{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/ns0ks6jr11/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Hecht, Joel"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1995-11-15 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJoel Hecht was born in Berlin, Germany in 1915. His parents were Richard and Edith Hecht. Joel’s father owned several furniture factories. Joel and his sister, Amy, enjoyed a very comfortable childhood. The family was upper class and spent vacations at their beautiful country house on a lake near Berlin. \u003cbr\u003eWhen Joel was 18, Jews were banned from public school education and he was unable to attend university, where he had intended to study law. He joined his father's firm and worked in it until 1938 when it was 'Aryanized' and the family lost it. After Kristallnacht occurred on November 9 and 10, 1938 the family knew they had to leave Germany. They fled to The Netherlands and settled in Amsterdam.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1939, Joel and Amy's quota number came up and they immigrated to the United States. In the United States, Joel and Amy devoted themselves to trying to get their parents visas, but were unsuccessful. In 1940, the Germans invaded The Netherlands. Joel’s parents were arrested, sent to Westerbork transit camp, and then to Bergen-Belsen where both perished of disease and starvation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, Joel and Amy had settled in Chicago, Illinois. Joel worked in the antiques business before volunteering for the United States armed forces in World War II. After the war, Joel married and had 2 daughters. He retired to Atlanta, Georgia and died in 2008. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eJoel introduces his family. He explains how his family enjoyed an upper class life-style and considered themselves more German than Jewish. Joel recalls the impact of anti-Jewish laws on his education and family’s business. He outlines how the Nazi party’s antisemitism gradually permeated the entire German culture. Joel shares how his family was able to immigrate to Holland after Kristallnacht in 1938. He recounts how, after four years, he and his sister got visas for the United States and immigrated in 1939 but his parents were not allowed to immigrate. Joel shares the fates of his family— the majority of whom died although a few were also able to leave Europe in time. He recounts how his parents died in Bergen-Belsen. Joel closes with the reflection of how mistaken his family and so many others were in thinking they were safe and the Nazi party’s power would not last.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28012"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Germany (geographic term)","Holland (geographic term)","United States (geographic term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Antisemitism (topical term)","Immigration (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJoel Hecht was born in Berlin, Germany in 1915. His parents were Richard and Edith Hecht. Joel’s father owned several furniture factories. Joel and his sister, Amy, enjoyed a very comfortable childhood. The family was upper class and spent vacations at their beautiful country house on a lake near Berlin. \u003cbr\u003eWhen Joel was 18, Jews were banned from public school education and he was unable to attend university, where he had intended to study law. He joined his father's firm and worked in it until 1938 when it was 'Aryanized' and the family lost it. After Kristallnacht occurred on November 9 and 10, 1938 the family knew they had to leave Germany. They fled to The Netherlands and settled in Amsterdam.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1939, Joel and Amy's quota number came up and they immigrated to the United States. In the United States, Joel and Amy devoted themselves to trying to get their parents visas, but were unsuccessful. In 1940, the Germans invaded The Netherlands. Joel’s parents were arrested, sent to Westerbork transit camp, and then to Bergen-Belsen where both perished of disease and starvation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, Joel and Amy had settled in Chicago, Illinois. Joel worked in the antiques business before volunteering for the United States armed forces in World War II. After the war, Joel married and had 2 daughters. He retired to Atlanta, Georgia and died in 2008. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJoel introduces his family. He explains how his family enjoyed an upper class life-style and considered themselves more German than Jewish. Joel recalls the impact of anti-Jewish laws on his education and family’s business. He outlines how the Nazi party’s antisemitism gradually permeated the entire German culture. Joel shares how his family was able to immigrate to Holland after Kristallnacht in 1938. He recounts how, after four years, he and his sister got visas for the United States and immigrated in 1939 but his parents were not allowed to immigrate. Joel shares the fates of his family— the majority of whom died although a few were also able to leave Europe in time. He recounts how his parents died in Bergen-Belsen. Joel closes with the reflection of how mistaken his family and so many others were in thinking they were safe and the Nazi party’s power would not last.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/100/064/small/Joel_Hecht.png?1619299406","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Hecht_Joel.mp4"]},"duration":1741.485,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/100/064/small/Joel_Hecht.png?1619299406","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/100/064/original/Hecht_Joel.mp4?1603752412","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1741.485,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Joel Hecht [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What's your name?\n\nHECHT: Joel Hecht.\n\nBERMAN: Where were you born?\n\nHECHT: In Berlin, Germany.\n\nBERMAN: Tell us a little bit about your family and your early life in Berlin\nbefore [Adolf] Hitler came to power.\n\nHECHT: My father's name is Richard Hecht and my mother's name is Edith Hecht. I\nwas brought up in Berlin. I went to school there. So did my sister, Amy. We\nlived a very comfortable ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life before 1933. My father had a furniture factory. He\nemployed about 200 people. We really lived an upper-class type life. We had a\nbeautiful apartment near the Kurfurstendamm in Berlin. We had a beautiful\ncountry home about 40 miles from Berlin called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Scharmutzelsee right on a\nbeautiful lake where we used to go on weekends. We spent many, many happy days\nduring vacation time there, together with family members. There was really\nnothing missing. It was a very settled . . . we were very well ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adjusted. We were\nbasically Germans of Jewish faith. We were not religious people by any means. We\nlived the same life like the upper class Germans did that were either Catholics\nor Protestants. Judaism . . . Jewishness was a religion not a racial or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"national\nsituation. We felt like Germans. My father served during the First World War in\nthe Germany Army on the eastern front in Russia. He was decorated for bravery\nand he felt particularly German. There was nothing missing really that I can\nremember. I went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school until I was 18. I had to leave [school] in 1933\nbecause they made it kind of tough for Jewish children. I was supposed to join\nmy father's firm, but before I would I was supposed to go the university and\nstudy law. I was not admitted anymore, so I joined my father's firm as an\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apprentice in 1938 until we left Germany after my parents were disowned\n[disenfranchised, rights dissolved] by the German government. We would have left\nprobably earlier, but we couldn't because we really could not dissolve the firm\nand the real estate and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"businesses my father had. We weren't able to leave.\nMy sister and I applied for a visa to the United States in 1935. It took three\nfull years before a quota number was assigned to us. Actually in November of\n1938 at the so-called Kristallnacht, when my father's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"firm was disowned\n[dissolved, appropriated] and our properties were confiscated, we were able to\nfortunately leave for Holland--my parents and my sister and I.\n\nBERMAN: Prior to . . . 1938 and Kristallnacht, what were some of the laws that\nwere coming into effect that were having an effect on your life?\n\nHECHT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In January 1933, [Adolf] Hitler was elected by the German voters with a\n45 percent count. We were, of course, as Jews . . . we were forewarned. We knew\nbecause he had explained what his aims were, but we couldn't believe it just\nlike the rest of the world. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was a very young man, but my parents though, \"This\nis not going to last. The world will not tolerate this kind of situation.\" It\ntook much longer than we expected. In 1935--two years after he [Hitler] got into\nthe government--my sister and I applied for a visa to the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States. We had\nto wait for a quota number, which was very limited. It took three years before\nwe got a quota number which permitted us entry into the United States. We\ncouldn't wait in Germany. You are asking me what happened after 1933. Well, one\nby one, very gradually . . . I imagine in the city of Berlin things were rather\nbetter than the rest of the country because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin was an international city and\nthe Nazis were sort of afraid to make too much of a turmoil. All the laws that\ncame into effect came gradually. For instance, we could not have any . . . what\nthey called 'Aryan' or Gentile house employees anymore, so we hired a young\nJewish girl to help my mother with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apartment and so on. Then gradually . . .\nwe understood that people that were teaching and that were in certain . . . in\nlaw and in the theater and in journalism . . . they were restricted. They\ncouldn't exercise their profession. Unfortunately, my father's firm continued\non. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't participate in some of the government contracts, but we had\nGentile friends among architects who were sort of the front men. We were able to\nsupply a lot of institutions and people that could not buy from Jews. In our\nretail operations . . . residential furniture to retail companies and department\nstores, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were gradually closed out, but it didn't come overnight. It happened\nall between 1933 and to the final stages of 1938, when it became totally\nintolerable. We [Jews] couldn't go to universities or colleges any more. It was\ndifficult even to finish high school there. Then laws came we couldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to a\nmovie, or to the theater, or to a concert. All these things happened very\ngradually. Not only my parents, but a lot of German Jews, did not think that\nthis could last . . . just like the rest of the world couldn't comprehend what\nwas happening, that what he [Hitler] had contemplated to do would eventually\naffect the whole world, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which cost 30,000,000 lives around the world, of all\nnations and all countries. Nobody believed that it would be possible that one\nman could convert a nation to such an extreme and that the people of Germany\nwould follow him. It was very difficult to even understand. Germans ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basically .\n. . were cultivated people. They had . . . in every field of music and\nliterature and science and in very other way, they were cultivated and\nintelligent people. That they would tolerate a situation like that was, as I\nsaid, hard to comprehend, but they did. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As he had more success, more Germans who\nwere against him became his followers. I remember one situation which . . . I\ndon't know whether it is important . . . we had three designers or architects\nworking in the firm: one was a Jewish man, the others were Gentiles. Two weeks\nafter Hitler got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the government this one architect who had been with the\nfirm for the whole time of our firm's existence walked into my father's office\nand demanded that the Jewish designer would be laid off. At that time, my father\nwas beside [himself] and he threw him out of the office. He got away with it\nfrom some reason or another. The German people had absolutely . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very little\nunderstanding, very little sympathy because basically, I think, in the German\ncharacter is something that does not like or adjust to any kind of foreign\nelement. Jews were the only minority in Germany. The Jews constituted less than\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two percent of the population. They were very prominent in all these fields.\nThey were the carrier of the culture whether it was music or whatever field it\nwas. We didn't realize that that caused resentment in many areas in many\npeople's minds that such a small minority of people would have such a strong\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feeling or leadership in culture. We were resented. [In] Germany up to 1871, the\nJews were not equal or equally treated by the law or in business or in any other\nfield. After ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1871 [and] until 1933, the Jews of Germany enjoyed all the\nprivileges and were treated as Germans and equals. They developed, and they\nbuilt, and they prospered, and they did well. We had, really, a very good life.\nMy father was elected as a lay judge for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"commercial transactions in Germany. He\nbelonged to all the good clubs. There was no differentiation. We did not feel\nthat we were anything but Germans.\n\nBERMAN: Within the non-Jewish community that your father related to, was there\nmuch support for him . . . was there any help?\n\nHECHT: There was to some extent. My parents had quite a few Gentile ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends and\nsome of them were very sympathetic and tried to be helpful, but it was very\ndifficult. They really risked their own safety. I remember in November 1938,\nwhen they broke all the windows and they demolished all the synagogues, one of\nmy mother's friends--a Gentile lady by the name of Anna ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dresing [sp]--opened her\nhouse to us. She had not only my family, but other Jewish people come and sleep\nat the house because we were forewarned what would happen . . . that we would\nprobably be arrested during the night. We stayed with her. She really . . . it\nwas a big risk to her. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were Germans, absolutely, that felt sympathetic,\nbut they were a small minority. I know in school, my friends . . . I went to\nschool and there were maybe 10 percent Jewish kids. From one day to the next,\nthese kids appeared all of sudden with a brown shirt and the swastika. They\nwouldn't discuss ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything with us. I said to one fellow by the name of Karl . .\n. \"What goes on with you people? We were good friends.\" He just simply said to\nme, \"You, as a Jew, could never understand it. I can't explain it to you.\" There\nwere situations on either side. Of course, this is all 62 years ago. In my mind,\nthe thing has sort of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"faded away and it seems like a different world, a\ndifferent life. Fortunately, my sister and I were able then--and my parents were\nable--to go to Holland. My father had a brother there that was friendly with the\nQueen [Wilhelmina]. He got permission for my parents, and ourselves, and some of\nhis brothers to come to Holland. He guaranteed that they wouldn't work there,\nthat it would only be temporary, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eventually they would leave. My parents\nfelt very safe in Holland because Holland had been neutral in World War I.\nNobody expected that Germany would invade Holland. Then in April of 1939, my\nquota number and my sister's quota number came up and was forwarded from the\nAmerican Embassy in Berlin to the Hague ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Holland, with a guarantee of several\nthousand dollars that we would not become dependent on the United States or we\nwere able to deposit some money in the Chase Manhattan Bank in New York and use\nthat as an affidavit. Under the quota system, we were able to come to the United\nStates. We moved to Chicago [Illinois] first. Then I went in the [United States\nmilitary] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"service. It's a story that is widely known and familiar. Coming back\nto our lives, it is probably not . . . maybe it is hard to understand, but there\nwere no restrictions, for instance, in Germany in hotels. There was no such\nthing as restricted areas where Jews couldn't go. It was socially a very . . .\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Weimar Republic was a very open society. We could live anywhere we\nwanted. We lived in the best neighborhood in Berlin. We could do and act as . .\n. not knowing any different. There is very little you can really . . . that is\nwhy it is so very hard to understand how the German people reversed themselves\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because . . . they elected Hitler. As I said, 47 percent of the German people in\n1933 voted for him and he took over the government. Before that Mr. [Paul von]\nHindenburg, who was an old general, was running as a president, but he was 85\nyears old. He agreed then to let Hitler take over the whole thing. My parents\ndied at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bergen-Belsen. They lived in Holland and they . . . Germany invaded\nHolland. The Jews were . . . my parents were taken back to Germany to\nBergen-Belsen, where in 1945, two months before the liberation of Bergen-Belsen,\nthey died of undernourishment and disease in Bergen-Belsen. You can understand\nthat while my sister and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lived in the United States, we tried very way to get\nour parents here. We guaranteed, of course, that we would take care of them, but\nunder the very strict quota system, only about 200,000 Jews were permitted to\nenter the United States per year. While it was well known to the world what\nwould happen and they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recognized the danger, the world was really closed to us.\nWe were really singled out and we were alone. We were confronting this terrible\ndanger with[out] any help from the outside. No extra efforts were made to let us\n. . . at least grant temporary residence in any area. In fact, we deposited some\nmoney in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cuba for our parents and we were assured that we could get a temporary\nvisa. That fell through, too. They wouldn't let them in. They died under\nterrible circumstances in Bergen-Belsen. So did 60 of my other close relatives:\nbrothers and their wives, sisters, and so on.\n\nBERMAN: No one immigrated but you and your sister?\n\nHECHT: No, that's not true. I have some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cousins who immigrated and they went to\nNew York. Some went to Australia and some went to South Africa. They prospered.\nThey all prospered. They all used their German education, which was very great,\nto achieve a very comfortable lifestyle wherever they went. In fact, one of my\ncousins went to South Africa and he opened the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first commercial yearbook like\nDun \u0026 Bradstreet. He opened it in Johannesburg [South Africa]. Everybody did\nwell, but it was impossible . . . there were just so few people that were able\nto get out of the Germany because, number one, it was difficult to dissolve\n[sell] the properties that we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they wouldn't give us a passport until we\ncould dissolve it. If we found buyers . . .\n\nHECHT: In November of 1938, all Jews were disowned. From one day to the next,\nJews could not own any more property. The banks, which had extended mortgages to\nmy [father], took over all the property against the mortgages. My father worked\nout of his firm with an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"umbrella. That was the end of it. The banks then\ndisposed of it to Gentile entrepreneurs who took over everything . . . not maybe\nto one particular one, but one took over one factory and another factory. We had\na real wonderful estate outside of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin . . . somebody else took that over. So\nthat we were really . . . basically, we weren't liquid. We didn't have any\nfunds. If we did, we couldn't take them out of Germany. There was a restriction.\nYou could only take--I forgot the exact amount--a few hundred dollars out of\nGermany. We had to leave everything behind. We could take some furniture and\nsome ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jewelry along. We had to pay in Germany the equivalent amount of the value\nof the things that we took out to the government, but that was no problem\nbecause we couldn't take it along anyway. My father had a brother in Holland who\nwas chief executive officer and owner of a chain of department stores called\nGerzons. He was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very prominent man in Holland. He vouched that if we come to\nHolland that we would not take any employment away from anybody in Holland, that\nhe would provide for us, that he would set us up, and he would see to it that,\nas soon as possible, we would leave Holland. Since he had a very close\nrelationship to the Queen of Holland, it was a miracle we were all able to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to\nHolland. My father went in November of 1938 to Amsterdam. In April of 1939, my\nsister and my quota number came up to come to the United States. My uncle\ndeposited at the Chase Manhattan Bank a guarantee that we would not become a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"burden of the welfare system or unemployment and so on. We came to the United\nStates. I found a beautiful job right away because . . . I had become quite an\nexpert on eighteenth century English antiques. I was lucky to get a very fine\njob with one of the big antique dealers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Chicago. I didn't really have to work\nphysically or like so many others. I just went into that business. Through him,\nhe recommended that I become a factory rep for another company. That is really\nall immaterial.\n\nBERMAN:The relationship that the Queen had with your uncle, that proved to be no\nhelp to save your family in Holland?\n\nHECHT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the Germans invaded Holland, they took over the government. The\nQueen had no power at all anymore. The Germans ran, by military occupation,\nHolland, as they did Belgium, as they did in France, and so on. The unusual\nthing is that Holland ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never expected this to happen because Holland was always\nlike Switzerland, a neutral country in previous wars. In 1870 and 1914 and so\non, when Europe was at war, Holland was never involved. There was nothing that\ncould be done anymore. They just lived in Holland until they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were interned and\nsent to a Dutch camp called Westerbork. From Westerbork, which was tolerable,\nafter two or three months--I don't know the exact time--they were deported\n[them] to Germany to Bergen-Belsen. That's where they stayed until the end of\nthe war. The mistreatment was horrendous. I don't have to go into it. This is\nwell-known and documented. I think my father weighted 70 pounds ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my mother\nweighed something like that when they died. He died [when] he was 63 years old\nin 1945 and my mother was 58 years old. They died within a week or two from each other.\n\nBERMAN: One final question: How long was your family in Germany? For how many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generations?\n\nHECHT: Several generations. I really don't know the exact amount. I know my\ngrandparents and their parents lived in Halle an der Saale [Germany] for at\nleast four of five generations. They were citizens. Of course, they were not\nregarded as full citizens of Germany ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either until about the beginning of the\nnineteenth century or the beginning of the 1800's. Then they became full,\nrecognized German citizens. As I said, nobody considered themselves other than\nbeing Germans of the Jewish faith. There were other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans of different\nreligions. We didn't consider ourselves as \"Jewish Nationals\" in any form or\nshape. Nobody did expect that this could possibly happen. Particularly people in\ntheir late middle age . . . my father wouldn't give up. He said, \"This is not\ngoing to last.\" He didn't want to come, frankly speaking, in 1933 or 1934 to the\nUnited ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/transcript/20359/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States because he said, \"They have people as smart as I am in the United\nStates. I am not going to start over again from scratch. I am going to wait.\nThis is not going to last.\" How wrong can you be? That is in short . . . that is\nthe story of our lives. I don't know what I could really add to that.\n\nBERMAN: Thank you. You were wonderful.\n\nHECHT: Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1710.0,1740.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum holds images of the Hecht family (Edith and Richard) and their home in Germany. See the Joel Hecht Family Papers, JHF 248.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Kurfurstendamm [German: Kurfürstendamm] is one of the most famous avenues in Berlin. It is long and lined with trees and shops, hotels, and pricy real estate.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSharmutzelsee [German: Sharmützelsee] is a series of over 200 lakes outside Berlin, between Frankfort and Berlin. It is a resort and vacation home spot. It is also possible it is Shermuzelsee [German: Skirmish Lake], which is another lake east of Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1933, German law restricted the number of Jewish students at German schools and universities. After Kristallnacht, Jews were barred from all public schools and universities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Immigration Act of 1924 limited maximum annual immigration to 153,774. Inside that total number, each country was assigned a total number of immigrants. Great Britain and Ireland dominated most of the available slots.  Germany was assigned about 26,000 immigrants per year while countries like Poland were allowed 6,000 immigrants per year. The German quota number per year was not related to Jews but to all Germans. Those Jews who determined very early in the Nazi regime to leave Germany essentially had to get in line as their numbers would not be available for several years. Those Jews who took no steps to try to leave until Kristallnacht (or in the mid to late-1930’s) stood no chance of getting out of Germany as, after war broke out in 1939, all emigration from Germany was halted. They, of course, did not know that in the late 1930’s they didn’t have the time to wait three or four years for their number to come up so many who applied late were trapped.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes, and businesses were looted and burned. Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called ‘Kristallnacht,’ which means ‘Night of Broken Glass,’ because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1932, Adolf Hitler’s party, the National Socialist German Workers' Party (or Nazi Party), won 33 percent of the votes and was elected to fill more seats in the Reichstag (parliament) than any other party. In January 1933, democratically-elected President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany, a position responsible for leading the Reichstag. As Chancellor, he began transforming his position into a dictatorial one. When the President died in 1934, Hitler declared himself head of state. A plebiscite vote was held on August 19, 1934. Intimidation, and fear of the Communists, brought Hitler a 90 percent majority. Hitler effectively became absolute dictator of Germany under the title of Fuhrer [German: Führer; leader].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the years between 1933 and 1939, Nazi Party leaders began to persecute Jews through a series of antisemitic legislation that included more than 400 decrees and regulations restricting all aspects of their public and private lives. The anti-Jewish policies brought radical and daunting social, economic, and communal change to the German Jewish community. In 1933, Jews were excluded from civil service and a boycott of Jewish businesses began. Jews were soon effectively expelled from almost all professions and commercial life. The 1935 Nuremberg Race Laws heralded in a new wave of antisemitic legislation. Among other prohibitions, Jews were deprived of German citizenship, Jewish households were prohibited from having German maids under the age of 45, non-Jewish Germans were prohibited from marrying a Jew, and sexual relations between Jews and Germans was outlawed. The legislative persecution of German Jews increased in 1937 and 1938. Especially following Kristallnacht, Nazi leaders enforced measures that successfully isolated and segregated Jews from their fellow Germans. Jews were barred from cinemas, theaters, and sports facilities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn January 1933 there were some 523,000 Jews in Germany, representing less than 1 percent of the country's total population. Approximately one-third of German Jews lived in Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe year 1871 marks the date that Germany became a unified country. For Jewish-Germans it also marks the date when the civil and political restrictions that applied to Jews were removed and all German Jews became part of the German people from a constitutional view and from practical view.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoel is referring to the Hitler Youth, who wore uniforms very like those of the SA (Stormtroopers), with similar ranks and insignia. Their flags and banners were adorned with swastikas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe queen of the Netherlands during World War II was Queen Wilhelmina. She ruled from 1890 to 1948. During the war, she and her family were forced to flee to England in the wake of the German invasion of the Netherlands (Holland), from where she was a great inspiration to the Dutch resistance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hague is the seat of government in the Netherlands, and a city on the coast of the western Netherlands.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJP Morgan Chase Bank, doing business as Chase, is one of the largest America banks and was originally chartered in New York in 1799. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Weimar Republic refers to Germany and its democratic political system established at the end of World War I in 1918, which was replaced by the Nazi party in 1933.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaul von Hindenburg was a Prussian-German field marshal, statesman and politician.  He served as the President of Germany from 1925 to 1934.  Although elderly and in poor health he was persuaded to run for re-election in 1932 as he was considered to be the only candidate who could beat Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party.  He won but once in office he appointed Hitler as Chancellor.  Hitler promptly dissolved the parliament and made himself dictator.  Hindenburg died one year later (1934).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was a concentration camp in Germany. It was established in 1935 as a prison camp for political prisoners, criminals, Communists, “asocials” etc. from the area. In 1943 it began to serve as a transit camp for Jewish prisoners who were initially excluded from deportation. They were to be held in exchange for Germans interned in western countries. Toward the end of the war, Bergen-Belsen became a dumping place for Jews marched out of camps in the east. There was no housing for them, no medical care, no food, and no water. Ultimately there were about 41,000 prisoners in the camps and the mortality rate was extreme.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 200,000 figure cited by Joel is larger than the entire immigration quota (from all countries) for the United States per year. The total German figure was about 26,000 per year.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the face of increasing legal repression and physical violence, 37,000–38,000 Jews fled Germany before the outbreak of World War II. Many fled to neighboring European countries. Others managed to emigrate to as far away as the United States, Canada, South America, and even China. Between 1925 and 1938, approximately 15,000 Jews entered South Africa. Many also went to Australia, where, in 1938, the government allotted 15,000 visas for \"victims of oppression\" and some 7,000 Jews took advantage of the visas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDun \u0026amp; Bradstreet, Inc., often referred to as D\u0026amp;B, is an American company that provides data on credit history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohannesburg is the largest city in South Africa. It began as a 19th-century gold-mining settlement. Today it is the capital of Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter 1933, Jews were gradually removed from German economic life. At first, the confiscation of Jewish businesses and property was, according to the Nazis, “voluntary.” Especially after 1935, Jewish property was forcibly transferred to so-called “Aryans” (non-Jews) in a process known as Arisierung [German: Aryanization]. \"Aryanization\" meant the dismissal of Jewish workers and managers of a company and/or the takeover of Jewish-owned businesses by non-Jewish Germans who bought them at bargain prices fixed by government or Nazi party officials. In 1937 and 1938, German authorities again stepped up legislative persecution of German Jews. Following Kristallnacht, Nazi leaders stepped up \"Aryanization\" efforts. On November 12, 1938, the German government issued the Decree on the Elimination of the Jews from Economic Life [German: Verordnung zur Ausschaltung der Juden aus dem deutschen Wirtschaftsleben]. The decree barred Jews from operating retail stores, sales agencies, and from carrying on a trade. The law also forbade Jews from selling goods or services at an establishment of any kind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMost of the German Jews who managed to emigrate after Kristallnacht were completely impoverished by the time they were able to leave. German authorities considered Jewish belongings and their financial capital to German property and Jews who emigrated were not allowed to take anything of material value with them. Most had to relinquish their titles to homes and businesses, and were subject to increasingly heavy emigration taxes that reduced their assets. The amount of money that could be transferred abroad from German banks was restricted and each refugee was only allowed to take 10 Reichmarks (about US $4) out of the country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerzons full name was Gerzon Modemagazinjen. It was owned by a Jewish family, the Gerzons, and was one of the largest department stores in Holland. It was based in Amsterdam. In 1941, the Gerzon family was forced to sell the enterprise at 10 percent of its value to the Dutch Nazis. In return, they got exit visas. Even so, not all of the Gerzon family made it out of the country, as at least one member survived a concentration camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWesterbork was in the northeastern part of the Netherlands. From 1942 to 1944 it served as a transit camp for Jews who were being deported from the Netherlands to Eastern Europe. Almost 100,000 Jews were transported out of Westerbork, most of them were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau where they were murdered. However, nine transports went to Bergen-Belsen between January 1944 and September 1944. The trains left Westerbork every Tuesday morning. When Westerbork was liberated in April 1945 there were only 876 inmates left in it.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was established in 1943 to serve as a transit camp for Jewish prisoners who were initially excluded from deportation. They were to be held in exchange for Germans interned in western countries. Toward the end of the war, Bergen-Belsen became a dumping place for Jews marched out of camps in the east. There was no housing for them, no medical care, no food, and no water. Ultimately there were about 41,000 prisoners in the camps and the mortality rate was extreme. The British liberated Bergen-Belsen on April 15, 1945 and it took them weeks to even be able to start to deal with the horrifying situation. Many thousands of prisoners died after liberation, being too far gone to recover. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/annotation_set/224/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHalle (in full: Halle an der Saale) is a city in east-central Germany. It is situated on the Saale River, 34 kilometers (21 miles) north of Leipzig. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1620.0,1650.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/index/47322","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Joel Hecht [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/index/47322/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Early life in Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=13.0,272.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/index/47322/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tell us a little bit about your family and your early life in Berlin before [Adolf] Hitler came to power.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=13.0,272.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/index/47322/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish 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an effect on your life?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=272.0,356.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/index/47322/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discrimination","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish 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international city and the Nazis were sort of afraid to make too much of a turmoil.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=356.0,779.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/index/47322/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discrimination","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi 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all Jews were disowned...","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064#t=1267.0,1371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31556/file/100064/index/47322/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish 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called Gerzons...","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial 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