. After the war, both schools re-opened in their original buildings and continue to operate today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5110.0,5124.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened, and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948, and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5286.0,5330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTransport Ev was the last transport that left Theresienstadt for Auschwitz-Birkenau on October 28, 1944. There were 2,038 Jews on the train, including Zigmund and Gisela Pulgram.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5333.0,5493.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5333.0,5493.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Theresienstadt (Terezín) \"camp-ghetto\" near Prague in the present-day Czech Republic was opened in late 1941 and existed until May 1945. It served as a ghetto, assembly camp, and concentration camp. During its existence, approximately 140,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, Bohemia and Moravia were sent to Theresienstadt. Roughly 33,000 died in Theresienstadt itself due to starvation and disease. Nearly 90,000 Jews were deported from Theresienstadt to other ghettos, concentration camps, and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5333.0,5493.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe systematic deportation of Jews from Vienna began in October 1941 and continued into 1945. The first deportations were to the Lodz Ghetto in Poland, followed by deportations to Minsk, Riga and Theresienstadt. Zigmund, Gisela, and Lili Pulgram were on Transport 42, which left Vienna for Theresienstadt on September 9, 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5333.0,5493.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5333.0,5493.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Immigration Act of 1924 had imposed limits on the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted to the United States from any country. Germany was assigned a quota of about 26,000 immigrants per year. Increasing antisemitism and persecution led approximately 125,000 Germans, most of them Jewish, to immigrate to the United States between 1933 and 1935. However, immigration became increasingly difficult as new restrictions were put in place that made it more difficult for Germans to obtain visas. In 1936, about 7,000 German immigrants were approved for visas. By 1938, that number had increased to more than 20,000. After Germany annexed Austria in March 1938, the United States had combined the German and Austrian quotas into one “German” quota. In 1939, the quota allowed for 27,370, but 7,818 went unissued, even though increasing antisemitic persecution made the waiting list grew to over 139,000. After World War II began in September of that year, the waiting list grew to more than 300,000 people, mostly Jewish. The German quota was almost filled in 1940, but in the summer of 1941, all U.S. consulates in Nazi-occupied territory had been closed. When the U.S. officially entered the war in December 1941, Jews trapped in Europe had almost no hope of immigrating.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5333.0,5493.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States during the 1930s and 1940s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were U.S. citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (Federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5333.0,5493.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Forrest Palmer (1892-1973) was an Atlanta real estate developer who became an expert on public housing and urban redevelopment. Palmer was responsible for building Techwood Homes in 1935, the first public housing project built in the United States. From 1938-1940, Palmer served as President of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce and as Chairman of the new Atlanta Housing Authority. In 1940, President Roosevelt appointed him Defense Housing Coordinator at the United States Office for Emergency Management, a position that he held through 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5508.0,5596.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the U.S. through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as “FDR,” he died just a few months before the end of World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5508.0,5596.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUntil the Housing Act of 1937, the United States did not have a public housing program. By then, European philanthropists, industrialists, and governments had already been building homes and communities aimed at improving the health and welfare of low- and middle-income workers for half a century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5508.0,5596.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis refers to members of the Sturmableilung, often shortened to ‘SA.’ They were commonly known as “Brownshirts” from the color of the uniforms. They were the paramilitary wing of the Nazi party and played a key role in Adolf Hitler’s rise to power in the 1920s and 1930s. They provided protection for Nazi rallies and assemblies, disrupted opposing political parties, intimidated Jewish citizens and engaged in general street thuggery. After Hitler took political power in 1933, their usefulness waned rapidly as the Nazis adopted a ‘law and order’ platform and moved toward political respectability. The organization was essentially dismantled in in June 1934 when Hitler arrested and murdered the leadership and leaders of the Stormtroopers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5609.0,5656.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the Anschluss, the Nazis encouraged emigration. By the summer of 1939, nearly half the Jewish population had left Vienna and by the time war began in September 1939, around 120,000 had emigrated. Emigration was not easy, however. Those seeking exit visas and necessary other documentation had to stand in long lines, night and day, in front of municipal, police, and passport offices. Would-be emigrants were forced to pay an exit fee and to register all their immovable and most of their movable property, which was confiscated concurrent with their departure from the country. Once war began, emigration was no longer possible.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5663.0,5736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War I, the League of Nations authorized the British mandate over Palestine, which continued throughout World War II. Beginning in 1929, Arabs and Jews openly fought in Palestine. Britain attempted to limit Jewish immigration as a means of appeasing the Arabs. Jewish immigration had already been restricted by a series of official reports (known as White Papers) issued in 1922 and 1930 by the British government. The Arab Revolt of 1936–1939 further caused Britain to dramatically limit the numbers of immigrants allowed into Palestine in subsequent years and throughout the Holocaust. In 1939, a third White Paper was issued, which limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 for the first five years, subject to the country's \"economic absorptive capacity,\" and would later be contingent on Arab consent. Britain continued to strictly limit Jewish immigration to Palestine even after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5663.0,5736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the 1935 Nuremberg Laws, people were subject to different restrictions depending on how many Jewish grandparents they had, if they were Jewish but married to a non-Jew and vice-versa, and if they were the children of a marriage between a Jew and non-Jew, called “Mischlinge” (a pejorative term for so-called mixed-race persons). Marriages with non-Jewish husbands and children not raised Jewish were considered “privileged.” The Jewish wife received better rations than other Jews and did not have to wear the Magen David, or yellow Star of David. Jewish men married to “Aryan” women or couples with children raised Jewish did not experience such favorable treatment. All intermarried couples and their children suffered discrimination, ostracism, sometimes lost their homes, jobs, educations and livelihoods, and were under constant pressure to divorce. Until late in the war, intermarried Jewish partners were exempt from deportation and ghettoization. As the war went on, persecution of intermarried Jews within the German Reich increased. Intermarried Jews were put into segregated labor battalions of the Todt Organization, sent to labor camps and ghettos like Theresienstadt, or sent to concentration camps. Still, Jews who were married to non-Jews had a greater chance of surviving the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5663.0,5736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1938, some 170,000 Jews lived in Vienna, as well as approximately 80,000 persons of mixed Jewish-Christian background. Including converts from Judaism, the Viennese Jewish population may have been as high as 200,000, more than 10 percent of the city's inhabitants. Over half the Jews of Vienna managed to emigrate before war began. Of those who remained, at least 50,000 were deported. After the war, only 2,000 Viennese Jews had survived the deportations, along with about 800 Jews who managed to hide.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5663.0,5736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavison's of Atlanta was a department store chain and an Atlanta shopping institution. It first opened in Atlanta in 1891 and had its origins in the Davison \u0026amp; Douglas Company. In 1901, the store changed its name to Davison-Paxon-Stokes. Davison-Paxon-Stokes sold out to R.H. Macy \u0026amp; Co. in 1925. By 1927, R.H. Macy built the Peachtree Street store that still stands today. That same year the company dropped the “Stokes” to become Davison Paxon Co. All Davison’s stores were completely absorbed into the Macy’s nameplate in 1986, rendering the store defunct.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5745.0,5819.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLend-Lease (Public Law 77-11) was the program under which the United States of American supplied the United Kingdom, Soviet Union, China, Free France, and other Allied nations with war material (ships, planes, ammunition, etc.) and other goods (such as food) between 1941 and 1945. When it was signed into law in March 1941, the United States was not yet in the war. Committed to staying out of the war at that time, supplying the nations fighting against the Germans could be interpreted as declaring war, so the Act was carefully crafted to seem like a kind of swap program. In return for the material, the U.S. got bases in various parts of the world and other financial considerations that would go into effect after the war. Further fictions included that the war material would be returned at the end unless it had been destroyed. Lend-Lease was critical to Great Britain who, after Dunkirk, stood alone against the Nazis and desperately needed all types of consumer goods, food and water material. Without Lend-Lease it is possible they could not have withstood a Nazi invasion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5838.0,6225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA tender is a small boat that services a larger ship, transporting people/and or supplies to the shore or other ships.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5838.0,6225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe port city of Liverpool and surrounding areas were key targets for German bombers during the Second World War.Although the docks and city center were the main targets, residential areas also suffered enormous damage. Nearly one third of the houses in Liverpool were damaged or destroyed. Liverpool itself suffered the second highest number of civilian deaths in air raids in the country. Outside of London, Liverpool was the most bombed area of the country during World War Two. The bombings started in August 1940 and continued until January 1942. Liverpool experienced nine raids in October 1940 (around the time Pulgram was boarding RMS Samaria in Liverpool).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5838.0,6225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRMS Samaria was a transatlantic ocean liner built for the Cunard Line and launched in 1922. Converted to a troopship in 1941, it was returned to Cunard in 1948 and continued to sail until 1955.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5838.0,6225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eV-1 rockets or Vengeance Weapon 1 [German: Vergeltungswaffe-1], also nicknamed ‘doodlebugs’ or ‘buzz bombs’ because of the sound they made in flight, were winged cruise missiles. They were developed in 1939 by the Luftwaffe and powered by a jet engine. They were used extensively in the bombings of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5838.0,6225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ‘Blitz’ [from the German word Blitzkrieg: Lightning War] was the sustained bombing of London and other British cities by the Luftwaffe [German Air Force] between September 7, 1940 and May 10, 1941. More than 1,000,000 homes were destroyed or damaged and more than 40,000 civilians were killed, half of them in London.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5838.0,6225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLingfield Park Racecourse is a horse racing course in Surrey, England that opened in 1890. During World War II, it was requisitioned for use as a camp to hold enemy aliens or prisoners of war (POWs). German and Austrian refugees who fled to Britain after the Nazi’s rise to power had to register as ‘Aliens’. When war broke out their status changed to ‘Enemy Alien’. For security reasons they were then detained in secure locations. In the spring of 1940, a thousand aliens were transferred to Lingfield. By the end of the year, however, they had been transferred elsewhere. Lingfield was then used primarily for Italian POWs. After the Normandy Landings, the camp was used to hold German POWs. The camp was closed in April 1945 and the racecourse returned to its owners. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5838.0,6225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the outbreak of World War II, thousands of male Germans, Austrians and Italians living in Great Britain—some of whom were British citizens—were rounded up and sent to internment camps for fear they might be spies. The majority were interned on the Isle of Man, where internment camps had also been set up in World War One. More than 7,000 internees were deported, the majority to Canada, some to Australia. By 1941, all but about 5,000 had been released due to an outcry in Parliament. Pulgram was interred as an enemy alien on June 21, 1940. By September 17, 1940, he had received exemption from internment as a Jewish refugee.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5838.0,6225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDunkirk was a pivotal point in World War II. In May 1940, the British and French forces were driven back to Dunkirk on the coast of France and just across the Channel from Great Britain. Surrounded, several hundred thousand soldiers were about to be wiped out or taken prisoner by the Germans. Winston Churchill ordered any ship or available boat, large or small, to pick up the stranded soldiers. Some 861 ships, including any boat that could even remotely float, responded to his call. In nine days from May 27 to June 4, 1940, 338,226 men (including French, English, Polish, Belgian and Dutch troops) were spirited off the beach under murderous German artillery and aircraft fire. It was a bittersweet victory as Dunkirk was a terrible defeat. Some 40,000 soldiers were not rescued and were captured or left to make their own way home. All equipment and ammunition also had to be left behind. After Dunkirk, Germany controlled of large parts of continental Europe, which came to be known as “Fortress Europe.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=5838.0,6225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War Two, Australia interned mainly German, Italian and Japanese people in camps overseen by the army. Most internees were men, but women and children also spent time in the camps. At the peak of the war, Australia held more than 12,000 people in internment camps. Overseas allies also sent 'enemy aliens,' mostly German and Japanese, to Australia to be interned. Over the course of the war, internees included 7,000 Australian residents (including 1,500 British nationals) and 8,000 people from overseas. Many were released before the end of the war. Internees from Britain or Europe were allowed to stay in Australia, but most Japanese internees, including some who were born in Australia, were sent back to Japan in 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6232.0,6273.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6288.0,6386.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRebecca “Reb” Mathis Gershon (1899-1987) was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee. She moved to Atlanta after marrying Harry Gershon. Rebecca was involved in the National Council of Jewish Women, the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, Hadassah, as well as in the Civil Rights Movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6396.0,6438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHannah Grossman Shulhafer (1901-1984) was an active leader in the Atlanta Jewish community as far back as the 1920s. She engaged in the resettlement of Jewish refugees from Europe and was active in the Civil Rights Movement. Hannah was a leading figure in the Atlanta Jewish Federation, the Welfare Fund and was an ardent supporter of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6396.0,6438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhilip Emanuel Shulhafer (1898-1961) was the personnel director at Montag Brothers, Inc. during the 1950s when the firm became one the first businesses in the South to have white employees working side-by-side with black employees. He was active in the Atlanta Urban League and the Southern Regional Council, inter-racial organizations. He was president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council, a predecessor of the Atlanta Jewish Federation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6396.0,6438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerman Heyman (1898-1968) was a successful lawyer born in Atlanta, Georgia. He served as president for The Temple, the Federation of Social Services, the Atlanta chapter of the American Jewish Committee, and the Atlanta Lodge of B’nai B’rith. He was also president of the Atlanta Community Planning Council and the Legal Aid Society.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6396.0,6438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosephine “Jo” Joel Heyman (1901-1993) was a Jewish civic and political activist in Atlanta. During the 1930s, she conducted night classes to teach refugees English. When the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching expanded, she became an active member. In the 1940s, she was one of five women founders of the United Nations Association of Atlanta. She and her friend, Eleanor Raoul Greene, started the DeKalb County chapter of the League of Women Voters. In the 1960s, she turned her efforts to promoting racial desegregation. She also gave years of service and leadership in the National Council of Jewish Women and Hadassah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6396.0,6438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) is a Jewish American non-profit that aids refugees. Founded in 1881, its original purpose was to help the flow of Jewish immigrants from Russia in relocating. During and after World War II, HIAS had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East. They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas. After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere. Today, the organization continues to provide support to refugees and immigrates of all nationalities, ethnicities, and religions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6448.0,6448.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Heyman (1900-1983) started his career as an office boy for Fox Manufacturing Company in Atlanta, Georgia in 1920. He bought the company, moved it to Rome, Georgia in 1936.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6472.0,6611.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Moore (formerly Fort Benning) is a United States Army post established in 1918. It is in Columbus, Georgia, on Georgia's border with Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6612.0,6671.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe New World Club was a support group formed by German Jews who immigrated to Atlanta immediately prior to the outbreak of World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6737.0,6772.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Community Center was officially founded in 1910, as the Jewish Educational Alliance. In the late 1940s it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to the suburb of Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6737.0,6772.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnna Rotkopf Felber (1899-1979) was born in Sarajevo, in what was Yugoslavia. Dr. Ernst Felber (1887-1966) was born in present day Czech Republic. They left Vienna, Austria and arrived in the United States in 1938. The Felbers settled in Atlanta, Georgia, where Dr. Felber continued practicing medicine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6777.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Standard Club is a Jewish social club that started as the “Concordia Association” in 1867 in Downtown Atlanta. In 1905, it was reorganized as the “Standard Club” and moved into the former mansion of William C. Sanders near the site of Center Parc Credit Union Stadium (formerly Turner Field). In the late 1920s the club moved to Ponce de Leon Avenue in Midtown Atlanta. Later, the club moved to what is now the Lenox Park business park and was located there until 1983. In the 1980s, the club moved to its present location in Johns Creek in Atlanta’s northern suburbs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6777.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 7, 1941, the United States declared war on Japan following the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, a U.S. Navy base in Hawaii. Three days later, the U.S. became fully engaged in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6870.0,6873.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort McPherson was a U.S. Army military base located in East Point, Georgia, on the southwest edge of Atlanta, Georgia. During World War II, Fort McPherson served as a general depot, where thousands of men were processed for entry in the army. Fort McPherson was closed in 2011. The property is now owned by actor/producer Tyler Perry, who redeveloped the site into Tyler Perry Studios.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=6879.0,7002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Santa Anita Racetrack in Arcadia, California was the site of the Santa Anita Ordnance Training Center during World War II. It was also a detention camp for Japanese Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7005.0,7276.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKazimir Kokich (1911-1982) was a Broadway actor and dancer. He was born \"Kokić,\" but other spellings include: Kokich Kokic, Kokitch, Kokich, and Cokitch. Variations of his first name include: Kazimir, Kasimir, and Casimir. Kokich began his dancing career in the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo ballet, later turning to Broadway. He performed in a variety of theatrical productions between 1949 and 1966.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7005.0,7276.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBallet Russe de Monte Carlo was a ballet company formed in 1932 in Monte Carlo, Monaco. The company split in 1938. One company became the Original Ballet Russe and toured internationally until it dissolved in 1948. The other company retained the name Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. Under the direction of Leonide Massine, it toured primarily in the United States until the early 1960s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7005.0,7276.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe GI Bill (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act) was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944. It provided veterans of World War II funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7278.0,7385.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold Bush-Brown (1888-1983) was a professor, administrator, and architect. He served as Head of the School of Architecture at the Georgia Institute of Technology from 1925 until his retirement in 1957.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7388.0,7432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Hecht (1888-1956) was born in Vienna, Austria. He immigrated to the United States in 1914 and settled in Atlanta, Georgia, where he was president of International Corporation and from 1949, served as the Austrian Consulate.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7433.0,7491.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePerkins \u0026amp; Will is a global design practice founded in 1935 in Chicago, Illinois by Lawrence Perkins (1907-1998) and Philip Will, Jr. (1906-1985). Since 1986, the group has been a subsidiary of Lebanon-based Dar Al-Handasah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7497.0,7763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1958, Alexander and Rothschild merged with another firm to create the prominent architectural firm of Finch, Alexander, Barnes, Rothschild and Paschal (FABRAP) which is today known as Rosser, FABRAP International.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7497.0,7763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBernard “Rocky” Berman Rothschild (1915-2005) was an American architect. He moved to Atlanta after World War II and in 1948, formed the firm Alexander and Rothschild with partner Cecil Alexander, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7497.0,7763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCecil Abraham Alexander, Jr. (born Henry Alexander II, 1918-2013) was an American architect, principally a designer of commercial architecture, best known for his work in Atlanta, Georgia. Together with other architects of the firm, he is said to have \"shaped the skyline of Atlanta.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7497.0,7763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Five Points” refers to the downtown area of Atlanta, considered by many to be the center of town.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7809.0,7857.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Menuhin Music Academy was founded in Rolle, Switzerland by American-born British violinist and conductor Yehudi Menuhin (1916-1999) in 1977 to develop the talent of gifted string instrumentalists from all over the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=7878.0,8042.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRuth Einstein was an archivist and Special Projects Coordinator at the William Breman Jewish Heritage and Holocaust Museum from 1999 through 2012. She managed and participated in many of the oral histories in the Breman Museum’s collections.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=8046.0,8108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is the United States’ official memorial to the Holocaust. It was dedicated in 1993 in Washington, D.C. It provides for the documentation, study, and interpretation of Holocaust history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=8202.0,8362.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide yet calculating how many individuals were killed during the Holocaust and World War II because of Nazi policies is difficult as no single document exists which spells out how many died. To accurately estimate the extent of human losses, scholars, governmental agencies and Jewish organizations since the 1940s have relied on a variety of records including census reports, captured archives, and postwar investigations. The total Jewish population of Europe in 1933 was estimated at about 9.5 million. By the time the Holocaust and World War II had ended over a decade later, most European Jews—two out of every three—were dead. The best and most accepted estimate of Jewish victims is six million, with approximately three million of those from Poland and 1,340,000 of those from the Soviet Union. Tens of thousands of Romani, between 5,000 and 7,000 German children with physical and mental abilities living in institutions, as well as many Polish children and children living in the German-occupied Soviet Union were also killed during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=8202.0,8362.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491/annotation_set/1724/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis is likely a reference to the Second Intifada. Years of frustration and the collapse of a summit intended to resolve Israeli–Palestinian tensions boiled over into violence in 2000, when Ariel Sharon, the leader of Israel’s opposition visited Temple Mount in East Jerusalem. The Al-Aqsa Mosque is housed on Temple Mount and Muslims saw the visit as highly provocative. Demonstrations turned violent. The resulting series of violent confrontations and attacks on both sides, known as the Second Intifada, or the Al-Aqsa Intifada, after the mosque where violence erupted, did not subside until 2005. Both sides saw high numbers of both military and civilian casualties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/138320/file/256491#t=8202.0,8362.0"}]}]}]}