{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/ng4gm82t3r/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Ellen, Dora and Ellen, Israel"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2000-11-14 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Dora Ellen (1914-2009) (Interviewee)","Israel Ellen (1909-2007) (Interviewee)","Unknown (Interviewer)","Ruth Einstein (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Herbert and Esther Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDora and Israel Ellen were interviewed by an unknown interviewer and Ruth Einstein on 14 November 200 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eIsrael Abe Elenzweig was born on December 24, 1909 in Warsaw, Poland. His father, Shmuel Elenzweig, served in World War I and spent a few years as a prisoner of war in Germany. When he returned after the war, he and his mother, Matel (nee Grossman), worked in a restaurant in Warsaw. As a child, Israel attended synagogue with his father, a kohen. Around 1921, Israel’s only sibling, a brother named Naphtali was born. Israel studied to become a teacher and began his career as a tutor. Around 1930, he met Dora.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDora Elenzweig was born on March 8, 1914 in the small town of Wyszogrod, Poland. She was the sixth of seven children—five girls and two boys—born to Meyr Zalman Baumberg and Malka Baumberg (nee Dantowitz). Dora’s father was a shochet and the family were observant Hasidic Jews. After she finished primary school at 15, Dora moved to Warsaw, where she studied library science at university. She was working at a library when she met Israel.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDora and Israel married on July 1, 1939—just two months before Germany and the Soviet Union invaded Poland. As the Germans advanced toward Warsaw, the couple fled toward the Soviet Union with Israel’s brother. They traveled from town to town for six months before settling in a town near Stalingrad. When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, they again fled, this time to Uzbekistan. In Uzbekistan, Dora and Israel endured brutal living conditions, oppression under Stalinism, and the loss of Napthali. None of their family members survived the war.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAt war’s end, Israel and Dora were eager to make their way back to Poland, where they encountered violent antisemitism. With the help of the Brichah, they made their way to the American occupied zone of Germany. They first settled in a DP camp in Pocking, Germany. After about two years, they settled in the Landsberg DP camp, where Israel worked for a Yiddish newspaper.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn 1949, the couple immigrated to the United States. On April 6, they arrived in New York City aboard the USAT General W.M. Black. Dora found work as a seamstress and Israel traveled to Miami, Florida to work for a year as a teacher. Meanwhile, their first child, a daughter, was born in 1949 in Brooklyn. In 1951, Israel and Dora moved to Atlanta, Georgia. With the help of distant relatives and the Jewish community, they opened a grocery store. A second daughter was born in Atlanta in 1953. In 1992, the family shortened their last name to Ellen. Dora and Israel were active in survivor organizations and in sharing their experiences. Israel died December 9, 2007. Dora died August 31, 2009.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eDora describes her childhood. She details how the Jewish community was structured in her small town. Dora recounts the fate of her family and the Jews in her hometown during the war. She explains how she, Israel and his brother fled Warsaw when the Germans invaded Poland. Dora traces their journey from town to town in Ukraine, Lithuania, and Belarus for the next six months. She talks about how they found jobs and survived with the help of the local Jewish communities. Israel explains why he changed their last name. He recalls his own childhood and beginning his career as a teacher in Warsaw. Israel describes the antisemitism in Poland before the war. He remembers meeting Dora and dating her. Israel talks about helping his father in their synagogue as a child. He describes how they fled deeper into the Soviet Union when Germany attacked in 1941. Israel talks about narrowly escaping conscription into the Soviet Army. He talks about their decision to go to Uzbekistan. Israel describes their work on a collective farm. He explains how he fell ill and wound up in a hospital in another town as his brother died in the hospital where they lived. Israel details their experiences in Tashkent at the end of the war. He talks about briefly being imprisoned by the Russians and then travelling beck to Poland after the war. Dora and Israel both describe the fear and oppression of life under Stalin. Dora describes her last contact with a sister who had remained in Warsaw and losing Israel’s brother. They talk about their escape from Poland to the American occupied zone of Germany with the help of the Brichah. Israel talks about living in different DP camps, publishing a Yiddish newspaper, and the issues DPs faced. Dora talks about the way the Jewish communities in the DP camps developed and began organizing resources for starting new lives. Israel talks about beginning a new life in the United States with the help of the Jewish community. He recalls the danger Jews in Poland faced after the war. Dora and Israel consider why DPs were so eager to marry and start families. Dora recalls the births of their two daughters and how much Judaism they were raised with. Both share their perspectives on being survivors and their contentment with life in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29097"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["World War I (named event)","Siddur (other)","Cheders (other)","Gemara (other)","Baumberg (personal name)","Schochet (other)","Wyszograd, Poland (geographic term)","Meyr Zalman (personal name)","Shabbos (named event)","Sefer Torah (other)","Shul (other)","Simchat Torah (other)","Challah (other)","Kugel (other)","Holidays (other)","Gemeinde (other)","Chazzan (other)","Third Reich (corporate name)","Czerwinsk, Poland (geographic term)","Nowa Dwor, Poland (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau (geographic term)","Lejb Morgernstern (personal name)","Szyfra Baumberg (personal name)","Chaja Baumberg (personal name)","Warsaw, Poland (geographic term)","Vistula River (geographic term)","Russian Poland (topical term)","Judenrat (corporate name)","Slavery (other)","Manyeviche, Ukraine (geographic term)","Vilna, Lithuania (geographic term)","Baranowicze, Belarus (geographic term)","Okrainy (geographic term)","Kiev, Ukraine (geographic term)","Kyiv, Ukraine (geographic term)","Jewish Kitchen (corporate name)","Russian Army (other)","Kielce, Poland (geographic term)","Zionism (other)","Union of Waiters (corporate name)","Secular (other)","Marriage (other)","Workman's Library (other)","Joseph Brodsky (personal name)","Kohen (other)","Synagogue (other)","Tallitim (other)","Dukhnen (other)","Koheneim (other)","Matel Grossman (personal name)","Shmuel Samual Elenzweig (personal name)","Nathan Elenzweig (personal name)","Tashkent, Uzbekistan (geographic term)","Volga River (geographic term)","Leningrad, Russia (geographic term)","Ulyanovsk, Russia (geographic term)","Boat (other)","1941 (chronological term)","Ural  Mountains (geographic term)","Collective Farm (other)","Kolkhoz Thalmann (corporate name)","Germans (other)","Joseph Stalin (personal name)","rice paddies (other)","Bookkeeper (other)","Night Watchman (other)","Communism (genre/form)","Ukraine (geographic term)","Bloody Diarrhea (other)","appendicitis (other)","apple cure (other)","hospitalization (other)","1942 (chronological term)","Prison (other)","Hard Labor (other)","Russian Citizenship (other)","Poles (other)","Labor Camp (other)","Western Ukraine (geographic term)","Kruglaya Pechat (local term)","Moscow, Russia (geographic term)","Lviv, Ukraine (geographic term)","Lvov, Russia (geographic term)","anti-Semites (other)","Krakow, Poland (geographic term)","1945 (chronological term)","Brichah (named event)","Czechoslovakia (geographic term)","Vienna, Austria (geographic term)","Greece (geographic term)","Rothschild Hospital (corporate name)","Uzbekistan (geographic term)","Minsk, Belarus (geographic term)","Jewish Department of Books (corporate name)","NKVD (corporate name)","Adolf Hitler (personal name)","Eliezer Steinbeck (personal name)","De Freyhet (corporate name)","Hebrew (other)","Yiddish (other)","1943 (chronological term)","1940 (chronological term)","Soviet Union (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","World War II (named event)","Occupation (other)","Neftali Elenzweig (personal name)","Siberia (geographic term)","Bloody Dysentery (other)","Trains (other)","Poking, Germany (geographic term)","DP Camp (other)","Displaced Persons (other)","UNRRA (corporate name)","Landsberg, Germany (geographic term)","Dachau (geographic term)","Landsberger Yiddish Zeitung (corporate name)","Dr. Greenhouse (personal name)","Rabinovich (personal name)","Emory University (corporate name)","1946 (chronological term)","Jewish Agency (corporate name)","Israel (geographic term)","David Ben-Gurion (personal name)","Black Market (other)","American Goods (other)","Births (other)","Deaths (other)","United States (geographic term)","Miami, Florida (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Barney Medintz (personal name)","lending (other)","Arbeiter Ring (corporate name)","New York, New York (geographic term)","Grocery store (other)","Prayerbooks (other)","Margaret Elenzweig (personal name)","Brooklyn Women's Hospital (corporate name)","Georgia Baptist Hospital (corporate name)","Martha Anne Elenzweig (personal name)","Shearith Israel (corporate name)","Yom Kippur (named event)","Orthodox (genre/form)","Eternal Life-Hemshech (corporate name)","William Breman Museum (corporate name)","United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (corporate name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDora and Israel Ellen were interviewed by an unknown interviewer and Ruth Einstein on 14 November 200 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIsrael Abe Elenzweig was born on December 24, 1909 in Warsaw, Poland. His father, Shmuel Elenzweig, served in World War I and spent a few years as a prisoner of war in Germany. When he returned after the war, he and his mother, Matel (nee Grossman), worked in a restaurant in Warsaw. As a child, Israel attended synagogue with his father, a kohen. Around 1921, Israel\u0026rsquo;s only sibling, a brother named Naphtali was born. Israel studied to become a teacher and began his career as a tutor. Around 1930, he met Dora.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eDora Elenzweig was born on March 8, 1914 in the small town of Wyszogrod, Poland. She was the sixth of seven children\u0026mdash;five girls and two boys\u0026mdash;born to Meyr Zalman Baumberg and Malka Baumberg (nee Dantowitz). Dora\u0026rsquo;s father was a shochet and the family were observant Hasidic Jews. After she finished primary school at 15, Dora moved to Warsaw, where she studied library science at university. She was working at a library when she met Israel.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eDora and Israel married on July 1, 1939\u0026mdash;just two months before Germany and the Soviet Union invaded Poland. As the Germans advanced toward Warsaw, the couple fled toward the Soviet Union with Israel\u0026rsquo;s brother. They traveled from town to town for six months before settling in a town near Stalingrad. When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, they again fled, this time to Uzbekistan. In Uzbekistan, Dora and Israel endured brutal living conditions, oppression under Stalinism, and the loss of Napthali. None of their family members survived the war.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eAt war\u0026rsquo;s end, Israel and Dora were eager to make their way back to Poland, where they encountered violent antisemitism. With the help of the Brichah, they made their way to the American occupied zone of Germany. They first settled in a DP camp in Pocking, Germany. After about two years, they settled in the Landsberg DP camp, where Israel worked for a Yiddish newspaper.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eIn 1949, the couple immigrated to the United States. On April 6, they arrived in New York City aboard the USAT General W.M. Black. Dora found work as a seamstress and Israel traveled to Miami, Florida to work for a year as a teacher. Meanwhile, their first child, a daughter, was born in 1949 in Brooklyn. In 1951, Israel and Dora moved to Atlanta, Georgia. With the help of distant relatives and the Jewish community, they opened a grocery store. A second daughter was born in Atlanta in 1953. In 1992, the family shortened their last name to Ellen. Dora and Israel were active in survivor organizations and in sharing their experiences. Israel died December 9, 2007. Dora died August 31, 2009.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDora describes her childhood. She details how the Jewish community was structured in her small town. Dora recounts the fate of her family and the Jews in her hometown during the war. She explains how she, Israel and his brother fled Warsaw when the Germans invaded Poland. Dora traces their journey from town to town in Ukraine, Lithuania, and Belarus for the next six months. She talks about how they found jobs and survived with the help of the local Jewish communities. Israel explains why he changed their last name. He recalls his own childhood and beginning his career as a teacher in Warsaw. Israel describes the antisemitism in Poland before the war. He remembers meeting Dora and dating her. Israel talks about helping his father in their synagogue as a child. He describes how they fled deeper into the Soviet Union when Germany attacked in 1941. Israel talks about narrowly escaping conscription into the Soviet Army. He talks about their decision to go to Uzbekistan. Israel describes their work on a collective farm. He explains how he fell ill and wound up in a hospital in another town as his brother died in the hospital where they lived. Israel details their experiences in Tashkent at the end of the war. He talks about briefly being imprisoned by the Russians and then travelling beck to Poland after the war. Dora and Israel both describe the fear and oppression of life under Stalin. Dora describes her last contact with a sister who had remained in Warsaw and losing Israel\u0026rsquo;s brother. They talk about their escape from Poland to the American occupied zone of Germany with the help of the Brichah. Israel talks about living in different DP camps, publishing a Yiddish newspaper, and the issues DPs faced. Dora talks about the way the Jewish communities in the DP camps developed and began organizing resources for starting new lives. Israel talks about beginning a new life in the United States with the help of the Jewish community. He recalls the danger Jews in Poland faced after the war. Dora and Israel consider why DPs were so eager to marry and start families. Dora recalls the births of their two daughters and how much Judaism they were raised with. Both share their perspectives on being survivors and their contentment with life in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/181/416/small/Ellens_IsraelAndDora.mp4_1680133610.jpg?1680133611","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Ellens_IsraelAndDora.mp4"]},"duration":11590.579,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/181/416/small/Ellens_IsraelAndDora.mp4_1680133610.jpg?1680133611","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/181/416/original/Ellens_IsraelAndDora.mp4?1680133600","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":11590.579,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Dora and Israel Ellen [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Interviewer: This is Tuesday, November 14, 2000. We were at the home of Mr.\nand Mrs. Israel or Israel and Dora Ellen, formerly Elenzweig, E-L-E-N-Z-W-E-I-G.\n\nDora: Actually, Elenzweig is one word.\n\nInterviewer: Elenzweig is one word, but the name was changed in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1992.\n\nDora: From Elenzweig to Ellen.\n\nInterviewer: Do you want to explain, since we were talking about it, why you\nchanged the name?\n\nDora: Yes, why not? We changed our name because the customers at that time that\nwe have at the grocery store could not pronounce the word, Elenzweig. To make it\neasier, my husband liked to be called 'Mister' and that was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the only reason that\nwe changed the name for Ellen. Split it up.\n\nInterviewer: I see. That makes sense. Could you tell us from the beginning,\nwhere were you born?\n\nDora: I was born in 1914 in a small town called Wyszogrod, which was a town of\nsome 3,000 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"families. We considered it a very beautiful little town also. When I\nwent back, I find it very ugly looking [and] much smaller than what was in my\nimagination, as when I remembered it from my childhood.\n\nInterviewer: Three thousand persons were the total population or was that the\nJewish population?\n\nDora: Three thousand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the Jewish population. My father was a shochet, which\nis a ritual slaughterer. It was a very traditional, religious home that I grew\nup. I was there with my parents and my sisters till I was 15. After primary\nschool, I moved to Warsaw. I took up a number of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jobs. I finished ORT, which is\na vocational school. I also finished higher education in library science at the\nuniversity. I worked in a library for many years, where I became acquainted with\nmy future husband. The family joke was when he saw me in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"library, he\nfainted, which is a family joke, of course. I worked there till 1939, till the\nwar broke out between Germany and Poland.\n\nInterviewer: Can you tell me a little bit more about your family originally,\nbefore you moved to Warsaw? How many brothers, and sisters, and your father's\nname, your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother's name?\n\nDora: My father's name was Meyr Zalman. Shall I spell it for you? My mother's\nname was Malka. My mother had seven children, two boys and five daughters, which\nwas a great burden for my father at the time.\n\nInterviewer: What was the last name?\n\nDora: The names? My oldest sister\n\nInterviewer: No, the family name.\n\nDora: The family ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name was Baumberg, B-A-U-M-B-E-R-G. As I said before, my\nfather's whole life was strictly -- I mean, he practiced Judaism in the real\nmeaning of this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"word, which means he was -- Early in the morning, I heard him\nreading the Gemara. Then, he went to the morning prayers. Then, he worked as a\nslaughterer. Then, in the evening, prayers. Of course, every holiday was a\nholiday with all the trimmings and all the preparations. We lived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very poor\nsanitary conditions, in very poor housing. The whole apartment, the first\napartment consisted of a kitchen and a big room. Next to the big room, we could\nhear some pigs from the other side. There was like a pigsty from the other side.\nThe kitchen, I remember, did not have a floor. It had like a hard beaten ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"earth\n[floor]. I remember this big broom in the corner. Of course, with so many\nchildren and such a small space, there was always a fight for the best space at\nthe table.\n\nInterviewer: What was the best place?\n\nDora: The best place at the table, unfortunately, was a [unintelligible; 5:54]\nthat my younger sister occupied. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes. Right now, I remember with sweetness the\nShabbos, which was with the seven candles for the seven children, and my father\ncoming home and saying the broches over the wine, and they\nhave [unintelligible] after Shabbos. We could not drink the wine because my\nfather used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say, \"If you drink the wine from this glass, hair will grow on\nyour face.\" When I started -- I learned myself to read Yiddish and then Polish.\nI got taken up very much was Polish history and literature. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All of a sudden, I\ntried to get away from all the restrictions that a Hasidic family has. I left\nfor Warsaw. I felt a great elation that nobody can tell me what to do. I'm a\nfree person. Now, I regret very much the feelings of some separation, that gave\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me at that time a happiness. Right now, I'm longing for the same thing that I\nwould have, because I know that I can never have it again.\n\nInterviewer: How did your parents react to your leaving for Warsaw and casting\noff their ways of life?\n\nDora: My father had a hard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time feeding a big family, so my older sister went\nfirst to Warsaw. She worked somewhere. Then the other one tried and then I\ntried. In fact, my mother used to send me packages to Warsaw to support myself.\nI always used to say, \"Oh, this is for my [8:28; unintelligible].\" She used to\nsend the packages, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I loved.\n\nInterviewer: There was still a strong closeness between you even though you were\nnot observant?\n\nDora: My work in the library entitled me to vacations. I got paid vacations,\nwhich a lot of times, I went back to my parents. I enjoyed very much being --\nThe inner freedom that I achieved by separation was there, but the feeling that\nI can always go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back home was also there. Although, I did not realize it to that\npoint, as I realized later on in the years -- Yes, I get red cheeks.\n\nInterviewer: Yes, which is awesome. Would you like something to drink? Are you okay?\n\nDora: No, I'm okay.\n\nInterviewer: In addition to your Polish education, did you have any\nopportunities for Judaic education when you were growing up?\n\nDora: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, in school we had German and, of course, I was very fluent in Yiddish.\nI read a lot of Yiddish literature and the Polish classics. Later on in life,\nbecause we had to learn, I learned Russian. Now, I'm fluent in five languages.\n\nInterviewer: Will you name them all?\n\nDora: Yes, which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is Yiddish. Polish, Russian. German -- and English, of course.\n\nInterviewer: From what you say, I understand that you did not go to a Jewish\nschool, or an afternoon school, or cheder, or that kind of thing?\n\nDora: No.\n\nInterviewer: Did you have that in in your town?\n\nDora: We had cheders, but it was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old type rebbe, that evidently I was --\nMaybe I didn't like it, so my mother took for me a special a woman that used to\ncome in the house and [teach me] the siddur --no more than the siddur. I\nimagine, since it was such a difference in age between -- I was the sixth\n[child], so it was such a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difference in age. I remember my oldest sisters used\nto read a siddur all the time, at the holidays and so on, but since the younger\nchildren -- My father did not insist on me -- I was a very weak child because I\nwas born in 1914, the years of war. It was very hard to -- Actually, we got some\nrations ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the American Joint. I remember the milk, the thick milk, the cans\nof milk that every family used to get. That was to help out the families because\nit was impossible. The whole city was very poor, so evidently they paid very\nlittle my dad. We had an additional -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For a few years, we had the help from the\nAmerican Joint.\n\nInterviewer: This was World War One?\n\nDora: Yes, after World War One. If you ask me if my parents were positive\nthinking about our leaving the house, I think it was a great relief for\nthem--not to get rid of the children, but to have it easier on their budget.\n\nInterviewer: To get them on their own ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feet?\n\nDora: Right.\n\nInterviewer: The holiday celebrations that you remember in your home, can you\nelaborate a little bit about the things that you did that were very unique in\nyour community that you might want to talk about?\n\nDora: Yes, I remember that we had in our house, it was a Sefer Torah. We owned a\nSefer Torah. My daddy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was also -- There was a shul, which has a cantor. My daddy\nwas the cantor in a smaller shul, in Bet Midrash. After Sukkot, when we\ncelebrated tabernacles, they used to -- The whole Jewish population, with my\ndaddy with a Sefer Torah, used to walk through the streets of the little town,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dancing. I even remember one time that my daddy came back a little tipsy because\nthey were so happy finishing the reading of the Torah.\n\nInterviewer: That was on Simchat Torah?\n\nDora: On Simchat Torah. Being his daughter --\n\nDora: Now, the holidays?\n\nInterviewer: Yes.\n\nDora: The holidays -- I remember -- Let's start from Shabbos. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother used to\nmake the challahs, the dough. At that time, I did not remember. Usually, they\npinched off a piece of dough and throw it in the fire. Evidently, had some kind\nof meaning the piece of dough should take away the evil eye. Actually, I never\nfound ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that why, what exactly the reason for that. My mother always used to throw\nthis piece of dough in the fire. I imagine because they believed so much in the\nevil eye that that so that the dough would grow into a nice, beautiful challah.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you feed this ghost, this power, that would prevent it from having such a\nsuccess. She used to bake the challah. There was always the fresh fish. We had\n-- Over there in that small apartment where they lived, around it, there was a\nPolish fisherman. He always used to say, \"For the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shochet, the best fish, the\nfresh fish.\" My father used to get the head of the fish.\n\nInterviewer: Every Shabbos?\n\nDora: Every Shabbos. The evening meal consisted of challah, which was a very\nceremonial piece. The first piece there, they used to dip it in the salt and eat\nit first. Then, every child got a piece of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. In wintertime, it was very hard\nto have hot things, but we had this big oven that was on the wall. It had a tiny\nlittle door where my mother used to put in a tea kettle, so the water was warm.\nFor Saturday, we used to go to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big bakery, pick up what we called cholent.\nIn that cholent was -- carrots and noodles, the kugel. The kugel was the best\npart of the meal. After the dinner, my parents used to rest ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up, as well as the\nchildren. When Saturday night came, it was the big thing to have [17:11;\nunintelligble] and we said goodbye to the Shabbos till next week. What else you\nwant to know?\n\nInterviewer: I like what you are telling us.\n\nDora: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.\n\nInterviewer: It smelled good on Shabbos?\n\nDora: It smelled good on Shabbos. Also, I remember some years after the [First\nWorld] war, I was probably about three or four years old. There was nothing in\nthe house to eat. My mother used to take a bottle of water and go -- There were\na lot of people there made a living from -- They rented out these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"orchards from\nthe Polish people. My mother used to take us to this orchard with this bottle of\nwater. There, we spent summers. But how long that would that lasted -- It's just\na slight memory from early childhood.\n\nInterviewer: You mentioned earlier that the first apartment was one room with a kitchen.\n\nDora: Right.\n\nInterviewer: Did you then move to another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place?\n\nDora: There was a big surprise to me at one time. I came back from Warsaw for a\nvacation and my parents had moved out to a nice apartment, which was a nice\napartment. The people were better off. My father's salary was the result always\nfrom the goodwill ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the people. There was a gemiende in the city with what they\ncall -- A few people that self-rule. The Jewish community in a small town\nconsisted of a gemiende, which has a secretary and what we call\n[unintelligible]--people are well known and honest ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. They contribute not\nonly to the welfare of people, like [providing] a Chazzan [cantor] and a shohet,\nbut also they ruled the society as such. If somebody -- [It was] also an\norganization to help a woman that wanted to get married and didn't have money\n[for a dowry] -- [unintelligible]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If somebody wants to open a little\nbusiness, he could borrow and pay back. Actually, the gemiende was a self-ruled\n-- Besides the Polish government, the local police, and so on, we have this\ngemiende that actually ruled the life of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these few thousand people there. Most\nof the time, there were people in there that were better off than the other\nones, but they did a wonderful job remembering always the poor and helping out.\n\nInterviewer: During and after World War One, did your family have to move away\nor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"run away from the town? Were there any problem remaining in the town during\nthat time?\n\nDora: When war broke out, Wyszogrod right away became a part of the German Third\nReich. After three months, all the Jews were resettled to another little town\ncalled Czerwinsk. Then, they were resettled again to another little town, Nowa\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dwor, from which they were taken in 1942 to Auschwitz-Birkenau. I have\nwitnesses. Very few people from Wyszogrod who went to Auschwitz-Birkenau\nsurvived. There were a few survivors. They told me later on after the war that\non December 13, 1942, all who survived before the beatings, and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expulsions,\nand different hardships, they were gassed on December 13, 1942.\n\nInterviewer: Was your family among those people?\n\nDora: My family was among them. I have a Yizkor book that was edited in Israel,\nin which witnesses described the last transport from Nowa Dwor, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after Wyszogrod, to Auschwitz-Birkenau.\n\nInterviewer: How many of your family were not in Wyszogrod when this happened?\n\nDora: One of my sisters lived in Warsaw. Actually, I met her for a while we were\nwalking away from Warsaw, but she went back to Warsaw. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was able to send her\none letter and one package from the place that I was later on in Ukraine. My\nother sister, my older sister [Necha], who had a little boy [Szlojma] of eight\nyears, and her husband [Lejb Morgenstern] were also in Warsaw. My parents and my\ntwo other sisters went together to Auschwitz-Birkenau.\n\nInterviewer: They were the youngest?\n\nDora: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, one was older than me. Her name was Szyfra. Then was a younger\n[sister], Chaja, that they went with my parents at the same time.\n\nInterviewer: Szyfra, and Chaja, and your mother, and your father?\n\nDora: Right.\n\nInterviewer: The last name was what?\n\nDora: The last name was Baumberg.\n\nInterviewer: I want to make sure that we get that.\n\nDora: Right, into this.\n\nInterviewer: Did you have any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"communication with your family before they were\ndeported on the transport? Did you have any communication with your mother and father?\n\nDora: In 1939, I was coming back from vacation. I went to Wyszogrod when the war\nbroke out. Right away, since I was married, I left back to Warsaw. That was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nlast time I saw my parents and my two sisters--one older than me; one younger\nthan me. In Warsaw, after eight days--Warsaw was already bombed--the mayor of\nWarsaw gave out over the radio that all young woman and men should leave Warsaw\nin order to avoid slavery in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany, because the Germans supposedly will take\nthem all young, abled people to be slaves doing slave work in Germany. Thousands\ncrossed the bridges over the Vistula River. We walked ten days. We reached a\nlittle town. A woman was taking some water out from -- not a river, but she was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taking out from -- What do you call it?\n\nInterviewer: A well?\n\nDora: A well. We ask, \"Where are we?\" She said, \"Well, for you, the war is over\nbecause [Adolf] Hitler and [Josef] Stalin divided already Poland. You are\nalready on the Russian territory.\" From the moment that I left my parents, I\nnever had any other connection with them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I actually don't know exactly what\nhappened unless I read that Yizkor book and witnesses say, for instance, that\nwhen the Germans took some people and they said, \"You can have them back if you\nwill bring in so much money or gold.\" My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother had some jewelry. I remember\nthere's long chains of gold and a few rings. In that Yizkor book, they say that\nthey saw my daddy running with jewelry to contribute, to get out those people.\nOther than that, they would be shot. Also, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Jewish Judenrat in Wyszogrod did\nnot want to make out a list of people that the Germans demanded for work. There\nis a mention of my father volunteered instead of somebody else to go to a place\nthat they worked them. The work was actually standing in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"water and digging the\nground. After a few weeks, the witness tells in that book, my father came back\nto his family. But that's about all I know what happened to them.\n\nInterviewer: When you crossed the border, who issued that warning in Warsaw that\nyou should go out of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw?\n\nDora: It's just like we have mayors here. That was the mayor of Warsaw.\n\nInterviewer: He was a Pole?\n\nDora: A Pole.\n\nInterviewer: He was warning Jews or the general population?\n\nDora: The general population, all young people -- a lot of Poles and Jews, the\nyoung ones. I was at that time 25 years old, 24, 25 years old. My husband was\nquite young, too. He was five years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"older. We left with his brother, who was 16.\n\nInterviewer: You did this ten day walk?\n\nDora: Ten day walk. We walked. We ran through the front. At day time, they\nbombed us. A lot of times we were listening for the airplanes. We ran into the\nwoods. We decided then to walk at night. We walked through bombed out cities. As\nI said, we reached the point ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they said, \"This is Russian territory.\"\n\nInterviewer: Do you know what the name of that area was?\n\nDora: The little town was called [29:16; unidentifiable town sounds like\n\"Manyeviche\"]. People used to come there for the summers. There was a lot of\nwoods there. We spent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there a week. Then we marched on.\n\nInterviewer: Where did you live? Out in the street, on the floor? What did you do?\n\nDora: People were very kind over the ten days that we wandered. On a number of\noccasions, if we knocked at a door, they used to take us in. They called us the\n[unintelligible] already. They used to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to share their meal. I remember\none Friday night, we spent the night with a very poor family. She was very much\nashamed that she did not have nothing else but a few beans. She shared the beans\nwith us. We did not have any hostilities. The Jewish population who was there\ntook in a lot of people. All of a sudden, they were very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crowded. After a day or\nso, we were always asking, \"Are the Germans coming?\" We moved from one place to\nthe other.\n\nInterviewer: The people who were there were ethnic Poles or were they\nUkrainians? Were they Russians? You said they were Jews also living in that town.\n\nDora: In this particular town, there were there were Jews and Poles when we came.\n\nInterviewer: But the divider had been made so that before, they were Poles and\nnow, they were Russian?\n\nDora: Right. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a lot of Polish population who later on suffered a lot\nunder the Russians because most of the time they took them later out and sent\nthem out to Siberia.\n\nInterviewer: From there, where did you go?\n\nDora: From Manyeviche, we went down -- Let's see. From ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Manyeviche, we travelled\nto Vilna. In Vilna, my husband tried to get a job already as a teacher because\nhe was by profession, a teacher of Jewish history, religion. But in the\nmeantime, the Russians gave away Vilna to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuanians. We decided that it's\ntime for us to move on again. We to Baranowicze. In Baranowicze, I took a job.\nWe had very little money with us when we left Warsaw. In Baranowicze, I took a\njob in a hospital. I was supposed to help out a nurse, but they put me to wash\nsome ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"windows. I worked in Baranowicze till we met some agents from Russia. They\ncame to get some volunteers to work in Russia. We registered for work in Russia.\nWe left Baranowicze [and went] toward ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Minsk. Instead of Minsk, they let us off\nin a small town called Berezha [Belarus]. In Berezha, they met us with an\norchestra. We did not realize that the orchestra was playing for us. They told\nus that they are so happy to see us because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they saved us from the capitalism.\nNow they're greeting us with music. That was the first encounter with the\nRussian communists. Toward us, they behaved very good. They did not -- There was\na big room there from people who came to look for work. Everybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a\nprofession that was assigned to a place here or there. But when it came to us, I\nwas a librarian. Israel was a teacher. They couldn't find for us work. They\nsaid, \"Just sit here for a while and take a rest.\" They behaved absolutely\nmarvelous towards us. Finally, we decided to move on by ourselves to a bigger\ncity, to Minsk. There, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took lessons in Russian for teachers. We got some\nletters from the part that was called okrainy, which was the part that Russia\ntook from Poland, from our friends, that we should come back. Israel went first\nback. I was still working there as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"librarian. I got a job in the central\nlibrary of the central library of Lenin's name, as a librarian in the Jewish\nDepartment of books. Israel went back to the part -- to the same little city\nwhere we were first. I was left with his brother. His brother was left in the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little town, Baranowicze, and I was left in Minsk, so we were quite separate\ntill later on he wrote letters for us to come. I took his brother and we went\ndown to Kiev [Kyiv]. I went down to Kiev. I wanted to see Kiev. There was a\ntrain going back to the little town, but I told his brother that I want to see\nKiev. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We slept that night on benches and I looked over the beautiful city of\nKiev. After three days, we got enough of that. I joined Israel in Manevychi.\n\nInterviewer: Tell me one thing. How much time had expired from the time that you\nleft Warsaw, walked across to Russia, and then wandered down from one city ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\nthe other, and then rejoined? What time frame are we talking about?\n\nDora: Yes. We are talking about September till spring.\n\nInterviewer: All of this moving around took place in about six months?\n\nDora: Yes, we spent winter in Minsk. I joined him in spring back in the little city.\n\nInterviewer: Did you had a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"luggage? A little bit of luggage?\n\nDora: I didn't have any luggage. I have only the clothes on my back.\n\nInterviewer: How did you find housing, food, the essentials of life?\n\nDora: Always looking for work and I found work always. My husband and his\nbrother could not could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not work, but I always found work. Actually, when we\ncame to a city, there was always help for the people who ran away, the [37:50;\nunintelligible], who came back to this part, or in synagogues, or in kitchens.\n\nInterviewer: Jewish aid?\n\nDora: Yes.\n\nInterviewer: Tell me a little bit more about this Jewish aid. Can you remember\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything? Who was running it? What did they offer? How did you access them? How\ndid you find them?\n\nDora: We found them very easily, because when a Jew went to a city, we consider\nthis a Jewish city back in Poland at that time. When we reached Russia, there\nwas no question of looking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for Jewish kitchen, because right away, I found a\njob. Israel also found the job. He worked for a news -- They edited. I think\nthey printed books -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He worked as a bookkeeper, although he never was a\nbookkeeper, but you tried to work.\n\nInterviewer: We will pick up that story later on from him. I was interested in\nyou said they had kitchens in some of these places where people came to eat.\n\nDora: Right, but in all those cities, was spent no more than a few days. We kept\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moving on, so I cannot give you a better description where the help came. For\ninstance, if we were running from Warsaw and went into a village, I used to\npretend to go into a Christian home and say--I don't know how I learned to say\ntheir saying in Polish--\"Blessed be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"God. Can you spare some potatoes,\" or\nsomething like that. They never refused. In my wanderings, I had a rapport with\npeople. Wherever I went, they helped me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It never was hostility toward me.\nWherever I went, I was helped.\n\nInterviewer: If it is okay with my cameraperson, I would like to bring Mr. Ellen\ninto the conversation now. Then, we will join both of you together at the point\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you --\n\nDora: United.\n\nInterviewer: -- came into the DP camps, and come to Atlanta, and all of that. We\nhave that area still to cover.\n\nInterviewer: We are now speaking to Mr. Israel --\n\nIsrael: Pardon me. You have to speak a little louder because I don't hear well.\n\nInterviewer: Okay, I'll try. We are now speaking to Mr. Israel Ellen, who\nchanged his name in 1992. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would like to hear from you. Why did you change your name?\n\nIsrael: My name when I was born in name was Israel Elenzweig, but when we went\nto business here in Atlanta, the people started this thing--not only in Atlanta,\nbut also when we enter any kind of office, they started asking, \"How do you\nspell your name? How do you spell your name?\" Our English was very poor and we\nhad trouble spelling it and they had trouble ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting the letters. When we took\nthe naturalization papers out, we asked for them to change the name, to shorten\nit. Instead of Elenzweig, I became Ellen. This is the name I am going by now. My\nchildren, when they have been born, the birth certificate, they still have the\nname airline strike because at that time, I haven't been yet a citizen of the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States. They also go by the name Ellen now because it's much easier.\n\nInterviewer: Can you tell me, where were you born?\n\nIsrael: I was born in Warsaw in 1909.\n\nInterviewer: What do you remember of your family? What can you tell us about it?\n\nIsrael: My father was a waiter. My mother was working ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a restaurant kitchen as\na helper, I guess, as a dishwasher or something like this. The conditions had\nbeen very poor. In the time of the First World War, my father was a soldier at\nthe Russian army. He was taken -- as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prisoner of war to Germany. [He was] at\nleast a few years in Germany. At that time--I don't remember it exactly since I\nwas then a very small child--we lived in Kielce, which is a part of Poland, near\nthe relatives of my father. He came back in 1917 or 1918 after the war and he\nstarted working back in a restaurant in Warsaw. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finished school. I finished a\ngovernment school, a seminary for teachers, which -- We didn't have to pay for\nit. I finished it, I think, in 1925 or 1927. I don't remember the exact year I\nfinished it. I worked as a teacher a very short time in a public school for\nabout two or three years, but I didn't like it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later on, I made a living\nthrough tutoring in private lessons, helping out children that had problems in\nschools and so on.\n\nInterviewer: Did you have a specialization when you studied to be a teacher?\n\nIsrael: This was a government seminary for teachers of Jewish religion, because\nin the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public schools, they needed teachers of Jewish religion. We learned\nHebrew, of course, and Polish literature, and so on. It was a five year\nseminary. I finished the seminary. It wasn't far from where we lived. This is\nit. This was until about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1939 that I was teaching in private, had the private\nteaching lessons. My brother was much younger. He was born after the war. I was\nborn in 1909. He must have been born in 1920 or 1921. I don't remember. He was\nmuch younger than I have been. The discrepancy was because of the war that was\nin the meantime. I don't know if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she mentioned it, but my brother left with us\nwhen we left out when the war broke out. He was with us until later on. He died\nin Russia.\n\nInterviewer: There were only two of you in the family?\n\nIsrael: Two of us, right, myself and my brother. This was all.\n\nInterviewer: What was your family's Jewish connection before the war?\n\nIsrael: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Europe--in Warsaw especially, where there had been 300,000 Jews--the\nconnection was [that] you have been born a Jew, you have been either religious\nor not religious, but there no question about you being a Jew, because of the\nenvironment, because of the culture, because of what you read, and how you lived\nin. Of course, there was another reason. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitic part of Poland was so\nvicious that you couldn't go to some places and not get hit because they\nrecognized that you have been a Jewish. But in Warsaw that had a million people\nliving, 300,000 of them had been Jews. Willingly and not willingly, a lot of\nJewish lived in the same neighborhoods, so there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was no question about having\nbeen a Jew. There was no problem, no way of denying it.\n\nInterviewer: Was your family Zionistic? Was it involved politically?\n\nIsrael: No, I didn't think they had any kind of -- They hadn't been too\nreligious; not like her father, which was--I don't know if you mentioned\nit--very religious. But we did they go to the synagogue on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"holidays. The\nsynagogue was connected to the union of waiters, the one that my father went\ntook me as a young boy. Later, when I became anti-religious after I finished\nschool, but the question of being Jewish had nothing to do with it. You could be\nsecular, and you didn't have to belong to any synagogue, and so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on. This is the\nway it was.\n\nInterviewer: How did you meet your wife?\n\nIsrael: I thought you mentioned it. She worked --\n\nInterviewer: We saved that for you.\n\nIsrael: Okay. She worked in a library. I came down to the library one time at a\ncertain time. I guess we liked each ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other. I think I met her -- I don't remember\nthe exact year when I met her. It must have been 1929 or 1930 when she came down\nto Warsaw and worked over there.\n\nWe had been both young. The question of finding a place to live was very\ncritical because you had to have money that I didn't have, or I had very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little.\nWe just walked around for quite a few years until 1939. I think I know her since\n1930, which would make it about 70 years, which is quite a big --\n\nInterviewer: How long did you wait to get married?\n\nIsrael: I think it must have been about -- I think we met about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1930. I don't\nremember the exact year, but it must have been about seven, eight years until 1939.\n\nInterviewer: You got married in 1939?\n\nIsrael: Right.\n\nInterviewer: I want to ask you a hypothetical question. Would you ever have\nmarried a non-Jewish person?\n\nIsrael: Would I ever? I didn't have a chance. I don't know. I never --\n\nInterviewer: Did you date --\n\nIsrael: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, the tradition of dating is not the same. In Europe, at that time,\nit's not the same as it is here, where you date a lot of people, or you date\nthem for a day or two, and you decide which one -- Over there, it wasn't like\nthis. Dating was -- I mean, we did walk. Every time, after she finished work, I\ntried to be there at the library. We lived not far from each other. She lived on\nnumber eight ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the same street where I lived in number 17, which is almost\nacross the street from each other. We found it out later. We walked around the\nstreets a few times in the evening. It was nighttime only after she finished\nwork. Usually, the work was in the evening in the library because it was a\nworkman's library. The library wasn't for me because you had to have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some money\nto live. People used to pay a few dollars--a few zlotys, Polish money--to be\nable to get the books out, and for the library to be able to buy more books, and\nso on. We used to walk around the streets quite for ten, 15 [minutes], maybe\nhalf an hour.\n\nInterviewer: What was it that attracted you to your wife when you saw her in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"library?\n\nIsrael: Now, come on. This is very hard to explain. I mean, you meet somebody,\nyou talk, and you fell in love. I guess we did we did fall in love, although I\nnever said --\n\nInterviewer: You can read it.\n\nIsrael: Sure, I can.\n\nIf you were drowning, I'd come to the rescue,\n\nwrap you in my blanket and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pour hot tea.\n\nIf I were a sheriff, I'd arrest you\n\nand keep you in the cell under lock and key.\n\nIf you were a bird, I'd cut a record\n\nand listen all night long to your high-pitched trill.\n\nIf I were a sergeant, you'd be my recruit,\n\nand boy, I can assure you you'd love the drill.\n\nIf you were Chinese, I'd learn the languages,\n\nburn ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot of incense, wear funny clothes.\n\nIf you were a mirror, I'd storm the ladies,\n\ngive you my red lipstick and puff your nose.\n\nIf you loved volcanoes, I'd be lava\n\nrelentlessly erupting from my hidden source.\n\nAnd if you were my wife, I'd be your lover\n\nbecause the church is firmly against divorce.\n\nI wrote that. This is a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poem [called \"Love Song\"] by [Joseph] Brodsky, a Russian\nimmigrant who came here to the United States. In fact, he was, I think,\nsentenced to five years in prison in Russia. I gave it to my wife as a present\non her birthday. I wrote, \"The words are not mine; the feeling is. I have loved\nyou since the beginning of time and will love you to the end of time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Happy birthday.\"\n\nInterviewer: That is lovely.\n\nIsrael: You asked about love. It's so much told about, said about it --\n\nDora: I told her the family joke about fainting.\n\nIsrael: My children used to ask me how I met her. I said that when I came in, I\nsaw her, I fainted. They believed it for quite a long ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time.\n\nInterviewer: We were speaking before about the fact that you were a kohen. That\nwasn't something that we picked up earlier. I wondered if you would explain\nabout that. When you went to the synagogue with your father in Warsaw, did you\ngo up on the --\n\nIsrael: Sure, of course. They call it in Yiddish, 'dukhnen.' I don't know where\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the word is coming from. Everybody--the people, the whole congregation\nusually--covers themselves with tallitim so they [do] not see the kohenim. The\nkohenim spreads their -- This is the sign of the kohenim. This is the sign of\nthe kohenim. They spread the fingers like this. They say Birchat Kohanim. It's a\nwhole ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blessing. I could find it here another time and show it to you. They\nbelieved that when you are not a kohen and you look at the time when they do it,\nyou may go blind. I don't know where it came from. I guess it's connected to the\nholiness that they believed the kohenim have shown.\n\nInterviewer: Is this a practice you have carried on since ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you left home?\n\nIsrael: No, I never -- I think Jewish are blessed enough--if you can call this\nway--without my adding something to it. I never -- I did it as a young boy with\nmy father in the synagogue. You do it on special holidays. I don't remember\nexactly which. I think about two or three times a year. I never did it after\nthis. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never did admit that I am a kohen. We hardly go to synagogue anyway.\n\nInterviewer: We did not get into the tape the names of your mother and your\nfather. I always like to get those names in because we never know who's going to\nsee that film. Maybe there would be some recognition, or someone coming from\nAustralia will look at this at some point, and say, \"You know, I have a common\nrelative,\" or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something. I'd like for you to tell us your mother's maiden name,\nher first name, her married name --\n\nIsrael: Sure. My mother's maiden name was Matel--this was her Jewish\nname--Grossman, from the home Grossman. She was born in [57:10; unintelligible\nPolish city], which is a medium sized town on the on the Vistula River. The\nVistula River is the main river in Poland. My father's name was Shmuel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Samuel\nElenzweig. He was born not far from the city of Kielce. It's a big city. Their\ncity where he was born was [57:44; unintelligible], which is a very close city\nto Kielce.\n\nInterviewer: What is the name?\n\nIsrael: Kielce. Kielce later was famous more or less, because they make in\nKielce after the war a pogrom, where they killed quite a few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people after the war.\n\nInterviewer: Did you have any relatives remaining in Kielce?\n\nIsrael: No, I don't have any relatives over there. I had an uncle in the United\nStates, Nathan Elenzweig, and I have a few cousins that are children of the\nsame. Otherwise, I don't have any anybody that is connected.\n\nInterviewer: Right. When the war was over, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where were you?\n\nIsrael: When the war was over -- We both had been in Uzbekistan, which is south\nRussia, not far from Tashkent.\n\nInterviewer: How did you get there? I think your wife finished by telling me\nthat you had wandered around for six months.\n\nIsrael: How did we get to Tashkent?\n\nInterviewer: You ended up together in Kiev?\n\nIsrael: In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Manevychi, this little town.\n\nInterviewer: Manevychi?\n\nIsrael: Right.\n\nInterviewer: Then, how did you --\n\nIsrael: When the Germans attacked -- In Manevychi, we lived up till 1941 -- when\nthe Germans attacked Russia. Manevychi was very close to the border with\nGermany, maybe a hundred ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kilometers or something like this. My wife worked. In\nManevychi, she worked in the library, helping out the Russian woman that\norganized the library for the people around. When the Germans attacked\nRussia--the attack was very strong, and very quick, very fast; the Germans moved\nvery fast at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time--the woman who worked with my wife at the library, came\nthere. [She] told her -- This was maybe on the second or third day of the war. I\ndon't remember exactly which day it was. She came in. She said that all the\nRussians that came over from Russia after they 'liberated' this part of Poland,\nthat all they are going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evacuate. They are evacuating themselves because of\nthe Germans getting closer and closer to this place. This is how we packed our\nfew things that we had. We decided to evacuate ourselves together with the\nRussians. They allowed us because of her connection with this woman in the\nlibrary. Mainly because of this, they allowed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us--myself, my wife, my brother,\nand there was a friend -- and his sister--to get on the truck, to get to the\nmain station.\n\nIsrael: They allowed us to get on the truck that went to the train station, the\nevacuation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"station. It so happened that they allowed -- We jumped on the train.\n[Dora] was left outside. A Russian soldier was standing right there. He said\nhe's not allowing her. For some reason, he did not allow her to get on the\ntrain. The train was almost moving. It so happened that the one Russian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was\nthe secretary of the [communist] party in Manevychi knew her. He said to the\nsoldier, \"Why don't you let her in?\" In the last minute, she jumped on the train\nand joined us. We had been already on top of the train. The train at that time\nwent from Manevychi straight to Kiev. This is how we ran away the second time\nfrom the Germans.\n\nInterviewer: From ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kiev --\n\nIsrael: From Kiev, this is a long story.\n\nInterviewer: Where did you go? What happened? This was in 1941?\n\nIsrael: This was 1941 when the Germans attacked Russia.\n\nInterviewer: Alright. What happened?\n\nIsrael: What happened from Kiev? We stayed in Kiev maybe two days. They started\nevacuating Kiev, so we went to the train station. It was -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a cattle train for\nthat thing. You didn't need any tickets, of course, at that time. It was such a\nmishmash. Everything was in --\n\nInterviewer: Chaos.\n\nIsrael: In was -- We got on this train, all three of us: my brother, and Dora,\nand myself. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We got on the train. It was an open car -- I guess it must have been\na cattle car. We have been on this train maybe four or five days. From time to\ntime, the German planes came over, shooting at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the train, or trying to stop it,\nor trying to kill people, but nothing happened to us. We survived. We had been\non this train maybe four or five days until we came to a little town near the\nVolga River, which is -- Kamyshin. It is not far from Stalingrad. This is the\ncity that later was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"famous for the Germans. They took a very big beating.\nThe state of the war turned at that time at Stalingrad, which is later. The real\nname was Tsaritsyn in the time before the [First World] War, but they called it\nlater Stalingrad. We came to this little town Kamyshin. This was a village. We\nstayed in this village ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe two or three days. There was nothing to do. They\nsaid, \"Just take it easy. Take it easy.\" They gave us a little bit of bread. But\nwe decided that this -- We cannot. It's not for us. We went from this little\nvillage. We went to Kamyshin, which is already a bigger city. They had a plant\nfor themselves for the fish that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they caught in the Volga. They had a place\nwhere they built a glass factory. Myself and the friend of ours, we had been\nworking. This was -- We didn't stay too long. We had been working in the glass\nfactory plant, loading sand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in big trucks. Myself, I am not a very physical\nworker. After a while, they decided that they don't have too much use for me.\nThey fired me. Dora worked at the conserve factory, where they conserved all\nkinds of kinds of fish and so on, stuffing the jars. [Dora was] carrying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out a\njar or two or two in her clothes at night when she used to come home. We lived\nin what they called the [1:06:45; unintelligible Russian], a place where the\nworkers live all together. You have only a bed or a piece of -- It's not a bed\nexactly, but it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is something that you can stretch yourself out. We lived there\nfor maybe three or four weeks. The Germans had already been getting closer. I\nhad been mobilized because we didn't have any documents that said who we are.\nWhen they told us to evacuate Manevychi, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I put all my papers and the paper where\nI finished school in a rucksack. When we got on top of this, it was a very -- I\nleft it. Before the truck moved away, I left it on the ground and we lost it, so\nwe didn't have any papers at all. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Only, on the train, the one that was the chief\nof police in this little town, he gave us a little piece of paper with our\nnames. This was all that we carried around. I was considered a Russian citizen.\nI did not have nothing to show that I was born in Poland. We didn't have any\npapers at all. Because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this, I was mobilized; not in the army, but the one\nthat was helping out the army, digging ditches and so on. From this little town,\nI was taken down to Stalingrad, to Tsaritsyn. In Tsaritsyn, the man looked us up\nand he said, \"Whoever doesn't have any shoes, step out.\" I didn't have any shoes\nat all. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had been torn into little pieces. I stepped out and he sent me\nback, which was a miracle, because otherwise I don't even know if I would have\nsurvived. He sent me back to Kamyshin. We decided in Kamyshin that the front is\ngetting too close to us, because really you could -- Every day was a change. The\nGermans were almost a few hundred miles -- We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided to go to Tashkent. This\nwas a place where everybody dreamed of. In fact, there was one time a book\nwritten [about] Tashkent [called] The City of Bread. Besides this, Tashkent was\nwarm. It was down South in Uzbekistan. There was no winter there; while in\nKamyshin, it was getting very close to the cold ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"times. To get on the train going\nto Tashkent, usually you didn't need any tickets. You just jumped on the train\nand got there. To get to Tashkent, down south, according to the Russian rule,\nyou had to go up north. We had been -- This was on the Volga. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boats\ngoing up the river to Leningrad, which is the place where [Vladimir] Lenin was\nborn--not Leningrad; Ulyanovsk is the name of the city. Ulyanov is the name of\nLenin, his family name. To get on this boat, we made this bread, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dried bread so\nfor a few days we have something to eat. To get on the boat, one of us -- We\nwent to the Volga River, and we stayed in these places where the people usually\ngot on the boat. Most of us had been sleeping. One of us watched the river. I\ndon't remember who it was, but he saw this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boat coming up, coming closer. He\nwoke us and we got on the boat. The boat [was] going up north. As I told you, we\nhad to go north to get the train to go south. We went when we stayed on the boat\nmaybe for three days, I think, on the Volga, up until ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we came to Ulyanovsk. On\nthe boat had been Russian soldiers mobilized or demobilized. Anyway, they found\nout that we have a rucksack with dried bread. They made a hole and they almost\nemptied it, so we had very little to survive. In Ulyanovsk, we stayed the night.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, people don't realize what this was, how many people had been on the\ntrains, how many people had been on the boats. [There were] thousands moving one\nway or another. In Ulyanovsk, we got on a train--not a regular train, but a\ntrain that is for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cattle. This was already wintertime. We traveled on this train\nmaybe four or five days from Ulyanovsk down south, until we got to the warm\nplace, to Tashkent.\n\nInterviewer: This was in the winter of 1941?\n\nIsrael: This was the winter of 1941, right.\n\nInterviewer: Then, you --\n\nIsrael: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She remembers. I was sitting there. We had -- a little stove. We used to\njump out, and catch a little bit of coal whenever the train stop, and try to get\nback in time so the train will not run away from us. I was the one that -- I\nguess I lost all willingness to live. I were sitting at the stove warming my\nhands and trying to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survive, while she was more alive and my brother. They used\nto jump down, get a little bit of coal and keep -- I don't know how of why, but\nI guess I survived, which was no problem, no question about it. Then, we got to\nTashkent. When we got there to Tashkent, a few days, we lived on the streets. It\nwas warm, which for us was like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saving -- like from good G-d sent, because there\nwas no more snow, no more cold weather. You have to see the map of Russia, too,\nand to realize how far we traveled on this train. We traveled from upper up\nnorth, through the Ural Mountains, from Europe to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Asia, down south, near the\nIranian border. In Tashkent, again, we registered for -- They divided the people\nto different places. We registered for a little town called [1:15:25;\nunintelligible], which is a collective farm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the Uzbeks. At that time, it\nwas still a German farm because the Germans had it was the name of it was\nKolkhoz Thalmann. Thalmann was a communist leader of the Germans, that was later\non killed the guest or arrested by -- I don't know what happened to Thalmann.\nAnyway, he was a very famous communist leader of the German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"workmen.\n\nInterviewer: These were prisoners of war?\n\nIsrael: I don't think so. I think he was killed by Hitler. I'm not sure what\nhappened to him.\n\nInterviewer: But the German workers. Where did the German workers come from?\n\nIsrael: I mean, before the war, before Hitler came to [power], he was a leader\nof the German Communist Party.\n\nDora: No, she's asking you how the Germans came to Volga [River region], where\nwe landed.\n\nIsrael: How the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans came to the Volga? The Germans had a colony in the time\nof the Tzar. They had villages. They had quite a few villages. It was a\nrepublic, even. When the war broke out, Stalin was so he didn't care about one\npeasant, or a thousand peasants, or even 100,000 peasants. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the war broke\nout, he moved everybody. All the Germans from the Volga, he moved them down deep\ninto Tashkent, into Siberia, any place else, as far from the German army as he\ncould. One of the German cohorts, as I said, they called it Kolkhoz ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thalmann. A\nGerman family took us in at this village. But after a few days, they moved all\nthe Germans out of the village and only Uzbeks were left over. My wife and my\nbrother worked on the rice paddies, which it is in the water. Rice usually is in\nthe water. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked in the rice paddies. I was taking one day to the rice\npaddies. But for me to tell the difference between a rice and something that\ngrows beside the rice is beyond me. After a while, they sent me off. I started\nto work as a helper to a bookkeeper in the office over there. No, first, I\nworked as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a night watchman. They gave me a gun or something that did look like a\ngun. I was supposed to ring the bell ever hour and watch -- This was something\nthat they were making strings -- It was a rope plant or fabricator. I was\nsupposed to ring the bell every hour during the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night. I fell asleep one night\nand they caught me. I didn't ring, so they came to see what happened. They\ncaught me sleeping. They put me in this little jail that they had, but after a\nday, they let me out. They decided that I am no good as a night watchman either.\nI started to work as a helper in the in an office. It's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonderful how we did\nlearn Russian. It was another question and another problem. The Russian have a\ndifferent writing. They have the Cyrillic alphabet. The first time when they\ncame over -- when they 'freed' us -- They considered it that they 'freed'\nUkraine. They didn't say that they annexed part of Poland. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The saying was that\nthey freed the Ukrainian people from the yoke of capitalism. When they came over\nto Manevychi, they started putting out signs [that said] things like, \"Thank\nStalin for the happy life,\" or \"Stalin freed us from slavery.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I started reading\nthese signs. I don't know how it came to me, but I guess just I started reading\nthe signs. Besides this, we had the month or two that we had the Russian\nlanguage course in Minsk, when they taught us. They thought that I was going to\nbe a teacher. They taught us a little bit of Russian. We did know Russian more\nor less. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is how I started working consists of writing down 'credit' and\n'debit,' not knowing what credit or debit is, but I just figured out if\nsomething goes out, it's one line; if something goes [in], it's another line. We\nmanaged. We stayed in this village maybe a year. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was mobilized again in this\nvillage as a Russian citizen, because I didn't have any papers. But at that time --\n\nInterviewer: How old were you then?\n\nIsrael: It must have been in 1941, so I guess I must have been 30 something, 34\n[or] 35. I was mobilized again, but I was lucky. At ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that time, I fell sick with\na very serious sickness, what they call 'bloody diarrhea.' Because of the food\nor I don't know what, I was very sick. I have to show the people that I am not\nable to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mobilized. They took me from this village on a wagon with two little\nsteers to this little town. I had to go out and bring back a piece of paper to\nthis chief of the mobilization to show him that I'm really sick. I was sick. My\nbrother got sick at that time, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too. He had a ruptured appendix. I didn't know it\nat that time. Yes. She was with him at that. At that time, I didn't have any\nlook any [way] to get back to this village. I walked all night, sitting down\nevery few ten or 15 minutes for my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"needs, being sick as I was. It was terribly\ndifficult. I came back. I didn't come back all the way to the village, but I did\nmake it to a hospital not far from the village. They took me in and I was there.\nMy brother died at this little hospital--not the same hospital. At that time,\nwhen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was in the hospital sick, my brother died at this hospital. She came the\nnext day and they told her that he died. I never knew what happened to the -- At\nthat hospital where I was, the only idea that the [1:24:23; unintelligible]--it\nwasn't a doctor--had that could cure me was to give me apples to eat. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was\ngoing to a garden at night, stealing sacks of apple so I have something. I got\nout of this. Look, I make it.\n\nInterviewer: You had the apple cure.\n\nIsrael: Yes, I had that apple cure. I don't know how it worked, but it did work.\nShe saved my life a second time. This was it. We came back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the village and we\nstayed in this village after I got cured. The conditions had been terrible\nbecause they gave us very little to eat. They gave us the rice, which was more\nworms in it than rice. We used to cook it at night like -- I don't know; like\nsacrifice. I was working in this office upstairs. I had no shoes at all. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\nworking in some kind of -- I remember -- ballet shoes. We decided that this is\nnot a life. This is not the life for us. We decided to get to the city, to\nTashkent, close to the city where there would have been better conditions, more\nor less. One ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night, when nobody saw us, we ran away from the village to\n[1:26:07; unintelligible city], which was not far from Tashkent. It was a small\ncity about two kilometers or something from Tashkent. In this city, I got a job\nagain in an office with a Jewish bookkeeper. I mean, the main bookkeeper ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a\nJew. I got a job in this office. It wasn't that -- We did much better. She was\ntraveling to the big city and started doing business, selling things on the\n[black] market. This was until -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"must have been 1942. [It] must have been a\nyear or a year and a half. In [1943], Russia decided that whoever, the Poles\nshould take the Russian citizenship. Poles that came from over in Warsaw and so\nforth, they should take the Russian citizenship. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"According to us, it was decided\nthat I am not going to take the citizenship. She will take the citizenship. If\nthe world comes to an end, how can they split up a family? They let me go. This\nwas our way of thinking, not the way the Russians have been thinking. I decided\nI'm not going to take the citizenship. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided if I am not going to take\nthe citizenship, they'll take me to court. They arrested me. They kept me in\nprison and they took me to the judge and called. I saw already what's going on\nand I decided, \"Okay, I'll take the citizenship,\" but it was too late. They gave\nme two years of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prison--not for not taking the citizenship; they gave me [a\nsentence] because I did not have [the papers saying] that I'm allowed to live in\nthis little city. All they had to do is turn over the piece of paper that I had\nand they could see that I had this. But, of course, in Russia at that time, in\ntime of Stalin, it's something that -- Whoever didn't live there doesn't know\nhow the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conditions had been. They gave me two years in prison, two years of hard\nlabor. They took me--walking--down from [unintelligible city] to Tashkent, to\nthe prison. I stayed in the prison. I remember walking with the soldiers around\nyou. It had been about 40 or 50 of us sentenced to two years or five ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years,\ndifferent kinds of criminal. I remember walking. This was about four or five\nkilometers. She, of course, was next to me -- I was in prison for about a month.\nAt that time, they used to come down to the prison and take people to different\nkinds of slave labor, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I had only two years. Besides this, I didn't look too\nget to physically able to do hard work, so they did not take me down too far\naway, to Siberia or wherever they needed workers. They took us down to the to\nthe collective farm of the [1:30:26; unintelligible] of the Russian military,\nthe Russian police. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this prison. It wasn't a prison; it was a labor\ncamp. I was in this labor camp for quite a few months. In prison -- I don't have\nto describe how the Russian prisons are. The [cell] was for maybe eight people.\nThere have been about 30 or 40 people living in this. Some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people--the\ncriminals, who knew everything -- There are quite a few criminals, of course, in\nRussian prisons. They lived on the top of the beds. The people like us that did\nknow anything, that hadn't been in prison, had to sleep under the bed. It was so\ncrowded that not a person can describe it. My idea was that if I ever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live or\nget out, I make a movie, show the people how through the hole in the door where\nthey put in the key, there are people living in such conditions. They had a\nsaying at that time, and I can say it in Russian, [unintelligible\nRussian]. This is the bucket ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for men needs to -- Something to do. They let us\nout to only once a day. If you need it in the middle of the day, you have to use\nthe [bucket]. If somebody had a sentence of a year or two--like myself, I had\ntwo years only--he could sit it through on the [bucket]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He didn't have to\nbother too much. They had a saying. [unintelligible Russian] Whoever\nwasn't there, is going to be in prison, and whoever was in prison is not going\nto forget it. In Russian, it rhymes. [unintelligible ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian]. This\nrhymes also. In this labor camp, she used to bring me down in packages to live,\nbecause they feed you too much. Besides this, in a labor camp like this, the\ncriminals, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ones had been sentenced for -- They had been ruling the whole\ncamp. They had been telling you which the kind of work you are going to do. Of\ncourse, the best work with to be in the kitchen, but you hardly could get to\nwork in a kitchen, where you could have some a piece of bread, or a piece of\nsoup, something to eat. This was not for us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They called us [1:34:06;\nunintelligible], the ones that came from Western Ukraine. They had been ruling\nand of course we had the hardest work in this camp. If not for her and the\npackages that she used to send -- They told her I was getting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything. I\nmaybe got a half of what I got. If you got not a piece of bread [but] a whole\nbread, if you didn't eat it in one time in one sitting, you could never get hold\nof it because the criminals got it from you. It so happened that you had to\nsleep in your shoes, in your boots. I slept. I already had a pair of shoes, more\nor less good shoes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think they have been the shoes that they got from -- No, I\nhad a good pair of shoes. At night, somebody took off the shoes off me. I woke\nup in the morning without any shoes and I had to -- At that time, they made you\na pair [of shoes] from car tires. They [were not] too ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"elegant and too\ncomfortable. I did live like that for quite a few months in these shoes [made\nfrom] tires. After a while -- How did I get out of this?\n\nDora: A lawyer.\n\nIsrael: Yes, I took a lawyer. The lawyer showed that I agreed in court, I said\nthat I'm going to take ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this Russian citizenship. One way or another, he got me\nout after half a year. Again, she saved my life. When I got out, I went back to\nwork at this office where the main bookkeeper was a Russian Jew. I did well in\nthis office because this was an office ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was buying up the produce from the farms,\ngiving it to the government. We did have ahold already of produce that -- You\ncould you may call it stealing, but it wasn't stealing. We lived not far from\nthis bookkeeper, which later got in big trouble because he used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sell whole\ncarloads on the side. They finally caught up with him and he had to run away. We\nsaved his life in one way or another. This is an origin story. We lived in\n[unintelligible city] until the end of the war, but we did not want to wait\nuntil the war ended. I mean, we did not want wait until they promised to send\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back all these people back to Poland. We didn't want to wait that long. We did\nnot trust the government. We had the good reasons not to trust them. At that\ntime, I was working over there was a big shop -- a product in the military --\nsome kind of -- I don't remember exactly what it was. I had this round stamp. In\nRussia, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"round stamp, the kruglaya pechat, if you had it, you could do\nwonders. We got an idea. We took a book, a block note of paper, and I put the\nstamp one and another on each page, a whole block note full of stuff. Nothing\nwas written on it yet. There ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a big family that knew already how to do\nthings. We had been friends with them. We gave them this block note, which is\nalmost like a big treasure because of the stamp that they had. What they did\nwith these papers, we do not know, but they got us from the police -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a letter\nsending us to Lvov, which was already freed by the Russians, which was very\nclose to Poland. We went with this piece of paper, which was -- How did they\ncall it?\n\nDora: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A right to go back.\n\nIsrael: Not a right to go back, but they had to go back there to work or\nsomething to do in Lvov. We took a train. At this time, the trains hadn't been\nso crowded. We took a passenger train that took us to Moscow. In Moscow, a\nfriend of ours who was already working in this Polish committee -- They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"created\na Polish committee. We slept one night or two in his office. Later on, we got a\ntrain to Lvov. Maybe in 24 hours or something like this, we had been in Lvov. We\nstayed in Lvov maybe a day or two, but we didn't trust them. We took the train\nfrom Lvov to Poland, to Krakow, which was already ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland. At that time, the\nPolish antisemites had been throwing -- If they found somebody, a Jew on the\ntrain, they did throw them out of trains, killed them, did everything to finish\nthe work of [Adolf] Hitler. My Polish is good, but I have an accent in Polish.\nHer Polish is much better, so I was not allowed to open my mouth [on the] train\nduring the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night. It took at night maybe, not longer. We got to Krakow. In\nKrakow, we had already somebody from -- a family from [unintelligible city] that\nalready came back to Poland. They came back by -- I don't know which way. Maybe\nthey spent a lot of money. They came back to Krakow. They have been from Krakow.\nHe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a rich man before the war in Krakow. He had an apartment house. We stayed\nin his apartment for a night or two.\n\nInterviewer: What year was that?\n\nIsrael: This was 1945.\n\nInterviewer: 1945, in the summer?\n\nIsrael: By the end. No, this was the end of [1945] because the war ended in May.\nWe left maybe two months ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later. This was already by the\nend of the summer.\n\nDora: December.\n\nIsrael: December. We stayed not long, but we did not go back to Warsaw because\nof the danger on the trains and because we are told nothing was left from\nWarsaw. From Krakow, we hooked up with a Zionist organization, that was already\n-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We decided that we are getting out of Poland. The border lines have been so\nmessed up. There was nothing that you could -- With a little money, if you\nturned it over to the person that was standing at the border, you could pass\nfrom one border line to another, from one country to the other. He took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us.\nThere was already a group. There was already the Brichah, which was the Israeli\ngroup that helped people get out of these dangerous places. The Brichah took us\ndown to the border with Poland. We slept over the night, one night, at the\nborder. The next day, we had been in Czechoslovakia. In Czechoslovakia, I'd been\narrested for a day maybe, but the community--there was already a Jewish\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community in Czechoslovakia; I don't remember the name of the city--they got us\nout. A day or two later, we have been already in Vienna, supposedly as Albanian\nJews or some kind of -- Not Greek Jews, but Greeks going back to Greece.\n\nInterviewer: Where did you stay in Vienna?\n\nIsrael: This was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Vienna. We stayed in the Rothschild Hospital. It used to be\nRothschild Hospital. We were taken to this hotel. We remember at that time very\nmuch with pleasure. We remember that when we came to this hospital, all they\ntook is a little bit of some kind of a DDT [insecticide]. They sprayed and we\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got rid of all flies and everything in no time, which was for us, worth a\nmiracle, because at all this time we did carry lice from all the time everywhere.\n\nInterviewer: Yes.\n\nInterviewer: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thinking back about your flight from Warsaw and the time that you\nspent in Uzbekistan, what kinds of memories do you have that are particularly\nJewish memories? What kind of holiday celebrations or anything like that? Do you\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember Hanukkah, Pesach, anything during those three or four years?\n\nDora: Okay. While we were in Uzbekistan, there was no Jewish life per se,\nbecause at that time the Jewish schools were long ago closed by [Joseph] Stalin.\nSo was the theatre. So were the writers killed. In fact, I have a good memory ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of\nbooks of Jewish writers thrown away because I worked in the library of Lenin in\nMinsk. At that time, I worked in the Jewish Department of books. We had a wall,\nwhich opened into -- the end of the wall at the ceiling opened into another\nroom. Every day, we have other books that they would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throw behind a wall, that\nwere not supposed to see the light or a reader. When we came to Uzbekistan,\nthere was a Jewish community. There were Jewish people, but not a community as\nsuch, because everybody was at that time of himself. There was no way of\ncelebrating any Jewish holidays because they were forbidden. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We met with Jewish\npeople, reminiscing about life, but not celebrating any holidays whatever, in a\nperiod of four years. From 1939--more than four years--from 1939 to 1945,\nactually, we never celebrate the holiday with Jewish people.\n\nInterviewer: And privately?\n\nDora: Privately, it would be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very dangerous to do. Unfortunately, there were\nquite a few people in that neighborhood where we lived that they were called so\noften to the NKV, which is the organization of finding out what people think,\nwhat people do against what they call the enemy of the regime. They were\nactually on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the pay of the NKV and everybody kept mum. I remember only in Minsk,\nwhen we came the first time, and we did not have any idea how this regime really\nsuppressed Jewish life. We had old timers, Jews from Minsk. They told us, \"Don't\ntalk. Don't talk.\" That was the main thing. Don't talk, don't say anything,\nbecause ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything you said was against you. Now that answers your question? You\nwant to add something?\n\nIsrael: Yes, I can add to this that you could very easily wind up in a prison or\nin a camp by saying that the life of workers has been easy. You could buy bread\nor something like this. People that have never been there, can't imagine how\nlife ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was under Stalin's regime. We never did celebrate any kind of holidays.\nThere was no matzoh for Passover. There was no lighting candles for Hanukkah,\nand so on, and so on. The religious life of Jews at that time, where we had been\nin Uzbekistan, was not existent at all.\n\nDora: True.\n\nIsrael: There was no life at all. I mean, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know that we are Jews who lived\nbetween Jews, who talked Jewish to the people, but this was all. No religious\nlife of any kind was visible. Especially for us that hadn't been religious at\nall, was no -- I mean, we knew that we are Jews and we knew all the everything\nwhat is connected with this, but this was all to it.\n\nDora: Also, we met Jews ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Krakow, a family who was--not only one family, but\na lot of families--they were older people and they were they were always\ncelebrating holidays back in Poland. We met them. We met Jewish families all the\ntime, but there was no --\n\nIsrael: No organized Jewish life as such.\n\nInterviewer: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What about help? Did Jewish people look out for each other, help\neach other when they were in need?\n\nIsrael: Yes, of course. There's no question about this. Especially, we had no\nproblems in meeting nice people. All the people that we met have been nice to\nus. This was a miracle in a way. It's no question about this. But when it comes\nto organized Jewish life, we never met any. We never saw any. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact, in Minsk,\nI worked as a typist for Jewish writers in a Jewish publishing house. They wrote\none time a poem, one of them -- I don't remember the name of the writer I write\nnow. He wrote one time a poem that is based on a Jewish song that [unintelligible Yiddish]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are two Germans standing on a high hill. At that\ntime, Stalin had very good relations with Hitler. They had been not allowed to\ndo it. This can be added to have a picture of Jewish books being thrown over the\nwall in a tiny room that was not possible. Not nobody could reach it. Nobody\ncould read it. People that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are living in America, they cannot imagine how the\natmosphere was pressing down on people, not allowing them to think free, to talk\nfree, to do anything that is not allowed to be done. But we adjusted to it, of course.\n\nDora: I want to add that a lot of books before Stalin started this campaign\nagainst the Jews were edited in beautiful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paper. Actually, one book I remember\nit was [Eliezer] Steinbeck's Mashalim, which a lot of times those mashalim were\nrecited on evenings in Warsaw for workers and so on. It was a beautiful book.\nThe other guy told me to throw it over the wall and I took out that book. I\ncarried that book with me quite a few years in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Uzbekistan, which at that time,\nif they would called me carrying out a book like that illegally, it could be\nSiberia. But it was such a beautiful book, I just -- I always had that in me\nthat the touch of a book was, for me, holy. You remember that Steinbeck's\n[1:53:25; unintelligible] I brought home?\n\nIsrael: Yes.\n\nInterviewer: Why does mashalim mean?\n\nIsrael: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fables.\n\nInterviewer: These were Jewish fables?\n\nDora: Yes.\n\nIsrael: No, they had not been Jewish fables. They had been fables written in\nJewish [Yiddish]. This book you can find, I'm pretty sure, in any kind of\nlibrary here in the United States because he's a well-known writer.\n\nDora: One was such a beautiful --\n\nIsrael: There is another story that may put some light on the life at that time.\nThere was a Jewish writer from Warsaw, Berlinski, who wanted to print a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reprinted book. He was on the left side in Poland. He wanted to reprint his book\nin Russia, but he couldn't find any book that had been printed in Poland. She\nhad to steal out the book from this forbidden place in Minsk and give it to him,\nso he can reprint it and have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it published in Russia.\n\nDora: No, it's not correct. Berlinski wanted to have his book printed. That book\nwas printed in a communist newspaper, which was in our library, in the Jewish\nDepartment. I reprinted, rewrote the whole book from this newspaper. What was\nthe name of the --\n\nIsrael: De ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Freyhet, the American Communist newspaper, a Jewish newspaper. I\nthink, De Freyhet, [which meant] the truth.\n\nDora: It's only another example of that, that the Jewish writer who has his own\nbook printed before Stalin started all this campaign, he could not later on get\nto his material, to the book. He had to use a librarian to do that for him and\ndo it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really secretly, because it was dangerous for me. It was dangerous for\nhim. It's very hard now to imagine to the degree that Jewish life was suppressed\nduring all those years in the war and before the war started, under Stalin.\n\nInterviewer: Starting at --\n\nDora: Stalin started this campaign in the thirties against the Jews, yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stalin\nstarted the campaign.\n\nIsrael: It's very hard to talk about campaign. The Jewish schools -- First of\nall, Hebrew as such, as the language, was forbidden because, according to their\nideas, a language can be sated with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religious meanings. Hebrew as such, was\nforbidden, a language as such. Even the Jewish language, Yiddish was forbidden\nlater on, because all the Yiddish schools -- Before 1932, there had been Jewish\nschools, Yiddish schools where they taught in Yiddish all over Russia. Later on,\nthe schools had been gradually closed because the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people didn't want it.\nEverything was done [with the] idea that the people don't want it--not that the\ngovernment doesn't want it, but the people don't want it. The schools had been\nclosed one after another in every city where they existed before. Whenever we\nasked, \"Is there a Yiddish school in Kiev,\" [they said,] \"Yes, there is.\" But in\nKiev, they said there is a Yiddish school in Moscow, but they was not--not in\nKiev and not in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moscow. After they closed the schools -- This must have happened\nin 1932 [or] 1933. I mean, long before we came to Russia. Later on, they started\nclosing the publishing houses. But the real pogrom came in 1942 [or] 1943, when\nthey killed the oldest Jewish writers--12 or 14; I don't remember exactly how ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many.\n\nInterviewer: Was there a prevailing atmosphere of fear among Jews?\n\nDora: Definitely. Absolutely, there was the atmosphere of fear, to the point\nthat you could hear, \"Shh. Shh,\" all the time. There were stories. We knew one\nperson that came from Poland. He was a friend of Israel's. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He evidently said\nsomething and he was shot. He was not a Russian. He was from Poland. He was an\nimmigrant. Nevertheless--we don't know what he said--his wife and two children\nsurvived, but he was killed only because he said something about the good life\nin Poland. That was enough to get shot. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He wasn't an officer. He wasn't a\ncapitalist. It was something that he said. You can imagine how far the feel of a\nof a general person was to keep mum before the closest people. We knew already\nat that time the children denouncing parents in Russia, so we really kept mum.\nThat was getting back to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question of celebrating holidays or any organized\nJewish life. I say it was zero.\n\nInterviewer: Did you have any communication with your families or friends in\nPoland during the war?\n\nDora: In the beginning, there was one time that I got a letter from my sister\nwho was walking together with us. We met her walking together with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us from\nWarsaw. She decided to walk back. Later on, while I was in Manyeviche, I got a\nletter from her because the postal service surprisingly still worked. I got a\nletter from her how bad the conditions are in Warsaw, the hunger. I sent her a\npackage. That was the last thing.\n\nInterviewer: What year was that?\n\nDora: That was 1940.\n\nIsrael: Before the war broke ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out between Russia and Germany. Between us [the\nSoviet Union] and Germany, the war broke out in 1941. This was 1940. How she got\nour address, we don't know.\n\nInterviewer: Do you know why she decided to turn back?\n\nDora: No, it was always a question that really gave us a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thinking. A lot\nof people went back. She had an apartment and she was with a man. A lot of\npeople who had something to hang on [to], or had illusions, or had never -- I\nmean, we did not know what the Germans are going to do to our people. Just by\nintuition, we went forward and she went back. I cannot tell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you why [or] what\nforced her to go back. It's a question that I cannot answer.\n\nIsrael: At that time, you couldn't tell which is better: to go forward or to go\nback. They decided they had something to go back to. They decided to go back to\nit. They did go back and this was it.\n\nDora: In fact, before 1941, the Russians ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"allowed a registry of people who wanted\nto go back to Poland under the German occupation.\n\nIsrael: They did not allow it exactly, but they spread a rumor that whoever\nwants to go back to Poland, will be able to go back to Poland.\n\nDora: We--I and my husband's brother--wanted to go back. I wanted to go back to\nget out my sisters from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland. At that time, we already were afraid of the\nGermans. His brother, who was very young--he was 16 at the time--wanted to go\nback just with me because we were very close. Israel had this brilliant idea. If\nwe register, we should register under a false name and see what will happen.\n\nIsrael: Not -- Of course, very close to the name. Instead ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Elenzweig, to\nregister as Belenzweig or something like this. Go ahead.\n\nDora: Me and his brother, Neftali, went to a town, where they registered people\nwho want to go back to Poland.\n\nIsrael: [You went] to [2:03:18; unintelligible].\n\nDora: Yes. We changed a little bit our name and our address with the precaution\nthat we will see what will happen. That really saved our life because all those\npeople were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrested, put in cattle wagons, and put somewhere in Siberia, where\na lot of them actually survived in spite of that. They did not get killed, but\nthey had a very harsh experience. While we could go down to Uzbekistan, where it\nwas warm, they went to places where they said, \"Here are the woods. Build your\nown houses or work in the mines.\" Whatever they wanted to do with them, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did so.\n\nInterviewer: When Naftali died --\n\nDora: Naftali died in an Uzbekistan little village, that we worked there. Me and\nNaftali worked there for a year on the rice fields. He got an attack of the --\nHe had an attack of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"--\n\nIsrael: A ruptured --\n\nDora: A ruptured --\n\nInterviewer: Peritonitis?\n\nDora: Right, yes. I took him to the hospital on a wagon with big -- There were\nnot horses there. They were --\n\nIsrael: Oxen.\n\nDora: Oxen. I remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every time we hit -- There were no paved roads. We hit\nthe roads. I will never forget the pain in his eyes. When I took him to the\nhospital, I never thought that they will operate on him, and he will not live\nthrough and be dead. The next day, I came. I had in my hand and few--I remember\ndistinctly--grapes and a piece of sugar, which at that time was all I had for\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. They told me he died. I went to the mortuary and he was dead.\n\nInterviewer: He was buried in this town?\n\nDora: In a very small Uzbek village.\n\nIsrael: We don't know if he was buried or they used his body for science. We\ndon't know nothing. At that time, I was very sick myself in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital. I was\nsick with --\n\nDora: Bloody dysentery.\n\nIsrael: Bloody dysentery, which is very dangerous at that time. That's it for\nhealth reasons. I survived this, but he didn't.\n\nInterviewer: When the war was over, I think you said that everybody who could,\nstarted to return. Where did you return to?\n\nIsrael: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We did not wait for this, until they let us return. We'd had enough of\nthe life as it was. I thought that I told you how we got back. Didn't I?\n\nDora: Yes, I think we had it before. We outsmarted --\n\nIsrael: We had the stamps and papers. Somebody that was in [unintelligible\ncity], that was doing all kind of business with them, got us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out, got us a\nletter of recommendation that we are sent over to Lvov for work from the NKV,\nfrom the military police. We left Uzbekistan maybe half a year after the war\nended --\n\nDora: November.\n\nIsrael: -- while all the evacuees had to wait a whole year until they sent them back.\n\nDora: Two years, I think.\n\nIsrael: We went back one night on a civil ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train already. It took us about two\ndays from Uzbekistan through Moscow to Lvov.\n\nInterviewer: What kind of train was it?\n\nIsrael: It was a passenger train already. We went to Moscow. We slept overnight\nin Moscow.\n\nInterviewer: This was 1945?\n\nDora: This was 1945.\n\nIsrael: Yes, this was in 1945. This was some time at the end of the summer.\n\nDora: It was November.\n\nIsrael: Later on, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we did not go back to Warsaw. We had a hard time on the train\nfrom Lvov to Krakow. At that time, the Polish hooligans had been throwing out --\nIf they saw somebody that they thought was a Jew or close to a Jew, they throw\nthem out of the trains. [On] the train, I couldn't open my mouth because my\naccent in Polish is a little different than Polish. She was the one that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were\ndoing the talking. We came to Krakow. In Krakow, we stayed only a week. We got\nin touch with the Brichah, which was an organization that was for helping our\npeople escape from Poland. The border lines had been very fluid; not closed\nover. They took us over first to Czechoslovakia ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and later on, to Vienna as Greek\npeople returning to their homeland. We came to have been in Vienna maybe a week.\nFrom there, they took us over to Germany.\n\nInterviewer: That was still with the Brichah?\n\nIsrael: Sure.\n\nInterviewer: The Brichah guided you to --\n\nIsrael: Got us over to Germany, to Pocking, which was near Passau [Germany].\n\nDora: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"P-O-K-I-N-G.\n\nIsrael: Yes, near Passau, they opened the DP camp. When we came, nobody was\nthere, but this was a German army camp. That was, of course, all empty of their\nsoldiers. We took it over and we opened the camp. It must have been about a few\nhundred Jewish people from all over, from Romania, from Poland, from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary,\nmaybe from Czechoslovakia, from all kinds, but all were all Jewish. We opened it.\n\nInterviewer: A point of clarification. Pocking was an abandoned German army camp?\n\nIsrael: Used to be an army camp. It's not far from Passau, about 40 kilometers\nfrom Passau. Passau is a well-known city on the Danube [River].\n\nInterviewer: Who was instrumental besides the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish refugees? Was it still the\nBrichah that helped to set up the camp?\n\nIsrael: Sure. We don't know the people that were helping us, but hey had been\naround. In Pocking, already came over a representative from Israel, a Jewish\nwoman. I think her name was --\n\nDora: Yeta.\n\nIsrael: Yeta, right, and a woman also from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American joint to help us out,\nwith the people from UNRRA, which was the United Nations relief organization for refugees.\n\nDora: May I add that the camp was organized by three organizations? The [United\nNations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration], the Jewish Joint, and the Brichah.\n\nIsrael: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was under the supervision of UNRRA, [United Nations Relief and\nRehabilitation Administration].\n\nInterviewer: I am particularly interested in the agencies that assisted refugees\nfrom the point that you mentioned, like when you joined up with the Brichah, and\nfrom then on, all the way to your arrival to America and to Atlanta. When I ask\nyou to be specific, it's an area that I want to cover ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well for history.\n\nDora: Right. All the glory to the Brichah. They did all the work.\n\nIsrael: We did not get in touch with the organizations as such, because we only\nmet one person like from Poland. A woman took us to the border. She took us over\nthe border. We slept at that day, on the 1st of January [1946], we had slept on\nthe border. At that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, there had been still kind of loose gangs in the\nwoods--German gangs and already disbanded the soldiers, but they still had been\nvery dangerous. We slept through the first night of January of 1946, we spent on\nthe border of Poland and Czechoslovakia. When we came to Czechoslovakia, we had\nbeen arrested by the government, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people got us out. I mean, you spent\nmaybe a day or night in prison. They got us out. We don't know who because --\n\nInterviewer: Because you were illegally crossing the border?\n\nIsrael: Right, sure. [They] got us out. The single people that we got in touch\nwith, we didn't know that there was such an organization as Brichah. The single\npeople that took us out from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland took us later on to Vienna, to Austria, to\nthe Rothschild Hospital.\n\nDora: May I add a few words about it? The way I remember the things is that the\nfamily that we spent a few nights in Krakow, they were Jews that we knew in\nUzbekistan. We did not know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the Brichah or the help that we can get, but\nthis family knew about it. They suggested we go up to a room there on a street,\nin an office there. I remember it was dark and a lot of people were there. But I\nwant to point out that the Jewish -- skills to organize their civil life was\nalready right ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away as the Germans let down and the war ended. This came so much\nto the service that I cannot get over till now. It was so well organized that we\ncame up and they said, \"You want to leave Poland?\" We said, \"Yes, but we don't\nhave any money.\" They told us with these words, \"Don't you worry about money.\nYou want to get out from Poland, we'll get you out from Poland.\" We went on the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"border, the Polish-Czechoslovak border. There was this beautiful young Jewish\nwoman, who bribed--because we saw that she bribed--the Polish officer to let us\nthrough the border. We came to a little town where there was already an\norganized Jewish community, who got us out. We were arrested. They got us out\nright the first day. They put us in a synagogue. We slept the night in a\nsynagogue there and they provided ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us with food. It's unbelievable that those\npeople, who before, they were the slaves. They were the people who couldn't do a\nthing that everybody now laughs that they could not withstand the German power\nor the Polish anti-Semites. All of a sudden, all the help for people as us came\nfrom those people. This is unforgettable.\n\nInterviewer: And not enough ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recorded.\n\nDora: And not enough recorded, that's for sure.\n\nIsrael: In Pocking, there was organized a Jewish committee to help people. I\nguess it must have been organized just the next day or something like this. They\nhad been starting schools for children because there'd been quite a few children\nin the group with us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had to organize to, say, get clothes for people, get\nfood that was later on sent by the UNRRA. This camp committee, I was secretary\nof the committee for some reason in Pocking. We organized the school. We\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organized the how to --\n\nDora: A library.\n\nIsrael: --how to get a library, how to give rooms to the people because they\nhave been coming all the time. They had been coming, the people from all kinds\nof -- We don't know where from, but they used to come, because this was only the\nbeginning of the camp. Later on, the camp counted maybe a few hundred. I don't\nknow exactly how many people have been importing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I used to have pictures of the\npeople coming to Pocking, but I gave it to the museum. They may have some.\n\nInterviewer: How long did you stay in Pocking?\n\nIsrael: In Pocking, we had been --\n\nDora: Two years.\n\nIsrael: Maybe two years, a year and a half, or something, or two years. I don't\nremember exactly.\n\nInterviewer: Is that where you assumed the role of editor of the newspaper?\n\nIsrael: No, this was a different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"story. Landsberg was a much better organized\ncamp. Landsberg, which is about 30 kilometers from Munich, was much better\norganized because, over there, had been people that came out of the camps, not\nlike us that came from mostly came from Russia, from all kinds of the hiding places.\n\nDora: Dachau was very close.\n\nIsrael: They must be from Dachau, [those] people. They were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much better\norganized. Over there, they started publishing the newspaper. The Landsberger\nYiddish Zietung was the name of the newspaper. Over there were mostly Lithuanian\nJews. Dr. Greenhouse was the president of the committee. He later was the\npresident of all the Jewish in the German occupation zone.\n\nInterviewer: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was his name?\n\nIsrael: A few times I sent a few articles, small articles. I don't remember,\nsmall or large. Anyway, I sent them a few articles to the newspaper. When the\nfirst editor of the newspaper decided to go to Israel, they had been looking for\nsomebody to take over the editorial. They decided that I am good enough for\nthis. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I moved over to Landsberg with a truck.\n\nDora: From Poking.\n\nIsrael: We had that truck full of things already, a bed and something. We got a\nroom in Landsberg.\n\nI became editor of the Landsberg Yiddish Zietung. It was very famous. In the\nbeginning, it was printed, transliterated in Latin letters because we did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not\nhave the Hebrew letters for this. After a year or a year and a half, the\nadministrator of the building--I think his name was Rabinovich--got ahold of --\nThere had been -- This was printed in a German printing shop. The Germans had\nbeen ready to do everything. At that time, this was the American occupation. We\ngot the Hebrew letters. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After a year and a half, I think, it was printed already\nin Hebrew letters. We had two girls before that had been using a typewriter\nmachine. Whenever they got an article -- We pre-printed from newspapers, also,\nto fill up the -- We had to tape [articles from] a German paper giving all the\nnews. You could pick out the news that was fit for this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"newspaper and printed\nit. A tape coming out of a [Teletype] machine that prints all the news, a long\ntape. We had this already. This was well-prepared, the editorial, mechanical --\nin existence already. We had about three rooms in a special house out of the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp. This newspaper was very well -- We used to sell also. We printed about\n10,000, I think. I don't remember exactly. I had a whole set of the newspaper. I\ngave it to Emory University when a man came by here one time. I have a letter\nfrom the Emory University also.\n\nInterviewer: What year was that when you assumed the editor position?\n\nIsrael: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was in 1946, must've been. We got out in 1945. This was starting\nfrom 1946 until 1949, when we came to the United States.\n\nInterviewer: What were some of the major issues that that you editorialized\nabout that were issues of concern to the population?\n\nIsrael: The major issues -- There had been the question of Israel. [David]\nBen-Gurion came to Landsberg, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was the leader of the Jewish Agency. He came\none time to a lunch, but at that time we hadn't been in Landsberg. Later on, the\nmain thing was the question of how to solve the Jewish problems. Most of the\npeople wanted to get out. Very seldom, anybody was doing any kind of black\nmarket. The black market was quite spread ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because American cigarettes, American\nchocolate, American [2:23:11; unintelligible] have been very seldom seen and\nsold for very high prices on the black market. Quite a few people had been on\nthe black market, making a living out of the black market.\n\nInterviewer: Whom did they sell to?\n\nIsrael: Germans.\n\nInterviewer: They received it in the camp and then they sold ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it on the black market?\n\nIsrael: Right, sell to Germans, or they bought it up in the camp and sold to Germans.\n\nInterviewer: Who made the rule that you cannot? How did it become a black market?\n\nIsrael: There was no major rule that you cannot do it.\n\nDora: There was the MP [military police].\n\nIsrael: It was more moral reasons holding you back than any kind of religious reasons.\n\nInterviewer: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me hear your version.\n\nDora: My version is -- The thing about Jews -- I don't know nothing about other\nnations, but I think I'll go back to the little town where I grew up--where\nJewish life was so organized, separate, as I mentioned, from the Polish rules,\nfrom the Polish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government--that we had, as I mentioned before, this\nself-government in the little town. That evidently went from many years before\nthe Second [World] War. [It] probably went on since the Jews were allowed to be\nin the ghettos, they had to have the elders, the better knowing, the person who\nreally thought about the welfare of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poor, of the undernourished, and so on.\nI think this tradition goes back hundreds of years of Jewish life. That\nreflected itself also in the camp. When we came, the first group we were in, was\n500 people. The second day, I remember I went out and I met a man in an English\nuniform or an American uniform. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was there from Israel. I said to him that I\nwould like to do something. I went to a room and I saw a lot of books on a\ntable. I said I would like to organize the library. From that point on, me and\nhim [Israel] got involved in this organizing things for people who were really\nwithout any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aim. They were just saved from death. This committee that was\norganized itself reminds me so much of the committees from the small towns, from\nyears before. There was right away there [2:26:20; unintelligible] from Israel.\nThey tried to get registered people for kibbutzim or for people who would like\nto go to Israel. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those people were a little better supplied with the supplies\nthat came from the United States. I understand the supplies were sent by the\nJoint, and not only the United Relief Organization, which privately sent\nproducts, because it was very hard to get flour, or sugar, or things for\neveryday [to] sustain the people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Clothes and shoes came. People were without\nanything. I, myself, had only one dress. I don't remember what kind of shoes I\nhad, but I remember distinctly that Israel had zero shoes. He had sometimes what\nI called 'ballet shoes,' where we got them somewhere. People were really without\nanything. In this respect, this group of people, the camp ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group that joined\ntogether and had sessions with the United Relief Organization and with the --.\nmaybe that was the Brichah, or maybe that was the Palmach, or maybe -- I don't\nknow which half of the Israeli Army at that time played a part. But I know\ndefinitely that the Israeli soldiers played a great part ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in saving Jewish\nchildren, Jewish people, and so on. They helped in the camp very much. Later on,\nthese people that Israel was talking about, the people who organized that paper,\nwere an elite group of Jews from Lithuania. They had kind lofty ideas about this\nnewspaper. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When later on, under the direction of this man [Israel], we started\nputting--I say 'we' because in an indirect way, I contribute sometimes also to\nthe newspaper--we start giving out practical advice to the people who didn't\nknow what to do with the products that came from America. They never knew what\nwas peanut ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"butter and they never knew how to bake things. People were torn away\nfrom normal life for many years. These were young people a lot who could not\nremember what their mother did, how they cooked, what they did. I think the\nnewspaper provided also a lot of practical advice for the people. It was not\nonly the lofty ideas about Israel, but also like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he mentioned, about getting to\nwork. Although there was not work per se in the camps, we tried to organize --\nORT started coming to life, which was the ORT from back in Poland, which was\nteaching people different skills. The ORT took place in the camp and that was a\ngreat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contribution to getting back those people to a normal life.\n\nInterviewer: Marriages, births, deaths. Tell me a little bit about that in the camps.\n\nDora: I can only tell you, from what I heard about it, that people were looking\nfor connections. They still were waiting for people. [They thought,] \"Maybe my\nwife survived. Maybe my children survived,\" or vice ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9000.0,9030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"versa, \"Maybe my husband\nsurvived.\" Nevertheless, a lot of young people decided right away to create a\nfamily, to be together. The focus on the family was very great.\n\nInterviewer: Jewish marriages with chuppahs and rabbis?\n\nDora: Yes, I went to a wedding. That was the first wedding in Landsburg. It was\na ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worker. She was a worker in -- Ruth, correct?\n\nIsrael: She was a typist in our newspaper.\n\nDora: She survived in a camp.\n\nIsrael: Remember I told you they used to get Yiddish letters, written letters in\nour articles? They had been transliterated them into Latin letters, creating\ntheir own orthography, creating their own ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way how to how to write it down. She\nwas one of the typewriting -- Two girls had been -- In fact, we met the daughter\nof one of them in Washington [D.C.] -- about a year ago when they had this\nconference of the survivors. She lives in Miami [Florida].\n\nDora: No, she lived part of the time in Israel, the Young Judea.\n\nIsrael: We had been to the wedding of this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"woman. They had rabbis and they had\nthe -- Jewish people are--not that I'm proud of it--but they are very good in\norganizing themselves, helping each other also. In a small town, they had\norganizations to help poor brides, to help have a place where people that came\nfrom out of town--poor people wondering from town to town--could spend the\nnight. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9120.0,9150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had an organization to lend out money without the high percentage .\n. .\n\nDora: No interest --\n\nIsrael: From thousands and thousands of year of being just that they can survive\nonly by helping each other, maybe because of this [2:33:03; unintelligible\ncomment as Israel chokes up] so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9150.0,9180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strong. In fact, when we came to the United\nStates, we had a lot of help in organizing and getting into business here. I\nnever mentioned this, but this was also a question of being helped. When I came\nto Atlanta, I had $1,000 in my pocket, saved already as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teacher. In Miami, I\nwas teaching Yiddish to English speaking children that didn't know a word of\nYiddish. It was hard for them; it was hard for me. After a year, I got out. At\nthat time, in Atlanta -- whoever, a Jewish teacher in a Jewish school quit his\njob. He went in to go to business. At this time, a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9210.0,9240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish people in the\ngrocery business because there have been so many cars. This was 1950 [or] 1951.\nMost of them did go into a business where they could make a living. Most of them\nwent into grocery business in black neighborhoods because the black people\ndidn't have cars yet. They didn't know how to -- They didn't deal with the big\nchain stores. They had been depending on credit. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These Jewish stores did help\nthem out in credit, in supplying their groceries, and so on. When we came to\nAtlanta--which is another story: how we came to Atlanta--a person signed for me,\nMr. Davis, which was [an associate] of [Barney] Medintz. Medintz was a very\nfamous Jewish leader. Mr. Davis --\n\nDora: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marilyn, too.\n\nIsrael: Right, Mr. Davis signed a note for me. We went up and they leant me\n$1,000, which was a very big amount of money at that time. Mr. Marilyn, which\nwas in the arbitration, also helped us out. The question of help -- I don't\nthink we could have survived without.\n\nInterviewer: I would like to hear more about it, because that's where we really\nheading ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9300.0,9330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that way anyway. When you say that Mr. Davis lent you $1,000, was that\npersonal or not?\n\nDora: No, it wasn't like that.\n\nIsrael: No, he took me up to a lending company. It was personal because if I\nwouldn't be able to pay it, he had to pay it. He took just as much a chance as\n-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like giving me his own money.\n\nInterviewer: Sure.\n\nDora: Because he was he was a cosigner.\n\nIsrael: He was a cosigner. If I didn't pay it, they would just go to me. They\ncouldn't get much out of me, but they could get out of him.\n\nInterviewer: Did you have a relationship with these people afterwards?\n\nDora: Sure.\n\nIsrael: Until his death. In fact, I have here the book that -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after he died,\nhis wife--he was a communist, Mr. Davis--left.\n\nDora: She was a Zionist.\n\nIsrael: Yes, I don't know if he was a communist or not, but it's not going to\nharm him anymore. He was on the left side and she was very Zionist, his wife.\nThey lived not far from here. I even have a book that, after he died, his wife\ndidn't have any use for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9390.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish books. I even have a book that was given to\nhim by a friend or something like this.\n\nInterviewer: When you came to Atlanta, did you become a member of the Arbeiter\nRing? Is that how you connected with these people?\n\nIsrael: Yes, I became a member of the Arbeiter Ring. I don't know before or -- I\neven got the first job I had as a Yiddish teacher from the Arbeiter Ring. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9420.0,9450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\nhad the Yiddish schools from the Arbeiter Ring in New York. We lived in New York\nfor about half a year. She was already working on this machine, sewing on a\nsewing machine. I was looking for work. I mean, with my qualifications, I am not\nmuch of a person that can be employed, especially in a new country. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't\nhave any -- nothing to keep us going. She was the one that was working. At that\ntime, I applied for a job as a Yiddish teacher in a Yiddish school. On the way\nup to the Arbeiter Ring, I met another refugee, a Jewish [man] looking for a\njob, Mr. Bethel, which later lived here in Atlanta. His son is later a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doctor\nnow in Pittsburgh. We started talking. He got a job in Atlanta as a Yiddish\nteacher in the Yiddish school, in the Sunday afternoon schools that they had.\nNow, they don't have these Yiddish schools nowhere, but they had these then.\n\nInterviewer: In 1951?\n\nIsrael: I got a job in Miami. After a year, he lost the job here because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was\n-- I mean, not a person that could love. I lost the job in Miami. He went--as\nwas the tradition in Atlanta--[and] got into a little grocery store here. We\nkept in correspondence, writing to each other from time to time. I got a job in\nMiami, in a hospital as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9540.0,9570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a --\n\nDora: A nurse.\n\nIsrael: A nursing helper.\n\nInterviewer: An orderly?\n\nIsaac: An orderly, something like this, which was not much. You couldn't exist\non this [salary]. At that time, we kept corresponding with each other. He wrote\nme, \"Come down to Atlanta.\" Everything is just coincidences. He wrote me, said,\n\"You cannot imagine.\" He wrote me, \"Come down to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9570.0,9600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta. I will see maybe you\nget a --\" She was left in Miami and I came to Atlanta. I was living in his house\nfor about a month.\n\nInterviewer: What year was that?\n\nIsrael: This was in 1951, must be.\n\nDora: Yes.\n\nIsrael: I was going to his store, learning the trade. Our English ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9600.0,9630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was terrible.\nI mean, we could hardly [communicate], especially, now with the black people.\nWhen they wanted snuff, we didn't know what snuff was. We never handled snuff.\nThey had to point out that things to us. I learned the trade, stayed in his\nlittle store for a month. Later on, I decided to start looking for a store\nmyself. I had saved about $1,000 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9630.0,9660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"-- Mr. Davis signed for another $1,000. I had\nsome relatives in New York. They sent me $1,000. I had $3,000. We found the\nstore for $5,200, which was a tremendous amount of money.\n\nDora: Eight thousand.\n\nIsrael: Over $5,000. Two thousand dollars, he gave -- The one that sold the\nstore to us, Mr. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9660.0,9690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feinberg on Highland, he was responsible for the $2,000. I have\na note. This is the way we got into business.\n\nDora: Yes. Now, can I add a few things about it?\n\nInterviewer: Please.\n\nDora: From the time that we left Poland for Germany, it was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fantastic journey\nbecause we were not only Greeks, we were not allowed to speak in the train. We\nwere not allowed to speak or Jewish or Polish, because they took us as Greeks. I\nwas wondering at that time why, as Jews, we could not reach the American on, but\nas Greeks we could reach the Americans. I never got an answer for that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because\nthere was nobody that would answer that, but it is a fact. We were Jews,\nsurvived from years of such a hard life in Uzbekistan, and running away from the\nPolish anti-Semites. Nevertheless, we never could get to the American's zone as Jews.\n\nIsrael: I think I know the answer. We traveled with Greeks ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9750.0,9780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"returning to Greece.\nThis was allowed according to the agreement between the governments. It may not\nhave been allowed for people that [were] running away from Poland--we have been\nrunning away from Poland--to come to the -- In 1946, a little later, the\nAmerican people, the English people took all the displaced persons. They sent\nthem back to Russia, to Ukraine, and so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on. This may be had been the reason that\nwe, as Greeks, could travel much more freely than as refugees from Poland.\nAccording to the governments then existing, we had no reason to run away from\nPoland. This was the reason why we had been traveling as Greeks. It was very\nfunny because we started talking to each other in Hebrew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9810.0,9840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from prayerbooks. We\ndid [talk] to each other. Not everybody was fluent in Hebrew, of course, but\nmost of the people [had been] fluent in the prayerbooks. We did say all\ndifferent kinds of the prayerbooks, that had made no sense at all, to have been Greek.\n\nDora: The word to recognize each other was [unintelligible Hebrew\nword]. The fact that the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9840.0,9870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eyes that gave away so many Jews back in Poland\nbecause they recognized the supposedly Jewish in the eyes. Here, we recognized a\nJew for a Jew. The word is [unintelligible]. When we said [unintelligible] and\nhis face lit up with a smile, we knew that we'd met a brother. What I want to\npoint out is the time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9870.0,9900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"--\n\nInterviewer: I would like to hear about that.\n\nDora: What do you got to say about it?\n\nIsrael: I don't know. I never thought about it, that there's a difference.\n\nInterviewer: Why don't you start?\n\nIsrael: Start it. Maybe you'll give me some ideas what you're talking about.\n\nDora: I was talking to some woman. It came out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9900.0,9930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the man -- After the war,\nthe woman wanted very much to have a family--maybe more than the man--because\nthe woman wants to have children. She wants to be a mother. It was cases that I\nhear from the men, \"There was a full room of woman and she caught me.\" Now, what\nthat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9930.0,9960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"means--'She caught me'--that means that really, the woman was more\ninterested in creating this new unit that would give her -- not only that she's\nnot an old maid, but it will give them back the father, the mother, the\nchildren--It will really give it back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9960.0,9990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the security of living together--while the\nman's preparation for that was may be entirely different. I don't want to say\nthat they were only that a need for sex was the predominant thing, while the\npredominant thought by the woman was creating ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9990.0,10020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the new Jewish family. You might\ndispute that, but from talking to women, I found that out--I might be mistaken,\nbut I found that out--that the women really wanted to create the family, while\nthe men had a need for sex.\n\nIsrael: I cannot tell. I don't believe that there is much difference between ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10020.0,10050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the --\n\nDora: The desire? The need?\n\nIsrael: No, there is [not] much difference between the attitude toward life\nbetween women and men. Usually, they make a big deal out of it. I think a woman\nand a men are human beings. I really don't know if there is any difference in\nattitude, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in attachment to life, or an attitude toward family, or towards sex. I\ncannot say it. According to my mind--I may be wrong--there is no difference\nbetween a woman and a man. Both are human beings.\n\nDora: No, after the war.\n\nIsrael: Both had desires for sex and desires for family. I never thought about\nit this way. I cannot argue one way or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10080.0,10110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another. She may be right. She may be\nwrong. I don't know.\n\nInterviewer: When were your children born in relation to your return from Uzbekistan?\n\nDora: Poland.\n\nInterviewer: From Poland.\n\nDora: I was almost 36, when Peggy was born in New York. Her name was Margaret.\nShe was an Elenzweig. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10110.0,10140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was born as a welfare patient in New York, in the\nBrooklyn Women's Hospital. I was all by myself because Israel was at that time\nworking as a teacher in New York.\n\nIsrael: In Miami.\n\nDora: I was working on an electric machine till almost she was born in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10140.0,10170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factory.\n\nInterviewer: She was conceived still in the DP?\n\nDora: She was conceived in a DP camp in Germany, in Landsberg. She was a breach\ncase, which was a very difficult delivery. The first time in my life, I received\na beautiful bouquet from Miami of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10170.0,10200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"red roses. I heard the story that Israel was\ndancing a little dance when he heard that he has a child of his own.\n\nIsrael: This goes to show you how big the differences between women and men.\n\nInterviewer: Then, your second?\n\nDora: My second daughter was born in Atlanta, in Georgia Baptist Hospital, quite\nunder different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10200.0,10230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"circumstances. Although, I went by myself in a taxi to Georgia\nBaptist Hospital, because somebody had to take care of my four year old one,\nPeggy, which was Israel. There was a very easy delivery. Her name is Martha Anne Elenzweig.\n\nInterviewer: Martha?\n\nDora: Martha, M-A-R-T-H-A ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10230.0,10260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A-N-N-E Elenzweig, right.\n\nInterviewer: Were they named after anybody in particular?\n\nDora: Yes, Peggy was named after my mother, which is Malka. Martha was named\nafter Israel's mother, which was Matel, actually; not Martha, but Matel.\n\nIsrael: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10260.0,10290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's it?\n\nInterviewer: I want to ask you one other question to pursue the earlier thought\nthat you had about women's desire to reestablish a Jewish family.\n\nDora: Right. People who came -- At least our small family--me and Israel, when\nwe came to Atlanta, we did not know how to operate a store. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10290.0,10320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went [in] kind of\nblind. But maybe the genes from the Middle East gave us an idea how to get in\nthis new world of selling, and buying, and organizing a store. The fact is that\nwe had very little time left to raise the children. At least, Israel did not\ncontribute ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10320.0,10350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so much because he was absolutely 100% involved in operating the\nstore. He came home very emotionally drained, evidently, from this. Later on, I\ntold him, \"Look, you could have teached them Hebrew. You could have teached them\nJudaism,\" and so on. I, for myself--remembering from my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10350.0,10380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home, how we celebrated\nholidays and so on--I had two sets of dishes for Passover. I started lighting\ncandles on Friday. The funniest thing is when the store had to open till 10:00\nat night on Friday, I told the black woman who was the nurse for my children to\nlight the candles so the children will know that on Friday night the candles ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10380.0,10410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had\nto be lit for Shabbos. That was the first step towards giving them a heritage.\nLater on, we sent them to Sunday school. They learned the siddur. They went for\nmany years to Shearith Israel. They finished Sunday school there. Both [did].\nThat was that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10410.0,10440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Regarding Jewish language, we were so absorbed learning from them\nEnglish, that we forgot to teach them Yiddish. If that would [have] created a\nbetter Jewish person from them, I don't know. Peggy turned out to be very\ntraditional. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10440.0,10470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"loves Jewish holidays. She's quite observant, to the point that\nher children fast on Yom Kippur, while Martha, who grew up in the sixties,\nturned away entirely from practicing Judaism. At least, she asked me for a\nmenorah. I know that she lights the menorah candles. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10470.0,10500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From time to time, she\nexpresses the desire to go to a synagogue, which the part of the country where\nshe lives, they do have a synagogue, in [unintelligible]. But it turns\nout that she's so busy when the Christmas collides with Hanukkah, that\neverybody's looking for her to do the work in the newspaper, that she gives the\nfree ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10500.0,10530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time to the Gentiles [non-Jews], instead of celebrating to go to a\nsynagogue. But at least she expressed to me the desire sometimes that she would\nlike to go to a synagogue and hear a good cantor and a rabbi. That's a great satisfaction.\n\nInterviewer: The question that Ruth raised about parenting styles, when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10530.0,10560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you\nbecame a parent in America, you were in a different culture than you had been\nraised in and you had gone through a great many trials and tribulations. You\nbrought two girls into the world in America. How was your parenting style\ndetermined? Did you use the example of your parents or was it a stab in the dark\nkind of thing? Who had the moral authority in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10560.0,10590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"household?\n\nDora: We have to go back to my life in the small town, from which I really\nwanted to get away. I got away from it. At the same time, when I got away from\nit, I was overwhelmed with the Polish classical literature. I felt kind of\ndisenfranchised ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10590.0,10620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from my Orthodox parents. It took me a long time. When we came\nto the States, I was overwhelmed again from the English literature. It took me a\nlong time. Now, at the end of my life, I'm very Jewish--to the point that I\nremember, I see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10620.0,10650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the good side of the Jewish person. I see the good side of the\nlearning. I admire very much our founding fathers, their sayings. A lot of\ntimes, when Israel reads to me from the Bible, I say, \"My goodness, they knew so\nmuch how they brought it down for the whole mankind.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10650.0,10680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I admire that. I came from\nthis tribe, from this nation. I'm very proud that it is.\n\nInterviewer: I wanted to ask you: In modern parlance, there are a number of\nclassifications. Looking at your life as a whole, and your escape from Poland,\nand all of the things, today, how do you consider yourself? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10680.0,10710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you consider\nyourself a refugee? Do you consider yourself a fugitive? Do you consider\nyourself a survivor, a victim? How would you classify yourself in this world of\nJewish categories?\n\nDora: The fact is, for many years being even in Germany, in camp, I wanted to go\nto live in Israel, but it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10710.0,10740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did not come to it. In the States, I would say it in\none word that I don't feel that I arrived home, which says -- I feel very good\nbetween Jews. A lot of time, I was thinking the best thing would be still to\nemigrate to Israel. I feel good with my own people.\n\nInterviewer: By the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10740.0,10770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sea.\n\nDora: Right, by the sea.\n\nInterviewer: What about you? Do you think about this idea of names like that? Do\nyou think that you are essentially a Jewish Holocaust survivor, or a refugee, or\na fugitive?\n\nIsrael: The difference between both of us is that she was brought up in a\nreligious home and revolted against ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10770.0,10800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. I was brought up in a freer home. I\nmean, a Jewish home, of course, but not religious. I accept that. I learned a\nlot about Jewishness from the Bible, from the school, and from the literature. I\nhad nothing to revolt against. I am a believer in freedom. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10800.0,10830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"consider myself an\nAmerican. I mean, I respect this modern culture. I'm a Jewish man living in the\nUnited States. I don't even consider myself or hardly ever think about survival\nunless I meet somebody that survived, or I read a book, or find a book that is a\nsurvivor's book, or see a movie that is connected with it. I think both of us --\nAny ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10830.0,10860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person tries to forget it, things what they went through. You only remember\nit when it comes like this, like taking a tape or telling somebody. I am very\nupset, if I can say so, that my children hardly have anything connected with us.\nWe sent them a few times the tapes that they took one time. I hardly believe\nthat they ever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10860.0,10890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did try to see it. This just tortures me a little bit, but it\ntortures me more -- I don't know, as a parent or as a survivor. I really don't\nmeditate about it. I am in the United States. I don't say I'm American. I am\nproud when a Jewish person gets somewhere here high in the government, or in\nscience, or gets the Nobel Prize. This is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10890.0,10920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all.\n\nInterviewer: Do you belong to survivor organizations?\n\nDora: Yes.\n\nIsrael: Yes, I write the check when they send me the bill just to show the\nbelonging that I am doing.\n\nInterviewer: Eternal Life-Hemshech?\n\nIsrael: Here, they have a survivor's group.\n\nDora: Hemshech, and you're a member of the Washington [D.C.] museum, and the\n[William] Breman Museum.\n\nInterviewer: The William Breman Museum and the Eternal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10920.0,10950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life-Hemcheh. What about\nthe World Gathering of Jewish Holocaust survivors?\n\nIsrael: We did go to the conference of the survivors that they had in\nWashington, D.C. We met quite a few people from the camp.\n\nInterviewer: When was this?\n\nIsrael: This was a year ago.\n\nInterviewer: Was this the DP camp conference?\n\nIsrael: Yes. There was a DP camp conference in Washington, D.C. They talked a\nlot about the newspaper that I have been editing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10950.0,10980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We met a few people. As I\nsaid, I met one daughter of this typist that was employed in the and who met a\nfew people from the camp from Landsberg. But this is all the connections that we\nhave with the survivors. We don't think much about the survivors, about the war.\nWe only think of it when it comes close to us, in our hands, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10980.0,11010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by a movie or by a\nshow. Otherwise, I guess we forget it. We try to forget, I think, which is\nnormal. I don't blame myself for not dreaming every night about what was going on.\n\nDora: A lot of times when we talk about it, I expressed -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11010.0,11040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were thinking,\n\"How would we behave?\" Sometimes, we think, \"Ah, we would be the first to\nget\"--they took what they called the 'aktion'--\"to die the first because we were\nin Warsaw.\" On the other hand, to try to think [about] why would the Jewish\npolice be so ruthless against the Jews. I suggested if a policeman would come\nand take ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11040.0,11070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away my mother or me, I would get a pot of hot water at least--if I\nwouldn't have a gun--and do something to express my indignation or my power with\na pot of hot water. On the other hand, we have the hardest time dwelling into\nthe character of the people who were all of a sudden sent into ghettos. Little\nby ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11070.0,11100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little, because it wasn't a process of one day, taking away all the rights\nand being [put] into very narrow, small places combined. They did not have the\nfreedom of moving, of getting away from something. I imagine that those people\nwere depressed to the point ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11100.0,11130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they did not care one way or another. Maybe that\ntook away the power of resistance. A lot of times, I really suffer of that that\nthat was not more resistance in -- Although we read that it was in Warsaw. Even\nin the labor camps, in the death camps, there was resistance, but nevertheless\n-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11130.0,11160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The creating the Judenrat gives me a lot of problems. I thought from the very\nbeginning they shouldn't cooperate with the Germans by creating the Judenrat.\nRegardless, if they would get killed, they would get killed. At least they would\nget killed an honorable death.\n\nIsrael: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11160.0,11190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me add something. Whenever you would think of what was going on, and\nhow the people reacted, and how they behaved, I still remember one sentence.\nThat is, in Hebrew, [3:06:42; unintelligible Hebrew phrase], which means you\ndon't judge a person, your friend, up till the moment when you are in the same\nplace, in the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11190.0,11220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conditions. Whatever happened in Poland in the time of [the\nwar], was such -- maniacal, such by devils thought out ideas how to completely\ntake away humanity from the people--the Germans had these ideas--that we cannot\njudge now how -- Sometimes, when I read something in the books of survivors, I\nconsider myself, \"What would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11220.0,11250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do in this place?\" I cannot say that I do this or\nthat, because these people have been so deprived, so dehumanized, that we have\nno right of any kind to judge or to say that \"I,\" or you, \"would have used hot\nwater,\" or \"I would have used a gun,\" and so on. This is the way I see the\nworld. When it comes to Dora and myself, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11250.0,11280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is a big difference. She was\nbrought up in a religious environment and she revolted against it, which I\nmentioned maybe before. She came to Warsaw. When we have been walking the\nstreets, she used to tell me that she is international -- nothing to do with\nJewishness. I had learned very much a lot. I was laughing. I was trying to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11280.0,11310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell\nher that you cannot get out of your skin. You may revolt, but you are still just\nwhat you have been brought up, or what you have learned, or what you acquired\nwhile you had been young.\n\nDora: I took a long life to come to that conclusion, that you cannot run away\nfrom yourself. I'm very happy that I came to that conclusion.\n\nIsrael: At that time we had been walking the streets, any Pole could close to us\nand beat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11310.0,11340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us only because we have been Jews. Beat us to death or give us a slap\nand run away. This was it. This was Warsaw at that time.\n\nInterviewer: Before the war?\n\nIsrael: Before the war, in 1935, 1937. This was a very hard life. The Poles had\nbeen so antisemitic that I don't have to go into it. They still are, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11340.0,11370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sure,\nmost -- modern, a lot of them. Even so, now, they make big deals out of out of\nacquiring some Jewish things first. Our daughter sent us a little bit that she\nbought here in a Polish store, this little menorah on the -- We have different\nmemories of the times.\n\nDora: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11370.0,11400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In general, I would like to say that growing up, as I said in this first\napartment, where we had no wooden floor -- looking around now, in the way we\nlive, in a house that has a lot of glass and sunshine, I am very thankful not\nonly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11400.0,11430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, with my own hands, with my own work -- We came too, because nobody\ngives us anything except that people, as we told you before, showed such\ngoodwill that they signed up for money that we could actually make a\nliving--although, it was a very hard living. I keep wondering how it's possible,\nin a land like the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11430.0,11460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States, to have such a good life. I always mention it\nto my husband and say, \"Is it possible?\" That really was hard work. We came from\nGermany with $100. Now, we are so satisfied, enough bread, enough to eat. I\ncannot forget. I cannot push ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11460.0,11490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out from my mind the poor life that the Jew had in\nPoland. It's always with me.\n\nIsrael: I have to finish it with 'G-d bless America,' which the politicians say\nevery chance that they have.\n\nDora: Probably, if I would go to Israel and live with the Jewish people there, I\nwould be very happy as well, because it's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11490.0,11520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also a different life from the Jewish\nlittle town or even from the bigger town in Warsaw, where you were always on defense.\n\nInterviewer: I think that's a beautiful way to end this interview, even though I\nknow for myself, and probably Ruth would agree, that we could sit here and talk\nto you for another six hours and not get to the bottom of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11520.0,11550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything. This was a\nvery fitting way to close, to get the perspective and the opportunity that life\nhas provided you after a long life of hardship. We thank you very much for\nallowing us this opportunity..\n\nIsrael: Thank you.\n\nDora: We thank you.\n\nInterviewer: I think that your children will eventually treasure this and the\nother tapes, and your grandchildren will. Sometimes, it takes a long time for\npeople to become appreciative of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11550.0,11580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/transcript/42222/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what they have when they're young.\n\nDora: So true. Thank you very much.\n\nIsrael: Thank you.\n\nInterviewer: It's been a privilege.\n\nDora: Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=11580.0,11610.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWyszogrod [Polish: Wyszogród; Yiddish: Vishegrod] is a small town in central Poland on the Vistula River. It is about 38 miles (61 kilometers) northwest of Warsaw. On the eve of World War II, there were about 2,700 Jews living there.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA shochet is an adult male Jew who is trained and accredited by a rabbinic authority in the Jewish dietary laws. Specifically, a shochet slaughters animals in a way prescribed by Jewish dietary laws to avoid pain to the animal as much as possible, and to safeguard the health of the consumer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish community in Warsaw [Polish: Warszawa] was the largest in Poland, composing about 30 percent of the entire population of the city (about 337,000 Jews). Before World War II, Warsaw was a major center of Jewish life and culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eORT (Association for the Promotion of Skilled Trades) is a non-profit global Jewish organization that promotes education and training in communities worldwide. It was founded at the end of the eighteenth century in 1880 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Active in over 100 countries, today, ORT is the world’s largest Jewish education and vocational training NGO (Non-Governmental Organization).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Talmud [Hebrew: study] is the legal code spanning 1,000 years. Based on the teachings of the Bible, the Talmud interprets biblical laws and commandments. It also contains a rich store of historic facts and traditions.  It has two divisions: the Mishnah and the Gemara. The Mishnah is the interpretation of Biblical law. The Gemara is a commentary on the Mishnah by a group of later scholars.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat [Hebrew] or Shabbos [Yiddish] is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish: blessings\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cheder is a traditional elementary school teaching the basics of Judaism and the Hebrew language.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA siddur is a Jewish prayer book, containing a set order of daily prayers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish: rabbi\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania. Long: A worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. Before World War II, it sent funds to subsidize medical care, schools, vocational training, welfare programs and emigration efforts to beleaguered Jews in Europe. During the Nazi era they tried to get Jewish refugees out to anywhere that would have them including the United States, Palestine, and Latin America. When war broke out they helped thousands of Jews in Poland with shelters and soup kitchens, hospitals, and educational and cultural programs. When the United States entered the war in 1941, the Joint shifted gears since it was not allowed to operate legally in enemy countries. They used international connections to channel aid to Jews in conquered Europe. Wartime headquarters were set up in Lisbon, Portugal from which the Joint mounted rescue operations for desperate refugees including sponsoring a program to get 15,000 Jews from Europe to Shanghai, China. After the war, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors. More than 227 million pounds of food, medicine, clothing and other supplies were shipped to Europe to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Torah scroll [Hebrew: Sefer Torah] is the holiest book within Judaism, made up of the five books of Moses. It is hand-written by a pious scribe in the original Hebrew and must meet extremely strict standards of production. Torah scrolls are routinely read aloud in all synagogues and are a core representation of Judaism itself. When not in use in services, it is stored in the holiest spot in a synagogue, the Aron Kodesh (Holy Ark), which is usually an ornate curtained-off cabinet or section of the synagogue built along the wall that most closely faced Jerusalem, the direction Jews face when praying.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShul is a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school,” and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe chazzan or hazzan (cantor) is the official in charge of music or chants and leads liturgical prayer and chanting in the synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSukkot is one of the Harvest Festivals. It is seven days long and comes after the ingathering of the yearly harvest. It celebrates G-d’s bounty in nature and G-d’s protection, symbolized by the fragile booths in which the Israelites dwelt in the wilderness. During Sukkot, Jews eat and live in such booths, which gives the festival its name and character.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSimchat Torah [Hebrew: “Rejoicing of Torah] is a Jewish holiday that celebrates and marks the conclusion of the annual cycle of public Torah readings, and the beginning of a new cycle. The main celebration of Simchat Torah takes place in the synagogue during evening and morning services. In Orthodox as well as many Conservative congregations, this is the only time of year when the Torah scrolls are taken out of the ark and read at night. After the completion of reading the Torah scrolls, there is often a celebration with singing, dancing, food and drink.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChallah is special Jewish braided bread eaten on Sabbath and Jewish holidays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCholent is a stew which traditionally features meat, potatoes, beans, and barley. Since cooking is forbidden on Shabbat, it is usually prepared the day before, allowed to simmer overnight, and then eaten for lunch on Shabbat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKugel is a baked casserole, most commonly made from lokshen or Jewish egg noodles or potato. It is a traditional Ashkenazi Jewish dish, often served on Shabbat and Jewish holidays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish: Jewish community\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGermans occupied the town on September 9, 1939 and a Judenrat was established. A detachment of Gestapo arrived a month later to loot anything of value from Jewish homes and businesses. In 1940, the synagogue was razed and the Judenrat was required to assign men to forced labor, although some paid others to take their place. In March 1941, about 700 Jews from Wyszogrod were deported to the town of Nowa Slupia. In in September or October of the same year, they were then sent to Treblinka. The Jews who remained in Wyszogrod were forced into a ghetto, which was liquidated in November 1941. About 600 Jews were sent to the nearby town of Czerwinsk and 1,200 were sent to Nowy Dwor. In October 1942, all of the Jews in Czerwinsk, including those from Wyszogrod, were brough to Nowy Dwor. Three weeks later, on November 20, 1942, all of the Jews in Nowy Dwor were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Only about 250 Jews from Wyszogrod are estimated to have survived the war. Survivors in Tel Aviv, Israel published a Yizkor book in 1971, called Wyszogrod, sefer zikaron le'kedoshei; [Yiddish: Wyszogrod, book to the martyrs of Wyszogrod].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStefan Bronisław Starzyński (1893-1939) was a Polish statesman, economist, military officer, who became mayor of Warsaw in 1934. Rather than fleeing when Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Starzyński remained in Warsaw, helping organize the defense of the city. He frequently gave radio-broadcast speeches during the siege that raised the spirits in the city. Following the German occupation of Warsaw, the Gestapo arrested Starzyński, deporting him to an unknown destination where he is presumed to have been executed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the invading German forces advanced east in September of 1939, hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees fled westward. Most fled so suddenly, they took only what they could carry and had no specific destination in mind. Few made contingency plans or took the time to prepare adequately for a long journey. When the Russians then annexed eastern Poland and a German-Russian demarcation line was established, 300,000 Jewish refugees found themselves trapped on the Soviet side of a heavily guarded border. Some of the refugees returned home, while about 40,000 continued their flight fearing arrest and persecution in either German- or Russian-occupied territory. Many headed to Romania, Hungary, and Lithuania, only to later become victims of mass killing operations when German forces advanced deep into Soviet territory in 1941. The vast majority of the Polish refugees, however, remained in Soviet-occupied Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoth the Russian and German armies invaded Poland in September 1939. On September 28, Germany and the Soviet Union reached an agreement partitioning Poland and outlining their zones of occupation. A demarcation line for the partition of German- and Russian-occupied Poland was established along the Bug River, between Krakow and Lvov. It is estimated that the number of refugees who crossed from the German-occupied part of Poland to the areas annexed by the Soviet Union totaled about 300,000. The Russians left the border freely open to traffic until the end of October 1939. From then until the end of 1939 a small number of persons still crossed the border. After that, it was completely sealed. Some refugees still attempted to sneak across the heavily guarded border, often at great danger. Those caught trying to cross between occupation zones or trying to flee without papers faced arrest and arbitrary violence at the hands of both Russian and German border guards. The demarcation line would remain in effect until June 22, 1941, when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in a military campaign codenamed Operation “Barbarossa.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Judenrat (plural: Judenräte) was a Council of Jewish leaders established on Germans orders in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. They were given the responsibility of implementing the Nazis' policies regarding the Jews, which included everything from the confiscation of electronics like radios and valuable assets like watches or jewelry to organizing forced labor details and groups for deportations. The Judenrat also administered the affairs of the ghetto and most tried to protect and support the Jews under their care. Forced to implement Nazi policy, the Jewish councils remain a controversial and delicate subject. Jewish council chairmen had to decide whether to comply or refuse to comply with German demands to, for example, list names of Jews for deportation. Some Jewish council officials advocated compliance, believing that cooperation would ensure the survival of at least a portion of the population. The members of the Jewish councils faced impossible moral dilemmas. Often forgotten in the debates over the culpability of the Jewish councils and the Jewish police are the efforts of many Jewish council members and officials in their employ to provide a variety of social, economic, and cultural services under the brutal and difficult conditions in the ghettos.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVilna [Lithuanian: Vilnius; Yiddish: Vilne] is the Polish name of a city that is today called Vilnius [Lithuanian], the capital city of Lithuania, located in southwestern Lithuania. Poland and Lithuania both claimed Vilna after World War I. Eventually, it was occupied by Polish forces and considered a part of northeastern Poland from 1920 until the beginning of World War II. On September 19, 1939, under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact, which effectively dissolved and divided Poland, Soviet forces occupied the city of Vilna, along with the rest of eastern Poland. At the time, the city was home to a population of 200,000, including over 55,000 Jews. In addition, some 12,000-15,000 Jewish refugees from German-occupied Poland found refuge in the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The city of Vilna was incorporated into the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic until the Soviet Union ceded the city to Lithuania on October 28, 1939. Lithuanian authorities immediately enacted discriminatory policies against Poles and Jews. Anti-Jewish disturbances immediately broke out and refugees from the surrounding areas flocked to Vilna for protection. Jewish stores were looted and 200 Jews injured. A violent pogrom soon broke out in Vilna until the Soviet army entered the city and put an end to it. By June 1940, Lithuania was annexed to the Soviet Union and became one of its republics and Sovietization started\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBaranavichy [Polish: Baranowicze] is a city that is today Baranavičy, in western Belarus, about 82 miles (132 kilometers) west-southwest of Minsk. Before World War II, it was a railroad junction with a sizeable Jewish community of about 12,000. From September 1939 until June 25, 1941, the town was called Baranovichi [Russian] and was under Soviet occupation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMinsk is the capital and the largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach River. Prior to 1939, it was predominantly Jewish city, with Yiddish one of the four official languages there. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKiev [Ukranian: Kyiv] was the capital of Ukraine when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. Over 160,000, or 20 percent, of the city’s population was Jewish. Nearly 100,000 Jews had fled Kiev by the time German forces entered the city on September 19, 1941. The 60,000 who remained were killed in a series of massacres carried out by the Germans and their auxiliaries over the next few months.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. In late 1945 and the summer of 1946, a series of horrific assaults against surviving Jewish communities occurred in postwar East Central Europe, particularly in Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Russia and Romania. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. Often, shelter was improvised and DPs found themselves housed in everything from former military barracks, summer camps and airports to castles, hotels and even private homes. Initially, the Allies herded Jewish DPs and non-Jewish DPs together, but conflicts arose. The need to recognize Jews as a unique and stateless group of DPs was urgent, and became obvious to the Americans. They created the first exclusively Jewish DP camp at Feldafing, which began absorbing Jews from Dachau in the summer of 1945. Most DP camps had been designated as either Jewish or non-Jewish by the end of 1945. In 1946 and 1947, the number of DPs in the camps rose substantially and conditions were often overcrowded and harsh. New organization and policies eventually took shape that substantially improved the DPs camps. Refugees were given some authority to manage their own affairs and some survivors began to establish new political and cultural lives. Many DPs married and started families while in the camps. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKielce is a city in south central Poland. In 1939, there were approximately 24,000 Jewish inhabitants in Kielce or one-third of the town's population. Almost all of them were murdered during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the Holocaust, Jews were the largest minority in Poland. In Poland’s major cities, Jews and Poles spoke each other’s languages and interacted in markets and on the streets. Even smaller towns and villages in Poland were, to some extent, mixed communities. That did not mean that antisemitism did not impact the lives of Polish Jews, however. The antisemitic atmosphere increased in Poland during the 1930s. After World War I (Poland) had become a democratic independent state and increasing Polish nationalism made Poland a hostile place for many Jews. A series of pogroms and discriminatory laws were signs of growing antisemitism, while fewer and fewer opportunities to emigrate were available. An economic boycott of Jewish businesses was in full force by 1937.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky (1940-1996) was a Russian and American poet and essayist. Born in Leningrad, USSR, Brodsky ran afoul of Soviet authorities and was expelled from the Soviet Union in 1972 and settled in the United States\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDukhnen is Yiddish from the Hebrew word dukhan, which means ‘platform.’ It refers to a synagogue ritual where the Kohen recites the priestly benediction, blessing the rest of the congregation. Ashkenaic Jews refer to it as “duchening” and Sephardic Jews as Birchat Kohanim or occasionally as Nesiyat Kapayim.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA kohen [Hebrew: priest; plural: kohenim] is traditionally believed to be of direct patrilineal descent from the Biblical Aaron.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA tallit is a prayer shawl fringed at each of the four corners in accordance with biblical law. The wearing of tallit at worship is obligatory only for married men, but it is customarily worn also by males of bar mitzvah age and older. In non-Orthodox congregations, women may also wear the tallit if they so choose.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, many Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In postwar Poland, there were a number of pogroms (violent anti-Jewish riots). One of the most well-known examples occurred in the southeastern Polish town of Kielce on July 4, 1946. To avoid punishment for wandering away from home for three days, a nine-year-old boy claimed he had been kidnapped and held in the basement of the Jewish Committee building. When police went to investigate the fictitious claims, Polish civilians, soldiers and police killed 42 Jews and injured 40 others. While not an isolated instance, the massacre symbolized the precarious state of Jewish life in the Holocaust’s aftermath and prompted many survivors to leave Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTashkent is the capital and largest city of Uzbekistan. In 1865 it was conquered by the Russian Empire and witnessed major growth and demographic changes due to forced deportations from throughout the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn June 22, 1941, more than three million German and Axis troops invaded the Soviet Union. The invasion, code-named Operation Barbarossa, deliberately broke the nonaggression pact (commonly called the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) the two countries had signed in 1939. By the end of the year, German troops had advanced hundreds of miles to the outskirts of Moscow. Soon after the invasion, mobile killing units (called Einsatzgruppen) began the mass murder of Soviet Jews. Millions of Soviet prisoners of war and Soviet civilians were also killed as Hitler and the Nazi Party pursued their longtime goal of expanding Germany’s Lebensraum, or ‘living space,’ for its people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKamyshin is a town on the Volga River, about 100 miles (160 kilometers) north of Volograd (formerly Stalingrad), Russia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePolish Jews who had lived in eastern Poland before November 1, 1939 were recognized as Soviet citizens, which entitled them to food rations, work permits, medical care, and education.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVolgograd, formerly called Stalingrad (1925-1961) and Tsaritsyn (1589-1925), is a city in southwest Russia, on the western bank of the Volga River\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTashkent – City of Bread was a novel written by Alexandr Neverov and first published in 1923.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSt. Petersburg, Russia was known as Petrograd from 1914-1924 and Leningrad from 1924-1991. It is the second-largest city in Russia. It is on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. It is a historically strategic port and served as the capital of the Russian Empire from 1713 to 1918. After the Bolshevik Revolution, the capital was moved to Moscow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ((1870-1824), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUlyanovsk is a western Russian city beside the Volga River, known as the birthplace of Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin. Founded as Simbirsk, it was renamed Ulyanovsk after Lenin’s death in 1924.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eErnst Johannes Fritz Thälmann (1866-1944) was a German communist politician, and leader of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) from 1925 to 1933. The communists were one of the main political opponents of the Nazi Party. Along with other leading communists, Thälman was arrested in 1933 and sent to the Buchenwald concentration camp, where he was later executed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Volga Germans are a unique ethnic group that settled in the lower Volga River region from 1764 to 1767. They emigrated from Germany at the invitation of Catherine the Great, who offered religious liberty and other incentives in return for agricultural labor on the Russian steppes. During World War II, the Volga Germans were forcibly resettled in Siberia and Kazakhstan, where they remained until 1956. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFollowing April 1943 discovery of the mass execution of Polish soldiers and intelligentsia (known as the Katyn Massacre) by the Soviets in 1940, the relationship between the Soviet government and the Polish government-in-exile soured. Meanwhile, the attitude of the Soviets towards Poles in the Soviet Union worsened. The NKVD issued new passports and citizenship to Polish people who had lived in eastern Poland before September 1939. Those who refused were persecuted, sent to jail or labor camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSiberia is an extensive geographical region in Russia that extends eastward to become what is often referred to as ‘North Asia.’ It is a sparsely populated area with long, cold winters. Siberia has been a part of Russia since the seventeenth century. The majority of Soviet forced labor camps in the 1930’s through 1950’s were in remote areas of northeastern Siberia. The Siberian labor camps were used as a form of political repression and prisoners were often worked to death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRussian: Round stamp\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLvov [Polish: Lwów; Ukrainian: Lviv] was once a Polish town. It is approximately 220 miles (350 km) east of Krakow and 212 miles (341 km) southeast of Warsaw. The city of Lvov was occupied by the Soviet Union on September 22, 1939. It was immediately annexed together with the rest of Eastern Galicia under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact. The Germans subsequently occupied Lvov after the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 and renamed the town “Lemberg.” The Soviet army reentered Lvov in July 1944. Since World War II, the city has been part of Ukraine and is known as “Lviv.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrakow [Polish: Kraków; sometimes also “Cracow”] is the second largest city in Poland, situated on the Vistula River. The city is one of the oldest in Poland and dates back to the seventh century. On Wednesday, September 6, 1939, the German army entered Krakow. The Germans evacuated Krakow on January 17, 1945. Soviet forces entered the city two days later, on January 19, 1945. Only 2,000 Jews from Krakow survived the war. Some Jews who lived in Russia during the war returned to Krakow in 1945-46, but a Jewish community was not re-established because of a fear of pogroms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin. May 8 was celebrated by the Allies as “V-E Day,” which stands for “victory in Europe.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II, the Brichah [Hebrew: “escape” or “flight”] was an underground effort that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors escape to what was then the British Mandate of Palestine in violation of the White Paper of 1939. Officers of the Jewish Brigade of the British army, along with operatives from the Haganah (the Jewish clandestine army in Palestine) helped to smuggled as many displaced Jewish persons as possible into Palestine through Italy. The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee funded them. After the Kielce pogrom of 1946, the flight of Jews accelerated and Brichah helped about 250,000 survivors in Eastern Europe (under the Russians) get into Austria, Germany and Italy and then on to Palestine through elaborate smuggling networks. Brichah ended when Israel became independent.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHanukkah or Chanukah [Hebrew: dedication] is an eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar. Hanukkah celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rulers of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the menorah (ritual candelabra) but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil. This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The Hanukkah menorah, or hanukiah, with its nine branches, is used to commemorate this miracle by lighting eight candles, one for each day, with the ninth candle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili, 1878-1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid- 1920s until his death. He is considered one of the most powerful and murderous dictators in history. Stalin pursued a policy of Sovietization in eastern Poland during the Soviet Union’s brief occupation between 1939 and 1941. This policy disrupted Jewish life by eliminating all free institutions, nationalizing private businesses, confiscating property, and threating arrest or exile. All Jewish public and political institutions were shut down and businesses nationalized. Heavy taxes were levied, and Jewish schools switched over to a Soviet curriculum with Yiddish as the language of instruction.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs, abbreviated NKVD, was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union. Established in 1917 as NKVD of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the agency was originally tasked with conducting regular police work and overseeing the country's prisons and labor camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish: The Freedom\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassau is a German city on the Austrian border. It is about 13 miles (21 kilometers) north-northwest of the town of Pocking.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was founded in 1943. Its mission was to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II and to repatriate and assist the refugees who would come under Allied control. UNRRA managed hundreds of displaced persons camps in Germany, Italy, and Austria and played a major role in repatriating survivors to their home countries in 1946-1947. It largely shut down operations in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Rothschild Hospital, named after its founder Baron Anselm von Rothschild, was the hospital of the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde in Vienna, Austria. First opened in 1873, Nazi authorities closed it in 1943. From 1946 to 1949, it served as an emergency transient center for Jewish refugees flooding into Vienna from Poland, Romania, Hungary and other areas en route to the American zone of occupation and Palestine. The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (also known as the ‘Joint’ or JDC) provided food, clothing, bedding, medical care, and a nurse training program. The building was demolished in 1960.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLandsberg am Lech (or simply “Landsberg”) is a town in southwest Bavaria, Germany, about 40 miles (65 km) west of Munich. It housed the second largest displaced persons camp in the American Zone. It was founded in April 1945 in former military barracks. From October 1945, Landsberg functioned as an exclusively Jewish Camp. The population of 5,000 Jewish DPs was chiefly comprised of Russian, Latvian, and Lithuanian survivors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMore than 70 newspapers were published in Yiddish in the DP camps. The Landsberger Lager-Cajtung was a weekly newspaper published in Yiddish from 1945-1946 in the Landsberg DP camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Ben-Gurion (1886-1973) was one of the primary founders and the first Prime Minister of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA kibbutz [Hebrew: \"gathering,\" \"clustering\"‎] is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. The first kibbutz, established in 1909, was Degania. Today, farming has been partly supplanted by other economic branches, including industrial plants and high-tech enterprises. Kibbutzim began as utopian communities, a combination of socialism and Zionism. In recent decades, some kibbutzim have been privatized and changes have been made in the communal lifestyle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Palmach (Hebrew: “Strike Force”) was the elite fighting force of the Haganah, the underground army of the Yishuv (Jewish community) during the period of the British Mandate of Palestine. It was established in 1941 and by the time it was forcibly disbanded it consisted of over 2,000 men and women. Its members went on to form the backbone of the Israel Defense Forces and were prominent in Israeli politics, literature and culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II, ORT was very active in the DP camps, opening schools with rehabilitation programs in 78 camps. The purpose of the schools was to train and prepare DPs (displaced persons) for resettlement in industrialized countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia as well as Israel, which had a significant need for highly trained manpower. Some 85,000 Jews were trained in new profession and provided with the tools they needed to rebuild their lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA chuppah [Hebrew: canopy] is the canopy under which a Jewish wedding takes place.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYoung Judaea is a peer-led Zionist youth movement that runs programs throughout the United States for Jewish youth in grades 2–12. In Hebrew, Young Judaea is called Yehuda Hatzair or is sometimes referred to as Hashachar [Hebrew: the dawn]. Founded in 1909, it is the oldest Zionist youth movement in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Barney Medintz (1910-1960) was a Jewish leader both nationally and locally in Atlanta. He was one of the national leaders of the United Jewish Appeal and the Israel Bond Organization. He was also vice-president of the National Community Relations Advisory Council, vice-president of the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds and a former member of the executive committee of the American Jewish Committee. Locally, he was president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and past president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council and the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education. He was also president of the Southeast Regional Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. Medintz graduated from Northwestern University at Evanston, Illinois where he was a star basketball player. He came to Atlanta after he graduated to become a recreation director at the Jewish Educational Alliance. In 1936, Barney married Dorothy Davis. Camp Barney Medintz, a Jewish camp in Cleveland, Georgia, is named in his honor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Worker’s Circle (formerly Workmen's Circle) or Arbeiter Ring is a Yiddish language-oriented American-Jewish organization committed to social justice, Jewish community, and Ashkenazi culture. It provides old age homes for its aging members, as well as schools, camps, affordable health insurance and programs of concerts, lectures and holiday celebrations. It was founded in 1900 and was strongly socialist politically. It has moved more to the right on the American political spectrum in modern times.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9420.0,9450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 to 1949, Germany was occupied by the Allied forces and divided into four administrative zones by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. The American occupied zone was in the southern portion of Germany and included the cities of Munich, Frankfurt am Main, Stuttgart, Nürnberg, and the southern part of the city of Berlin. The British zone was in northeastern Germany and included the cities of Hannover, Bremen, and Hamburg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9750.0,9780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs part of the Yalta agreement of February 1945 and subsequent agreement signed in May 1945, the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union agreed to the immediate repatriation of civilians and prisoners of war. Initially, the western Allies complied and by the beginning of July 1945, 1.5 million Soviet citizens had been returned to the Soviet Union. However, many Jewish DPs refused to return to their homes because of persistent antisemitism, the destruction of their communities during the Holocaust, and the trauma they had suffered. In 1946, a large wave of Jewish survivors and refugees from the Soviet Union flooded into the western Allies’ zones, hoping to escape further persecution from Stalin’s regime. American intelligence soon learned the Soviets had dispatched agents who posed as Jewish victims of Nazi concentration camps and joined the wave of immigrants. Once they had been processed into DP camps, the Soviet agents used propaganda to discredit the western Allies. Soviet operatives in the DP camps also used both legal and covert methods of deception, kidnapping, bribery, and threats to force repatriation of Soviet nationals in order to curb a concentration of anti-communist political expatriates in the West.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Congregation Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960s, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002. As of 2022, the current Senior Rabbi of the congregation is Ari Kaiman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10410.0,10440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur [Hebrew: “day of atonement”] The most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10470.0,10500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA hanukiah (or chanukiah) is the proper term for a candelabra with nine branches that is lit during Hanukkah. Since Hanukkah lasts for eight days it permits the lighting of eight candles, one for each day, by the ninth candle. Generally, the candelabra used at Hanukkah is almost always called a menorah. However, the menorah, which has only seven branches, is an ancient symbol of the Jews and which has become connected with Hanukkah. According to the Talmud, after the desecration of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, there was only enough pure oil left to fuel the eternal flame in the Temple for one day. Miraculously, the oil burned for eight days which was enough to make new pure oil. The Talmud states that it is prohibited to use a seven-branched menorah outside of the Temple so the Hanukkah menorah (hanukiah) has nine branches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10470.0,10500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEternal Life-Hemshech is an organization of Atlanta Holocaust survivors, their descendants and friends dedicated to commemorating the 6,000,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Approximately 100 Holocaust survivors living in Atlanta, Georgia founded Eternal Life-Hemshech in 1964. Hemshech is a Hebrew word that means “continuation.” Their purpose was to \"perpetuate the memory of their beloved families along with all of the six million Jewish victims of the Holocaust.\" The group wanted the memorial to serve as a place to say Kaddish, the Jewish prayer for the dead. The Memorial to Six Million was dedicated in Atlanta’s Greenwood Cemetery in 1965.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10920.0,10950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) is the United States’ official memorial to the Holocaust. It was dedicated in 1993 in Washington, D.C. It provides for the documentation, study, and interpretation of Holocaust history. Dedication ceremonies for the museum in Washington D.C. were held on Thursday, April 22, 1993. At the dedication, speeches were made by United States President William Clinton; Chaim Herzog, President of Israel; Harvey Meyerhoff, Chairman of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council; and Elie Wiesel, professor, author, and Holocaust survivor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10920.0,10950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Atlanta celebrates and commemorates Jewish history, culture, and art through events and museum spaces. The Breman also contains the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History, which houses thousands of manuscripts, oral histories, and photograph collections, related to southern Jewish history and the Holocaust. This interview is one of those transcripts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10920.0,10950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eImmediately after the World Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors in Israel in June 1981, the American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors was founded in New York City by survivor Benjamin Meed. The mission of the organization is remembrance, education and commemoration. From 1983 onwards, the organization held national reunion events\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10950.0,10980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/annotation_set/1021/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe World Gathering of Holocaust survivors was a four-day event held in Israel June 15-18, 1981. The event was the dream of German survivor, Ernest Michel. Approximately 8,700 survivors and their families attended. The one-time event was organized as a memorial gathering in which a list of survivors was begun.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=10950.0,10980.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/index/52761","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Dora and Israel Ellen [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/index/52761/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dora-Family History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=0.0,756.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/index/52761/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is Tuesday, November 14, 2000. We were at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Israel or Israel and Dora Ellen, formerly Elenzweig, E-L-E-N-Z-W-E-I-G.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=0.0,756.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/index/52761/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Baumberg","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cheders","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gemara","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meyr Zalman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shochet","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Siddur","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wyszograd, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=0.0,756.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/index/52761/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dora-Family Holiday Celebrations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=756.0,1099.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/index/52761/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The holiday celebrations that you remember in your home","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=756.0,1099.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/index/52761/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Challah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish 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Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1099.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/index/52761/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You mentioned earlier that the first apartment was one room with a kitchen.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1099.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/index/52761/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chaja Baumberg","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chazzan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czerwinsk, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gemiende","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lejb Morgenstern","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nowa Dwor, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Szyfra Baumberg","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Third Reich","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1099.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/index/52761/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dora-Leaving Poland Part","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416#t=1438.0,2279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88357/file/181416/index/52761/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you have any communication with your family before they were deported on the transport?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial 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