{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/np1wd3rq1t/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Dynin, George"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2002-03-19 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Dynin, George (Interviewee)","Sparer, Burt (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta Congregation Children of Israel Oral History Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGeorge Dynin was interviewed by Burt Sparer on March 19, 2002, in Athens, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eGeorge “Jerzy” Dynin was born in Lodz, Poland. He was the oldest of two children born to David and Fania [Glowinski] Dynin. His sister, Aviva Marcela Dynin, was born in 1934. George was raised in Lodz, at the time it was a major textile center in Europe with a large Jewish population. His father was successful in the textile business, owning branches in Lodz, Beirut, and Tel Aviv. George was very close with his family, especially his mother’s parents Ethel and Leon. George attended Polish school where he learned to read, speak, and write Polish fluently, he credits this with helping save his life during the Holocaust while living with falsified documents. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust greatly impacted George’s life, his immediate family left Lodz just days before the German invasion. His grandparents, aunts and uncles, and cousins on both his mother and father’s sides of the family died in the Lodz Ghetto or were murdered in concentration camps. George’s family eventually settled in Vilna, Lithuania and his father was arrested and sent to a Russian gulag for a year. During this time George also worked with his mother for the underground movement. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter Lodz was liberated by the Russian army, George’s family returned briefly to collect their personal belongings which had been saved by their maid. They then joined George’s father in Palestine upon learning he was alive and living there. George lived in Israel, serving in the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 and attending Tel Aviv University. In 1958, he immigrated to Atlanta, Georgia with his wife Marlene Kemp. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGeorge often shared his experiences and story of survival. In 2014, his book \u003cem\u003eAryan Papers\u003c/em\u003e was published, detailing his family’s experience during the Holocaust. George passed away in June 2022 and is buried at Arlington Memorial Park in Sandy Springs, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eThe interview focuses on George’s experience during the Holocaust, stories from his childhood, and how his family fled Lodz and eventually settled in Israel. George begins by describing what Lodz, Poland was like before World War II. He discusses the Jewish population there and the poor treatment of Jewish citizens. He mentions that Jews were encouraged to leave Poland for Palestine, but expresses that they were never told they were encouraged to leave because their lives were in danger. He talks about prime minister Leon Kozlowski and his implementation of a national boycott of Jewish businesses. George mentions his father’s textile business and the branches he operated in Lodz, Beirut, and Tel Aviv. George shares a conversation he had with his friend, who is also from Lodz and survived the Holocaust, about the economic classes and poverty in Lodz. George expresses that most Jewish people in Lodz were not extremely wealthy, but lived comfortably. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGeorge shares a map of Eastern Europe and discusses cities near Lodz and the differences in Jewish life in these cities and towns. He shares an excerpt from a book given to him by a friend who works in the National Archives in Lodz. The excerpt describes Lodz before the war and how critical Jewish businesses were to the Polish economy. George recalls attending preschool and his teacher, who was a ballerina. He talks about the other Jewish boys he went to school with and was good friends with, all of whom survived and now live in Israel. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGeorge discusses visiting Lodz after the war and mentions that hardly any Jewish people now live there. George expresses the importance of his schooling, sharing that he attended a Polish school, not a Jewish school. George talks about learning fluent Polish rather than Yiddish, which allowed him to live on false papers during the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGeorge recalls visiting his paternal grandparents, who were aristocrats. He talks about his grandfather Moses and shares a photograph of him. George discusses his father’s side of the family, his grandmother Musia, and uncle Jona. George reminisces on the time he spent with his maternal grandparents, Leon and Ethel. He shares about staying with them every weekend and having Shabbat dinners. He recalls his grandfather’s involvement in real estate in Lodz and going to the Green Market with him to collect rent from tenants. He reminisces on the smells and sights of the market, and the work involved in purchasing a chicken to be killed the kosher way and eaten by his family. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGeorge talks about celebrating Passover with his family and recalls a memory of his uncle loudly singing \u003cem\u003eL'Shana Haba'ah B'Yerushalayim\u003c/em\u003e after the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e. George then recounts a story about his father helping transport the body of George’s great-uncle from ​​Zgierz to Lodz because there was no ambulance available. George shares a story about attending a Polish school with a predominantly Jewish student body. George talks about the antisemitism perpetrated by the few non-Jewish students, including writing antisemitic things on the chalkboard. George mentions how his friends tried appealing to teachers before taking matters into their own hands and carrying knives to scare the antisemitic students into behaving. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGeorge describes how his father kept kosher and how he knew that restaurants were actually kosher by asking what carrots were cooked in. George talks about Jan Karski, finding out about his resistance efforts during World War II and eventually meeting him and becoming good friends. Geroge recounts a story Jan Karski shared with him about his youth in Lodz, Jan was the only non-Jew in his building and was asked by numerous neighbors to help with cleaning and other projects. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGeorge talks about the three times he’s been to Lodz, first growing up there, then shares his second time after liberation. George describes what it was like to witness the impending invasion of Lodz by the Nazis, he mentions briefly where he, his mother, and his sister lived during the war. George talks about finding out his father was alive in Palestine and traveling back to Lodz via Warsaw with his mother. George reads a letter he wrote to his father after arriving back in Lodz. George discusses his father’s experience during the war, being sent to a gulag. George talks about the journey from Lodz to Palestine, traveling through West Germany, France, and Egypt, eventually arriving in Haifa. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGeorge discusses his third time in Lodz with his wife Marlene, he shares that they went to reclaim real estate there. George details the experience of visiting, flying into Warsaw and traveling to Lodz, checking into their hotel, and seeing how Lodz had changed. George reflects on Lodz before the war, the growing antisemitism and \u003cem\u003epogroms\u003c/em\u003e, and rumors spreading about the plan to create the Lodz Ghetto. The interview concludes with George talking about Lodz being liberated by the Red Army, he mentions that the Germans were not able to destroy all evidence of their crimes, preserving the history of the Ghetto. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29276"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Chigryn, Maya (1934-1942) (personal name)","Dynin, Dr. Jona (1896-unknown) (personal name)","Dynin, Moses (approx. 1872-1930) (personal name)","Dynin, Musia Zlatin (1878-unknown) (personal name)","Glowinski, Ethel Rozes (1877-1943) (personal name)","Glowinski, Leon (1870-1943) (personal name)","Karski, Jan (born Jan Kozielewski) (1914-2000) (personal name)","Kemp-Dynin, Marlene A. (b. 1953) (personal name)","Kozlowski [Polish: Kozłowski], Leon Tadeusz (1892-1944) (personal name)","Lieberman, Joseph (b. 1942) (personal name)","Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882-1945) (personal name)","International Committee of the Red Cross (“Red Cross”) (corporate name)","Alexandria, Egypt (geographic term)","Athens, Georgia (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Beirut, Lebanon (geographic term)","Bialy Bor [Polish: Biały Bór] [German: Baldenburg], Poland (geographic term)","Bialystok [Polish: Białystok], Poland (geographic term)","Eisiskes [Lithuanian: Eišiškės], Lithuania (geographic term)","Galicia (geographic term)","Haifa, Israel (geographic term)","Krakow [Polish: Kraków], Poland (geographic term)","Lodz [Polish: Łódź], Poland (geographic term)","Lodz Ghetto (geographic term)","Ludwik Grohman Mansion (geographic term)","Marseille, France (geographic term)","Moscow, Russia (geographic term)","Palestine (geographic term)","Raleigh, North Carolina (geographic term)","Tel Aviv, Israel (geographic term)","Vienna, Austria (geographic term)","Vilnius, Lithuania (geographic term)","Warsaw, Poland (geographic term)","West Germany (geographic term)","Zefta or Zifta, Egypt (geographic term)","Zgierz, Poland (geographic term)","Zielony (Green) Market (geographic term)","Antisemitism (topical term)","Communism (topical term)","Socialism (topical term)","The Holocaust (named event)","Pesach [Hebrew: Passover] (named event)","World War II (named event)","Yom Kippur (named event)","bar mitzvah (chronological term)","Concentration camp (other)","Gulag (other)","​​Haggadah (other)","Hasidic Judaism (other)","Kashrut/kosher (other)","L'Shana Haba'ah B'Yerushalayim (other)","National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) (other)","Orthodox Judaism (other)","Pogroms (other)","Red Army (other)","Seder (other)","Shabbat (other)","Shiva (other)","Shochet (other)","Yiddish (other)","Zionism (other)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGeorge Dynin was interviewed by Burt Sparer on March 19, 2002, in Athens, Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge \u0026ldquo;Jerzy\u0026rdquo; Dynin was born in Lodz, Poland. He was the oldest of two children born to David and Fania [Glowinski] Dynin. His sister, Aviva Marcela Dynin, was born in 1934. George was raised in Lodz, at the time it was a major textile center in Europe with a large Jewish population. His father was successful in the textile business, owning branches in Lodz, Beirut, and Tel Aviv. George was very close with his family, especially his mother\u0026rsquo;s parents Ethel and Leon. George attended Polish school where he learned to read, speak, and write Polish fluently, he credits this with helping save his life during the Holocaust while living with falsified documents.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust greatly impacted George\u0026rsquo;s life, his immediate family left Lodz just days before the German invasion. His grandparents, aunts and uncles, and cousins on both his mother and father\u0026rsquo;s sides of the family died in the Lodz Ghetto or were murdered in concentration camps. George\u0026rsquo;s family eventually settled in Vilna, Lithuania and his father was arrested and sent to a Russian gulag for a year. During this time George also worked with his mother for the underground movement.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter Lodz was liberated by the Russian army, George\u0026rsquo;s family returned briefly to collect their personal belongings which had been saved by their maid. They then joined George\u0026rsquo;s father in Palestine upon learning he was alive and living there. George lived in Israel, serving in the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 and attending Tel Aviv University. In 1958, he immigrated to Atlanta, Georgia with his wife Marlene Kemp.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGeorge often shared his experiences and story of survival. In 2014, his book \u003cem\u003eAryan Papers\u003c/em\u003e was published, detailing his family\u0026rsquo;s experience during the Holocaust. George passed away in June 2022 and is buried at Arlington Memorial Park in Sandy Springs, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview focuses on George\u0026rsquo;s experience during the Holocaust, stories from his childhood, and how his family fled Lodz and eventually settled in Israel. George begins by describing what Lodz, Poland was like before World War II. He discusses the Jewish population there and the poor treatment of Jewish citizens. He mentions that Jews were encouraged to leave Poland for Palestine, but expresses that they were never told they were encouraged to leave because their lives were in danger. He talks about prime minister Leon Kozlowski and his implementation of a national boycott of Jewish businesses. George mentions his father\u0026rsquo;s textile business and the branches he operated in Lodz, Beirut, and Tel Aviv. George shares a conversation he had with his friend, who is also from Lodz and survived the Holocaust, about the economic classes and poverty in Lodz. George expresses that most Jewish people in Lodz were not extremely wealthy, but lived comfortably.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGeorge shares a map of Eastern Europe and discusses cities near Lodz and the differences in Jewish life in these cities and towns. He shares an excerpt from a book given to him by a friend who works in the National Archives in Lodz. The excerpt describes Lodz before the war and how critical Jewish businesses were to the Polish economy. George recalls attending preschool and his teacher, who was a ballerina. He talks about the other Jewish boys he went to school with and was good friends with, all of whom survived and now live in Israel.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGeorge discusses visiting Lodz after the war and mentions that hardly any Jewish people now live there. George expresses the importance of his schooling, sharing that he attended a Polish school, not a Jewish school. George talks about learning fluent Polish rather than Yiddish, which allowed him to live on false papers during the Holocaust.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGeorge recalls visiting his paternal grandparents, who were aristocrats. He talks about his grandfather Moses and shares a photograph of him. George discusses his father\u0026rsquo;s side of the family, his grandmother Musia, and uncle Jona. George reminisces on the time he spent with his maternal grandparents, Leon and Ethel. He shares about staying with them every weekend and having Shabbat dinners. He recalls his grandfather\u0026rsquo;s involvement in real estate in Lodz and going to the Green Market with him to collect rent from tenants. He reminisces on the smells and sights of the market, and the work involved in purchasing a chicken to be killed the kosher way and eaten by his family.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGeorge talks about celebrating Passover with his family and recalls a memory of his uncle loudly singing \u003cem\u003eL'Shana Haba'ah B'Yerushalayim\u003c/em\u003e after the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e. George then recounts a story about his father helping transport the body of George\u0026rsquo;s great-uncle from ​​Zgierz to Lodz because there was no ambulance available. George shares a story about attending a Polish school with a predominantly Jewish student body. George talks about the antisemitism perpetrated by the few non-Jewish students, including writing antisemitic things on the chalkboard. George mentions how his friends tried appealing to teachers before taking matters into their own hands and carrying knives to scare the antisemitic students into behaving.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGeorge describes how his father kept kosher and how he knew that restaurants were actually kosher by asking what carrots were cooked in. George talks about Jan Karski, finding out about his resistance efforts during World War II and eventually meeting him and becoming good friends. Geroge recounts a story Jan Karski shared with him about his youth in Lodz, Jan was the only non-Jew in his building and was asked by numerous neighbors to help with cleaning and other projects.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGeorge talks about the three times he\u0026rsquo;s been to Lodz, first growing up there, then shares his second time after liberation. George describes what it was like to witness the impending invasion of Lodz by the Nazis, he mentions briefly where he, his mother, and his sister lived during the war. George talks about finding out his father was alive in Palestine and traveling back to Lodz via Warsaw with his mother. George reads a letter he wrote to his father after arriving back in Lodz. George discusses his father\u0026rsquo;s experience during the war, being sent to a gulag. George talks about the journey from Lodz to Palestine, traveling through West Germany, France, and Egypt, eventually arriving in Haifa.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGeorge discusses his third time in Lodz with his wife Marlene, he shares that they went to reclaim real estate there. George details the experience of visiting, flying into Warsaw and traveling to Lodz, checking into their hotel, and seeing how Lodz had changed. George reflects on Lodz before the war, the growing antisemitism and \u003cem\u003epogroms\u003c/em\u003e, and rumors spreading about the plan to create the Lodz Ghetto. The interview concludes with George talking about Lodz being liberated by the Red Army, he mentions that the Germans were not able to destroy all evidence of their crimes, preserving the history of the Ghetto.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Dynin__George_hifi.wav"]},"duration":3597.02283,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/231/913/original/Dynin__George_hifi.wav?1709501642","type":"Audio","format":"audio/wav","duration":3597.02283,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Dynin, George [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPARER: . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's doing an oral history, I hope you all do it, wonderful,\nvery valuable. Which sort of leads me to say something else, those of you who\ncome to [indistinct: 00:45 possibly: shivas to mourn and for burial]. Those are\nguide markers, 7:00 home. [indistinct: 00:46] Anyway, class, you have today,\nremember the next class, first day in April was set to eight o'clock. Can you\nstudy? We only have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sessions out today. Please read next time chapter on Zion\nout of the book that [Chapter] 21. As I said last time, was this getting louder\npart shoot [indistinct: 1:11: possibly 'idea'] persecutory. There were different\noutlooks. [We] talked last time about the [indistinct: 1:22] enlighted how that\nrelated to that. But there were trends, Zionism and of many fervent [Zionists]\nwanted to go to Israel. Some went to Israel that's what that talks ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about. Then\nthere was the movement to emigrate dates, that chapter next time, some of the\nsocialist [indistinct: 1:39] . . . As for today day, I'm so [thrilled] George\nDynin agreed to talk to us, actually this year, we really haven't had anything\nlike [indistinct: 01:48] I hope also will be videotaped. George is here with his\nwife; they are joining us . . . they are both wonderful. George wondering why\nalso if you don't show ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us . . . Talk today about Lodz [Polish: Łódź], but\nmainly about Eisiskes [Lithuanian: Eišiškės], the town he grew up in, in\nPoland. Talk about that, and I want to say also he's wonderful being a watchdog\nand writing letters. [indistinct: 2:14] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're the chosen people, George I can't\nalways write, George who writes so well . . .\n\nDYNIN: Marlene was fuming, she is saying she is going to write letters . . . By\nthe way she gave me [indistinct: 2:44] but she was fuming that I told her.\n\nSPARER: They've only been here a year or two, they're getting some of the\nletters here in the paper. You weren't here during the Lieberman candidacy . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DYNIN: No. Really, I wouldn't come here.\n\nSPARER: I'll just say that George and Marlene come here and are very active.\n\nDYNIN: We talked about Eisiskes and kind of imagined that this is exactly a copy\nof every other Jewish terrority place [indistinct: 3:189] it is not exactly like\nwe think. Eisiskes could be a copy of places in Lithuania. Let me tell you,\nEisiskes was part of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland before the war, this was the start of Vilna. Only\nafter the war this part in now part of Lithuania. All of the places around\nEisiskes probably were similar, like Eisiskes, but the place I am from, Lodz,\netcetera, are absolutely different and think about it. The one thing was common\nto all of the Jewish place . . . There were like something like 3,300,000\nmillion pre-war Poland was the size of numbers. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was the common problem for\neverybody, not only in Poland, but in other places in Europe but I can tell you\nhow it was in Poland. I'm calling it underlying problems and there are four in\nEastern Europe. That's what I would say, just . . . something to think about it.\nIf I'm looking from perspective of today, I can't believe how people had been\nnaive, they didn't think about, people, like I am thinking now. Even as a small\nboy, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a lot of questions why we are in [a] terrible country? Why are we not\nleaving Poland? It was just unbelievable. As a kid I understood it. Somehow,\npeople around me, they didn't. They enjoyed bar mitzvahs, they enjoyed weddings,\nand they had places, houses, they loved the rabbis, going to Vilna etcetera.\nThis is okay, but they neglected what's going on around that they just don't\nlike ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it was too difficult to open our eyes to what really was the\nsituation and why we are sitting in these terrible places, why we're sitting in\nLodz, we should run away from them. Let them go to hell, run away. I'm not just\nsaying run away just to Israel or Palestine, because it was Palestine, run away\nto the United States. Any place but not to these countries like Poland. Now, let\nme tell you, a big fault is the lack of leaders. I'm talking about leadership,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was . . . The political leadership, there was some. We had some strange parties,\nparties like the [Polish words: 5:40] and all kinds of [indistinct: 5:42]\nparties. But they neglected . . . They said to us, we should go to Palestine\nbecause we like to have our own country. Great, but they neglected to say we\nshould go out of here not only to create our own country, but because we are in\nbig danger here, they would kill us and all of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"signs of this happening all\naround [Polish word: 6:04:] and in Eisiskes I never found whatever we learn\nhere, that somebody mentioned that we should leave Eisiskes because it is\ndangerous place. I tell you why as a kid I knew it was dangerous. I remember I\nwas there 14 years until the world war start, and I remember probably since I\nwas three years old. Being about 7 or 8 years old, I was very disturbed by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what\nI hear. Can you figure out the countries that are [indistinct: 6:33] the\nuniforms, it was in Poland. They see some religious Jews and they deserve to\nbeat them. Ten feet or something like that. Then you figure the government of\nthe country is turning. I remember the name of the prime minister of Poland,\n[Leon] Kozlowski [Polish: Kozłowski]. I remember the word he said, I was\ndisturbed, he said to all of the people of Poland that he is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against beating\nJews but told an economical boycott. This was Poland! This was . . . can you\nimagine here in the United States of America, the president of the United States\nthey would say \"Yes, you don't need to buy from Jews.\" This is exactly what's\nhappening in Poland. There was some immigration, but it was very [indistinct:\n7:17: possibly 'regionalized'] and it was mostly immigration to Palestine\n[indistinct: 7:25: possibly 'Zionist organization']. But again, they don't say\nthat not only we should go to create our country, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we are in danger.\nMaybe they would say most people who leave will survive . . . How it is in my\nfamily, how our situation was in Poland. My father was aware of that, but not\nenough. In the 1930's, I remember he went for first time to Palestine, and he\nbought land in Palestine. He bought seven [indistinct: 7:53: possibly 'acres'] .\nI remember exactly, seven. I even know where it is, I visited the place. He was\nalready thinking about future. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't want to live here, not only this, but\nhe went to Poland to create business. In Tel Aviv [Israel], he opened a branch\nof [indistinct: 8:08] was a big company in Poland, in Lodz, and my father had\nbranches in Beirut [Lebanon] even, and he had branches, of course, in Poland. He\noften went to Tel Aviv, so he had some kind of small base already in Palestine.\nHe had business, he had the land, that's how it is. Which was very good because\nin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1945, when the occupied people came back to Palestine from being in back\n[indistinct: 8:36] he already had some kind of beginning, could do something,\nbought apartment. When we come in 1946, we come to apartment already because he\nhad this apartment. He had some money, not much but it was enough to start. Let\nme tell you, this is kind of an introduction to Eisiskes and Lodz, you can\nfigure again that everything what we have seen was very beautiful to live\nthrough, but you know we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really should be sorry for the people that had been so\nblind, and they didn't look beyond this city of Eisiskes or beyond city of Lodz.\nI call my friend just about a week ago from Lodz, he is also survivor of\nHolocaust and I tell him, \"Hey, guess what, I'm going to talk about Lodz.\" He\ntell me, \"Don't forget to tell about poverty in Lodz. Ninety percent of Jews\nhave been poor.\" I think he's exaggerating. Here is another difference between\nLodz and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eisiskes, in Eisiskes you have uniform kind of people. I don't know,\nmaybe they didn't show them, but I haven't seen particularly any poor people\nthere, and neglected, it kind of people like the middle class. Now, in Lodz,\nthis was absolutely possible from this point of view that there was so many poor\npeople, so many middle class, there is bunch of super rich people. The classes\nfrom the leading class, there are many different classes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. [indistinct:\n9:58] Even though there was nobody hungry, nobody was living on the street. The\nrich people get money to sell their car. Everybody has enough. My bar mitzvah\nwas in a place of the poor old the people that I could go to, some friends,\nbecause my father's tried to help the Jewish people. I had the bar mitzvah that\nI never forget about, I remember it was terrible ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place, but I can realize then I\nam doing some mitzvah by being there. Anyway, this was my bar mitzvah.\n[interview pauses, then resumes] . . . I'm coming to this. No, no, but I like\nquestions. Anytime you have some questions, that's good . . . Let me tell you\nfirst, location of Lodz because maybe some people don't know something about\nLodz. This is map of Poland today, this is a small circle. See, this is like a\nsmall ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"circle here. Look, Lodz just in the middle of the circle, but this is\ntoday. Poland pre-war was very different. This is Lodz here . . .\n\nSPARER: Where is Bialystok [Polish: Białystok]?\n\nDYNIN: You find Bialystok is here someplace. Bialystok is here. Bialystok is\ncloser to [indistinct: 11:20: possibly: \"Bialy Bor\" [Polish: Biały Bór]]. The\nnew Bialy Bor . . . Before Bialystok was also, because Poland was expanding in\nthis direction. Here by Bialy Bor was Germany, Bialy Bor was close to the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"border. Now you see the Poles received part of Germany and . . . everything\nmoved different directions, everything moved this way, here. All of this . . .\nThis parts had been annexed to Belarus and Ukraine, etcetera. Eisiskes is now\npart of Lithuania, it was part of Poland.\n\nSPARER: Where is Vilna [Lithuania]?\n\nDYNIN: Pardon me?\n\nSPARER: Where is Vilna?\n\nDYNIN: Vilna should be in Galicia; it should be someplace here. Here's Vilna.\n\nSPARER: Quite a distance.\n\nDYNIN: Yes, it was quite a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"distance. There's a big distance between Lodz and\nEisiskes. Eisiskes is here, Lodz is here. All of this area, Lithuania and even\npart of Poland on this side was about similar. If you learn about Eisiskes you\nlearn probably about a hundred other places in this area. [indistinct: 12:20] It\ndidn't change much. The name Eisiskes, is very Lithuanian name. I spoke\nLithuanian at one point and Eisiskes sounds very Lithuanian, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apparently it was\nbecause many of us built here in Lithuania at the time. The differences between\nJews in this area and Jews in Lodz, I tell you a practical difference was . . .\nWhen you go in Vilna at that time on the street . . . [indistinct: 12:47:\npossibly 'cross the street'] In Lodz, here Yiddish is, it's kind of different,\ndifferent kind of cultural. This is the difference. Very different now, also, I\ntell you from my own practice, as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish [indistinct: 13:00: 'person'] Poland\nperson, not Lithuania, the people look very different. You had the Hasidic guys,\nand they look unbelievable. In my eyes, then as a kid even. They had big, long\nbeards and big hats, etcetera. In Eisiskes, the people they looked completely\ndifferent . . . There are differences also in the clothes, the culture, etcetera\n. . . What I'm going to do next ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing, I will tell you basically something about\nLodz, not what I have seen, but Lodz historically. Written by [Indistinct:\n13:38] friend of mine, he is working in the archives in Lodz, the National\nArchives, he sends book and he . . . I ask him for it. Here's a few words, I am\nnot going to read this book but kind of idea of what it was, how important was\nLodz before the war. At the end, I'll read you how Lodz look today. You know,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how you said in Yiddish [Yiddish word: 14:02]. \"In the period of the war, World\nWar II, Lodz was important center of the Polish diaspora. It was the second\nlargest Jewish population in Poland. Extinguished by the war, [indistinct:\n14:14] was given a special color, a Cinderella among Polish cities, dirty,\nsmokey, gray and not tidy, but still close to the hearts of Polish Jews.\" By the\nway, I love Jews. I love ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz. Even though it was so dirty, I didn't believe it\nwas that, I think it was beautiful. This is how a former inhabitant [described]\nLodz \"In 1939,\" this is just before the war, \"230,000 Jewish inhabitants of\nwhich comprise 34 to 37 percent of population. Roughly one third of population\nof Lodz was Jewish. They cannot escape Lodz because of what they are doing,\nmedicine, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shopkeepers, peddlers, artisans and transportation workers were\nespecially prevalent among the Jews. The contribution of these branches of\neconomy exceed 60 percent.\" Here is more important information about the\neconomy, \"Jews are more than 50 percent of large and mid-size businesses, and\nlarger artisan's shops. Of 169 Lodz factories, 89 were Jewish properties, as\nwell as 1,329 of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"2,164 mills [indistinct: 15:35: possibly fill] workshops.\" Just\nshows that the Jews in Lodz were absolutely prominent in everything. As a matter\nof fact, in culture too, but this is not in here. In the economy, just\nunbelievable. I always was . . . As a kid, I was thinking, how many Jews will\nleave . . . just when I was a kid . . . How this country will survive?\nImpossible. Everything belongs to Jews there. It's kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting. He wrote\nalso about . . . he lists all of this political organizations, Jewish\norganizations. I'm not going to read it, but just everybody was in Lodz.\nAbsolutely everyone. The tough part, but what is probably more kind of close to\nme . . . Lodz as I remember as a child . . . Here is something very interesting\nthat I will be surprised if you don't know . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember in Lodz, I imagine I\nwas probably three years old, because I remember I went to kindergarten. I\nremember even the fence of this kindergarten, and I remember the owner of this\nkindergarten was a lady. I think their name was Paszkowna, or something like\nthis. She was ballerina and she was very much into ballet. We as kids had to\nperform, of course we did. What's important for me was that every child ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had some\ntype of sticker on places she hanged clothing, when we come . . . winter or\nsomething, we have heavy clothes and hang it. It was no different name, but some\ntype of animal was sticker hanging up. My sticker was the most important from\nanything else, I was lion. I was very proud, and I thought it mean, I was in\ncharge here. But the second most important thing for me was that I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to\nkindergarten together with a number of guys, Jewish guys. Two of them, believe\nor not, I'm still in touch with them. They survived, amazing. It wows me\n[indistinct: 17:42] We went to kindergarten together. It's amazing story,\nbecause you know who can survive this terrible war? Going to the kindergarten\nand then we went together to high school and survived. They are in Israel. This\nis something I tell you that is just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unbelievable. [interview pauses, then\nresumes] How many people to live in Lodz?\n\nSPARER: Yes.\n\nDYNIN: Zero. In Lodz, when I was with Marlene last time, we figure out there are\n50 Jews. Five-Zero, that's what it was. It's just unbelievable. I don't know\neven if they are Lodzen, it could be that they are from different places, but\nthey're all spread all over in the United States. A lot of Lodzens stay in\nFlorida, in particular. There are places . . . the big place the Jews from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz\nlive together, it seems like. Let me tell you about this lion . . . Two friends\nof mine, they were a part of the people that eventually we went to high school\n[indistinct: 18:44] I was in good relations with them, we would play together,\nbridge. Guess what? They are in Israel. We had in Israel . . . Altogether, we\nhad four people from my high school in Lodz that lived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel, plus me is\nfive. This is a great a statistics of survival, five people is unbelievable.\nThis only shows the school gave us some kind of basis for survival, apparently,\nbecause I can tell you what was for me the most important, I learned in school\nto help me survive. Somehow in . . . Lodz, you had all kinds of schools, I mean\nit was a choice. It was Hebrew gymnasium [German: secondary school] and\n[indistinct: 19:27] gymnasium. It was all kinds of Jewish-Polish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"schools, you\nask, they had it . . . Because I was living in such an area, it was close to the\nschool that I went to, relatively close . . . It was Polish school . . . It was\nJewish students but Polish school. Why it was important for me? Because if I\nwould go to some Jewish school, I will learn Yiddish and I will have accent that\neventually will kill me because I was surviving on fake papers. You don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know,\nwithout the locals the Germans will have never found who is Jew or not, people\nthat had the fake papers, because they didn't know. But if you are between Poles\nor some other nationality, you don't speak perfect language they speak, you\ndon't talk certain way how they talk. You don't put together sentences certain\nways that they do. You immediately, \"Oh, that's a Jew.\" My entire time during\nthe Holocaust, one time I somehow formulated my sentences not properly,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immediately the ones that I talked to told me, \"Oh, you speak like Jew.\" But of\ncourse, he didn't think I was Jew. It's kind of interesting how this work,\nbecause I went to Polish school for my life, I spoke perfect Polish and I could\nmake sentences exactly how they, because there were differences in Polish\nliterature in school, history, etcetera. This was a big help. Of course, it's\nnot only what saved me, but it was of very big importance. Let me tell you, when\nI was in Israel . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about five years ago. I make to meeting of my friends that\nsurvived and I invited them to my sister's. I make some kind of . . . I bought\nsome goodies. This is my friends with me. One of them didn't come, because he\nwas in [indistinct: 21:20] he couldn't come, but the rest are here. It's kind of\ninteresting . . . I have a picture; you can go around here . . . It's amazing!\n\nSPARER: It really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is! Looks like you had enough to eat . . .\n\nDYNIN: You kidding? [memoirist and interviewer laugh]\n\nSPARER: When you were [talking about] Lodz, do you think that was pretty accurate?\n\nDYNIN: . . . In a way, yes. I will go, I just [indistinct: 21:46] with so I\nwon't miss it. This is not a lecture, this is just kind of a conversation . . .\nDefinitely somebody ask questions and if I know how to answer, I will be glad\nto. Let me tell you something ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about my family, because this gives you some idea\nof our Jewish society in Lodz, Jewish families in Lodz, some ideas about how\nJews feel [in] Lodz. I have from both sides of family . . . I'm talking about .\n. . Smaller family was side of my father. It was his father and mother and also\nhis brothers, and that's it. It was a very small family somehow. I don't know\nwhy, and I still don't understand how it happened. But from the side of my\nmother, it was huge ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family. From one time I was . . . I figured it out exactly,\nI was five years old, and one time my father told me, \"Listen, we need to go to\nGrandpa.\" I mean, his father. I remember how kind of typical apartment, house in\nLodz, kind of dark. They always had dark. They didn't clean with high pressure\nwater, so it's dark. I remember we went to the second floor; I think it was\nliving room, third floor, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now, it was not [indistinct: 23:03] We opened the door\nto my grandpa, this is the first time that I've seen Grandpa. I had never\nbefore. My father said, \"Wait a minute, I just talk to him for a minute, then I\nwill open door and let you come in.\" I come and I was surprised why my father\ndon't let me go inside. Anyway, after a minute or so, my father opened the door\nand said, \"Come in.\" Then I see my grandpa, I know it's my grandpa. He was lying\ndown on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bed, and he had seen me, and he didn't say anything, but he brought\nup to me to kiss his hand. Let me tell you something, they had been unbelievable\naristocrat, unbelievable. By the way, when I mentioned that the big factories in\nLodz, one of the factory was [indistinct: 23:45] It was not such a big factory,\nit was maybe 5,000 people working there. But it was not considered a big factory\nin Lodz. But this was partnership [indistinct: 23:56] that I mentioned later. My\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandpa, Moses . . . [interview pauses, then resumes] In Vienna [Austria].\nAnyway, I didn't know what is the reason would be. I learned much later that\nwhat happened was going to Vienna, it was the year 1930. I think I was, five\nyears old and he never come back, by the way. He just said goodbye to me. Let me\ntell you how to look then, because I have . . . This is my grandpa Moses ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here.\nThis is how he looked, Grandpa Moses, before he comes to Poland. Before he goes\nto Poland. We don't know. I'll tell you what, the Dynin family was . . . I don't\nknow if they were snobbish, but they always told about the ancestors. I had a\nfamily tree that shows them as well. By the way, you should know how to say\n[indistinct: 24:55].\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPARER: Yes.\n\nDYNIN: It's my second cousin, first cousin of my father from the side of Dynin.\nThen they had two barons in [the] family, very bad. One was Ginsberg was\nsupposed to be some kind of super-duper baron and another one was Sassoon. They\nalways talk about the barons, about this, about that, I had a full head of this\naristocrat's society. His wife, of Moses, Musia, she was extremely nice ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lady,\nloved me. She was giving everything what I . . . I didn't even ask anything, but\nshe would give me. If I asked, she'd give me more. This was side of my . . .\nNow, his brother was Dr. Jona Dynin, and he was a very well-known medical doctor\nin Lodz. I even remember his wife, etcetera, etcetera. Anyway, from side of my\nmother, this was my life. I just I love them, you wouldn't believe how I love.\nFirst, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandparents Leon and Ethel. Brief little note, I have a picture of\nhis over 100 years old. Let me tell you, we got pictures and all kinds of\nthings. Be patient about this, this is kind of interesting. This is Lodz here,\nthis is Lodz. We've got everything when we come back after liberation. We come\nback to Lodz, our maid brought a full box of pictures and all kinds of goodies.\nWe got every single picture from all of the time. We got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. Then we brought it\nto Israel, etcetera. Sometimes I have a picture, 100 years old, you'll see in a\nminute. Now, let me tell you about my grandparents. The grandparents, from side\nof Mother, Ethel and Leon, there was not a single Saturday . . . I mean Friday\nevening that I didn't go to grandparents to stay overnight there. Every time\nthere was a Saturday, Shabbat, or it was a holiday ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like Passover. Of course,\nPassover. Anything, I was there. I just couldn't wait a minute to go there. I\ndon't know, they just loved me, and I loved them. This was not [indistinct:\n27:09: possibly 'passing fancy'] this was time in particular, when we had been\nliving not very far from them, a half block. I was carrying my pajamas, me and\nthey call me \"wandering Jew\" because I was always there, every week, every\nweekend. This is something that I never can forget about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it . . . I was not just\ndoing it just to be guest, but also, in my eyes, I was helping the both of them.\nMy Grandpa had all kinds of real estate and the house that he was living in, it\nwas his house, it was a big apartment in the house. It was like maybe 50\napartments. The most important was the property on . . . They call it Green\nMarket. He has a [indistinct: 27:52: possibly 'hard block thing'] every Friday .\n. . Friday at noon, we went there to collect money from people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that displayed\ntheir goods and selling them. It happened so that his customers, people that he\nrented, just were mostly selling herring. Herring that you buy in herring jars,\nthis is not very good. They gave him herring . . . they pull out the herring,\nand they shake it, and then they put two newspaper, one newspaper, two, three\ntimes. I counted one time. It was three newspaper and then they hand you the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"herring. The entire area was smelling [like] herring. I can't believe it. The\nentire block smell of this herring. This is also one thing, how we compare the\nlives today and lives then. They didn't have supermarkets; they went to the\nmarket to buy. The difference with the market in Eisiskes is that Eisiskes\nunderstood the Jewish market. As far as I figured it out. Now, this market was\nfor everybody, but of course Jews were there to buy things like you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"buy a\nchicken. This was not something you went to store for, you bought it at market.\nYou bought this chicken . . . The way how people have been buying chickens, they\nput the chicken upside down and they blow. They blow the feathers and if the\nchicken was not yellow, we didn't buy it because it was not fat enough. Only fat\nchicken, only yellow chicken was the right chicken. To make chicken, it was\nquite a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deal. First you should buy them live, of course, then we went to the\nshochet, to kill the chicken in kosher way. That's not all, then you brought it\nhome and the maid was prepping the chicken. The entire kitchen was full of\nfeathers. Then after those were taken, there was the cooking, etcetera. Now\nwe're . . . going to Publix to buy some fried chicken. This was not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then. This\nis [indistinct: 30:01] As far as vegetables, there was a fantastic . . . In\nPoland, it was agriculture country . . . They had . . . This part of the market\nwhere my grandpa was smelling, was herring. However, the other part of smelling\nwas vegetable. I remember the smell [indistinct: 30:18] was smelling\nunbelievable. The deal is that national Polish food and Jewish food, by the way\n. . . the smell was dill [indistinct: 30:27: possibly 'from passing'] I just\nloved to walk around places and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"look at vegetables and the [indistinct: 30:33]\nand smell it. This was something for me. Anyway, every Friday I was there with\nmy grandpa. The way how in Poland the money situation was, they had the coins\nthat had big value, not just paper, the coins had five zloty [Polish: złoty].\nThere was lot of money. All of the people, if you went to the market, you pay\nwith coins. My grandpa got his rent out in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coins. It was heavy and it was\nsmelly. It was unbelievable. I was carrying one of the bag and my grandfather\nwas carrying another bag, we come home, and we dump everything on the table. I\nwas helping to sort the coins, according to size. I remember. This was something\nthat I tell you, I never forget about it . . . Let me tell you something about\nPassover at Grandpa's, because I was waiting every year because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this was\nsomething that . . . Not only the matzo ball [indistinct: 31:33], but the\natmosphere, it was really like live theater. I always remember one thing . . .\nThere was this song in Haggadah, there's this one song in Haggadah and I always\nremember that after all of the business with praying was over . . . all of the\npeople around the table started to sing. In particular, the husband of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aunt.\nThe sister, of my mother. He was so noisy, he was drunk, and he was singing\n\"Haba'ah! Haba'ah!\" I remember how he looks, like his eyes and he was all red,\nall involved in this. This is just unbelievable. It's just like the movie. I\nalways look on this moment when he started to sing and I look at him, it was\njust unbelievable. \"Haba'ah! Haba'ah!\" Unbelievable. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's why I brought this\nup. I am sorry that I don't have Haggadah of [indistinct: 31:33 a person's name]\nbecause this we had. Of course, signed by him. But it got lost. [interview\npauses, then resumes] Now, let me tell you something about some of the aspects\nof the Jewish life in Poland from my perspective, a kid, what I've seen with my\neyes. One of the brothers of my grandpa was living in Zgierz, a small town not\nfar from Lodz. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And guess what? . . . He was extremely nice person, just like the\nentire family, [indistinct: 33:05 possibly 'Lejzer']. He had a store of . . .\nhardware store. When I went with my grandpa . . . My grandpa was taking me from\ntime to time by tram, later called trains, to Zgierz and took me to the store.\nHe was asking me what I like, \"take this, take this. Take, take.\" Every time I\ncome back, I was full with different tools, unbelievable saws and screwdrivers.\nYou ask, I had it. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell one day, I couldn't believe it and I [ask], \"What\nhappened in this city of Zgierz?\" There was no [indistinct: 33:37: possibly\n'Jews around'], it was big problem how to bring to Lodz for funeral because\nthere was . . . I don't know what, there was no ambulance or something. What to\ndo? My father . . . if there was some problems, they called my father [for] what\nto do. \"Help, help!\" Because my father was [from] a richer family, and he has\nthe means how to help. He was helping everybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. My father come to the\nidea, how about I send my car with chauffeur and two other people and see what\nwe can do. Off they went, they went to Zgierz in the car. They drag the poor\nguy, they sit him in middle seat, and they sit from both sides, and they hold\nhim, so he won't fall, and they brought him . . . Because apparently then the\npolice was checking cars. They've been very unique to have car anymore and\nthey're checking every car going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Zgierz to Lodz. These two guys had been\nholding him just like . . . nobody seen that he was dead. It was just like a\nperson. Then, how they brought him to Lodz . . . I never forget it, it's just\nunbelievable! From one hand, we like to cry to one from . . . it's unbelievable.\nIt's just like a comedy. How it is, it's very difficult to combine the death\nwith comedy, but it was something very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unusual. We cannot understand it now how\nit was. But this situation was pre-World War. This is very different than our\nlife now. We should understand that there was very different life and we had\nvery big enemies around us. Just all of the population was very . . . It was not\nvery sympathetic to us. I don't know if I have time, but I can tell you that\nbeing in the high school, we had basically . . . In my class we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like 44\nstudents. Four of them had been Poles and 40 Jews, but in order to . . . the\nPoles had been there for declaration to say that it is Polish school. We paid\nfor them, we paid for them because they couldn't afford to pay for the school.\nEvery month everybody brought some money and that's how they stayed in school.\nThis SOB's, every time they wrote on the blackboard, \"Kill the Jews.\" In spite\nthat we paid for them! They didn't care. I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enough of it, so one time I kind\nof combined all of these Jewish guys and I tell them, \"Look, how about we\ncollect some money.\" We collected some money, and I bought 12 sculpting knives.\n[interview pauses, then resumes] We complained to the director, and they do\nnothing, so we decided to do something on our own. I think I was about 12 years\nold. We bought 12 of them and we couldn't buy anymore because we didn't have\nenough money. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bought 12 sculpting knives; the kind carry on your belt. What\nwe did, before the school started, 12 of us, because we had just 12, making\nrounds next to the blackboard and they sat next to the blackboard two times\ndespite this. We looked at them, we just look at them. After maybe one week of\nthis, we never had anymore \"Kill the . . . \"\n\nSPARER: How old were you?\n\nDYNIN: I would say about 12. Then, everybody kept their sculpting knives. I\ndon't know where it is, I wish I had it. It was working, it was Polish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school.\nLet me tell you about my family's father at the Jewish . . . My father was\n[indistinct: 37:07] Yom Kippur in the temple . . . It was synagogue, there was\nonly one temple in Lodz . . . but most of them were Orthodox. He was going to\nthe Yom Kippur, and of course, [indistinct: 37:19: possibly 'New Year']. I like\nto go to here because I like to dress up. I always went with. As far as kosher,\nit was kosher food at home, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was very careful about non-kosher drink, out of\nhome. How he did it? When he come [indistinct: 37:36]. Lunch in Poland is like\ndinner. He was very clever; nobody was displaying some kind of sign [that said]\nkosher . . . How to find it was kosher, as soon as he come to a place, he open\nthe door, he comes in and asks, \"How do you cook carrots?\" They said, \"We are\nusing fantastic butter, fresh butter [indistinct: 37:58: possibly: if they\nweren't, he left].\" Why? Because in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland, every company [cook] carrots and\npotatoes, but carrots couldn't cook without fat. As soon as he learned that the\ncarrots are in butter it means they're kosher because the meat [indistinct:\n38:08]. It's kind of the way how he found what was kosher. Let me tell you\nsomething else that we spoke last time I remember about Shabbos [indistinct:\n38:25] now just about [indistinct: 38:29]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We met Jan Karski; Jan Karski was\nvery . . . I don't know if you heard Karski. Have you heard about him? He was\nthe courier; he was the guy that went all the way to London and United States\nand announced about killing Jews in Europe. He tried to stop Holocaust, the men\nthat tried to stop Holocaust [indistinct: 38:49].\n\nSPARER: I think I saw it.\n\nDYNIN: That could be. Somehow, I was reading about Jan Karski, I get the\nnewspaper about . . . they wrote the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"newspaper about Karski. Very unusual story\nI can tell you, to think after I was liberated, after I was . . . liberated by\narmy staff. I was going to beach one time, I heard on the radio, they talked\nabout some Polish officer that went during the occupation, the German occupation\nhe went to tell the Jews [indistinct: 39:23] to tell them what was going on,\nthen he went to concentration camp, [snuck] in, pretending he was one of the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"watchmen. What's going on in concentration camp? Why he did it? Because he got\nall the [indistinct: 39:36] to go to London and United States and tell them\nwhat's going on here with us, how to help us. Believe it or not I never knew him\nthen because I just . . . They talked on the radio, but I [indistinct: 38:49:\npossibly 'missed']. One time, I was with Marlene in bookshop in Raleigh, [North]\nCarolina [indistinct: 39:49]. I open it up the first page and I stopped to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"read\n[indistinct: 39:59] That's how I felt, I knew firsthand. From now on, I figure\nout in my life I must meet and embrace him. It's unbelievable, can you figure?\nDuring Nazi occupation, to go to ghetto, to go to concentration camp, to go all\nthe way illegally . . . illegally, of course, illegally. To go to London and to\ngo to talk to President [Franklin D.] Roosevelt about it. I must meet this guy!\nI don't have to tell you all the story but finally I met. I met him and he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\nmy best friend for a number of years. Then we invite him, and he was our guest\nat our home in Atlanta. It was unbelievable. He told us [several] times not to\ntalked about the past. He didn't like to talk [about] the past to other people,\nbut [indistinct: 40:39] He told us a story about Lodz. He was from Lodz. He said\nhe was living in the house in Lodz with seven other families. It was eight\nfamilies in building. They had been the only ones gentile family, everybody was\nJewish there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But his mother was liberal, and she was very [indistinct: 41:03].\nHe was playing soccer in the garden [with] young fellows. One time, he was\ndownstairs and one of the neighbors come, \"My young fellow . . . I even don't\nlike to tell you because I don't want you to be offended, but could you do me a\nbig, big favor?\" [indistinct: 41:33] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Could you come to my home help me a\nlittle? I will tell you; you are to do it, I will be so grateful.\" He didn't\nthink too much because he was obligated, he must help and he was kind of curious\nto see what's inside his house, apartment. He said, \"Okay.\" He went inside and\nhe was working [indistinct: 41:50] just going out, this guy said, \"My young\nfellow, listen, take envelope, it's for you.\" He was older ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"man. He exactly told\nme how he was [doing]. [indistinct: 42:01] He took envelope and went out. Then,\nwhen he was outside, he said \"what is this?\" He took the envelope in his pocket\n. . . he opens the envelope and there's money. He went to his mother and said,\n\"Mama, I went there to help, and they gave me money. What to do?\" \"Go back and\ngive the money back.\" On one hand he figure, maybe I should do it. But on the\nother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hand, it was kind of a pity to give the money back. Meantime already, he\nbought some ice cream. Then Mother said, \"Tell you what, maybe it's good to get\nmoney from, but never ask for again because maybe he get offended. Maybe this\ntime you take money.\" She was happy with that. The next time, next . . . Friday\nevening it was exactly the same. This guy ask him but already he was not saying\ntoo much. He left without the envelope, he said, \"Wait! No, don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go now. My\nfriend [indistinct: 43:03] I don't know exactly what he likes to do but he likes\nto come.\" He says, \"Okay, I have time. I can go.\" What can I tell you? End of\nthe story, after a few weeks he was working on the entire apartment building. He\nhad plenty of money because everybody gave him some. He was buying his ice cream\nevery day. The ice cream was only for holidays, but here he had the chance to\nbuy the ice cream. Then also he was trying to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"buy some for Mama, and this was\nvery important for some clothing. For the next few years until they'd been\nliving in this place, because they left eventually . . . [indistinct: 43:40] to\nreally make something from it . . . we're coming to the end of my first part\nwhen I am in Lodz. I was in Lodz three times. First time until war started, and\nthen I come to Lodz after liberation. Third ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time I was with Marlene for business\nbecause we have properties there, we tried to get from them, they don't like to\ngive us. We went a third time. This first part, which is mostly about the\nfamily. Let me tell you what is probably very intriguing, it was the subject of\nthis book here . . . The year was 1938 and the date was March 19, what is March\n19 . . . today? You know what it is today? Here is written ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poem. It is March 19,\n1938. There is a poem, Polish to be proud for the country. Jerzy Dynin, Jerzy is\nmy Polish name, Dynin. This was my birthday date, my bar mitzvah. Here you have\nthis today, March 19, this is book that survived all of the war. It is from\n1938. How many years, figure it out. How many? It was quite a lot. It's\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unbelievable . . . This was my aunt . . . she passed away, she was 107. She\npassed away and she was in Polish countryside, a few years there and eventually\nshe passed away. She brought with her many things that I don't remember, this\nbook I think she brought too. But as I said, this book was one of the things\nthat the maid brought to us. Now you know what's today, today is my birthday!\nHappy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"birthday! Let me tell you the end of the chapter that . . . we have a lot\nof pictures if we have time, if not, next time. But anyway, my first chapter\nends [at] the beginning of the war, September 1, 1939, World War II started. I\nremember that day like you wouldn't believe. It was [memoirist mimics sound of\nsiren]. It was like an air raid. They asked us to come to the basement. I'll\nnever forget this day; it was just end of my life as I knew it. It started like\nsome ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dumb [indistinct: 46:01]. This is what I'm talking about my life, about\nLodz. All I can tell you is [indistinct: 46:07 possibly: that we left Lodz when\nthe World War started]. I'm with my parents, three or four days, I don't\nremember exactly, I think four days. After four days, we found out [indistinct:\n46:15: possibly 'just how'] very close, run away from Lodz. This is what I'm\ntelling you, I'm not going to tell you [indistinct: 46:20] because it's part of\nwhat I've said. As far as second time in Lodz . . . was after liberation I can\ntell you that I was . . . When Lodz was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberated, I was in Vilna, Vilnius. It\nwas then Vilna . . . it's Vilnius now. Anyway, I learned about the liberation of\nLodz, it was very exciting to me. [indistinct: 46:42] until then in Vilnius, but\nin Vilnius we learn a relative in Moscow [Russia], that my father, by Red Cross\n. . . was alive in Palestine. We knew our direction, Palestine . . . Palestine\nis not what they claim is Palestine now. [indistinct: 46:59 possibly 'It's\nactually ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fascinating']. What's Palestine? Palestine was earlier, before Israel\nwas there it was Palestine. We knew we should go to Palestine, but first step is\nto go to Lodz [indistinct: 47:10] would be closing. We had went to [indistinct:\n47:14] in Vilna. We found some [indistinct: 47:19] how to get train [to] Warsaw\n[Poland] because there were no trains that actually went to Lodz because the\nbridges hadn't been opened up. Warsaw was as far as it would go. [indistinct:\n47:28] It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terrible. It was not a train with [passenger] cars, and we\ntraveled a week half frozen. We went to Warsaw and by Warsaw we passed the river\nby, we walked along with bridge, it's kind of like a small city, can walk. Then\nwe boarded another train that was going to Lodz from Warsaw. Let me tell you my\nfeeling when I come to Lodz, I hope I have it here because . . . If we have\ntime, then I will tell you about the German occupation in Lodz but I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trying to\nfind out if I have everything here . . . I do have . . . The matter of general\noccupation of Lodz is not my own word. That's what I learned because I wasn't\nthere, but I have it here and I will read [indistinct: 48:13: possibly 'the\nparagraph to you.'] What is very, very interesting, when I come to Lodz, first\nthing what I did is I wrote letters to my Father. I wrote letter in Polish. This\nis how the letter looks like in Polish. Look, I made copies . . . Just recently,\nI translated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"letters, and I had a lot of problems translating because the Polish\nthat I use was very different from English of today. It was very difficult to\nwrite what certain . . . Marlene helped translate, didn't know Polish but I\nhelped translate it kind of rough in English, but kind of correct. This is how I\nfelt coming back to Lodz, it was after liberation. Translation from Polish, it\nwas written on the day we arrived, the year was 1945. This is letter, \"Today we\narrived home. Finally, there's a train station in Lodz. We were so yearning to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"imagine when we arrive in Lodz [indistinct: 49:02]. I will cry. [indistinct:\n49:04 possibly: sure, being in such great mindset] If I would know that we are\ncoming to my grandparents, we will find my uncle, my aunt, my small cousin Maya.\nIf I would know that my friends and relatives await us, I would come second of\nthe way, but nobody comes [indistinct: 49:20]. Maybe, there is Grandpa's balcony\nof flowers. [indistinct: 49:26] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My mother [would] fly upstairs to the apartment\nin which she was born. [indistinct: 49:38] Mother somehow goes one stop farther\nby train, I descend one stop before she does. [indistinct: 49:45] I am sure that\nMother will catch up and I decided not to wait for Mother and climb the stairs\nto my grandparents' house. [indistinct: 49:56: possibly 'where I have been going\nto'] Shabbat and holidays my entire life. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost reach their floor, I put down\nmy bundles and go towards the door. I see the name plate on the door, I am not\ngiving up. Hand beat the door [indistinct: 50:09] \"Who is here?\" Is the answer.\"\n. . . [interview pauses, then resumes] Would you like to hear my story? I should\nhave a lot of time. I cannot go and take a part of story. I can some lecture as\npart of story, some few things about Holocaust experiences. But I told you about\nmy Holocaust experience. [indistinct: 50:30] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My mother was with me all the time.\nMy father was sent by [indistinct: 50:37] Soviet was sent to Gulag, he got\narrested and sent to Gulag. At that point I was terribly [indistinct: 50:44]\nAfter all, after I see Germans, they look like angels. Anyway, let me tell you\nabout my second time in Lodz. That's what I started to talk about, my first\nletter. Then, actually, I refused my opportunity because I was [indistinct:\n50:57]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was surprised [indistinct: 51:06] Everybody was calling, \"Help, help\n[indistinct: 51:12]\" I couldn't believe, I was proud of myself. I just can't\nbelieve how it happened. After all the pressure of the Holocaust, running away,\nthat I did okay. [indistinct: 51:24] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me tell you, after I was hiding it was\ntime to go out of Poland because you went back to Lodz but couldn't stay there.\nThey say how to go, I joined . . . There had been two big organizations in Lodz,\none who was kind of [indistinct: 52:00: possibly 'center right'] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it was not\ndifficult because all of the organizations, they had same idea to bring out\nPoland part of the United States somebody. Anyways, I joined the organization\nsometime, they had always [indistinct: 52:15] group that moved them out of\nPoland [indistinct: 52:18] from Poland to Germany and then from Germany to West\nGermany. Terrible blow to the Russians. Guess ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was the people who guide us to\nborders. German submarine. This was their specialty, they had been living there,\nthey knew the terrain. They guide us to West Germany. [indistinct: 52:42:\npossibly 'It was hard work']. Anyway, we went to [indistinct: 52:46 possibly:\nHolland], then eventually up to [indistinct: 52:49] We went to . . . this was\nquite a trip, we went by boat to Marseilles [France], Zefta [Egypt], Zefta to\nAlexandria [Egypt], Alexandria to Haifa [Israel]. We landed in Haifa\n[indistinct: 52:59]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Third time in Lodz, I was with Marlene. The reason we went\nthird time to Lodz is because . . . Two reasons, [she] didn't know much about\nPoland, but because all of the real estate in Lodz taken [from] grandparents,\nthe ones that I knew [indistinct: 53:15] the lawyers there [indistinct: 53:17] .\n. . I wrote down here about this, this was 1980, I call it Poland after years.\nLet me just go to the part about Lodz . . . I left ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland this time 33 years\nago. Actually, I left Lodz first time September 3, 1939, ahead of the German\narmy. Come back after liberation, more than five terrible years later and after\nI left again, to join my father in Palestine. Last month, I went back to Lodz\nwith my wife Marlene, noted the properties, the return of [indistinct: 53:49:\npossibly 'properties'] not yet to return who have the right to own. Lodz, until\nthe outbreak of World War II, home of over 200,000 Jews [indistinct: 53:58].\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is no airline connection to Lodz, the first stop is Warsaw. From there,\none must take cab or rent the car. There is a well-established railroad\nconnection, but going by train just is trouble. [indistinct: 54:12] We had an\neven better means of travel, some of the Polish ladies who worked in Israel was\nwaiting for us at airport and drove us from Warsaw to Lodz and Lodz to Krakow\n[Polish: Kraków]. Then I [indistinct: 54:24] Warsaw. After two hours, three, we\narrived in Lodz, checked into our hotel. At the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"desk, they demanded both my and\nMarlene's passport in a manner reminiscent of communist time. Some of the people\nare still behaving as living through the regime. Lodz is very neglected than how\nI've seen it. In plain words it's absolutely ugly, much uglier than when I left\nin 1945. Very few steps of buildings are done, smoke [indistinct: 54:49] covers\nalmost every building except Grohman one. We were all surprised [indistinct:\n54:56] Somehow this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"considered [indistinct: 55:04] Star of David. There are\nalmost no Jews living in Lodz, therefore they must [indistinct: 55:08] It looks\nmore like a crystal like in Germany in the late 1930's. I did not see such\n[indistinct: 55:18] Here's a copy of my pictures, go around [indistinct:\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"55:35][interview pauses, then resumes] Now, let me tell you something about . .\n. that I was not in Lodz but [would] you like to know what's going on? What was\n[indistinct: 55:41] I underline few things for some ideas. From the very\nbeginning of the occupation, Polish occupation, the Nazis authorities are bloody\nterrorist [indistinct: 55:50] arrested in a concentration camp, etcetera. There\nwas torture and subsequent short transportation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done. Where is the Holocaust?\n[indistinct: 58:08] I would say every day became [indistinct: 56:11] Nazi\ncriminals executed and arrested [indistinct: 56:14]. The same night all four\ngreat possibly synagogues were blown up and burned. One pogrom [indistinct:\n56:22] 1939, perpetrated by the local German government of ghetto in Lodz. Let\nme tell you about the ghetto, the basis for the Polish building ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghettos,\n[indistinct: 56:31] concentration of those designated areas, followed by\ncamouflage of the final goal. Rumors regarding creation of ghetto spread through\nLodz, already in September 1939. A record by unknown author, which was found as\npart of [indistinct: 56:52: possibly 'elders Jews']. This was something I\nremember, the scene October 1939. The manager ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of [indistinct: 57:00] The Jewish\ncommunity of Lodz, about 200,000 would be resettled [inside] of the Lodz\nterritory, then the ghetto would have its own original currency. This is\nunbelievable. The ghetto is like a state [indistinct: 57:14] The Jews in the\nghetto would be working for them [indistinct: 57:19] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What is unusual is that\nthis ghetto, is the first ghetto, period. This ghetto was the last one that was\nliquidated because the Russians come, approximately 1,000 Jews are left in the\nghetto by the Germans. These Jews were liberated by the Red Army January 19\n[1945]. Brought by the rapid advances of the Soviet forces, the Germans\n[indistinct: 57:51: possibly 'could not destroy everything'] and left behind is\nfull and well documented record story of the Lodz ghetto. Material from both\nGerman, Soviets, photographs, etcetera . . . [indistinct: 57:59 possibly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"204,000\nto 280,000] Jews lived in the ghetto, 7,000 to 10,000 survived. They probably\ncount me as one too, but I was not ghetto but from Lodz. I would say relatively\nnotable because only some [indistinct: 58:13] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust. The first major ghetto\nto be established [indistinct: 58:20]. If you like to see something interesting,\npictures of Grandpa, my mother is here. Look at the picture of Lodz, we talk\nabout Lodz. Now you know why [indistinct: 58:51] This is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something I . . .\n\nSPARER: You also have that biography I read.\n\nDYNIN: Yes . . . this is not complete. [Indistinct: 59:07 In print? Yes, I know\n. . . of Poland, World War I. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/transcript/65282/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[indistinct: 59:29]\n\nSPARER: He's going to give a little talk . . . [indistinct: 59:38] Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3570.0,3600.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShiva\u003c/em\u003e, literally “seven,” is the week-long mourning period in Judaism for first-degree relatives: father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister and spouse. The ritual is referred to as “sitting \u003cem\u003eshiva\u003c/em\u003e.” Immediately after burial, first-degree relatives assume the status of “mourner.” This state lasts for seven days, during which the family members traditionally gather in one home and receive visitors. At the funeral, mourners traditionally wear an outer garment, a ritual known as “\u003cem\u003ekerish\u003c/em\u003e.” This garment is worn throughout \u003cem\u003eshiva\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSocialism is a political philosophy and movement that encompasses a wide range of economic and social systems that are characterized by the social ownership of the means of production vs. private ownership. It calls for public rather than private ownership or control of property and natural resources.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz [Polish: Łódź] was a large textile manufacturing city and Jewish cultural center about 75 miles (121 km) from Warsaw. Lodz was approximately 143 miles (230 km) east of the German border. Jews were an integral part of the textile industry of Lodz, which was known as the “Manchester of Poland.” (The city of Manchester had been the center of Great Britain’s textile industry since the Industrial Revolution.) Jews owned many plants and factories in Lodz, including one of the largest in Europe, which was owned by Izrael Kalmanowicz Poznanski. On the eve of World War II, Lodz had a population of 665,000, of whom 34 percent (223,000) were Jews. Lodz also had a sizable German population, amounting to ten percent of the total. The vast majority of Jews living in Lodz before World War II spoke Yiddish, but increasingly used Polish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEisiskes [Lithuanian: Eišiškės] is a city in southeastern Lithuania on the border with Belarus. Eisiskes is one of the oldest Jewish settlements in Eastern Europe, with tombstones dating from as early as 1097 at the former Jewish cemetery. Following the Holocaust, no Jews are known to live in the town today. As of the census in 2011, Eisiskes had a population of 3,416.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarlene A. Kemp-Dynin (b. 1953) received her PhD in Linguistics from the University of Georgia in 2005. She lived in Atlanta, Georgia, and was married to George Dynin until his death in 2022. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLikely refers to Joseph Lieberman (b. 1942) is a former United States Senator from Connecticut. In the 2000 presidential election he was the Democratic nominee for vice-president with Al Gore, the presidential nominee. The Gore/Lieberman ticket lost to George W. Bush. In 2006, Lieberman lost in the Democratic primaries to Ned Lamont so he participated in the race on an independent ticket and kept his seat. He retired from the Senate altogether in January 2013.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLithuanian: Vilnius. Yiddish: Vilne. Poland and Lithuania both claimed Vilna after World War I, and eventually the city was occupied by Polish forces and considered a part of northeastern Poland from 1920 until the beginning of World War II. On September 19, 1939, under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact, which effectively dissolved and divided Poland, Soviet forces occupied the city of Vilna, along with the rest of eastern Poland. At the time, the city was home to a population of 200,000, including over 55,000 Jews. In addition, some 12,000-15,000 Jewish refugees from German-occupied Poland found refuge in the city. The city of Vilna was incorporated into the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic until the Soviet Union ceded the city to Lithuania on October 28, 1939. Lithuanian authorities immediately enacted discriminatory policies against Poles and Jews. Anti-Jewish disturbances immediately broke out and refugees from the surrounding areas flocked to Vilna for protection. Jewish stores were looted and 200 Jews injured. A violent pogrom soon broke out in Vilna until the Soviet army entered the city and put an end to it. By June 1940, Lithuania was annexed to the Soviet Union and became one of its republics and Sovietization started. Under the Soviets, the elimination of all free institutions, nationalization of private businesses, confiscation of property, and threat of arrest or exile disrupted Jewish life. All Jewish public and political institutions were shut down and businesses nationalized. Heavy taxes were levied, and Jewish schools switched over to a Soviet curriculum with Yiddish as the language of instruction. On June 22, 1941, Germany attacked Soviet forces in Eastern Europe. The Germans occupied Vilna on June 24, 1941. A small number of Jews fled with the Soviets, but 57,000 Jews remained. Violent pogroms broke out and restrictions began. On July 4, the Germans ordered a Judenrat to be set up. On that same day, the Germans and their Lithuanian helpers began mass executions in the Ponar woods about seven miles outside the city. By July 20, 5,000 Jews had been murdered. On August 31 to September 3, another 8,000 Jews were murdered at Ponar. During the German occupation, tens of thousands of Jews from Vilna and the surrounding area, as well as Soviet prisoners of war and others suspected of opposing the Germans, were massacred in the Ponar woods outside of Vilna with the help of Lithuanian collaborators. Large groups were often taken to a large pit in the forest and shot. The Germans established two ghettos—ghetto # 1 and ghetto # 2—in Vilna in early September 1941. The larger ghetto (ghetto #1) was for 11,000 Jews considered able to work. The smaller (ghetto #2) was for 9,000 sick, the elderly, and those without work permits. In a series of operations conducted by German Einsatzgruppe detachments and Lithuanian auxiliaries, ghetto #2 was completely liquidated between September and October 1941. Between 9,000 and 11,000 inhabitants were taken to the Ponar woods and murdered. The remaining Jews crowded into the larger ghetto (ghetto #1) were forced to work in factories, on construction projects, or sent to nearby labor camps. Periodic killing operations murdered many of the ghetto’s inhabitants at Ponar. Liquidation in the larger ghetto began on October 23, 1941, when 5,000 Jews without work permits were shot in the woods. Roundups and executions continued through November and December. By the end of the year, 34,000 Jews had been murdered. From the spring of 1942 until the spring of 1943, there were no mass killing operations in ghetto #1. In July 1942, Jacob Gens was appointed the head of the Judenrat. Like Chaim Rumkowski in the Lodz ghetto, he believed that work was salvation and that if he cooperated with the Germans, some Jews would survive. He was against any resistance activity by Abba Kovner and others as he thought that would destabilize a delicate situation and get the entire ghetto liquidated. Gens was murdered by the Germans on September 14, 1943. Gens handed over the sick and those without work permits and the executions continued. By September 1943 about 12,000 Jews remained in the ghetto. On September 23 and 24, 1943 the ghetto was liquidated. Children, the elderly, and the sick were murdered at Ponar by Germans and Ukrainian auxiliaries or sent to the Sobibor extermination camp. The surviving men were sent to labor camps in Estonia, while the women were sent to labor camps in Latvia. Others were sent to Madjanek to work. Those in the Estonian and Latvian camps were evacuated into Germany near the end of the war and those who had survived were liberated in Europe. Soviet forces liberated Vilna in July 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: \u003cem\u003eb’nai mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan quorum\u003c/em\u003e for public worship. He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeon Tadeusz Kozlowski [Polish: Kozłowski] (1892-1944) was a Polish archaeologist, freemason, and politician who served as Prime Minister of Poland from 1934 to 1935. After the Polish Defensive War of 1939 and the outbreak of World War II, he was arrested by the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs. He spent almost two years in various Soviet prisons, and finally was sentenced to death for \"anti-Soviet behavior\". He was released after the Sikorski–Mayski agreement of 1941. Shortly after, he crossed the Soviet-German frontline, for which he was sentenced to death by a Polish court. German authorities sent him on to Berlin where he took part in talks with the Nazi authorities, which saw him as a possible collaborationist, and an ally in winning the Poles over to the German cause. Kozłowski then found work at an ethnographic museum and could pursue scientific research in Berlin. He was wounded in an Allied air raid on the German capital and died of his wounds in 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTel Aviv, Israel is located on the Mediterranean coast. It is considered the economic and technological center of Israel. It is the country’s second most populous city after Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeirut is the capital and largest city of Lebanon. Beirut has been inhabited for more than 5,000 years, making it one of the oldest cities in the world. Beirut is Lebanon's seat of government and plays a central role in the Lebanese economy, with many banks and corporations based in the city. Beirut is an important seaport for the country and region. Beirut was severely damaged by the Lebanese Civil War, the 2006 Lebanon War, and the 2020 massive explosion in the Port of Beirut. Its architectural and demographic structure underwent major changes in recent decades.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew word “\u003cem\u003emitzvah\u003c/em\u003e” refers to precepts and commandments as commanded by G-d. It is used in rabbinical Judaism to refer to the 613 commandments given in the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e at Mount Sinai and the seven rabbinic commandments instituted later for a total of 620. In its secondary meaning, the Hebrew “\u003cem\u003emitzvah\u003c/em\u003e” refers to a moral deed performed as a religious duty.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBialystok is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Padlaskie Voivodeship. It has historically drawn many immigrates because of the nearby border with Belarus. The city was chartered in 1692 and has been a leading center of academic, cultural and artistic life, and an economic center in northeastern Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBialy Bor [Polish: Biały Bór] [German: Baldenburg] is a town in Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The town had a Jewish community and a small synagogue before World War II and the Holocaust. In January 1945, a German-perpetrated death march of Allied prisoners-of-war from the Stalag XX-B POW camp passed through the town. The town was integrated with Poland in 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGalicia was a political and geographical region between present-day Poland and Ukraine. Once a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the historical region disappeared from the European map after World War I. By the start of World War II in 1939, western Galicia was occupied by the Germans and eastern Galicia was occupied by the Soviet Union, Today, the east part of former Galicia is part of the Ukraine, while the western part belongs to Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidic Judaism [also sometimes called \u003cem\u003eChasidim\u003c/em\u003e (from the Hebrew word \"\u003cem\u003eChasid\u003c/em\u003e\" meaning \"pious”)] is a Jewish mystical movement that was founded in eighteenth century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith. Hasidic Judaism refers to a branch of Orthodox Judaism that maintains a lifestyle separate from the non-Jewish world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBridge is a trick-taking card game using a standard 52-card deck. It is played by four players in two competing partnerships, with partners sitting opposite each other around a table. Millions of people play bridge worldwide in clubs, tournaments, online, and with friends at home, making it one of the world's most popular card games.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoses Dynin (approx. 1872-1930) was the paternal grandfather of George Dynin. He was married to Musia Zlatin, they had two sons, Jona and David. He died and was buried in Vienna, Austria. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore World War II, the overwhelming majority of Austrian Jews lived in Vienna, which was an important center of Jewish culture, Zionism, and education. In 1938, some 170,000 Jews lived in Vienna, Austria, as well as approximately 80,000 persons of mixed Jewish-Christian background. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, the Nazis quickly applied anti-Jewish policies to Vienna. Jewish organizations and universities were shut down. Jews were barred from many professions and forced to wear a yellow badge. The Nazis encouraged emigration and, by the summer of 1939, nearly half the Jewish population had left Vienna. Emigration was not easy, however. Those seeking exit visas and necessary other documentation had to stand in long lines, night and day, in front of municipal, police, and passport offices. Would-be emigrants were forced to pay an exit fee and to register all of their immovable and most of their movable property, which was confiscated concurrent with their departure from the country. Only 2,000 Viennese Jews survived deportations during the war, along with about 800 Jews who managed to hide. After the war, the city was under joint Allied occupation. After the city was liberated in April 1945, there were 17,000 Jews in the city, most of whom were Hungarian Jews or other refugees. Between 1945 and 1952, other Jewish displaced persons, who looked towards the American Army for services and protection, rather than towards the Austrian government, augmented their numbers. After the Kielce pogrom in the summer of 1946, Jews fleeing Poland flooded into Vienna. Some 52,000 individuals passed through Vienna. In response to the overcrowding, more DP camps were opened in Austria, with Vienna often serving as a transit point.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMusia Zlatin Dynin (1878-unknown) was the paternal grandmother of George Dynin. She was married to Moses Dynin, they had two sons, Jona and David. She died in the Lodz Ghetto. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Jona Dynin (1896-unknown) was a medical doctor from Lodz, Poland and the uncle of George Dynin. Jona was the brother of George’s father, David. Jona was killed during the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeon Glowinski (1870-1943) was the owner of property in the Zielony (Green) Market in Lodz, Poland and the maternal grandfather of George Dynin. He was married to Ethel Rozes, they had two daughters, Rachel and Fania. He was murdered in the Treblinka extermination camp in 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEthel Rozes Glowinski (1877-1943) was the maternal grandmother of George Dynin. She was married to Leon Glowinski, they had two daughters, Rachel and Fania. She was murdered in the Treblinka extermination camp in 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew) or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzo\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZielony (Green) Market was a market in Lodz, Poland. Before World War II, it was a hub of activity where people bought and sold goods, including food. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eshochet\u003c/em\u003e is an adult male Jew who is trained and accredited by a rabbinic authority in the Jewish dietary laws. Specifically, a \u003cem\u003eshochet\u003c/em\u003e slaughters animals in a way prescribed by Jewish dietary laws to avoid pain to the animal as much as possible, and to safeguard the health of the consumer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKashrut\u003c/em\u003e is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term \u003cem\u003ekashér\u003c/em\u003e, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePublix is a supermarket chain that was founded in 1930 by George W. Jenkins. It is headquartered in Lakeland, Florida. As of 2024, it has 1,361 stores in the Southeastern United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Polish zloty [Polish: polski złoty] is the official currency and legal tender of Poland. It is the most-traded currency in Central and Eastern Europe and ranks 21st most-traded in the foreign exchange market. It was officially introduced to replace its predecessor, the Polish marka in 1919 and began circulation in 1924. Poland is a member of the European Union but does not use the Euro as Poland does not meet 2 criteria of exchange rate stability and long-term interest rates. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMatzo\u003c/em\u003e balls are dumplings made from \u003cem\u003ematzo\u003c/em\u003e meal, an Ashkenazi custom. The balls are dropped into chicken soup or boiling water. They are popular during Passover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eHaggadah\u003c/em\u003e is a Jewish text that sets forth the order of the Passover \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e. Reading the \u003cem\u003eHaggadah\u003c/em\u003e at the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e table is a fulfillment of the scriptural commandment to each Jew to “tell your son” of the Jewish liberation from slavery in Egypt as described in the Book of Exodus in the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eL'Shana Haba'ah B'Yerushalayim\u003c/em\u003e which literally translates to \"Next year in Jerusalem\", is a phrase that is often sung at the end of the Passover \u003cem\u003eSeder\u003c/em\u003e and the end of the \u003cem\u003eNe'ila\u003c/em\u003e service on \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eL'Shana Haba'ah\u003c/em\u003e evokes a common theme in Jewish culture of a desire to return to a rebuilt Jerusalem, and some have suggested that it serves as a reminder of the experience of living in exile.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZgierz is one of the oldest cities in central Poland, located to the north of Lodz. Before the war, Zgierz had a thriving Jewish community of around 4,000 people. When the Germans occupied the town, they began persecuting Jewish people with the assistance of local ethnic Germans. The synagogue was burned, and people were kidnapped from the streets for forced labor. In December 1939, the Germans deported 2500 of the Jewish people to Glowno [Polish: Głowno] in the General Government, German-occupied central Poland. Left behind were fewer than 100 Jewish people, who were deported to the Lodz Ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: “day of atonement”] The most sacred day of the Jewish year. \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting \u003cem\u003eyizkor\u003c/em\u003e for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the \u003cem\u003eshofar\u003c/em\u003e (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJan Karski (born Jan Kozielewski) (1914-2000) was a Polish soldier, resistance fighter, and diplomat during World War II. He is known for having acted as a courier in 1940–1943 to the Polish government-in-exile and to Poland's Western Allies about the situation in German-occupied Poland. He reported about the state of Poland, its many competing resistance factions, and also about Germany's destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto and its operation of extermination camps on Polish soil. Karski was born to a Roman Catholic family in Lodz, completed law school and trained to be a diplomat before World War II. After the war, he emigrated to the United States, earning his doctorate and teaching at Georgetown University. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Karski was honored by the new Polish government, as well as honored by the US and European nations for his wartime role.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “concentration camp” refers to a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy. In Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945, concentration camps (Konzentrationslager; briefly “KL” or “KZ”) were an integral feature of the regime. The Nazis differentiated between concentration camps, which were used to contain slave laborers and prisoners of the Nazi state, and extermination camps, whose primary purpose was the systematic killing of prisoners. Shortly after coming to power in 1933, the Nazis began to set up a series of concentration camps across Germany. Those were mostly local initiatives: facilities that the SA, SS, and police established on an ad hoc basis, where they would detain and abuse real and imagined enemies of the regime. By 1934, there were over 100 of these early camps in operation. When the Nazi regime came to power, they systematically persecuted both Jewish and non-Jewish Germans perceived to be opponents of the regime. Political opponents (Communists, Social Democrats, liberals) were some of the first victims housed in “temporary” detention centers like Lichtenburg. Jews, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jehovah's Witnesses, clergy who opposed the Nazis, and any others whose behavior—real or perceived—could be interpreted as being in opposition to Nazi political and racial ideologies were also persecuted and incarcerated. The Nazi regime refused to tolerate criticism, dissent, or nonconformity from the German people. Non-Jewish German political activists were treated harshly but other political opponents remained potentially valuable members of the German race. The goal behind their internment in and subsequent release from concentration camps was often a kind of reeducation that would see them fall into line with the regime’s political and racial ideologies. Between 1933 and 1939, tens of thousands of Germans were sentenced by the criminal courts. If authorities were confident of a conviction in court, the prisoner was turned over to the justice system for trial. If the outcome of criminal proceedings were unsatisfactory, the acquitted citizen or the citizen who was sentenced to a suspended sentence would still be taken into “protective detention” and incarcerated in a concentration camp. The first concentration camps were established in 1933. Various authorities set up the makeshift “camps” in empty warehouses, factories, and other locations. Camps were established in Oranienburg, north of Berlin; Esterwegen, near Hamburg; Dachau, northwest of Munich; and Lichtenburg, in Saxony. By the end of July 1933, almost 27,000 people were housed in these camps. Most of the prisoners were political opponents of the Nazi regime. By the end of 1934, most of these early camps were disbanded and replaced by a centrally organized concentration camp system under the exclusive jurisdiction of the SS.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRaleigh is capital city of North Carolina. It is located in the Research Triangle, or simply the Triangle, which are common nicknames for a metropolitan area in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. The area is anchored by three major research universities: Duke, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University. The universities are in the three cities of Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill, which, if connected by an imaginary line on a map would form a Triangle. The area is also a hub for technology and biotech companies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as “FDR,” he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of World War II. He was a Democrat. FDR was an avid horseback rider and enjoyed an active early life. He was diagnosed with infantile paralysis, better known as polio, in 1921, at the age of 39. Despite permanent paralysis from the waist down, he was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoscow, Russia is the capital and largest city in Russia. The city sits on the Moskva River in central Russia. The city dates back to 1147 and grew into a prosperous city and served as the capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. It eventually became known as the Tsardom of Russia. When the Tsardom was reformed into the Russian Empire, the capital was moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. After the Bolshevik revolution the capital returned to Moscow. It is well known for its Russian architecture, historic Red Square and the other buildings including the St. Basil’s Cathedral and the Kremlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Committee of the Red Cross (“Red Cross”) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland. At the end of World War II, the Red Cross worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected by the war and set up a registration and tracing service for missing persons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish community in Warsaw [Polish: Warszawa] was the largest in Poland, composing about 30 percent of the entire population of the city (about 337,000 Jews). Before World War II, Warsaw was a major center of Jewish life and culture. The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II. German authorities established it in November 1940. The Jews of Warsaw and the surrounding areas were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall. The ghetto population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews. The conditions in the ghetto were harsh. There was not enough food, coal in the winter, shelter, or basic necessities. Starvation and illness from the over-crowded, deplorable conditions inside the Warsaw ghetto killed many. From July 22 until September 12, 1942, about 265,000 Jews were deported from Warsaw to the Treblinka extermination camp while approximately 35,000 Jews inside the ghetto were killed. Then there was relative quiet until January 1943 when a second major wave of deportation started. When German SS and police units, assisted by auxiliaries entered the ghetto, they were surprised to be met with organized armed resistance and withdrew. When they returned on April 19, 1943, stiff resistance that continued for three weeks met the Germans. By the time the better-armed Germans ended the operation on May 16, 1943, the ghetto was largely destroyed. At least 7,000 Jews sided during the fighting, another 42,000 survivors were captured and deported, and approximately 10,000 escaped to the Aryan side of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaya Chigryn (1934-1942) was the cousin of George Dynin and daughter of Mietek and Rachel [Glowinski] Chigryn. Maya was born in Lodz, Poland just days after her cousin Aviva Marcela Dynin. In 1942, Maya and her mother were murdered in the Treblinka extermination camp. Maya’s father died in Bergen Belson shortly before the camp was liberated in 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGulag is an acronym of Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-Trudovykh Lagerey [Russian: Chief Administration of Corrective Labour Camps], the network of slave labor camps operated by the Soviet Union from the 1920s until around 1955. At its height, the Gulag consisted of thousands of camps, some of which were operated more like colonies in remote regions of the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWest Germany or the Federal Republic of Germany was the western portion of Germany and the associated territory of West Berlin during the Cold War. At the onset of the Cold War in 1949, Europe was divided between the Western and Eastern blocs, and West Germany was formed as a political entity during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II. It was established from 12 states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. Following the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the opening of the Berlin Wall in 1989, both states took action to achieve German reunification. East Germany voted to dissolve and accede to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990. The newly reunified country retained West Germany's political culture and continued its existing memberships in international organizations, as well as its Western foreign policy alignment and affiliation to Western alliances such as the United Nations, NATO, and the European Economic Community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarseille is the second largest city in France and located on the southern French coast. During World War II, it was the main port in the Mediterranean Sea for the Germans from 1942-1944. The Allies liberated the city in August 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZefta or Zifta is an Egyptian town in the Nile delta, within the Gharbia governorate. In the 12th century, Zefta was an important regional trading center, especially for textiles, silk, flax, indigo, sesame, and sugar. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlexandria is the second largest city in Egypt and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast, located on the western edge of the Nile River delta. It was founded in c. 331 BC by Alexander the Great and grew rapidly and became a major center of Hellenic civilization. Alexandria was best known for the Lighthouse of Alexandria (Pharos), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World; its Great Library, the largest in the ancient world; and the Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa, one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages. It was at one time the largest city in the ancient world before being eventually overtaken by Rome. From the late 18th century, Alexandria became a major center of the international shipping industry and one of the most important trading centers in the world, because of its location on the Mediterranean Sea and near the Red Sea.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHaifa is the third-largest city in Israel. It is home to the Baháʼí Faith's Baháʼí World Centre and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a destination for Baháʼí pilgrimage. Over the millennia, the Haifa area has been conquered and ruled by the Canaanites, Israelites, Phoenicians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Hasmoneans, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Crusaders, Ottomans, and the British. During the Battle of Haifa in the 1948 Palestine war, most of the city's predominantly Arab population fled or were expelled. That year, the city became part of the then-newly-established state of Israel. The city is a major seaport located on Israel's Mediterranean coastline in the Bay of Haifa. It is also home to two academic institutions, the University of Haifa and the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology the oldest and top-ranked university in both Israel and the Middle East. Haifa Bay is a center of heavy industry, petroleum refining, and chemical processing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrakow [Polish: Kraków; sometimes also “Cracow”] is the second largest city in Poland, situated on the Vistula River. The city is one of the oldest in Poland and dates back to the seventh century. On Wednesday, September 6, 1939, the German army entered Krakow. When the Germans occupied Krakow in 1939, the city became the center of the General Government, a separate administrative region of the Third Reich, under Governor General Hans Frank (1900-1946). Frank continued to administer the General Government from Krakow throughout the end of 1944. A large garrison of Wehrmacht soldiers and German officers were stationed in the city. The Germans evacuated Krakow on January 17, 1945. Soviet forces entered the city two days later, on January 19, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommunism is a political theory derived from Karl Marx. It advocates for replacing private property and a profit based society with public ownership and communal control of most major means of production and natural resources. It’s an ideology that falls on the far left of the political spectrum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLudwik Grohman Mansion is a villa in Lodz, Poland built for industrialist and textile manufacturer Ludwik Grohman. The building was finished in 1881 and expanded in 1884. Shortly before the turn of the century, the building was enlarged again due to the expansion of the family through the marriage of Ludwik Grohmann's son Leon. Part of the villa’s gardens today form a public park. The villa stood abandoned for many years, but is now being gradually renovated. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePogrom\u003c/em\u003e is a Russian word meaning \"to wreak havoc, to demolish violently\" that historically refers to violent attacks on by local non-Jewish populations on Jews. Anti-Jewish \u003cem\u003epogroms\u003c/em\u003e in the Russian Empire were large-scale, targeted, and repeated anti-Jewish rioting that first began in the 19th century. \u003cem\u003ePogroms\u003c/em\u003e began occurring after the Russian Empire acquired territories with large Jewish populations from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Ottoman Empire during 1772–1815.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union. The army was established in January 1918 by Leon Trotsky. In February 1946, the Red Army was renamed the \"Soviet Army\" which in turn became the Russian Army on 7 May 1992, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The Red Army provided the largest land force in the Allied victory in the European theatre of World War II, and its invasion of Manchuria assisted the unconditional surrender of Imperial Japan. During its operations on the Eastern Front, it accounted for 75% to 80% of the casualties that the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS suffered during the war, and ultimately captured the German capital, Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/annotation_set/1296/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3540.0,3570.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Dynin, George [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in Lodz before World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=192.0,391.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George discusses what life was like in Lodz before the War. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=192.0,391.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We talked about Eisiskes and kind of imagined that this is exactly a copy of every other Jewish terrority place [indistinct: 3:189] it is not exactly like we think. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=192.0,391.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bar mitzvah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eisiskes [Lithuanian: Eišiškės], Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz [Polish: Łódź], Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vilnius, Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=192.0,391.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism in Poland before World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=391.0,458.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George talks about growing antisemitism in Poland prior to World War II. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=391.0,458.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They see some religious Jews and they deserve to beat them. Ten feet or something like that. Then you figure the government of the country is turning. I remember the name of the prime minister of Poland, [Leon] Kozlowski [Polish: Kozłowski].","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=391.0,458.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Kozlowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=391.0,458.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Talks about father's business ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=458.0,531.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George talks about his father expanding his textile business in Palestine and Lebanon. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=458.0,531.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How it is in my family, how our situation was in Poland. My father was aware of that, but not enough. In the 1930’s, I remember he went for first time to Palestine, and he bought land in Palestine. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=458.0,531.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beirut, Lebanon","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tel Aviv, Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Textile business","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=458.0,531.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Differences between Lodz and Eisiskes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=531.0,980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George talks about economic status in Lodz, the locations of both cities geographically, and the importance of Jewish businesses to the Lodz economy. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=531.0,980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me tell you, this is kind of an introduction to Eisiskes and Lodz, you can figure again that everything what we have seen was very beautiful to live through, but you know we really should be sorry for the people that had been so blind, and they didn't look beyond this city of Eisiskes or beyond city of Lodz. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=531.0,980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bar mitzvah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bialystok, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eisiskes, Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Galicia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hasidic Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vilnius, Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=531.0,980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Attending kindergarten and elementary school in Lodz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=980.0,1319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George talks about attending kindergarten in Lodz, the importance of learning fluent Polish at school, and his fellow classmates that survived the Holocaust. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=980.0,1319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz as I remember as a child . . . Here is something very interesting that I will be surprised if you don't know . . . I remember in Lodz, I imagine I was probably three years old, because I remember I went to kindergarten. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=980.0,1319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew gymnasium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kindergarten","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=980.0,1319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Talks about his paternal and maternal grandparents","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1319.0,1659.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George talks about his family, particuarly his mother's parents, that he was very close to.  ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1319.0,1659.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me tell you something about my family, because this gives you some idea of our Jewish society in Lodz, Jewish families in Lodz, some ideas about how Jews feel [in] Lodz.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1319.0,1659.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Jona Dynin (1896-unknown)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ethel Rozes Glowinski (1877-1943)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Glowinski (1870-1943)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moses Dynin (approx. 1872-1930)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Musia Zlatin Dynin (1878-unknown)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passover","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vienna, Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1319.0,1659.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Visiting the market in Lodz with his grandfather","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1659.0,1884.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George talks about visiting the Green Market in Lodz with his grandfather. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1659.0,1884.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My Grandpa had all kinds of real estate and the house that he was living in, it was his house, it was a big apartment in the house. It was like maybe 50 apartments. The most important was the property on . . . They call it Green Market. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1659.0,1884.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kosher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shochet","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zielony (Green) Market","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1659.0,1884.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Celebrating Passover with his family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1884.0,1973.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George shares a story from a Passover seder with his family. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1884.0,1973.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me tell you something about Passover at Grandpa's, because I was waiting every year because this was something that . . . Not only the matzo ball  [indistinct: 31:33], but the atmosphere, it was really like live theater. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1884.0,1973.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"L'Shana Haba'ah B'Yerushalayim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Matzo ball","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passover","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passover Seder","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Haggadah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1884.0,1973.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shares a story about his great-uncle","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1973.0,2116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George shares a story about his father helping transport George's great-uncle's body for his funeral. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1973.0,2116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the brothers of my grandpa was living in Zgierz, a small town not far from Lodz. And guess what? . . . He was extremely nice person, just like the entire family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1973.0,2116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zgierz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=1973.0,2116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Experiencing antisemitism in high school","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2116.0,2221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George shares an antisemitic experience he had in high school in Lodz. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2116.0,2221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just all of the population was very . . . It was not very sympathetic to us. I don't know if I have time, but I can tell you that being in the high school, we had basically . . . In my class we had like 44 students.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2116.0,2221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"High school","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2116.0,2221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Practicing Judaism and keeping kosher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2221.0,2311.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George shares how his father kept kosher and how they practiced Judaism. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2221.0,2311.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me tell you about my family's father at the Jewish . . . My father was [indistinct: 37:07] Yom Kippur  in the temple . . . It was synagogue, there was only one temple in Lodz . . . but most of them were Orthodox . ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2221.0,2311.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kosher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yom Kippur","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2221.0,2311.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meeting Jan Karski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2311.0,2633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George talks about meeting Jan Karski and shares a story that Jan told him about Jan's childhood in Lodz. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2311.0,2633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We met Jan Karski; Jan Karski was very . . . I don't know if you heard Karski. Have you heard about him? He was the courier; he was the guy that went all the way to London and United States and announced about killing Jews in Europe. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2311.0,2633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jan Karski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"London","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"President Franklin D. Roosevelt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Raleigh, North Carolina","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2311.0,2633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Returning to Lodz after World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2633.0,3181.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George talks about returning to Lodz after it was liberated by Soviet troops. He shares family artifacts that had been saved, a letter to his father, and shares the journey they took to reunite with his father in Palestine. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2633.0,3181.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was in Lodz three times. First time until war started, and then I come to Lodz after liberation. Third time I was with Marlene for business because we have properties there, we tried to get from them, they don't like to give us. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2633.0,3181.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alexandria, Egypt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gulag","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Haifa, Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marseilles, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vilnius, Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"West Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zefta, Egypt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=2633.0,3181.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Returning to Lodz again","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3181.0,3339.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George talks about his visit to Lodz with his wife, Marlene. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3181.0,3339.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Third time in Lodz, I was with Marlene. The reason we went third time to Lodz is because . . . Two reasons, [she] didn't know much about Poland, but because all of the real estate in Lodz taken [from] grandparents","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3181.0,3339.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"communist","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow [Polish: Kraków], Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marlene Kemp-Dynin","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3181.0,3339.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German occupation of Lodz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3339.0,3597.02283"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George shares information about the German occupation of Lodz, the formation of the Lodz Ghetto, and the liberation of Lodz by Russian troops.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3339.0,3597.02283"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, let me tell you something about . . . that I was not in Lodz but [would] you like to know what's going on? What was [indistinct: 55:41] I underline few things for some ideas. From the very beginning of the occupation, Polish occupation, the Nazis authorities are bloody terrorist [indistinct: 55:50] arrested in a concentration camp, etcetera. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3339.0,3597.02283"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913/index/82668/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi Occupation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pogroms","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Red Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125561/file/231913#t=3339.0,3597.02283"}]}]}]}