{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/np1wd3r51d/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Mechlowitz, Miksa "]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2002-03-03 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMiksa Mechlowitz interviewed by John Kent in Atlanta, Georgia on March 3, 2002.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eMiksa Mechlowitz was born in Bilke, Czechoslovakia, a village that was for a time under Hungarian rule and is now found within Ukraine. Miksa can trace his family roots in Bilke back six generations. Miksa was the youngest of the ten children born to Noah and Feige Mechlowitz. Two of his siblings died as children, two immigrated to the United States in the late 1930s, and one sister moved to Paris. Miksa and an older brother were left at home when, in 1943, their mother died suddenly, followed by the death of their father five months later.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1944, Miksa, his brother, and two sisters, along with a nephew who was staying with them, were deported to the Berehove ghetto, and then were sent in a boxcar to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Miksa and his brother were taken a week later to Mauthausen, and then several days later to Melk, a labor camp that was a subcamp of Mauthausen. Miksa's brother died in the camp. Miksa’s two sisters remained in Auschwitz-Birkenau for six months before being moved to a munitions factory. Both survived the war.  \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAs the Russian Army approached Melk, Miksa and the prisoners were sent on a barge down the Danube River to Linz, Austria, where they were unloaded and taken to Ebensee, another camp in the Mauthausen system. The camp was liberated by the American armed forces in May 1945, and Miksa started trying to make his way back home. After reuniting with his two sisters and wandering around from city to city, Miksa eventually found himself in a displaced persons camp in Germany. In 1948, Truman passed a bill allowing 400,000 refugees beyond the number allotted through the quota system to enter the United States, and Miksa was able to emigrate at that time.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eA year and a half later, Miksa was drafted into the Army and was sent back to Germany. After his tour of duty was up, Miksa came back to the United States and started college at Penn State, where he met his wife, Olivia. They spent most of their years in Warrington, Pennsylvania and had four children. After graduation, Miksa had seen an advertisement for teaching positions and decided to take a chance, beginning a thirty-five year career teaching mathematics in Abbington, Pennsylvania. Additionally, Miksa was very active and involved as a representative and elected officer in the teachers' union on the local, state, and national levels.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter his retirement in the early 1990s, Miksa began speaking to students about his experiences. Miksa and Olivia relocated to Atlanta in 2001 to be near one of their four children. During his years in Atlanta, Miksa was a speaker at the Breman. He died on April 29, 2005.  \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eMiksa introduces his family. He recalls his childhood in his small community of Bilke. Miksa recounts the transition of power from Czechoslovakia to Hungary. He remembers the dispersion of his family and community as Jewish men were sent to labor camps and his parents died. Miksa notes which siblings had immigrated to the United States or France and which remained home. He traces his deportation from Bilke to the Berehove ghetto and then to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Miksa details the selection process he and his siblings endured and their separation. He explains how he and his brother were transferred to Mauthausen and then Melk, where his brother died. Miksa talks about his transfer to Ebensee just before the war ended and his liberation. He outlines his journey from Austria to Czechoslovakia and Hungary, where he was reunited with a cousin, uncle, and two sisters. Miksa recalls his recovery in the hospital and returning to Bilke. He shares how he and his sisters travelled to Allied-occupied Austria and settled in a German DP camp. Miksa recollects his first few years in the United States. He talks about being drafted into the United States Army and being stationed in Germany. Miksa discusses completing his high school education and enrolling in Pennsylvania State University. He remembers marrying his wife, having children, his career as a teacher, and his activities representing the teacher’s union on the local, state and national levels. Miksa reflects on raising children and beginning to speak to students about his experiences. He considers how his own attitude and small acts of kindness helped him to survive. Miksa discusses the psychological impact of liberation, survival and being an immigrant. He mentions the anti-Semitism and racial inequities he observed during his career. Miksa talks about becoming a parent and what his own parents were like. He recollects his interactions with a kibbutz in Austria after the war that was preparing to go to Palestine. He offers his perspective of Israel and why it is important for him to share his experiences. The interview closes with Miksa’s retelling of how he moved to Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29006"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Bilke, Czechoslovakia (geographic term)","Holocaust (chronological term)","Concentration Camp (topical term)","Immigration (topical term)","Mathematics Teacher (topical term)","Teacher's Union (topical term)","Liberation (topical term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMiksa Mechlowitz interviewed by John Kent in Atlanta, Georgia on March 3, 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiksa Mechlowitz was born in Bilke, Czechoslovakia, a village that was for a time under Hungarian rule and is now found within Ukraine. Miksa can trace his family roots in Bilke back six generations. Miksa was the youngest of the ten children born to Noah and Feige Mechlowitz. Two of his siblings died as children, two immigrated to the United States in the late 1930s, and one sister moved to Paris. Miksa and an older brother were left at home when, in 1943, their mother died suddenly, followed by the death of their father five months later.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1944, Miksa, his brother, and two sisters, along with a nephew who was staying with them, were deported to the Berehove ghetto, and then were sent in a boxcar to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Miksa and his brother were taken a week later to Mauthausen, and then several days later to Melk, a labor camp that was a subcamp of Mauthausen. Miksa's brother died in the camp. Miksa\u0026rsquo;s two sisters remained in Auschwitz-Birkenau for six months before being moved to a munitions factory. Both survived the war. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAs the Russian Army approached Melk, Miksa and the prisoners were sent on a barge down the Danube River to Linz, Austria, where they were unloaded and taken to Ebensee, another camp in the Mauthausen system. The camp was liberated by the American armed forces in May 1945, and Miksa started trying to make his way back home. After reuniting with his two sisters and wandering around from city to city, Miksa eventually found himself in a displaced persons camp in Germany. In 1948, Truman passed a bill allowing 400,000 refugees beyond the number allotted through the quota system to enter the United States, and Miksa was able to emigrate at that time.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eA year and a half later, Miksa was drafted into the Army and was sent back to Germany. After his tour of duty was up, Miksa came back to the United States and started college at Penn State, where he met his wife, Olivia. They spent most of their years in Warrington, Pennsylvania and had four children. After graduation, Miksa had seen an advertisement for teaching positions and decided to take a chance, beginning a thirty-five year career teaching mathematics in Abbington, Pennsylvania. Additionally, Miksa was very active and involved as a representative and elected officer in the teachers' union on the local, state, and national levels.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter his retirement in the early 1990s, Miksa began speaking to students about his experiences. Miksa and Olivia relocated to Atlanta in 2001 to be near one of their four children. During his years in Atlanta, Miksa was a speaker at the Breman. He died on April 29, 2005. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiksa introduces his family. He recalls his childhood in his small community of Bilke. Miksa recounts the transition of power from Czechoslovakia to Hungary. He remembers the dispersion of his family and community as Jewish men were sent to labor camps and his parents died. Miksa notes which siblings had immigrated to the United States or France and which remained home. He traces his deportation from Bilke to the Berehove ghetto and then to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Miksa details the selection process he and his siblings endured and their separation. He explains how he and his brother were transferred to Mauthausen and then Melk, where his brother died. Miksa talks about his transfer to Ebensee just before the war ended and his liberation. He outlines his journey from Austria to Czechoslovakia and Hungary, where he was reunited with a cousin, uncle, and two sisters. Miksa recalls his recovery in the hospital and returning to Bilke. He shares how he and his sisters travelled to Allied-occupied Austria and settled in a German DP camp. Miksa recollects his first few years in the United States. He talks about being drafted into the United States Army and being stationed in Germany. Miksa discusses completing his high school education and enrolling in Pennsylvania State University. He remembers marrying his wife, having children, his career as a teacher, and his activities representing the teacher\u0026rsquo;s union on the local, state and national levels. Miksa reflects on raising children and beginning to speak to students about his experiences. He considers how his own attitude and small acts of kindness helped him to survive. Miksa discusses the psychological impact of liberation, survival and being an immigrant. He mentions the anti-Semitism and racial inequities he observed during his career. Miksa talks about becoming a parent and what his own parents were like. He recollects his interactions with a kibbutz in Austria after the war that was preparing to go to Palestine. He offers his perspective of Israel and why it is important for him to share his experiences. The interview closes with Miksa\u0026rsquo;s retelling of how he moved to Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/172/794/small/Mechlowitz_Miksa.mp4_1671319970.jpg?1671319971","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Mechlowitz_Miksa.mp4"]},"duration":3556.512,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/172/794/small/Mechlowitz_Miksa.mp4_1671319970.jpg?1671319971","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/172/794/original/Mechlowitz_Miksa.mp4?1671319965","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3556.512,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Mechslowitz, Miksa  [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JOHN: Okay, let us start with your name now and what it was at birth also.\n\nMIKSA: My name is Miksa Mechlowitz, M-I-K-S-A M-E-C-H-L-O-W-I-T-Z.\n\nJOHN: When and where were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you born?\n\nMIKSA: I was born in Bilky. At that time, it was Czechoslovakia. Right now . . .\nits changed hands many times. At the moment, it's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ukraine.\n\nJOHN: When [were you born]?\n\nMIKSA: I was born in October 1928.\n\nJOHN: Describe what your environment was like in that town?\n\nMIKSA: I come from a family of ten kids. Two of them died before I was born. The\nvillage was a village spread out [over] a large geographic area. There was maybe\n10,000 people in the village. There were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"200 Jewish families [that] lived there\nbefore the war. Basically, there was an agricultural community. People had\nlittle pieces of land and they had different types of work, odd jobs. There was\nno industry to speak of. As [the kids in my family] got bigger, they were\nleaving. They just left home. We got along with our neighbors pretty well. We\nhad no problems. Our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generation . . . I was able to trace it back to I think it\nwas six generations, which is quite a long history there. The people there spoke\nLithuanian, a dialect of Ukraine. In the house, we spoke Yiddish, of course. In\nschool, we spoke Czech because in Czechoslovakia, I went to Czech school. A lot\nof people also spoke Hungarian. My parents could speak it. They used to speak it\nmostly when they didn't want us to understand what they were saying, or talk\nabout us, or something like that. It was a difficult life. It was a religious\ncommunity. Everybody was religious, not fanatical religious, but religious.\nEvery Jewish kid is expected to go to cheder or Hebrew school. When I was a\nlittle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kid, when I could hardly walk, I went to cheder. I got up at five o'clock\nin the morning and went to cheder, to Hebrew school. Then about seven o'clock, I\nwent to prayer. Then about eight o'clock, I went to regular school. I went to\nregular school till about three o'clock, then back to cheder again. That was the\nlife. The food which we had there was very simple food, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mostly a lot of soups.\nIt was chicken on the Sabbath, of course. My mother was famous [because] her\nchicken made more soup than anybody else's. There was once in a while beef. We\nhad a couple horses. The horses were used mostly for transportation, for\nbringing the wood from the forest for wintertime. In fact, we used to sell some\nof it, the excess surplus of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wood we brought in from the forest. We had a cow.\nThe cow was for milk. And we had some chickens. The chickens were for eggs. The\nproblem was in the wintertime the cow was stubborn. It wouldn't give too much\nmilk and the chickens wouldn't lay too many eggs because there was no climate\ncontrol in the barn. It was very primitive. We had no hot water. We had no water\nat all in the house. We had to go out to a well at the neighbor's place to get\nwater. We had no electricity. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course, we had the outhouse right not far from\nthe house. This is how we lived. This simple life [Adolf] Hitler thought we were\ndangerous, get us out for this simple life. People mind their own business. A\nlot of the young people left. Some of them went to Israel. The problem was some\nof them that went to Israel; their parents disowned them because it was not\nkosher to go to. We had religious people who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resented their children went to\nIsrael. The rabbis taught everything was going to be fine there. All we had to\ndo was pray and God would help us. We found out later God helped those who\nhelped themselves first. Under these circumstances, we lived there. When the\nHungarians came in in 1939, the Czech Army was dissolved. In fact, my older\nbrother was in the Czech Army on the last day ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the Germans came into Prague.\nThen the Hungarians took over a few months. First, we had a Ukrainian regime for\na couple of months. A guy named [Augustyn] Voloshyn was in charge of it. The guy\nwas an antisemite, but the Jews were used this kind of thing. A little\nantisemitism didn't bother anybody too much. You could still make a living.\nNobody was too affected by that yet. When the Hungarians came in, from the\nbeginning was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fine. In 1940 I think it was, they drafted all the Jewish men\neighteen through 48 into a labor camp they called it Munkatabor [Hungarian: work\nor concentration camp]. All the young men, we thought they were old men actually\nbecause they had long beards, had to shave off their beards in the labor camp.\nThey became young people all of a sudden. A lot of them were behind the Russian\nlines because the Hungarians were together with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans and they were in\nRussia. A lot of them got captured by the Russians and then they had to become\nRussian camps. But there was nobody there, no young person there to try to lead\nus. The rabbis led us to prayer and there was no people to lead us out of the\ndesert, so to speak. In 1943, my mother died suddenly. Five months later, my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father died. [They both died] at home. Good thing they did die, because they\ncould never have survived the camps anyway. At that time, it was myself . . . I\nwas fourteen years old. My one sister was sixteen. One was eighteen. My other\nbrother was 27. We remained home. The other part of my family left home. Two\nkids came to the United States in 1936 and 1937 respectively. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One sister left\nfor Paris [France]. She got married over there. Her husband was a prisoner of\nwar in the French Army. He attempted several escapes I believe from a German\nprison camp. He got captured every time. They never could figure out a guy named\nMeyerson would be Jewish. He was together with the French prisoners of war. My\nsister meanwhile was in a camp. The Vichy government of France ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrested her and\nput her in camp for eighteen months. Both my brother-in-law and sister survived\nthe war, and came to the United States, and built a new life for themselves.\nThey died a few years ago. I had a brother who was in the Army over here in the\nUnited States. He was in MacArthur's Army in the Philippines, in that part of\nthe world. He was fighting for a number of years. My other sister lived in the\nPhiladelphia area. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At home at that time, it was five months after my father\ndied in 1943, we were ordered to leave home. At home, as I mentioned before,\nthere were two sisters, my older brother and one of my nephews. My older sister\n. . . got married and she had four kids of her own. Her husband wound up in one\nof the labor camps. One of [her children], my nephew, stayed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with us because she\ncouldn't afford to feed him. We were the ones taken away from our home in 1943,\nbeginning of 1944. We were taken first to a ghetto in Berechowa or Berehove. We\nstayed there about four weeks. After that, we were taken into the boxcars, the\nfamous boxcars with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"80 in a car, and off we went for the next three days. We\nended up three days later in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Then we got separated. My\nsister and brother were in one group. My sister got separated. We didn't know\nwhat happened to them at the time. In fact, not so long ago, I went to Florida\nto visit one of my sisters. We finally started talking a little bit about my\ngoing to talk to kids in schools. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"If you're going to talk about it\nanyway, let me tell you my story.\" What happened to her and my sister [is that]\nthe two sisters got separated. My younger sister was looking around for her\nolder sister to see where she was. Finally one of the Sonderkommandos, the\npeople who were helping guard, to hurry to process, asked her, \"What are you\nlooking for?\" She said, \"I'm looking for my sister.\" He said, \"Get over there\nquickly to that column. I'm not watching. And ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leave that kid alone.\" She left my\nnephew. She was scared. She didn't know what to do. They were both in\nAuschwitz-Birkenau for six months. They were in the Canada brigade, where they\nwere separating the clothes or the stuff that people brought in. From there,\nthrough a fence, they could see everything, the ovens, the crematoria, the gas\nchambers. They could see the people going into them. They could hear the screams\nwhen the people went in. So I knew why they would not talk about it for so many\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years. Finally, the Russians came closer to Auschwitz-Birkenau and they were\ntaken on trains to Germany. They were in a munitions factory. There they worked\nfor a while. From there, when the Russians got closer to that factory, they were\nloaded in trains again and given a loaf of bread. For the next seven days, they\nwere driving back and forth. Finally, the ones who stayed alive ended up in\nThereseinstadt. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They got liberated by the Russians over there. The two sisters\ndid survive the war. Meanwhile, my brother and I were together. He tells me,\n\"When we got off the train, make sure you tell them you are siebzehn [German].\nTell them you are seventeen. And look tall!\" I was fourteen, fourteen and a half\nmaybe. We got through the selection process with Dr. Mengele being there,\n[saying], \"Left. Right. Left. Right.\" I didn't know exactly what was going on.\nWe were taken to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place, left our clothes behind. We were shaved off, our hair\nwas cut off, a two inch strip shaved in the middle of our foreheads. We went to\nthe showers. The showers had water in it. They gave us uniforms. We stayed in\nAuschwitz-Birkenau for a week. Then we were shipped to Mauthausen. In\nMauthausen, we stayed for five [or] six days. From ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mauthausen, 600 of us in the\ntransport I was in were shipped to a place called Melk. Melk was a sub-camp of\nMauthausen, which was a labor camp not far from Vienna [Austria]. We could see\nfrom the camp the Danube River. By the way, it's not blue at all. It's dark.\nIt's dirty. We all could also see the famous cathedral of Melk. If you've seen\nin some art book . . . We used to watch it from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp. We worked there until\n1945. My brother and I got separated. We used to see each other every two weeks\nbecause we had a half a day off when shifts were changed. Or I used to see him\nonce in a while passing by going from work or to work. Finally, from March or\nso, I couldn't find him. I went over and I asked the people where he was and\nthey wouldn't tell me. Finally, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they told me he went to the hospital. I don't\nknow what happened to him, whether he got beaten or got sick, but he didn't want\nto go to the hospital. I went there for two weeks, yelling his name out at the\nhospital but he never . . . I didn't see him again. The Russians came closer to\nMelk. We were put on barges loaded with steel because they didn't want use up\nthe space. [They put] the steel on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"barges first. On the Danube River, we\nwere taken to Linz, Austria. There we got unloaded and we were marching for the\nnext three days or so to a new camp called Ebensee. On the way, many people died\nbecause by this time, we were skeletons. Some people couldn't walk anymore and\npeople gave up life anyway.\n\nWe came to Ebensee and the first thing I looked for, I went to the hospital. I\nlooked for . . . to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see maybe my brother did make it. I still was hoping. I went\nin what they called the Muselmann's barracks. A Muselmann's barrack was where\nthey kept people to die. They just put them in there. You walked in there, there\nwere dead people . . . People could not control their bodies. The smell was awful.\n\nFinally, I found a cousin of mine there, laying there half dead. I said,\n\"Izchak, what are you doing here?\" That was a stupid question to ask ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I\nknew what he was doing. He said, \"You know what I'm doing. I'm dying.\" I said,\n\"Come on. Hold on,\" because at this time we knew already the war was going to be\nending soon. We didn't know how it was going to end, but we knew it was going to\nend soon. He said, \"I lost my wife,\" with five or six kids. He said, \"I don't\nwant to live anymore.\" But life is funny. He did survive anyway. He went to\nIsrael after the war. He remarried. He had two kids. He died maybe three, four\nyears ago at the age of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eighty-five.\n\nMay the sixth came. All of a sudden, we look outside and there's no guards. We\ngot scared because we had no idea what they were going to do to us. Maybe they\nwere going to come and kill us because they didn't want to leave witnesses\nbehind. We waited for a while. Finally some brave soul decided to go and\ninvestigate. [He] went outside, snuck outside, came back a half an hour later.\nHe said, \"There's no guards anywhere. The gates are open.\"\n\nI took my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blanket, rolled it up lice and all, put it over my shoulder, and\n[decided] I'm going home. I figured I'm going home. I'm going to find the\nrailroad tracks, I'm going to follow the railroad tracks, and get to a railroad\nstation, and eventually catch the train someplace. That's what I did. I was\nabout fifteen and a half maybe. I ended up . . . I found the railroad station\nall right. Only one problem: it was bombed and no trains were running anywhere.\nMaybe it was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good thing it didn't run anywhere because I would have jumped the\nfirst train and ended up in Italy or some place and still be looking for a way home.\n\nAnyway, I roamed about that place and saw other people coming not directly to\nthe railroad station but going through railroad tracks. None of them went any\nplace that day. We turned around. We went back again to the camp. On the way\nback to camp, I stopped at Austrian homes and everybody gave me food. Everybody\n[said], \"We did not know there was a camp going on.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody knew anything. There\nwas a smell in that town. Ebensee had about 20,000 people probably in it and a\nlot of them were dead in the streets already in Ebensee. Nobody knew anything\nabout it.\n\nWe got back to camp and the Army came in the afternoon with tanks. They set up a\nfield kitchen and they gave us nice, greasy American soup. That was a mistake\nbecause the bodies could not absorb the . . . They had no idea what to do with\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us because no doctors were there yet. Until doctors came the next day and said,\n\"Stop it,\" and they finally took care of us.\n\nI was there about three days or so. An American truck came in and on it is\nwritten \"Czechoslovakia.\" I went on that truck. I climbed on the truck. By that\ntime, I could hardly walk. I was a skeleton. My feet were swollen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was half\ndead by this time.\n\nAt any rate, they took us across to Czechoslovakia and they dumped us. They\nsaid, \"You're home.\" I might as well be in Greece because I had no idea where I\nwas. You have to keep in mind I never was away from my hometown more than five\nkilometers [3 miles] all my life. Here I am, someplace a language they spoke . .\n. I still spoke some Czech at that time, but I didn't know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where I was.\n\nI saw a bakery selling bread. [I thought,] \"My God, that's impossible.\" I walked\nin the bakery and asked for a loaf of bread. The lady gave me a loaf of bread\nand said, \"Get out of here.\" Here is where my journey starts on the way home.\n\nI took that loaf of bread, went across the street, and I inhaled it. It didn't\ntake me long to finish it off. Then other people hanging around were going to\nthe next town. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We stopped off at the next town and they were setting up already\nsome Jewish communities. I don't know exactly if it was HIAS or somebody [else].\nThey had a little kitchen there and straw to sleep on. They gave you a few\nkorunas [Czech currency] and move you on. I go in about three or four towns\ncollecting some money and food and just followed the crowd. I didn't talk to\nnobody. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After my brother died, I didn't want to talk to anybody.\n\nI ended up in Budapest [Hungary] one day. I was walking in Budapest to find a\nflea free place to sleep on and a kitchen. Most of those places had so many\nfleas anyway. Somebody behind me calls me, \"Uncle.\" I look around. One of my\nsister's children survived. My sister had four children. One of them survived.\nHe said to me his father is at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home. Remember, he was in a labor camp. He has a\nbusiness in Uzhhorod, which is the capital of Ruthenia. He said somebody owed\nhim some money. He was taking the money back to his father. He said, \"We have\nmoney now.\"\n\nWe bought some tickets to go back. The problem was we got our tickets all right\nbut there was no room in the train. The train was so overcrowded. There was no\nroom in between, so we climbed on the roof. The train was not going too fast\nbecause ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trains were loaded with people all over the place. In fact, he just told\nme recently, in the last year or so, he said, \"Uncle, you remember what I did to\nyou?\" I said, \"What'd you do to me?\" He said, \"When we went up on top of the\ntrain, you were so like a skeleton.\" He said, \"So I took your belt off and tied\nyou to the top of train so you wouldn't fall off.\"\n\nAnyway, we got to his father's place of business. We knocked on the door.\nSomebody came to the door and said, \"Get out of here,\" because the both of us\nlooked . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He looked better than I did. He had a big German uniform on. He had\nbig boots on. He was much stronger than I was. I hardly could follow him. He was\na year younger than I was. They slammed the door in our face. He knocked on the\ndoor again and she did the same thing. She said, \"Get out of here.\"\n\nThe third time, his father came to the door carrying some cases of soda bottles.\nIt was a seltzer factory. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"Didn't you hear the lady tell you to go\naway?\" He said, \"Dad, don't you recognize your own son and my uncle?\" He didn't\nsee him for years because he was in a labor camp. Now, all of a sudden he sees a\nkid who is scroungy and just big eyes coming out of his head. He dropped the\nsoda bottles, completely spread it all over the place. He took us to his house,\ncleaned us up. We had a long ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bath.\n\nTwo weeks later, my two sisters showed up at the door. They heard that my older\nbrother survived. Nobody expected me to survive. The fact was they had to settle\nwith me because I was the younger brother and I did survive.\n\nMy sister put me in the hospital there for a week or so. I was eating everything\nin sight. By the time I got out of there, I got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bloated. I looked like a fat\nman. I just ate. My nephew was bringing me food. Whatever they put in front of\nme, I ate, and then some.\n\nFinally, we had to figure out what to do next. Meanwhile, everybody wants to\nmarry my sisters. It was crazy the things that was going on. Everybody had one\ncondition: to get rid of me because they didn't want any baggage with them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\ndecided we were going to go back to our village, to Bilke.\n\nWe got back to our village and walked into the house. There was no doors, no\nwindows, no floor. Everything was torn apart. We took some straw and we slept in\nthat house. Then we had to figure out what to do next. Now this [area] had\nbecome part of Russia and Russia was little by little bit closing the borders\ndown tight so you couldn't get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out any more the easy way. My sister decided that\nwe're going to get out of here, we're going to go through the Carpathian\nMountains to Romania.\n\nMeanwhile, she sent off my sister to a town called Khust. We had a cousin there\nwho was in the Black Market, I guess, and he was going to Budapest [Hungary]\nregularly. I don't know what he was selling, but he was selling something,\nprobably ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some nonsense. He took her to Budapest, my younger sister. They got to\nBudapest, and this is the craziness of the world, and he got hungry. He went to\na restaurant and left her standing outside while he ate. Then he went out the\nback door and then took off, left her in the middle of the street. My sister was\nabout seventeen, seventeen and a half. She ended up somehow ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with friends. She\nended up in Prague eventually.\n\nMy older sister, who took me across the Carpathian Mountain to Romania, actually\nshe had to drag me because I had to slide down on my behind because I could\nhardly walk, we ended up in Romania. We got arrested by the police because the\nguide was working with the police in Romania. We had to bribe our way out of the\nprison in Romania.\n\nWe ended up going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary. A guide over there we paid for left us in the\nmiddle of a field. He said, \"You're in Hungary.\" We were nowhere near Hungary.\nWe had to follow barks of dogs to get to a village to find out where we were.\nFinally, we end up in Hungary. The train was not leaving any place for the next\nthree days. We had to hire ourselves to find our way around the police because\nwe had no papers. We had nothing.\n\nFinally, we end up going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on trains with a tub of potatoes and different food. We\nended up in Debrecen [Hungary]. In Debrecen, we slept in one of the farms.\nSomebody had some corn. We slept in the corn there. At any rate, we ended up in\nBudapest with no papers. We couldn't get any papers. Finally, we went up to the\nSlovakian border. There, we saw a Russian troop train going across the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"border.\nOne car was broken. We jumped on that car which was broken, went across on the\nRussian troop train to Slovakia. In Bratislava [Slovakia], we got into . . .\nsome Jewish organization gave us some money and some tickets to go to Prague. We\nstill had to watch ourselves because we had no papers.\n\nWe end up in Prague. My sister decided that she going to put me in the hospital\nin Prague. Then she went to look for my other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister. We find some neighbors,\nsome friends, who were good friends of my brother's. They lived in a town called\nChomutov. They took us there, which is Sudetenland, part of Czechoslovakia. On\nthe way again, [my sisters received] proposals after proposals. Everybody wanted\nto marry my sisters, but again, as long as they got rid of me. We heard rumors\nthat they were going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"send us back to Russia, in Prague. We decided that we\nwere going to leave there.\n\nWe went across to Germany. We went into a DP camp, displaced persons camp. Here,\nsome American captain got in touch with us, a second or third cousin of ours,\ntold us our sister in France is alive. I think he gave us $20. That's\nall he had left because he gave his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family . . . He had some brothers and\nsisters there. We knew that our sister in France was alive. We knew that my\nbrother made it through the war. He is alive. We [had] some connections now. We\nthought, \"No problem. We got our papers. We got our uncles here [in the United\nStates], a brother who fought in the war in the United States, as soon as we get\nour papers, we're ready to go.\" That's what we thought. That was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1945.\n\nFinally in 1948, three years later, President [Henry S.] Truman passed a bill\nallowing 400,000 refugees to come in outside the quota. We were one of those\nfirst people who came to the United States, but we had to wait three years in\nthe line for soup. I had more pea soup that I could think of. I never ate pea\nsoup again for years. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, I came to the United States.\n\nMy sister meanwhile, from France, came to the Untied States with her husband.\nThere was a lady there at the boat with a bunch of roses. She came over and gave\nme a hug and said, \"You must be my brother.\" I did not see her since last time I\nsaw her. She came from Paris to visit when I was about five years old, but the\nfamily ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resemblance or of people who were lost, I suppose . . . She always liked\nthe roses, that sister anyway.\n\nThey took us to their house. We stayed there a little while. Then we had to get\nto work, start to build a life. The DP camp is over. It's a new life completely.\nI somehow found out that you could become a baker's helper and make $35 a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"week. $35 sounds like . . . It was a lot of money. I became a\nbaker's helper.\n\nI worked there for a while, a couple of months or so. All of a sudden, the union\npeople started complaining I'm taking away their work, so I figured I must be\npretty good. I went to the boss and asked for a raise. He said, \"Oh, I'll give\nyou $5.\" I said, \"No, I want $30.\" He said, \"You dumb\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"refugee, get out of here.\" I lost my job.\n\nHe wanted to make me a manager, too, by the way. He said, \"You want to become a\nmanager?\" I said, \"Sure.\" I said, \"What's a manager do?\" He said, \"Well, you\ncome in in the morning and you sweep the floor, open up the business, and all\nthat. Then you stay after work and you sweep up again.\" I said, \"I don't want to\nbe a manager.\" I said, \"I'll be a manager later. Now just let me just be me.\" He\ncouldn't understand that because I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supposed to just jump at being a manager, a title.\n\nAnyway, I worked at the bakery and I went around Philadelphia. I got a job in\nthe Catskill Mountains through an agency. I started to make pretty good money.\nIt was about $120 a week, but I worked seven days a week. Finally, I got back to\nPhiladelphia. Altogether a year, a year and a half later, I guess, I got a\nletter from Uncle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sam [that said,] \"I want you.\" I got drafted in the Army.\n\nFrom Philadelphia, I got sent to a very famous place in Louisiana, Camp Polk,\nLouisiana, which they should have left it for the Indians, I suppose. That place\nwas full of mosquitoes, and rattlesnakes, and everything else. I was there for a year.\n\nFinally, instead of going to Korea . . . I almost wound up in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Korea but they\ncompletely missed me because what was happening then when I got in the Army, I\ncouldn't speak the language too well. They gave me an IQ test, I guess, and I\ndidn't know what to do with it. I saw the guy next to me . . . He must be as\ndumb as I was, I suppose. He was making little lines there. I figured if I make\nlittle lines, that's easy. Now, I have no idea what the lines were about or what\nelse it was saying. I must have looked like an idiot on their test, because I\napplied to language school and they wouldn't send me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I figured out years later,\nit must have been that IQ test which I took that they wouldn't send me to a\nlanguage school. They wouldn't send an idiot to a language school.\n\nI finally end up in Germany. Back to Germany again. I was in Germany for a year.\nI come back and then I had to decide what to do with my future. My French\nbrother-in-law, we sat down, we talked. He said to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, \"Did you ever consider\ngoing to school? You have to get a high school diploma.\" I said, \"No, but that's\na good thought.\" I discovered the GI bill. Then I went to a special school that\nhad veterans there finishing up their high school GEDs or whatever. Ten months\nlater, I got a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diploma. I said, \"Well, gee, I'm smart. Ten months, that's all I\ndid and people go four years.\" I did not realize how much the teachers were\nlying to me about what the diploma meant. It didn't mean anything because I\ncouldn't write. I still couldn't write. I thought . . . They gave me a false\nsense of security.\n\nI applied to a college. I applied to two schools. One was Drexel University and\none was Penn State. Penn State answered first. They accepted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. I figured I'd\ngo to Penn State because they were first, for no other reason. I had no idea.\nNone of my family had any college or high school education at that point.\n\nI went to Penn State and I went to my first class. It was a chemistry class. I\nstill remember that today. The guy was talking and I had no idea what he was\nsaying. It might as well have been in Greek. I had no idea what the guy was\nsaying. It took me . . . After that, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dropped out for half a year after the\nfirst year. I had to stop and think, \"What am I doing here?\" Then I came back\nand things started to come into place. I went to that school.\n\nIn my junior year, I married my wife, Olivia. We decided it would be cheaper to\nlive together than live separate. We struggled together in college. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both\ngraduated eventually. I went to graduate school for a little while and then\ndecided I didn't want to starve anymore. I decided I'm going to go out there and\nsee what the world looks like. I applied for a job.\n\nI got a job as a marketing research person. I found out I'm going to have to\nwrite reports. I still did not feel comfortable writing reports. Then I had to\ntravel around the eastern part of the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States and find out why do people\nwant a certain kind of soap or whatever. I wasn't interested in that.\n\nI read something in the paper that said if you go to summer school for one\nsummer, you become a teacher and get full beginning salary for a teacher. That's\nwhat I did. I'd run out of the GI bill by this time. I had no more GI Bill, but\nI went to summer school. I walked into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"student teaching and the guy tells me, \"I\nhave summer students here. I have Geometry and I have Algebra. I don't like\nGeometry. You teach Geometry and I'll teach algebra.\" I didn't have any geometry\nat that point in my life. I taught Geometry. That was a little bit brave or\nstupid. I don't know which it was.\n\nI went through that summer school. The students, I was a day ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ahead. The students\nweren't that smart either. That's why they were in summer school. It wasn't a\nproblem of them asking me smart questions. I worked very hard at it. Also, at\nthe end of two years, you got a master's degree, so it was not a bad deal.\n\nI got a job in Philadelphia [at an] all girls' high school. [It was] 98 percent\nBlack. Maybe it wasn't that. They had a couple of Ukrainians ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. I found out\nevery day I have different students in my class. They didn't come to school and\nyou couldn't teach them anything. I was teaching them mathematics. I didn't feel\nthat comfortable with it, but again the kids weren't that sharp that I had to\nworry about it. I taught there for two years.\n\nI got my Masters degree. Then I got a job in a town called Abington,\nPennsylvania, which is outside Philadelphia, which is a very good school. A year\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later, I got a NSF Fellowship, National Science Foundation Fellowship. I had\nabout two or three schools I could have gone to. I picked Penn State again\nbecause this time I'm going back with money to Penn State.\n\nBy this time already, we had one kid or two kids. I forget now. I think we had\ntwo kids at that time. We got back and eventually ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I started working there as a\nteacher. We had two elementary age kids by this time. I went to the NSF\nfellowship with the two kids and all that. We had a nice apartment.\n\nI went for a whole year and I studied seriously. I studied mathematics. For the\nfirst time, I started to understand what I was supposed to be teaching. I took\nall those Graduate courses in mathematics for a whole year.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I came back and they put me into a lower level school because my job was filled.\nI was in the high school. They put me in a middle school. I didn't like middle\nschool too much. I didn't like that age group of kids. It was not my thing. I\ngave them an ultimatum. I said, \"Either get me back or else I quit.\" They sent\nme back to the other school.\n\nOne day, I was sitting in the faculty room in a faculty meeting. That was the\nmost boring thing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you wanted to sit in, faculty meetings. They were talking\nabout nonsense most of the time. I fell asleep. I probably snored, too, because\nI used to snore in those days. When I woke up, somebody told me I was elected\nBuilding [Representative]. They had to have somebody, some name, so I was the\nBuilding Rep.\n\nWhat's a Building Rep do? I had no idea at this point. But they weren't sorry\nthey elected me because I turned out to be a good one. I had no fear to go out\nthere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to administration, to talk to them. Most of the teachers are a little bit\ntimid because they are afraid of their own shadow sometimes. They probably\nshouldn't be in teaching in the first place some of them because they are so\nafraid. How can you teach kids about democracy if you're so afraid of your own limits?\n\nAnyway, I became involved with the teacher's union. The teachers' organization\nwas called an association in those days. A ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"union wasn't you called it, a union.\nI was involved in negotiations. I was negotiating contacts. I became president\nof the union. I was chief negotiator for the union for the next twenty years\nback and forth.\n\nFinally, I was elected to President of Bucks [County] and Montgomery County,\nwhich is about fifty-some locals. Then, I became very much involved in the state\nlevel in Harrisburg [Pennsylvania] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the state teachers organization. It was a\nweekend job. It was a pro bono type of work, but it was good for me because it\nrefreshed my energies on weekends. I'd come back again and didn't mind teaching.\nFinally, I got elected to the national level [as] the Director of the national\nlevel. I became the chair of the international committee ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nationally.\n\nOne day, I walked into my friend, to the head of the Harrisburg union. He said,\n\"The Governor of Pennsylvania is sending eight people to China. I cannot go.\" I\nsaid, \"Why not, John?\" He said, \"Because I am running for reelection at that\ntime. I cannot leave.\" The Vice-President couldn't go because he was also\nrunning for reelection. I was also chairman of the state's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"international\nrelations committee. Finally, he said, \"Would you like to go?\" I said, \"You\nknow, I'll do you a favor. I'll go in your place.\" I ended up in China just\nbefore Tiananmen Square broke out. A week before that, I left there.\n\nI went to Europe for an international conference of the teachers. One hundred\nand five nations met there. I had a chance to travel all over the country\nbecause of the union. There was no money involved, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there was enough\nfood, too much food. They paid your expenses. I was doing that for the next\nseven years.\n\nMeanwhile, we had two more kids in the process. I ended up with four kids. I\nworked for about thirty-five years in the Abington School System. We raised four\nchildren. All of them went through college. One is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still going. I think she's\ngoing to be a professional student probably. She's right now in law school.\n\nWhat I did not do during that time when the kids were young, I never bothered\nthem, telling them . . . You know like the story where people say to you, \"When\nI was young, I used to walk two miles to school . . . \" and the kids would tell\nyou, \"So what? That was your problem.\" I never was pushing it on [them] what\nhappened to me during the war. They started asking me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"questions at some point.\nIf they had questions, I did tell them what it was.\n\nI worked until 1993. In 1993, I retired. At that point, I got invited a year\nlater, when they opened up the Jewish Holocaust museum in Washington [D.C.] One\nof the people on my staff, a person I worked with for years, he calls me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up. He\ncalled me Mike instead of Miksa. He said, \"How would you like to come to\nWashington to the opening up ceremonies?\" I said, \"You must be joking.\" He said,\n\"Not only that. It's going to be at our expense.\" That's even better.\n\nNext day, he calls me up. He says, \"You know, how would you like to talk to our\nstaff for a few minutes?\" I said, \"No, I don't have too much interest in that.\"\nFinally, he says, \"You have to talk to them for a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"few minutes, you know.\" In\nthose years, maybe a hundred people worked in those headquarters. I told him, I\nsaid, \"You know, I'll make you a deal.\" You know, I was a negotiator. [I said,]\n\"If you'll let my wife come along with me at your expense, I'll do it.\" He said,\n\"I have to tell you something. Your wife is already invited anyway, but now you\nhave to make a decision.\" I went there.\n\nThey also invited Israeli teachers union there to Washington. We had a week\nthere in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Washington, going different places [like] the opening up ceremonies,\nand listening to different people talk, and stuff like that. After every day, we\nmet at five or six o'clock in the lounge. Everybody had a cocktail. After they\nheard me talk for ten minutes, the Israeli teachers told me, \"You have to go out\nand talk to the public, to schools.\" I said, \"No, no.\" After about the third day\nwith the cocktails, I decided I'm going to do it.\n\nI went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home. After a week or so, my youngest daughter was in high school at the\ntime. She was sitting down there with an advanced history class with her\nteacher. They were talking. They were studying the Holocaust. She tells the\nteacher, \"You know what? My dad's a survivor.\" He said, \"Would your dad want to\ncome talk to our class?\" That's how I started talking in my area, in the schools\nin Bucks ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"County.\n\nThen I went, I talked in Pennsylvania, giving talks for about a year possibly,\nand also going to these symposiums run by the schools. They bring in kids to\ncolleges, to different locations. They have different speakers, movies, stuff\nlike that.\n\nThis is basically, in a nutshell, the story. If you have any particular\nquestions, I'd be happy to respond to them.\n\nJOHN: Yes. Going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"backwards some, could you describe yourself as a young man? As\na teenager, what were you like?\n\nMIKSA: I was never a teenager. I never had a youth to speak of. I was always\nlike anybody else. I was fairly religious, not fanatical, but religious. We were\nalways too ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"busy [working] to make a living. There was not free time. You either\ngo to school or you worked, one of two things.\n\nJOHN: What quality was it about you that helped you to survive the war?\n\nMIKSA: That's a good question. I really don't know. I think because I was too\ndumb not to survive, or luck, or a little bit of both. If you were thinking too\nmuch about your psychological ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problems, [wondering] \"Why did they do that to\nme,\" or \"What did I do to deserve that,\" I think your chance of survival was\nless than a person who did not think about those things and just took every day\nas it came along. We were smart enough not to get into trouble, to avoid\ntrouble, to avoid the SS, to avoid the kapos, to avoid them all. We tried to\navoid them. I did all except one time. I got caught ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sleeping. I got twenty-five\nlashes, but you had to be careful with that. You could not survive in the camps\nin the hospitals.\n\nJOHN: How would you say you were different as a person at the end of the war\nthan before?\n\nMIKSA: My wife tells me I'm the most [well] adjusted person that exists. I don't\nknow that I was different other than I was not afraid to fight in school, for\nexample, in the union activities. I wasn't afraid ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they would fire me or afraid\nof anybody really. I did the things which I think was right.\n\nJOHN: Do you remember what it was like on liberation day? To go backwards a\nlittle bit, talk about some of the situations where people were helpful to you\nduring the war.\n\nMIKSA: There were two situations basically. One was as we were going to work. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\ntook a train to go to work. We had to wait for a train. There was a guard in\nthere. There was an old Austrian who pointed something like a rock and he took\noff. We went over there and found some bread there, a piece of bread there. I\ndid that for a while. What I did was, on my way home, I'd find my brother. We\ntried to make sure that we'd see each other. Passing by each other, I'd give the\npiece of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bread to him. You always had to share with your brother. That was one\nsituation. I don't know what happened to him. After a while, he disappeared. He\ndidn't do it with the piece of bread anymore. Either he got caught doing that or\nelse he just . . . Who knows? Also going to work, we went through a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tunnel. The\nguard was inside the car. The guard pushed a piece of bread in my hand when we\nwere going through the tunnel. I made sure I got up front all the time to get it\nagain. It didn't last long, but it was a little bit of humanity, I suppose.\nThose were the only two occasions really which I can think of right now.\n\nJOHN: On liberation day, when you realized that the war was over, what were you thinking?\n\nMIKSA: It was a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sad day because you didn't know what to do from here.\nYou're free. You don't know who is alive. You don't know who survived. Where do\nyou go from here? The war is over and you had no idea where to go. You are lost.\nYou are in no man's land. It wasn't the feeling of celebration you had because\nyou were too weak to celebrate, to start with. I didn't feel that great. I was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sick. It was a relief that we got liberated, but it was a long way to go from\nthere, to try to put together pieces.\n\nJOHN: Talk more about the Jewish part of your life. What did that mean to you at\nthe time?\n\nMIKSA: At liberation?\n\nJOHN: During the war and before the war, what significance did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewishness have\nto you?\n\nMIKSA: Before the war, you went to Hebrew school, you went to synagogue, you\nwent to prayer. During the war, I started getting a little bit bitter, started\nasking a lot of questions [like], \"Why is God doing that to me or to anybody?\"\nMy biggest problem always was and still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is I understand that growing up somebody\ncould have done something wrong or could have sinned, but what about children?\nWhy did so many kids get killed? I still have a problem with that. After the\nwar, people took different routes or people became . . . My cousin, he became\ncompletely fanatical, a religious fanatic. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, my sister went to Israel to\nvisit him one time when he married. He wouldn't look her in her face. He\nwouldn't look her in her eyes he became so religious. She went over to him. She\nsaid, \"Izchak, my name is Rivka. You remember me? I'm your cousin. Look at my\neyes. Talk to me. Look at me when I'm...\" He was going [so far] in that\ndirection. Some people did that. I went in another direction, I guess. I don't\nknow. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still am looking.\n\nJOHN: After the war, how would you say you were different from other people\naround you that were your age, trying to start a family and earn a living? How\nwere you different from them?\n\nMIKSA: I never started looking back for too long. I still am . . . I just . . .\nThis happened. Go on. I've got to go on to the next chapter. I found that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people\nwho didn't do that, who dwelled on it, who hated so much, that hatred sort of\ncarried over in their own lives, in their own families. Some people got\ndestroyed in the process. I saw some people getting destroyed. I was never that\nway. I got involved. I got involved in things I was doing. I made sure that\neverything I was doing was correct. I did not harm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anybody. All those years in\nteaching, I was involved in fighting for the person who was in trouble. In fact,\npeople used to tell me, \"Well, he's a lousy teacher. How can you protect him?\" I\nsaid, \"No, it's not my job to decide how lousy or good he is. My job is to\nprotect his rights.\" I was involved in that. I don't know whether that came\nbecause of that or not, but that was the type of life I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"led. I though that it'd\nbe nice if it was good to me, as a matter of respect.\n\nJOHN: When you went to Germany that year, what was it like being there again?\n\nMIKSA: That was very interesting. I was . . . First of all, every famous person\nis Corporal, right? I became a Corporal. The reason I mention it is because he\ngets $125 a month and room and board. That was a lot of money ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in my pocket. I\nhad a uniform and I held my head high. The problem was you walked into a\nrestaurant or bar and listened to some German talk, you understand what they\nwere saying and sometimes it'd get you into a little it of trouble because you\ndidn't like what they were saying. But I felt good because I was free and I felt\nsuperior a little bit because I was in an American uniform. I had no problems\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. People asked me to stay on in the Army. I also didn't want that either.\nIt was interesting to observe, and to watch, and see what it was like.\n\nJOHN: Did you tell anybody who you were and where you had been?\n\nMIKSA: Not really. It's interesting. I taught for thirty-five years in my school\nand nobody knew really my background. I never got into it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I didn't think\nI wanted to use that either as a clutch or whatever, so I didn't. They were not\nsmart enough to recognize [I had] an accent or whatever. They accepted you were\nfrom another country and had an accent. I suffered because of that. I suffered\nbecause of the accent. I had to give a speech running for election to the union.\nI had twelve hundred people to talk to. To get up in front of all those people .\n. . Pennsylvania is a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very conservative state to start with. I started with an\naccent. It was very difficult. I looked for a friendly face. I guess this is a\ncommon thing people do. I'd start of usually with my speech [saying], \"Everybody\nwho was running for the same office already told you everything about it except\nI'll tell you with a different accent.\" This got a good laugh and broke the\nnervousness. When I told that joke and another joke, it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just to get myself\nrelaxed because I felt a little bit nervous to go out there and talk to all\nthose people with a different accent. Even in the classroom on the first day of\nclass it was a little bit difficult to get the kids used to me. I told them they\ndidn't have to worry about because I have a piece of chalk and the chalk had no\naccent. They got a good laugh and we went on from there. But it was not easy to\ngo there to a suburban school system. It was twelve percent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish people that\nlived there. A little . . . the faculty . . . You could hear remarks here and\nthere under their breathe, so to speak. There was some antisemitism. You could\nsee it, not much as time went on. They started to stay away from . . . when I\nwas around, as time went on, they started to stay away from these types of remarks.\n\nJOHN: How did the antisemitism come out? What type of remarks?\n\nMIKSA: They were talking about the Jewish kid is always the smart ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kid, the\nbookworm, so to speak, or, the spoiled Jewish princess type of thing [about]\nJewish girls. Maybe there were some of them. You could hear [comments about how]\nthey all have good grades. I said, \"Well, would you rather have a bunch of dumb\nkids who don't want to do anything in your class or would you rather have a\nsmart kid ask questions?\" [They felt] they asked too many questions. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course,\nJews ask a lot of questions. But you had that feeling . . .\n\nThey didn't like Blacks either. They were not much better off. Of course, the\nBlacks were not the good students, most of them. A lot of them were poorer\nstudents because they had poor backgrounds. There was a reason for that, of course.\n\nJOHN: Did you get involved in the Jewish culture of America?\n\nMIKSA: Not much.\n\nJOHN: How come?\n\nMIKSA: I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there and I had a world of my own over there. Maybe I wanted to get\nseparated from it. Maybe I still was afraid of it. I don't know. I just didn't\nhave opportunity other than with my sisters when I saw them to be involved, but\nI had a different world there, which was of my own. I had one world and another\n. . . it was before.\n\nJOHN: How did you go about finding new friends and developing a social life\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apart from the job?\n\nMIKSA: I never needed as many people I think as my wife did. She was the one\nwho'd find the friends most of the time. Some of the people I worked with became\nfriend. Some of them [became] a couple of good friends. That was enough for me.\n\nJOHN: What was it like to be a father when you own childhood had been\ninterrupted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like that? How did you learn to be a dad?\n\nMIKSA: I don't know. I just knew I had to spend some time with the kids. My wife\nread them the stories. I didn't have to do that. She was the one who did the\nreading of stories and [playing] the games. I was not much of a game person. The\nkids needed that. She was very good at that. I was there to help out. I was\nthere to help change diapers. I was there to help with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/transcript/40941/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other things. She did\nthe other parts. It was like a division of labor without having the division of\nlabor. We just did different things. She liked to go on trips with them.\n\nJOHN: Talk about the early days, about the marriage and raising children. What\nare the memories you have of that time?\n\nMIKSA: I'll just start off with . . . Like any college students right after\ncollege. My job in teaching started off at $4,200 a year. It was\ndifficult to raise kids on that kind of money. We did the best we could.\nSummers, I went to the bakery to work or I went to school. I was always busy. It\nwas difficult from the beginning. In fact, my older daughter tells me now, \"I\nwish I would have been the youngest one because she gets more than I ever got.\"\nI say, \"You were born the wrong time. The timing was poor.\" But we managed to\nraise kids. All of them went through school. Some of them borrowed money. Some\nmore; some less. Some of them went to better schools depending on what they\nwanted to do. I always encouraged them to go to school. I always encouraged them\nto do homework. Some of them listened. Some of them listened less.\n\nJOHN: Did you raise your children with any particular values because of your past?\n\nMIKSA: No, I think that the way we live, they picked up their own values. We're\njust lucky they picked up the right values. I don't think I ever said, \"Let's\ntalk about values now.\" I don't think I ever did that. I don't believe . . . not\nconsciously anyway.\n\nJOHN: You talked about that school was mostly Black.\n\nMIKSA: For the first three years, yes.\n\nJOHN: What was your opinion about how Black people were treated in America at\nthat time?\n\nMIKSA: I knew one thing, that the family structure was poor in that area anyway\nbecause they would get drunk every weekend probably and there were no fathers\nthere. They came in with a bottle of Coke every morning. It was bad. I found out\nlater on students came in with a different type of Coke every morning. They were\ntaking different kinds of drugs . . . better schools. It was a poor area and I\nfelt bad about it. I remember one incident. A kid came over to me. They had\nturkey for lunch. He says, \"Mr. Mech, could you lend me fifty cents? I want to\nbuy lunch.\" I was on lunch duty. I gave her fifty cents and she went out to get\nsome turkey platter or something. She came back and she wants to share it with\nme. That was very touching. You could see that some of them if they were eating,\nthey were eating the wrong things. Some of them were hungry. No wonder they\ndidn't come to school every day. Some of them didn't know how to read. Nobody\nhad books in their home to help them read. I was aware of that very early that\nthere's a problem there. Some of the problems are not their own making. Some of\nthem were societal problems and some of them were their own problems but a lot\nof them were societal problems the way they came prepared for us.\n\nJOHN: Even if you didn't talk much about the war period, how do you suppose it\naffected you? Did it come out in other ways?\n\nMIKSA: Probably in the way I lived, I suppose. I don't know. Nobody talked about\nit. Like me, I didn't talk about it. Nobody talked about it. We found out even\nSecond War veterans are just coming out now in the last couple of years started\ntalking about what happened to them. Even now they are not talking about it.\nWhat happened to them, a lot of them just exploded because they kept it inside.\nI think talking about it a little did help. I wish I had talked earlier. The\nproblem was with us, in early years we should have had some psychological help,\nall of us. We had no idea what that means, getting some social, psychological\nhelp. I know one of my sisters could have used that very badly because she has\nnightmares now. All those years passed by. When she was taken out, she almost\nwent out to the gas chambers. Somebody pushed her to the other side or helped\nher get to the other side. She ended up staying alive. She felt guilty that\nsomebody else was in her place. That is not true, but this is her perception. It\ndoes help you to live a life which you want to live, but not to [flaunt] it in\npeople's faces.\n\nJOHN: Did you interact with immigrants much?\n\nMIKSA: From the beginning, but not for long. After awhile we went separate ways.\nNobody lived in my neighborhood\n\nJOHN: Are there any other particular memories that you have not told your family\nover the years? Anything that they should know about?\n\nMIKSA: No, I think I probably told them from one time or another at different\ntimes probably as things trigger [memories]. It's difficult to remember\neverything at the same time.\n\nJOHN: Talk a little more about your parents, too. What were they like as people?\n\nMIKSA: My parents . . . My mother died when she was about 55, I think, or 56.\nShe died suddenly. She was a woman who . . . We used to bake bread once a week\nin an oven in the kitchen there. There were neighbors whose husband went to\nlabor camps. They had a bunch of kids there. She used to hide under her apron\nsome bread underneath and take it over, like we didn't see it. She thought she\nwas taking away from us. She didn't want anybody to say anything. She was a very\nkind person. I never heard a word between them, between my mother and father. My\nfather was a little bit older. He was about nine years older. He was sick. He\ngot sick in the First World War in a foxhole. He had asthma. I remember all\nthose years in the wintertime he was coughing and coughing. When my mother died,\nhe didn't want to live anymore. He tried to make a living with . . . I remember\nhe used to go away someplace. I used to go over and go into his pockets to see\nif there was an apple, if he brought back an apple from some place. They were\nnice people, just plain folks. They just minded their own business and got along\nwith everybody.\n\nJOHN: You had mentioned in the beginning that Jewish people were used to a\ncertain amount of antisemitism growing up. How did that affect you personally\nwhen you were exposed to it?\n\nMIKSA: Not as a child so much. You heard the word \"Jew\" once in a while, but so\nwhat? It is nothing unusual. But you only heard it from the younger kids, not\nfrom the grownups. They may have felt it. They still had the idea that the Jews\nkilled Christ. They were religious Catholics there, which may have had the same\nfeeling, but it didn't affect us much. We got along with our neighbors. There\nwasn't that much going on. There was to some extent, but not that much.\n\nJOHN: How significant was Israel or Palestine to you in terms of maybe going\nthere in the future? Did that have any significance to you?\n\nMIKSA: I almost went there, in fact. It was 1946 . . . or 1947. I'm not sure.\nAnyway, around that time, my nephew came from Czechoslovakia. I guess he\ncouldn't get along with his stepmother or whatever. He came to the displaced\npersons camp. He came to me one time. He said, \"Uncle, we're going to Paris.\nWe're going to see Irene. She lives in France.\" As two young kids, we were going\nto Paris. We had no idea where Paris is located. We had no idea where it was. We\nbought a map. He said, \"I have $20 and we're going to Paris.\" The way\nwe . . . We bought a map and we we're going to Paris. We jumped on a train. Of\ncourse, we didn't pay for tickets. That's too much . . . one end of the train,\nwe then jumped the other end of the train. In fact, one time, the train was so\ncrowded, he said, \"I'm going to make room for us.\" I said, \"How are you going to\ndo that?\" He started scratching. Everybody started moving away so it made room\nto sit down. We end up in the French zone of Germany. We went on a boat across\nto called Bodensee [Lake Constance], which went to Austria, to the French zone.\nIt was no problem getting on the boat except, on the other side, the police were\nwaiting for us because we had no papers. We got arrested. A Jewish community in\na town called Bregenz was set up. They took us out from jail. They said we'll\ncome to court tomorrow morning. Meanwhile, a train from Romania of Jews going on\nthe way to Israel were going to stop off at a town called Hohenhems, which was a\n[town] in Austria. [They] were waiting until they could get to Italy to go to\nIsrael illegally. We decided next morning that instead of going to the judge\nagain to listen to the court, we jumped on that train and went along with that\nkibbutz. We went to the town of [unintelligible; sounds like \"Kaholenmintz\"]. I\nstayed there for six months. I got very involved in that kibbutz. I went back to\nGermany and brought some more people there from the camp because they were going\nto go to Israel. Finally, my sisters went after me. They said they wanted me to\ncome back to Germany to the camp because they said the papers were getting\ncloser to being finalized to come to the United States and why bother separating\nnow because [there] was only so few of us left. They talked me into going back\nto Germany to camp. By that time, I was ready to go to Israel with that group.\nMy nephew went back to Czechoslovakia. Then a couple weeks later, we got a\ntelegram from him. [It said,] \"Meet me at a train station. I'm on my way to\nIsrael.\" He joined the Haganah. They went to Israel in 1948 with a stick to\nfight the Arabs. That was the closest I went to Israel. Meanwhile, our papers\ncame through and we came to the United States.\n\nJOHN: I wonder what is your view of the situation in the Middle East, especially\nwith your background? What does it do to you when you follow it?\n\nMIKSA: It doesn't do wonders at all. It's upsetting. I don't know exactly what a\nsolution is but I know what it is right now, it's not going anywhere.\n\nJOHN: What do you wish would happen?\n\nMIKSA: I wish what would happen is they'd divide up the piece of land and live\nin peace and I could go visit them again.\n\nJOHN: Talk about yourself again. What would you say you are most proud of in\nterms of your accomplishments?\n\nMIKSA: Raising a family, I guess. Nice kids, nice wife, with a fairly normal\nlife. Not bad for a retired teacher.\n\nRUTH: What went though your mind when you left Europe and arrived here in\nAmerica, the first day? I guess you arrived on a boat?\n\nMIKSA: Yes.\n\nRUTH: What was it like for you?\n\nMIKSA: I'll tell you one thing. I did not kiss the dirt. I wanted to find out\nwhat it was going to do for me before I kissed it. A lot of people came down and\nthrew themselves on the floor. It was just dirt. It was different. You didn't\nknow what to expect. It was just overwhelming. I remember going down the street\nwith some address to go some place to visit somebody in Brooklyn. A man called\nme to the side. He said, \"Son, come over here.\" I showed him the address where I\nwanted to go. He said, \"See this over there? That's a red light. Don't go.\" This\nis the impression they had of when we came over here. They probably came here\nmuch earlier and they figured we didn't have red lights at that time in Europe.\nThe impression we after awhile was that, \"You're a refugee.\" To get accepted,\nit's very difficult in some quarters. You can stick around with refugees if you\nwant to. Some of them will not accept you anymore. It was difficult. It was\ndifficult times, but it was exciting times in some respects.\n\nRUTH: What was the most exciting thing for you?\n\nMIKSA: Gee. I was very proud I went to school. I've got even still that piece of\npaper that was useless. It was very exciting to finish up college. My family\nsaid, \"Why don't you go out and make a living instead of playing around going to\nschool?\" That was probably exciting. Different stages you take on. You have\nkids. Different excitement there . . .\n\nJOHN: When you tell people about your war experiences, what would you want them\nto learn from it? What should they take out of that?\n\nMIKSA: For one thing, we saw that a little bit of oral history goes a long ways.\nWe also saw that the people who were involved in it . . . because the deniers\nare still around, the naysayers, that it never did exist. How can you say that\neven when we have still some people alive? How can you tell me it didn't exist\nwhen I was there? First of all, it did exist. I was there and people did suffer.\nWe want to make sure that they don't make the same mistakes or whatever, there\nwere several mistakes, to not to happen again. You basically tell them the story.\n\nJOHN: What needs to change so it doesn't happen again?\n\nMIKSA: The whole world needs to change. It's happening all over the place. We\ncall it by different names. A lot of Holocaust people don't want to be called\nHolocaust but they're Holocaust. There was a Holocaust in Rwanda, a Holocaust\nall over the place. It does happen. I don't know if human nature will change in\nthat regard. I don't know. It doesn't look that way at the moment anyway. It\nlooks sometimes futile. I feel sorry for the kids growing up under the constant\nbombardment of this type of thing.\n\nJOHN: Talk a little of how you came to the South.\n\nMIKSA: That was very . . . That wasn't easy. We had a kid in the South over\nhere, who every time we came to visit him, the mother and him ended up in a\nfight. The mother was upset, in tears, or something. He said, \"What are you\ndoing there? Nobody's there anymore.\" He said, \"I cannot help you over there. My\narms are not long enough to reach you over there. Why don't you come over here?\nThere's nice warm weather over here.\" He lied to us a little bit about the\nweather. It wasn't that warm here so far. \u003claughs\u003e But that's why we came to the\nSouth actually. We had a house, which was a four-bedroom house, to start with.\nWe had a four-bedroom house, which was nice for raising a family. There was also\nan acre of land there, which was a little bit difficult for me at this time to\ntake care of because I had a few heart conditions and all that stuff. We had to\nget out of there, to start with. We wanted to get a little bit warmer climate.\nOur son over here decided . . . Finally, last year, we got to a point where we\ngave in, I guess. We came here.\n\nJOHN: Are there any questions you wanted to ask that has not been brought up, Mark?\n\nMIKSA: Mark, come on. I'll ask you a question. How was it to grow up in a\nsurvivor's family?\n\nMARK: It seems like it was pretty normal childhood. I never really associated it\nwith being a survivor's family. That didn't come out until about ten years ago.\n\nRUTH: You just started speaking about it about ten years ago?\n\nMIKSA: After the opening up of the [United States Holocaust Memorial Museum].\n\nRUTH: What did it feel like to start talking about it suddenly? Have your\nthought processes about the experiences changed?\n\nMIKSA: Not the thought process but it was very difficult in the beginning. I\ncould not go though a speech without stopping and breaking down a little bit. My\nfirst ten minutes was that way. I started reading also on the subject. I never\nread anything for all those years, anything about the Holocaust. I started\nreading quite a bit about it. As you read, things come back to you. You read\nElie Weisel and he comes from the same area. A lot of the things which happened\nto him happened to me. It does trigger memories. It does change here and there.\nIn fact, when I talk, my wife sits there sometimes, most of the time she comes\nto the talks. She discovers things I never mentioned to her. She thought she\nknew everything. I didn't thought about for all those years and all of a sudden\nthe memory starts clicking again.\n\nJOHN: Can you think of anything else you would like to add?\n\nMIKSA: I think we covered [everything] pretty much.\n\nJOHN: Thank you very much.\n\nMIKSA: You're welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3540.0,3570.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Mechlowitz, Miksa [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBilke [Hungarian and Yiddish; Ukrainian: Bilky; Russian: Belki] is a town in the Ukraine, near the borders of present day Romania, Hungary and Slovakia. Prior to World War I, Bilke was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which became part of Czechoslovakia. In 1921, the Jewish population was 1,081. After the war, Bilke became a part of the Soviet Union and in 2000, it became a part of Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzechoslovakia is the common reference for the Czechoslovak Republic, a state that was established by the Versailles Treaty in 1918 from several provinces after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian state at the end of World War I. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the Nazi Party came to power in 1933, Germany demanded the “return” of the Sudetenland—a border area of Czechoslovakia where 3 million ethnic Germans lived, which had been taken away from Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I. In late summer 1938, Hitler threatened war unless the area was ceded to Germany. At the same time, Hungary annexed territory in southern Slovakia and Poland annexed part of Silesia. In an effort to ensure peace, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, French Premier Edouard Daladier, and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain signed the Munich Pact on September 30, 1938. Although the agreement was to give only the Sudetenland to Hitler, it effectively handed over 66 percent of Czechoslovakia’s coal, 70 percent of its iron and steel, and 70 percent of its electrical power to the Nazi war machine. Without those resources, the Czech nation was left vulnerable. In the wake of the Munich Pact, the leaders of the democratic government in Czechoslovakia resigned. The state restructured itself into an authoritarian regime and was renamed Czecho-Slovakia. External demands on its territory continued to plague the state, however. Encouraged by Germany, Hungary annexed territory in southern Slovakia in the autumn of 1938 and Poland annexed the Tešin District of Czech Silesia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCheder [Hebrew: room] is a Jewish religious elementary school for boys. Religious classes were usually held in a room attached to a synagogue or in the private home of a teacher called a ‘melamed.’ It was traditional for boys to start cheder at three or five years old, learning to read Hebrew from a primer and studying the Book of Leviticus. Girls did not attend cheder.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSabbath, or Shabbat [Hebrew] or Shabbos [Yiddish], is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA few hundred yards from the gas chambers and crematoria was a series of warehouses that housed the possessions confiscated from newly arrived prisoners. The storage facilities occupied several dozen barracks and other buildings around the camp. The camp prisoners referred to the area as \"Canada,\" associating it with the riches symbolized by Canada. Prisoners in the Aufraumungskommando [German: order commandos] unloaded and sorted the confiscated property. The members of this commando were almost exclusively Jewish women. It was one of the most sought-after jobs in the camp as the women could grow their hair out, were often able to steal extra food from the belongings, and sometimes developed favorable relationships with the German guards. After it was sorted, the looted property was funneled from Auschwitz-Birkenau through an extensive distribution network that served many individuals and various economic branches of the Third Reich.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn March 15, 1939, Germany invaded and occupied the Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia, in flagrant violation of the Munich Pact. The Germans split what remained of Czechoslovakia into Slovakia (an independent state with a fascist, authoritarian regime that allied with Germany) and the rest was merged into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in the Greater German Reich. Two months later, in May, Hungary seized and annexed Subcarpathian Rus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAugustyn Ivanovych Voloshyn (1874-1946) was a leading cultural and political figure in the Ukrainian region of Transcarpathia. After graduating from the Uzhorod Theological Seminary and the Higher Pedagogical School in Budapest, Voloshyn became a professor and director at the Uzhorod Teachers’ Seminary. He also edited and published several Ukrainian newspapers and journals. Voloshyn was one of the founders of Christian Peoples’ Party, and served as its president from 1923-39. In 1925 he was elected to the Czechoslovak parliament as a candidate from the Ukrainian region of Subcarpathia. He played an integral part in the creation of Carpatho Ukraine. On October 26, 1938 the Czechoslovak government, after granting autonomy to Carpatho Ukraine, appointed pro-Ukrainian Voloshyn premier. On March 15, 1939 the Carpatho Ukrainian Diet declared independence and Voloshyn was elected president of independent Carpatho Ukraine. On the same day, Hungary and Poland invaded various parts of Czechoslovakia (including Carpatho-Ukraine) with Hitler’s blessing. Voloshyn immigrated to Prague. In Prague, he worked in research and teaching at the Ukrainian Free University. During his time there, he published several textbooks and a general survey of pedagogy. After the occupation of Prague by the Red Army in 1945, Voloshyn was arrested by the Soviet secret police in May 1945 and deported to the USSR. He died in a Soviet prison in 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunkatabor were camps for the Hungarian forced labor battalions. In 1939, Hungary created a new type of labor service draft. In May 1940, an order was given to mobilize all able-bodied Jewish men ages 18-50 in forced labor battalions. These units at first performed manual labor duties in Hungary and later, after the German invasion into Russia, they were transported into Poland, the Ukraine, and Russia to help the German war effort. They built railroads, made tunnels, built airfields, trenches, and performed other hard labor. Most died from starvation or illness. Under the Hungarian labor service system, tens of thousands of Jewish men were also conscripted for the army and forced to perform unarmed service. Before Germany’s occupation of Hungary in March 1944, at least 25,000 Jewish labor servicemen had been killed on the Eastern Front, many by the Hungarian military. At the end of 1944 and early 1945, thousands of surviving Jewish labor servicemen were deported to Germany, where many met their deaths.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVichy France, known officially as the French State (État français), was the government headed by Marshal Philippe Petain (French: Pétain) from July 1940, after the Germans invaded France, until September 1944, when the Allies liberated France. An armistice signed in June 1940 divided France into two zones: one under German military occupation and one left under French sovereignty (the Vichy government). Although it was officially neutral, Vichy France collaborated closely with Germany. The Vichy government was complicit with German racial policies, aiding and cooperating with the detainment and deportation of Jews from both occupied and unoccupied France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDouglas MacArthur (1880-1964) was a five-star American general who commanded the Southwest Pacific in World War II (1939-1945). He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He administered postwar Japan during the Allied occupation that followed and United Nations forces during the first nine months of the Korean War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn late March or early April 1944, the Jews of Bilke were sent to a ghetto in the town of Berehove, approximately 45 kilometers (28 miles) southwest of Bilke. In Berehove, they were housed in a former brick factory. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBerehove [also Beregovo or Berechowa] is a city located in western Ukraine, near the border with Hungary. In 1941, there were 5,865 Jews living in Berehove (out of a population of 19,379). A ghetto and Judenrat were established in the winter of 1944. In early May 1944 about 11,000 Jews in Berehove were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, among them 3,600 from Berehove with the others from Bilke and surrounding areas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSonderkommando [German: special command or detail] refers to several types of special units during World War II. The name was assigned to groups of Jewish slave labor units that were employed in the gas chambers and crematoria of extermination camps. Charged with removing the bodies of those gassed for cremation or burial, they were forced to participate in the extermination process. Jewish Sonderkommando units often were rewarded with better food and physical conditions than other inmates, but were also typically executed after a few weeks or months, only to be replaced by a new group of prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Theresienstadt (Terezín) \"camp-ghetto\" near Prague in the present day Czech Republic was opened in late 1941 and existed until May 1945. It served as a ghetto, an assembly camp, and a concentration camp. In the course of its existence, approximately 140,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and about one third of the Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia were sent to Theresienstadt. Roughly 33,000 died in Theresienstadt itself due to starvation and disease. Nearly 90,000 Jews were deported from Thereseinstadt to other ghettos, concentration camps, and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Mengele was an SS physician who earned the nickname the ‘Angel of Death’ in Auschwitz-Birkenau. He was notorious for being one of the physicians who sorted newly arrived prisoners on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, picking out those he wanted for his medical experiments—especially twins. Many survivors recall being selected by Mengele, but caution should be used as a number of German physicians were present in the camp and took turns performing the selections at the arrival ramp. Various medical staff was also involved in the routine selections of prisoners during roll call. Those prisoners regarded as unfit for labor because of terminal exhaustion or sickness would be sent to the gas chambers or otherwise murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMauthausen was the primary concentration camp in Austria. It had a whole series of sub-camps (about 50). It was opened after the Anschluss (when Germany annexed Austria) in March 1938. It was established on the site of the Weiner Graben granite quarry and its purpose was to use slave labor to exploit the quarry. At first it was a punishment camp where prisoners were sent to serve out their sentences under very severe conditions. The death rate was the highest among all the camps in the Greater Reich. In addition to working in the quarries, which was essentially a death sentence, the prisoners also worked on construction projects (such as building roads, power plants, tunnels or power stations) and for the armaments industry. Its last commandant, Franz Ziereis was notorious for his brutality and cruelty. About 200,000 prisoners passed through Mauthausen and its sub-camps and the death rate was about 50 percent. The Americans liberated it on May 5, 1945.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs Allied air raids on armaments production centers increased, production was transferred underground. Melk was established on January 1944 under the code name \"Project Quartz.\" Melk was a sub-camp of Mauthausen, located approximately 100 kilometers to the east of Linz, Austria. Its main purpose was to provide forced labor for the different tunneling projects in the surrounding hills. The hills consisted of fine sand and quartz, and due to this, a vast number of prisoners were buried alive beneath cave-ins while working inside. Melk had a gas chamber and a crematorium; however, the gas chamber was not activated before the war ended. In April 1945, the inmates were evacuated from Melk to Ebensee, with the sick being sent to Mauthausen. When American forces liberated the camp in May 1945, over 10,000 dead and dying prisoners lay scattered all over the grounds, although the number of prisoners killed in the tunnels is unknown. The final prisoner count showed a population of over 14,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Danube is Europe's second longest river, after the Volga. It is located in Central and Eastern Europe. The Danube was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire, and today flows through 10 countries, more than any other river in the world. References to the blue waters of the Danube come from \"The Blue Danube,\" the common English title of a waltz by Austrian composer Johann Strauss (1825-1899). Composed in 1866, it is based on a poem by Karl Isidor Beck (1817-79), in which each stanza ends with the line: 'By the Danube, beautiful blue Danube'. The actual color of the water varies according to history, geography and environmental factors.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMelk Abbey [German: Stift Melk] is a Benedictine abbey above the town of Melk, Austria. The large Baroque complex was built in the early 18th century on a rocky outcrop overlooking the Danube River.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLinz is a city in Upper Austria, straddling the Danube River midway between Salzburg and Vienna. Linz is the third-largest city of Austria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEbensee is a town in Austrian, located within the Salzkammergut Mountains at the southern end of the Traunsee Lake. A sub-camp of Mauthausen was established there. The prisoners there worked in the armaments industry. The camp was in a dense forest and close to a rocky formation where tunnels were dug to protect the factories from Allied air raids. It was second only in size to Dora-Mittelbau with 12 factories and 1,404 feet of tunnels. The main purpose of Ebensee was to provide slave labor for the construction of enormous underground tunnels, which were to be used for the development of rockets. The tunnels were never used for rocket production, however. As higher priority was assigned to other kinds of military production, the tunnels that had already been completed were assigned new tasks. One series of tunnels (Plant A) was instead used for refining petroleum. The other series of completed tunnels (Plant B) were used for manufacturing motor parts for tanks and trucks. The first prisoners came from Mauthausen in November 1943 and started digging the tunnels. They worked 12 hours per day in all weathers.  More transports of prisoners arrived until 1945 when the number of prisoners peaked at 18,500 in the last desperate days of the war; although overall about 27,000 prisoners passed through. About 8,200 prisoners died there. Living conditions were severe, and the work was exhausting and dangerous. The death rate soared. Those who fell ill or who died were sent back to Mauthausen, until Ebensee got its own crematoria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Muselmann’ was a German term widely used among concentration camp inmates to refer to prisoners who were near death due to illness, exhaustion, starvation, abuse or hopelessness and seemed resigned to their impending death. The origin of the term’s use is unclear.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe last roll call in Ebensee took place on May 5, 1945. The commandant, Anton Ganz, ordered the prisoners into the tunnels where it was rumored that explosives had been set up to seal them in. The prisoners refused to leave roll call. That night, about 600 guards fled the camp and the next day the Americans arrived. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is not clear whether Miksa means the local population or camp inmates had died in the streets. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLiberators confronted unspeakable conditions in the camps. Piles of corpses often lay unburied and survivors were so weak, emaciated, or sick that thousands died in the weeks after liberation. After liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. Well-meaning soldiers, volunteers or locals without proper medical training often gave survivors foods that made their conditions worse. Eating foods that were too rich or complex for survivors’ bodies to handle could exasperate years of malnutrition and starvation, resulting in sickness or death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) was founded in 1881.  Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian in relocating.  During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East.  They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas.  After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBudapest is the capital and the largest city of Hungary.  Originally it was ‘Buda’ and ‘Pest,’ which were two separate cities that were separated by the Danube River. They were united in 1873 and became ‘Budapest.’ On December 26, 1944, the Russian and Romanian armies surrounded the city of Budapest, Hungary. The city was strongly defended by German and Hungarian troops and a siege lasted for two months. During the siege, about 38,000 civilians died through starvation or military action. The city unconditionally surrendered on February 13, 1945. The city remained under Soviet control until 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUzhhorod [Russian: Uzhgorod; Czech: Užhorod; Hungarian: Ungvár] is a city in western Ukraine. It was under Hungarian control from the 11th to the late 17th century, when it became a possession of the Austrian Habsburgs. It passed to Czechoslovakia in 1919, to Hungary in 1938, and to the Soviet Union during World War II. It is the administrative center of the Zakarpatska Oblast, an administrative division or region located in southwestern Ukraine, in a historical region known as Carpathian Ruthenia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA black market, underground economy, or shadow economy is a clandestine market or transaction that has some aspect of illegality or is characterized by some form of noncompliant behavior with an institutional set of rules. During and in the years immediately after World War II, rationing and shortages forced many Europeans to rely on goods and services produced and sold in the underground economy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKhust [Czech: Chust or Husté; Hungarian: Huszt] is a city in western Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II ended, the Romanian government continued to tolerate legal and illegal immigration as the number of Jews seeking to leave Eastern Europe increased dramatically. The horrors of the Holocaust, coupled with postwar antisemitism and violence, and fear of further persecution from Stalin’s regime prompted many survivors to pursue “illegal” immigration from Europe to Palestine. Many flooded into the western Allies’ zones, where they would temporarily be placed in Displaced Persons camps (primarily in Germany, Austria and Italy) before passage to Palestine was arranged.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. The roughly 1,500 kilometers (932 miles) long arc stretches through the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine, Romania, and Serbia. The region is dense with forested hills and fast-flowing rivers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDespite their wartime alliance, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States and Great Britain intensified rapidly as the World War II came to a close. After Germany’s surrender in 1945, Soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Europe. As Soviet power and influence expanded, a communist dictatorship was established under Josef Stalin, who led the Soviet Union from the mid–1920s until 1953. Several countries in Eastern Europe—Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany—operated as Soviet satellite states. These countries were not officially part of the USSR, but their governments were loyal Stalinists, and therefore looked to and aligned themselves with the Soviet Union politically and militarily via the Warsaw Pact. After liberation, many Eastern European Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In 1946, a surge of Jewish survivors and refugees from the Soviet Union flooded into the western Allies’ zones, hoping to escape the anti-Jewish violence and further persecution from Stalin’s regime. By that time, escalating tensions between the Soviet Union and the western European countries that were allied to the United States had created a political, military, and ideological barrier that divided Europe. In order to curb a concentration of anti-communist political expatriates in the West, the Soviet Union began closing borders.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDebrecen is Hungary's second largest city after Budapest and lies in the eastern part of Hungary, near the present-day border with Romania. The Soviet Army occupied Debrecen October 20, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBratislava is the capital of present-day Slovakia and is situated on the border of Austria and Hungary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChomutov is a city in northwestern Czech Republic. It lies at the foot of the Ore Mountains (Krušné hory) near the German border, northwest of Prague.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Sudetenland was an area along the border of Bohemia and Moravia near the Sudeten Mountains. The Sudetenland had a predominately German population that was incorporated into the boundaries of Czechoslovakia after World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP Camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States (1945-1953). He succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945 on the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt and was president during the final months of World War II. He was elected in his own right in 1948.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1924 Immigration Act set annual quotas based on a prospective immigrant's country of birth, which were still in place at the end of World War II. After the war ended, President Harry S. Truman favored efforts to ease US immigration restrictions for Jewish displaced persons but existing laws had no provisions for displaced persons until Truman issued a directive on December 22, 1945, ordering the State Department to fill existing quotas and give first preference to displaced persons. Still, of the 40,000 visas issued under the program, only about 28,000 went to Jews and between 1946 and 1948, only 16,000 Jewish refugees entered the United States. In 1948, Congress passed legislation to admit more DPs to the United States. The 1948 Displaced Persons Act authorized the entry of 202,000 displaced persons over the next two years but within the quota system.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Catskill Mountains, often referred to as the ‘Catskills,’ are a large area in the southeastern portion of that state of New York.  The Catskills and its many large resorts are well known in American culture as a vacation destination in the mid-twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Polk is a United States Army installation located approximately 10 miles from Leesville, Louisiana.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Korean War began when North Korean forces invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. American troops entered the war in defense of the Republic of Korea to the south against the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the north. Fighting ended on July 27, 1953, when an armistice agreement was signed maintaining a border between the Koreas near the 38th Parallel and creating the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between the two Korean nations that still exists today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn intelligence quotient, or IQ, is a score derived from one of several standardized tests designed to assess intelligence levels.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, also known as the ‘G.I. Bill,’ was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans. It provides low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business, as well as educational assistance to service members, veterans, and their dependents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pennsylvania State University, commonly called Penn State, is a public research university founded in 1855. Today it has campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania. Its main campus is located in University Park, Pennsylvania, about midway between Philadelphia and Pittsburg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDrexel is a private research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The university was founded in 1891 as the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbington is a township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States, adjacent to Philadelphia's northern fringe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) is the country’s oldest fellowship program that directly supports graduate students in various STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) fields. The program recognizes and supports outstanding graduate students in NSF-supported science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines who are pursuing research-based master’s and doctoral degrees at accredited United States institutions. Since 1952, NSF has funded over 50,000 Graduate Research Fellowships out of more than 500,000 applicants.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBucks County and Montgomery County are two counties in the state of Pennsylvania, located in the southeastern corner of the state, just north of Philadelphia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarrisburg, the state capital of Pennsylvania, sits on the Susquehanna River in the central part of the state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Tiananmen Square protests were a series of student-led protests and demonstrations calling for democracy, free speech and a free press in China. Although demonstrations occurred in cities throughout the country in the spring of 1989, the events in Beijing came to symbolize the entire movement. On June 4 and 5, 1989, the Chinese government halted the demonstration in a bloody crackdown. Military units were brought in to Tiananmen Square and unarmed protesters and onlookers were killed en masse. There is no official death toll.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) is the United States' official memorial to the Holocaust. It was opened in 1993, adjacent to the National Mall in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo assist in managing the large communities within concentration or labor camps, German authorities installed a hierarchy of administrative units under their control. A kapo was a prisoner in a concentration camp who was assigned by the SS guards to supervise forced labor or carry out administrative tasks in the camp.  Kapos were generally criminals. The kapo system minimized costs by allowing the camps to function with fewer SS personnel. It was designed to turn victim against victim, as the kapos were pitted against their fellow prisoners in order to maintain the favor of their SS guards.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 to 1949, Germany was occupied by the Allied forces and divided into four administrative zones by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. The Allied occupation of Austria lasted from 1945 until 1955. France occupied the southwestern areas of Germany along the French, Luxembourger, and Swiss borders as well as the west Austrian states of Voarlberg and Tirol.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBregenz is an Austrian city at the eastern end of Lake Constance (Bodensee).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHohenems is a town in western Austrian near Lake Constance. It is in the Rhine valley, on the Swiss border, only 20 kilometers (12 miles) north of Liechtenstein and the town of Feldkirch. A small Jewish community had lived in Hohenems since the early 17th century, but by 1939 only 10 Jews remained. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the end of World War II, Britain continued to strictly limit Jewish immigration to Palestine yet Jewish resistance organizations managed to smuggle hundreds of thousands of survivors from Europe into Palestine via “illegal” immigrant ships. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA kibbutz [Hebrew: ‘gathering’ or ‘clustering’] is a collective community in Israel traditionally based on agriculture. They began as utopian communities that combined socialism and Zionism. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHaganah [Hebrew: defense] was a Jewish paramilitary organization that operated in the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948.  Later, most of its members became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). After the 1920 and 1921 Arab riots, the Jewish leadership in Palestine believed that the British had no desire to confront the Arabs who were attacking Jews. Haganah was originally created to protect Jewish farms and kibbutzim and to actively confront the Arabs. In the wake of the 1929 Arab riots the group grew and got more organized, acquiring military equipment and skills that turned them into a capable underground army. After World War II, the Haganah carried out anti­British operations in Palestine such as the liberation of interned immigrants from the Atlit detainee camp and attacking British installations. They also organized underground immigration into Palestine. Two weeks after Israel became a state, the Israel Defense Forces were created to succeed Haganah.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHolocaust denial is the act of denying the genocide of European Jews in the Holocaust during World War II. Holocaust denial and distortion are forms of antisemitism. Holocaust denial and distortion generally claim that the Holocaust was invented or exaggerate by Jews as a means of advancing Jewish interests, including the legitimacy of the State of Israel. Holocaust denial unites a broad rang of radical right-wing hate groups in the United States and elsewhere around the world. Although deniers insist that the idea of the Holocaust as a historical event is a myth, legitimate scholars do not doubt the overwhelming weight of evidence. The debates that deniers put forward are more about antisemitism and hate politics than history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/annotation_set/945/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Rwandan genocide was an ethnically motivated mass slaughter of Tutsi, Twa, and moderate Hutu in in the east central African nation of Rwanda. The genocide took place between April 7 and July 15, 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War. About 85 percent of its population was Hutu; the rest were Tutsi, along with a small number of Twa, a Pygmy group who were the original inhabitants of Rwanda. During the Rwandan genocide, members of the Hutu ethnic majority murdered as many as 800,000 people, mostly of the Tutsi minority. Started by Hutu nationalists in the capital of Kigali, the genocide spread throughout the country with shocking speed and brutality, as ordinary citizens were incited by local officials and the Hutu Power government to take up arms against their neighbors. By the time the Tutsi-led Rwandese Patriotic Front gained control of the country through a military offensive in early July, hundreds of thousands of Rwandans were dead and 2 million refugees (mainly Hutus) fled Rwanda, exacerbating what had already become a full-blown humanitarian crisis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=3540.0,3570.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/index/51962","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Mechlowitz, Miksa [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/index/51962/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family and Upbringing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=5.0,515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/index/51962/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, let us start with your name now and what it was at birth also.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=5.0,515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/index/51962/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bilke, Czechoslovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=5.0,515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/index/51962/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Deportation from Bilke","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=515.0,1092.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/index/51962/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were the ones taken away from our home in 1943, beginning of 1944. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=515.0,1092.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/index/51962/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berehove Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Deportation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=515.0,1092.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/index/51962/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Journey Home and Family Reunion ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1092.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/index/51962/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here is where my journey starts on the way home.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1092.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/index/51962/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechoslovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced Persons Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1092.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/index/51962/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration and Early U.S. Experience","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1680.0,1914.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/index/51962/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, I came to the United States.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1680.0,1914.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/index/51962/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bakery Worker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Draft","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1680.0,1914.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/index/51962/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Education and Teaching Career","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1914.0,2662.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/index/51962/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My French brother-in-law, we sat down, we talked. He said to me, “Did you ever consider going to school? You have to get a high school diploma.”","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1914.0,2662.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/index/51962/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mathematics Teacher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Penn State University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Teacher Union","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=1914.0,2662.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/index/51962/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Impact of Liberation and Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2662.0,3556.48"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/index/51962/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, “Would your dad want to come talk to our class?” That’s how I started talking in my area, in the schools in Bucks County. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2662.0,3556.48"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794/index/51962/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Impact of War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust Survivor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Public Speaker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84452/file/172794#t=2662.0,3556.48"}]}]}]}