{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/n872v2fp3h/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Kreh, Marcus"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1993-08-01 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Kreh, Marcus \"Max\" (Interviewee)","Caplan, Gerald (Interviewer)","Unknown (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Jewish Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMarcus \"Max\" Kreh was interviewed by Gerald Caplan and an unknown individual on August 1, 1993 in Savannah, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eMarcus “Max” Kreh was born in Genoa, Italy on October 14, 1900. He had one older brother, Gustavo. Max’s father was born in Berlin, Germany and later moved to Genoa Italy, where he eventually started his own business and became a prominent businessman. During World War I, the family left Italy and lived in Germany and Switzerland. After their father died in 1917, Max, his brother, and mother returned to Italy where they continued the the family business. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn August, 1940, Max immigrated to the United States and lived in New York City for a time. He then settled in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1941, and eventually operated a food brokerage business. In March 1944, Max Kreh married Esther Goldberg, and they had one son, Dr. Gustave “Stavie” Kreh. They lived in New Orleans until 1981 when they moved to Savannah, Georgia. Max was a member of Congregation Agudath Achim, the Brotherhood, Jewish Educational Alliance, Kibbitzer’s Club, and the Italian Heritage Society. He was knighted by the Italian government and held the title of Cavaliere. Max died on November 30, 1993. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eMax begins the interview talking about his family history and growing up in Genoa, Italy. He describes his father as a prominent businessman in Italy, how he was very active in the Jewish community, and was respected by Jews and non-Jews. He talks about his family leaving Italy during World War I and returning in 1917 after his father’s death. He discusses the political history in Italy and how the Jews fared during different periods. He details the history of the Jewish population taking refuge in Italy, largely in the southern part, after being expelled from Spain, Turkey, and Lebanon.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMax talks about experiencing some antisemitism growing up in Italy, particularly when walking out of shul, but reflects that Jews were not discriminated in business. He discusses the politics of Italy before World War II and traces the rise of Communism, fascism, and social and political turmoil during Prime Minister Benito Mussolini’s rule. He shares how the Jewish people helped Mussolini come to rule and how he had given the Jews more rights. He mentions the religion of Italy was the Catholic religion and that all the other religions were tolerated. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMax recalls the changes he saw occurring as Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. He recounts stories of Jews beginning to lose rights in Italy. He shares how Kristallnacht made him realize it was time to get out of Italy. He discusses traveling to Frankfurt, Germany to visit family there and how he helped them smuggled their valuables out of the country. He shares how he continued to operate the family business despite Germans being in Genoa and traveling in an out of Italy. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMax details how he was able to get out of Italy via Lisbon, Portugal. He shares how his brother and his family were hidden by other Italians and the Catholic church during the World War II. He also mentions how other Italians and the Catholics protected the Jewish people during the war. He shares that his brother and his family moved to Israel after the war. He recalls meeting the two American soldiers that check on his nephew, who was in Rome after the war. He also shares the story of taking records from the synagogue to help an Italian fascist protect the individual’s family. Max recounts more stories of how his brother and his family survived the war and what happened to their family home in Italy. He shares how smugglers would turn in Jewish people and how many Italians helped the Jewish survive the war. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMax discusses coming to the United States in 1940 and what his life was like in New York City after he arrives. He shares the story about meeting his wife after he moved to New Orleans, Louisiana and what his mother-in-law thought of him. He recalls the United States Department of Justice seeking his help in identifying areas in the Italian and Swiss Alps. Max discusses having only one child, Stavie. He spoke about being knighted by the Italian government. He recalls various friends that were killed during the war. He concludes the interview by discussing how lucky he has been and recalling two different books on Italian Jews during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Kreh, Marcus “Max” (1900-1993) (personal name)","Kreh, Esther Goldberg (1906-1985) (personal name)","Kreh, Dr. Gustave “Stavie” (b. 1947) (personal name)","Pope Benedict XV (1954-1922) (personal name)","Pope Pius XII (1876-1958) (personal name)","Mussolini, Benito (1883-1945) (personal name)","Victor Emmanuel III (1869-1947) (personal name)","Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945) (personal name)","Ciano, Gian Galeazzo (1903-1944) (personal name)","Minerbi, George “Giorgio” (1902-1984) (personal name)","Minerbi, Arrigo (1881-1960) (personal name)","Phillips, William (1878-1968) (personal name)","Franco, Francisco (1892-1975) (personal name)","Califano Jr., Joseph (b. 1931) (personal name)","Farinacci, Roberto (1892-1945) (personal name)","Eufaula, Alabama (geographic term)","La Grange, Texas (geographic term)","Galveston, Texas (geographic term)","San Antonio, Texas (geographic term)","Berlin, Germany (geographic term)","Genoa, Italy (geographic term)","Savannah, Georgia (geographic term)","Macon, Georgia (geographic term)","Rome, Italy (geographic term)","Frankfurt, Germany (geographic term)","Zurich, Switzerland (geographic term)","Basel, Switzerland (geographic term)","Leeds, England (geographic term)","Lisbon, Portugal (geographic term)","Milan, Italy (geographic term)","Padua, Italy (geographic term)","Vatican City (geographic term)","Chicago, Illinois (geographic term)","New Orleans, Louisiana (geographic term)","New York, New York (geographic term)","Brooklyn, New York (geographic term)","Houston, Texas (geographic term)","Boston, Massachusetts (geographic term)","Congregation Agudath Achim (corporate name)","American Export Lines (corporate name)","The USO (corporate name)","Boston University (corporate name)","Anti-Defamation League (corporate name)","World War I (named event)","The March on Rome (named event)","Second Italo-Ethiopian War (named event)","Kristallnacht (named event)","The Edict of Expulsion (topical term)","Pesach (topical term)","Antisemitism (topical term)","Communism (topical term)","Fascism (topical term)","SS Excambion (topical term)","Gestapo (topical term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau (topical term)","Sephardic Jews (topical term)","Mafia (topical term)","U-boats (topical term)","National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)/Nazi Party (topical term)","Yad Vashem (topical term)","The Holocaust (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMarcus \"Max\" Kreh was interviewed by Gerald Caplan and an unknown individual on August 1, 1993 in Savannah, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMarcus \u0026ldquo;Max\u0026rdquo; Kreh was born in Genoa, Italy on October 14, 1900. He had one older brother, Gustavo. Max\u0026rsquo;s father was born in Berlin, Germany and later moved to Genoa Italy, where he eventually started his own business and became a prominent businessman. During World War I, the family left Italy and lived in Germany and Switzerland. After their father died in 1917, Max, his brother, and mother returned to Italy where they continued the the family business.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn August, 1940, Max immigrated to the United States and lived in New York City for a time. He then settled in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1941, and eventually operated a food brokerage business. In March 1944, Max Kreh married Esther Goldberg, and they had one son, Dr. Gustave \u0026ldquo;Stavie\u0026rdquo; Kreh. They lived in New Orleans until 1981 when they moved to Savannah, Georgia. Max was a member of Congregation Agudath Achim, the Brotherhood, Jewish Educational Alliance, Kibbitzer\u0026rsquo;s Club, and the Italian Heritage Society. He was knighted by the Italian government and held the title of Cavaliere. Max died on November 30, 1993.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMax begins the interview talking about his family history and growing up in Genoa, Italy. He describes his father as a prominent businessman in Italy, how he was very active in the Jewish community, and was respected by Jews and non-Jews. He talks about his family leaving Italy during World War I and returning in 1917 after his father\u0026rsquo;s death. He discusses the political history in Italy and how the Jews fared during different periods. He details the history of the Jewish population taking refuge in Italy, largely in the southern part, after being expelled from Spain, Turkey, and Lebanon.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMax talks about experiencing some antisemitism growing up in Italy, particularly when walking out of shul, but reflects that Jews were not discriminated in business. He discusses the politics of Italy before World War II and traces the rise of Communism, fascism, and social and political turmoil during Prime Minister Benito Mussolini\u0026rsquo;s rule. He shares how the Jewish people helped Mussolini come to rule and how he had given the Jews more rights. He mentions the religion of Italy was the Catholic religion and that all the other religions were tolerated.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMax recalls the changes he saw occurring as Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. He recounts stories of Jews beginning to lose rights in Italy. He shares how Kristallnacht made him realize it was time to get out of Italy. He discusses traveling to Frankfurt, Germany to visit family there and how he helped them smuggled their valuables out of the country. He shares how he continued to operate the family business despite Germans being in Genoa and traveling in an out of Italy.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMax details how he was able to get out of Italy via Lisbon, Portugal. He shares how his brother and his family were hidden by other Italians and the Catholic church during the World War II. He also mentions how other Italians and the Catholics protected the Jewish people during the war. He shares that his brother and his family moved to Israel after the war. He recalls meeting the two American soldiers that check on his nephew, who was in Rome after the war. He also shares the story of taking records from the synagogue to help an Italian fascist protect the individual\u0026rsquo;s family. Max recounts more stories of how his brother and his family survived the war and what happened to their family home in Italy. He shares how smugglers would turn in Jewish people and how many Italians helped the Jewish survive the war.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMax discusses coming to the United States in 1940 and what his life was like in New York City after he arrives. He shares the story about meeting his wife after he moved to New Orleans, Louisiana and what his mother-in-law thought of him. He recalls the United States Department of Justice seeking his help in identifying areas in the Italian and Swiss Alps. Max discusses having only one child, Stavie. He spoke about being knighted by the Italian government. He recalls various friends that were killed during the war. He concludes the interview by discussing how lucky he has been and recalling two different books on Italian Jews during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/311/921/small/059_Kreh_Marcus.mp4_1780948984.jpg?1780948985","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - 059_Kreh_Marcus.mp4"]},"duration":7081.074,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/311/921/small/059_Kreh_Marcus.mp4_1780948984.jpg?1780948985","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/311/921/original/059_Kreh_Marcus.mp4?1780948975","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7081.074,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Kreh, Marcus [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Mr. Kreh, I want to repeat what I said just a few moments ago. You and I were outside the synagogue [Congregation Agudath Achim] a number of months ago, and you were telling us the story of your childhood in Italy and of your literal escape from Italy, and some of the very interesting things that happened to you and your family, and how the Jews fared in Italy. I felt that it was such a wonderful story and it would be nice if we could record this and save it because I thought it was something that we really ought to document. Maybe we can do something with it in the future.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=13.0,54.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e That's very nice. To begin with, the family name, as far as I can remember, is Kreh. K-R-E-H. But I understand this happened after I came to the United States, that a branch, in fact, several branches of the Kreh family had immigrated from Europe to the United States long before the yellow fever epidemic. They settled in Eufaula, Alabama, La Grange, Texas, and then they moved to Galveston [Texas] and San Antonio [Texas], and so on. According to certain letters, let's call it Italo-American branch, had with them, they said the Kreh family originated in Italy and the name was Crespi. C-R-E-S-P-I. My father was born in Berlin [Germany]. The name Kreh is not a Jewish name at all. There are no other Kreh’s in Italy. There are some Kreh’s in Yugoslavia, which I found out through reading Italian papers in 1935-1936 that the Yugoslavian Minister Kreh did this and this and this and this. I was curious. I had only one brother, two years older than I was. I said, “Let's write to that man and find out if he's related to us maybe.” He said, “Forget about it. You will never get an answer.” Naturally, things ended there. My father came to Italy as a youngster. I don't know if he came because he wanted to investigate about the Kreh family, the ancestry, or what. The fact is that he had some letter of recommendation to certain people in Genoa [Italy]. He met them. One of those gentlemen, a Jewish man, by the name of Cesare Weill, of German origin, a wealthy man already. He had made a fortune in Italy by acquiring, buying by the dozen, Italian islands where the birds were nesting. Naturally, the excrement was used for fertilizer. At that time there was no chemical fertilizer. He made a fortune on that. He said, “Gustavo.” My father's name was Gustavo. “You stay here with me. You help me out, and this is your future.” He even told him at that time, “You told me that the family originated in Italy. Here you are.” Anyhow, Papa went back, finished his studies, and came back to Italy after a few years and worked with this man. He married after a few years, and my brother was born. At that time, then, the chemical fertilizer came that man give up his business. Papa found himself to start all a completely new business in Genoa, which started in 1848. I don't know, for some reason or another, either he didn't have the time, or he figured out later on I will go further. Anyhow, he married, he had two children, a brother of mine, Gustavo, and I, Marcus. We grew up in Genoa. Papa was one of the leading citizens, really, in Genoa. He was, at that time, the company business was already, they had big business compared to the times of then. Lawyers, naturally, like all over, they were quite busy. The Chamber of Commerce devised something different and said we want to do something different. Lawyers, they want to make money. That goes on for years and years. Somebody received a cargo of this and this. The merchandise sits there. They cannot use it because there's a controversy. We will institute a group of honorable citizens. One picked up in the various field of commodities to people who will serve without compensation, but on the honor on their word and their ability. My father was one of the originators of that day. He immediately rose to a certain prominence. He was a prominent person in business and, naturally, he was a German citizen. At that time, he traveled to Germany and he came back. But he didn't realize that if you didn't return to your native country within five years, you were losing your citizenship. That's what happened with my father. He didn't go back. He had nothing to do in this country, and he lost his citizenship. He didn't know it. The First World War came, 1914. He said, “I don't want to stay here. I'm going to Switzerland.” Because all of his friends, he had a lot of military and all political. They said, “Gustavo, we don't have anything. Italy cannot do anything. We don't even have shoes to give to the military, to the soldiers, so we cannot start a war. It's impossible to stay here or go away for 30 days and then come back.” But he couldn't go away because he didn't have a passport. They didn't give it. At that time, they were issuing a piece of paper. They called them people who had lost their status of Germany or whatever it was. Anyhow, it helped the family move to Switzerland. Thirty days passed, and the war started, really. Switzerland didn't want to keep foreigners. We were forced either to go back to the Italy, and they . . . we, my brother and I, we were Italian citizens because we were born in Italy, but Papa wasn’t. Papa would have gone into a concentration camp. We would have gone into military, something like this. The suggestion came to go to Germany. Some agreement was made. I was only 15 years, 14 years old at that time. I don't remember exactly. Anyhow, we spent some time in Germany and sometimes in Switzerland until the war was over. Papa died in the meantime, 1917. We two boys with Mama, we immediately came back to Italy and we continued our business. We grew up then in Genoa, active. Again, following Papa's footsteps, humanity, and being very active also in the Jewish community. That's where the interesting part comes down. We had very good years where the Jews had nothing to fear. The law of the land was, and the religion of the state was, the Catholic religion. All the other religions were tolerated. Tolerated. You never knew what will happen. For instance, the dues of the congregation, they were based on what the government gave to the congregation for the income tax. It was supposed to be a secret, but congregations say . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=54.0,712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e Sure, you can go ahead and just talk. Go ahead and keep talking.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=712.0,716.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Naturally, there was a very, very good relation between the federal government in Italy and the Jewish congregation, nothing to fear about, except the Pope [Benedict XV and Pius XII] interfered. He interfered with his preaching on Sundays that the Jews killed Christ. That was every Sunday, it was the same story. Until the Catholic, they didn't believe it anymore. We were very close friends to the non-Jewish people. They were asking. Tell us the truth. What's going on? Actually, in school, for instance, the teachers were priests and nuns paid by the government, the Italian government, with the taxes. The Jewish people paying taxes, paying also the nuns and the Catholic priests. Anyhow, we didn't suffer really too much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=716.0,796.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e Were there a lot of Italian Jews in Italy or was it . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=796.0,801.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e One Jew to every thousand Italian. They were concentrated in the northern part of Italy. Although, in old times, in the 600 and 700 [A.D.], the bulk of the Jewish population was in the southern part of Italy because they had come from Turkey, from Lebanon, from all the other parts. Then came the expulsion of Spain, 1492 and could go wherever they want. Then they were expelled from Yugoslavia, from certain sections, and they took refuge in Italy. For instance, they were offering to Jewish people, if they would come, we will give you this, this, and this. The Jewish people were going there. Then the Jewish people, they actually were entrepreneurs. They grew up, they started having business. The others were jealous and started fighting the Jews, so they expelled them. They expelled them, like from Savannah [Georgia]. They sent them to Macon [Georgia]. Macon took them, for how long, we don't know exactly. It was the same story. Expelled here, accepted there, whatever it was. In school, we did feel it because there was antisemitism. Definitely, in a Catholic country, you have it on Sunday, Easter Sunday for instance, when Pesach. We had Pesach. We came out of shul. Shul was in an old section at that time. Jewish people were dressed better than the others. They started throwing dirt on us and all that kind of stuff. We felt that. But otherwise, in business, no. In business, we didn't. Suddenly, then, Communism started developing. Times were bad. Italy was a democratic country always. Communism came, and Italy couldn't do anything. All they could do what the government said, “Do what you want.” The Communists, the first thing they did, they occupied all the factories. Thinking, now we are bosses. Who gave them the money to buy material? Who gave them orders? Nobody wanted to deal with them. There was nobody who was responsible for anything. The government said, “The way you got in, the way you will go out.” After five, six months, they slowly had to get out of the factory. Fortunately, they didn't destroy them. They were smart enough not to destroy them. This movement created the Fascism. They were killing the Communists. They were giving them castor oil, torturing them, taking them away, disappearing, whatever it was. Anyhow, but the people, they said, “Better than the others.” Slowly, the Fascism got a little better. They promised they wouldn't do this. A lot of Jewish people joined the Fascist movement, a lot of them. It came at a time after a few years when [Benito] Mussolini grew up in prestige, in power. He said now it's time to do the famous March on Rome to induce the Italian government to give up and let the Fascists take over. At that time, remember, the trains, for instance, the railroad. You didn't know if any trains were leaving a certain station. If they did, you didn't know if after 10 minutes, they stopped again and the conductor disappeared. There was no electricity. There was no telephone. There was no nothing. Anarchy. Really anarchy. The funny part was that Mussolini himself, who was the leader of the Fascists, was an anarchist himself, a very highly educated man. He was a schoolteacher. But he forgot to be an anarchist. No, he couldn’t do it. All he could do is to be a Fascist and get rid of the Communists. Anyhow, he needed money to do a March on Rome, and the Jewish people helped him. They gave him money to March on Rome, and he went. When he arrived in Rome [Italy], they realized that they just . . . democracy had gone and Fascists were here to stay. They let him in. Fortunately, he didn't get rid of the king [King Victor Emmanuel III] right away, because the king was really the essence that was holding Italy together. He developed, and he developed pretty nice. He had some bad things. Being an anarchist, he was anticlerical against Rome. Inasmuch as his friends, the Jewish people, had helped him to come to power, they said, I will fix the pope. But today, the first thing he said, he changed the law. The law was that the religion of the state was the Catholic religion. All the other religions were admitted. Instead of being tolerated, they were admitted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=801.0,1221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean by admitted?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1221.0,1223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e That means that they had the same rights like the Catholics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1223.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e It was better for them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1230.0,1232.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Absolutely. That was his first thing that he did, pro-Jewish people. Then, naturally, he got help from all of the Jewish people. A lot, by the thousands, they became Fascists, they joined the movement, and so on and so on. He reached the point where every dictator wants more. You're not satisfied with what you have, but you want more. He thought that he can invade Ethiopia. He invaded Ethiopia [Second Italo-Ethiopian War]. What excuse was it? The excuse that he gave was that the people believed that Ethiopia had a lot of coffee, so Italy didn't have to import coffee. The Italian public, like anywhere, 95 percent of the public are ignorant. The five percent intelligentsia, they take him away. They put him in jail. There's no leader, so you can maneuver the people the way you want. He couldn't do anything in Ethiopia. He had to send the military, the real military, to settle things. He made a few stupid things. The sanctions came against Italy. That's where Germany came in. Germany told Italy, they said, “Forget about the sanctions. Whatever they don't let you have, we will supply you. But you have to come with us.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1232.0,1343.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e What year was it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1343.0,1344.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e That was already in 1933. [Adolf] Hitler had already come up. That's what it is. They got together, and got together and got stronger, and stronger, and stronger. They reached the point, the only one that was against Germany, was Mussolini's son-in-law, Count Galeazzo Ciano. He sacrificed his own son-in-law to satisfy Germany. They killed him. From then on, naturally, they had to change. They put the law against the Jews in Italy. They couldn't go to school anymore, the children. They couldn't do this. They couldn't do that. I had seen already, at that time, things coming bad because of relatives in Germany. Genoa was one of the centers because not only in Germany people were getting out, but from Russia, from Poland. They were feeling it too, and they all came through Genoa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1344.0,1432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e How old were you around this time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1432.0,1434.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e How old?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1434.0,1435.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e How old were you at this time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1435.0,1436.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e I was, at that time, I was already 33 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1436.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e You were a young man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1440.0,1441.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I was young. I wasn’t married. My brother had married since. We knew exactly what was going on because people were telling us. You, here in the United States, you didn't know anything what was going on. In Italy, the papers were mentioning absolutely nothing. But we knew what was going on. I figured out it was time to leave. That's where I started in 1938. This is something that I think it was important. You might remember Kristallnacht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1441.0,1484.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, Kristallnacht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1484.0,1485.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Kristallnacht. It was a night, naturally, ordered by Hitler to destroy the synagogue, to vandalize all the Jewish homes, stores, all that kind of stuff. Two days after that happened, we still had relatives in Frankfurt [Germany]. I said, “I have to do something. I have to know what happened.” I was blessed, because at that time, I had started already to do what I had to do. Get my papers. Get a visa to the United States. Which, by that time, the quota was 4,500 Italians could only leave Italy for the United States a year. You can imagine it would have taken, I don't know, how long. Anyhow, I had a wonderful connection of the high, high-ranking Fascists in Genoa. I told him my story. He knew I was Jewish. I said, “I need a passport, but I need the passport where nothing is written that I’m Jewish or non-Jewish. That I can get in and out of Italy anytime I want.” He said, “You'll get it.” He said, “I have to leave for Rome tonight, and I'll be back next week. If I don't call you, you call me.” I called him. He said, “Your passport is on the way.” After a few days, I got my passport.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1485.0,1601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e At that time, did the regular passport specify Jewish, and then you were discriminated against?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1601.0,1608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e My passport didn't say that I was Jewish, nothing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1608.0,1614.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e But did the other passports say that? Other people's passports?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1614.0,1618.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Other people who were Jewish, who had tried, also who got a passport, who wanted to go out, that was written. Appartiene alla razza ebraica. “He belongs to the Hebrew race.” I was fortunate because I could get in and out. I had business with Switzerland, especially. The only thing I had to do was the day before I was leaving Genoa, go to the police and tell them that I was leaving Genoa at such and such time. The train would cross the Italian Swiss border at that time. Go to Switzerland from this. The passport that was issued was, it was written on, “Max Kreh travels in the interest of the Italian economy.” That was a protection. Not only did I have a passport, but that I was a semi-official Italian. I told my family, “I'm leaving. I'm going to Frankfurt.” They said, “Don't go. Don't go. See what happened to them.” I said, “What can happen? I have an Italian passport. Nothing is written on that I'm Jewish. I don't look Jewish. My name is not Jewish. I don't speak but Italian. Let me see what happens.” In fact, I had no trouble. I reached the Italian border, and I was greeted. They knew that I was coming. The police were there greeting me as if I would have been a big shot. I couldn't believe it. I said, “Uh oh, something is going on.” I was the only one to cross the border. Those days, everybody was afraid. I go to Frankfurt. Go to those people, and I ring the bell. They live . . . this is a big place. Big, big, big. Their house was there. They lived just one block from the main synagogue. I ring the bell, no answer. I ring, and I ring, and I ring. No answer. I figure it out. The house was in perfect condition. I know they didn't ransack it. The reason, I found out later, because the owner was a baker. They needed bakeries. They figured out if we destroy your bakery . . . he was catering to the non-Jewish people, too. Not only Jewish people. I rang the bell. I dashed across the place on the opposite side. I figure out maybe they were afraid to answer. They didn't know who it was. I cross. I see over there the curtains were moving. I said, “They saw me.” I go back, I ring a bit, and from upstairs they push a button, you know how it is, automatic. I went up. You can imagine. They were all safe. They had applied already months before to go to Israel. They were waiting practically weekly for the visa to go to Israel and to get out of Germany. They said, “How did you get in? What happened to you?” I said, “Don't worry about me. I'm protected. The main thing about you.” They had enough to eat. The children that they had, they hadn't gone out for weeks. They looked Jewish. They didn't have the courage. I said, “Let me take him out for a walk or something like this.” Finally, the parents told me, “Just around here. Take him out to breathe some fresh air.” As soon as we get out, they start to hollering at the children. “Jew, Jew, Jew, Jew, Jew.” I got up and took my passport out. I said, “I'm Italian.” As soon as they heard that, cowards. They disappear. I knew it was a warning. I went back. I didn't take a chance again. Anyhow, I stayed there with them two days or three days. When I arrived there, I only had an overnight little bag. When I left, I had six suitcases. I told them, “Put anything you want. They don't know that it's your stuff.” I go out and I put on each one my name on it. They put silver in it, whatever they had saved, and I left. They told me, go to Zurich [Switzerland]. That would have been our first stop to go to Israel. They had relatives there. I go in the train. I don't know, have you ever seen those European trains? There is a corridor on one side. From the corridor, there is a sliding door in the compartment. Naturally, there was nobody there. Nobody could get out, and nobody could get in. I come here with six suitcases. I take a compartment and put them all over there. We reached from Frankfurt to Basel [Switzerland], which is the border, the Swiss German border. I reached there, and I didn't wait. I figured out, I don't wait for them to come in. They might come in with three, four, or five [people]. You never know. I’d rather deal with one person. As soon as the train stops, I got out of my compartment, go in the corridor, and an officer, a German officer, comes up the train and greeted me. I greeted him too. I had my passport. I said, “I'm Italian, and I'm going back to Italy.” “Oh, that's nice,” he said. I was in Italy right away. He greeted me and he left. After two minutes, they rolled and there was nobody else in the train in that car in the corridor. The locomotive came and shuttled us from the German territory into the Swiss territory. That, for me, was something. They couldn't touch me anymore. After a little while then I arrived in Zurich. I delivered my stuff, and I went back to Genoa. But I got my lesson, and that's where I started making propaganda to get out. Everybody should get out now. The Italians, they didn't apply so much to go to the United States because of the language. They all applied for Central and South America where they speak Spanish. It's easier. Not too many came to the Unites States. But I had difficulties. When I had asked to apply for the United States because I had some relatives, I would have gone anyway. While I was in Frankfurt for those few days, I went to every council, and I asked them to give me a visa to Leeds [England] wherever. Venezuela, Peru, Paraguay, everywhere. I would have gone anywhere. The difficult was that the government, the American government, had asked for $3,500 from me to be deposited into an American bank in the United States as a guarantee that I wouldn't be a burden to the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1618.0,2201.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e They wanted you to pay your way in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2201.0,2204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Not pay the way. Naturally, the government never paid a way to go to the United States. But $3,500 in 1938 was money. They figure out, I will live one year, maybe two years. I had enough to live on my money, and I wouldn't be on the public welfare, and it was all right. I had to smuggle money. That was the difficulty. To begin with, I had to sell my life insurance. Life insurances in Italy were regulated by the Italian government. They asked you, why do you want to cancel your insurance? I told them, knowing that, cut the premium. Miserable. Then, I sold silver. There is a mentality in Europe, which was created, I think, from experience. The Italians, the French, the other Jewish people, don't buy real estate unless it's absolutely necessary. They buy jewelry. Jewelry it's easy to transport. I had some jewelry, too. At that time, I had intention to get married, so I bought this, I bought that, already a few other things. Then I started buying gold. Figured I have it melted. But I had to take it out to take the trip, the money out. I had a passport. The money that I was getting . . . I have to tell you another thing. At that time, the banks, they were not selling you any foreign currencies. If you had to buy things, you had to document why. You had to show your passport. It was controlled. But Genoa, being a seaport and being a city with thousands of boats arrive from all over and with thousands of foreign people arrive, and with thousands of boats. The captain and the first, and whatever cook, they want to exchange money. They had a certain cambiavalute [Italian: money changer] way you could exchange the value of the native land. They were making money, naturally, they weren't paying you the real value. I was forced to buy on the black market, let's call it that way, dollars in order to smuggle them over the Swiss border and then go to a bank in Switzerland and transfer them. That's what I did. I finally couldn't carry much because I figured out if they catch me, I can always say I needed the money for business. I had business in Switzerland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2204.0,2436.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e What did you do for a living during this period of time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2436.0,2439.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e We had still our business. We still had our business. Nobody told us, I don't buy from you because you're Jewish. The Italians didn't do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2439.0,2451.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Were the Jews being openly persecuted at that time? No. No. No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2451.0,2456.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2456.0,2456.22222"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e No. No. No. Were the Germans there at all?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2456.22222,2458.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e No. The Germans were there. I saw them because the fortification of Genoa. Genoa, for instance, it's a semicircular. The port is open. Comes in here. All around here, there were cannons. Layers of cannons. The first layer was practically on a street level, because we saw it. There were sandbags just in front of it, and we saw the Germans. They did not have the uniforms, but they had blond hair, and they were speaking German. I could understand it. They had overalls. I knew exactly that they were there already. They were putting all their stuff in. I had business there. Everything went, as I mentioned, the day before I was crossing the border to Switzerland, I had to go to the police, Italian police, and tell them when I was leaving, on which train, and at what time I was crossing the border. In fact, when I arrived at piazza [Italian: public square] on the border, they were greeting me, “Mr. Kreh. Kreh.” I said, how do they know that? My name was there. They respected me, once only. That was practically always, if I remember, the same officer, it was an officer, that came into the train compartment and asked me, “Do you have any money?” I said, “No.” “What are you doing? I know you're a businessman,” he said. “Tell me where you’re going and the name of the company.” They were written on the passport. Once, that man didn’t come out. The sergeant or corporal or somebody. He comes up and started the whole story, “Who are you? Give me the passport. Why do you go this? Why do you do that?” All that kind of stuff. I had money under my undershirt. He said, “Do you mind taking your coat off?” “No.” I take my coat off. While in doing that, somebody knocks at the window of the train, and it is the officer. I sign to them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2458.0,2643.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e That was the most fortunate time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2643.0,2649.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e Did they think at all, were they suspicious at all, that maybe you were Jewish? You're very fortunate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2649.0,2659.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e No, he just wanted to be . . . I found out the higher your position, the easiest to talk to a person. A little one wants to be a big child. He follows the letters. You have to undress that person. You have the [indistinct: 44:40]. Take the pants down. Everything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2659.0,2685.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e From Switzerland, you came directly to the United States?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2685.0,2688.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e From Switzerland, no. That was another story. The quota was 4,500. I would have never gotten out. Somebody at the American Consulate said, “Mr. Kreh, why don't you go to take domicile in Switzerland?” He said, “The quota is practically unused. Do that,” he said. I said, “Thank you very much. How do I get to Switzerland [to] take domicile? You cannot take domicile in Switzerland.” They didn't allow anybody to settle down. I had friends, business friend, another good friend in Basel. I go to them to Basel, and I tell them the story. He said, “You can take domicile in our house any time. Say that you live with us. Have all the address from the American Consulate addressed here, but we have to find out how you can get into Switzerland and show on your passport that you entered without having gone out again.” They found out. They told me. You come here on the weekday. On the arrive day, they put arrival day on the passport. Every time, passport day. It was full of stamps. Then he told me, every Sunday, or every Holiday, the police stations are closed, so you always have an excuse. It was closed. They couldn't put a stamp on it. That's what I wanted. I arrived on the weekday. They put the stamp on. Every time I was going to Switzerland, I was leaving on Sunday. I always had the entrance. Those are things that I don't know how many people knew it. We lived in a time where we were afraid even to talk to another Jewish fellow. We knew that everybody was trying to get out. As long as nobody really was desperate to ask somebody else, we figured out everybody knows what to do. In fact, the rabbi, I left. I have to do another thing that might be of interest. I had a very, very close friend, Italian Jew, [Giorgio] Minerbi, a Jewish name. He studied in Genoa and then went to Rome and took a job in a cheese manufacturer. They were manufacturing Italian cheeses, a big, big company, and exporting to the United States. We kept contact. When I, in 1938, had started in the beginning to get all my papers together, I went to Rome several times. I told him, “Giorgio, it's time to leave.” “Oh, no, no. My uncle, the general so and so, he fought in the war. My great-uncle, the sculptor [Arrigo] Minerbi, he's under the protection of the king.” I said, “The king has nothing to do with it. Hitler is the one who rules here.” Finally, I insisted. He decided also to get out. To show you the anomaly, I had a passport . . . in order. By that time, Italy was in war. Stupid thing. Italy had declared war on France. Italy was aligned with France, but because of Germany, had to declare war on France. The Mediterranean was closed. Gibraltar was closed. No boats could get in and out. I had paid my transportation from Genoa to New York, but I didn't know on what boat. My friend in Rome, he was better off. He had paid for his, his wife, and a little baby, and he knew on which boat he was leaving. Lisbon [Portugal]. The only port that we could use was Lisbon. “How do we get to Lisbon?” He said, “You leave that up to me.” We need a Spanish visa, and we need a Portuguese visa in addition to all the visas. I go to the Spanish Council in Genoa, and I get my transit visa right away because that's where I was going to the United States. But I couldn't get the transit visa from the Portuguese. It's something that nobody could understand. I have a ticket that will take me out of Lisbon, and you don't want to give me that permit. Anyhow, he couldn't get a transit visa to Spain, but could get, he knew somebody in the Portuguese. I sent him my passport, and he got the visa that I couldn't the Spanish. He sent me his passport, and I got him the visa to Portugal. One Saturday morning, I didn't expect it. I come home from shul. The phone rings. It's my friend that said, “Max, you have to leave tonight. Tomorrow morning, you will be in Rome. Don't come to my house. Stop at a cafe there. We will join you there. In the afternoon, we are flying. The only airplane that will fly out of Italy on that plane, we will be . . . you have to be there.\" I said, “No explanation.” He said, “That's what it was.” You can imagine. I didn't know. At that time the airplanes, they were not as big as they are today. I arrived there and sit there in that cafe. Then I went to eat. Of course, the restaurant that they had. When I got back, finally he comes and said, “We’ll take a cab and go to the airport.” He didn't open his mouth. He was pale as I never saw him. I knew something was going on. But he said, “Max, on this plane, there will be the American Ambassador [William] Phillips, the vice council, two employees of the American Embassy. They left a skeleton staff in Rome. There were five Italian officers. At that time, Italy was supplying [Francisco] Franco in Spain to fight the Communists. These five officers, either they were on furlough or they were going back. Then, whatever people were there, they were Americans. The Americans had priority to leave. If there was an empty space, an American had to take it. There we are, we're going into this airplane. We sit in the airplane. I said, “Giorgio, are you right?” He said, “I don't know.” His wife said to me, “I'll tell you later.” As soon as the plane leaves, he takes my hand. He said, “Feel here.” He had to smuggle all he could. All I could feel was . . . he got money out. Those things. Then, naturally, we landed in Lisbon. After a few days, his boat left, and I had to wait. I didn't know. The day again shows you what God can do. Every day I was going to the American Export Lines. That's the company that I had to use. Nothing. “We are expecting a lot of American people in Switzerland. They were vacationing there.” They said, “They are coming by bus, and we have to take care of them, whatever it is.” I go, and I go, and I go. Finally, one day, one morning, a gentleman said . . . he takes my pass. Remember that we still were under the domination of Mussolini, afraid that even outside Italy, they spy on us or do something or can kidnap us. We never knew what. He takes my passport and reads it in a funny way. The paternity is written down. If the father is still alive, it is Max Kreh di. That's D-I of. Son of. If the father is dead, its Fu. Past tense. He was. Father was so-and-so. He stamps on that. He said, “What was your father's name?” I said, “Gustavo.”  He said, “Is he still alive?” I say, “No, he died many years ago.” He said, “You have to come back this afternoon. After we close, you come through the back, and you knock three times and I will open the door.” Can you imagine all day long I didn't know what was going on. He ended up introducing himself. He said, “My name is Yarak.” He said, “Does the name say anything to you?” I said, “Yes. Yarak. German. Sure, I know.” He said, “Do you remember me?” I said, “No, I wouldn't know. I wouldn't know exactly.” He said, “Your father helped my father when he needed it. I'm helping you now.” He said, “There is a bus coming of American people. Regardless, what it is, I will have a mattress on the floor on that boat.” It was a steamship. SS Excambion. Half freight and half they are accommodating people. That's what he had. If it would not have been for him, my visa was expired. I had to take an American boat. In fact, while we were traveling, my passport expired.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2688.0,3496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e Explain why it was still good. Because an American boat is considered American soil.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3496.0,3502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Because American boat is considered American territory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3502.0,3506.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e Even though his visa expired on the boat, he was still in the United States. It was an American possession, so it was as if he was in the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3506.0,3514.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Mr. Kreh, you had the foresight to leave.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3514.0,3517.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3517.0,3518.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e How about the rest of your family, your brother?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3518.0,3521.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e My family couldn't do anything. My brother, it was he, his wife, and four children. Fortunately, right next where we lived, the next block, there was a Catholic school on the ground floor. Every morning when we passed by the children were playing in the yard, and the priests were going around all the way. There were iron fences there. The people were stopping, talking to them. I don't know, for months already, we were on good terms with those priests. “Hello, Father, how you been? How's business?” My brother, one day after I left but still, pretty good times. Children couldn't go to school anymore. That was finished. He told him the story. They said, “We cannot take your son.” My brother had one boy and four daughters. Three daughters. He said, “We cannot take your son because everybody knows, but we get in touch with Rome, and I'm sure that we can do something.” My brother asked, “What about my wife?” He said, “We will do what we can do.” He took the name. Finally, it ended up, I don't tell you what they are all in between because it was absolute [indistinct: 1:00:30]. Anyhow, my brother had to take the boy to Rome, but he couldn't take him just getting on the train. The Gestapo was already practically on each train, checking up. But the Italian antifascists, they knew exactly on which train they were and they were not. It took them three days to go to Rome to cover 400 miles. He arrived in Rome. He took that boy, and he was raised there until . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3521.0,3680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Were they able to take a train, or did they go by car?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3680.0,3682.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e No. They went by train then. Little by little. My brother told the Father Superior that the only one that can decide over his son would have been me. Manfred Danzig. Do you remember? He didn't know if I was alive or not. He wanted to take him, but they didn't give him to him. Anyhow, everything went well. Until Rome was liberated by the American army. My nephew stopped a G.I. and told him to mail a letter. But in the meantime, we had . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3682.0,3731.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell the story about the other person. This is an interesting story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3731.0,3735.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e My sister-in-law, she took refuge in a nun convent between Genoa and Milan [Italy]. The three girls, they were first in a feeble-minded institute, just to put them away. Then they found out that the head of the feeble-minded institute was a German, so they took them out right away. They took them all with the mother. The mother and three daughters, they were in a nun convent. The boy was in Rome. My brother, he was the last one to go away. He was in a monk, a Benedictine monastery in Padua [Italy].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3735.0,3782.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e How long did they stay there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3782.0,3784.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e They stayed there until they were liberated by the American army.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3784.0,3788.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e How many years was that Mr. Kreh?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3788.0,3790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e That was two years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3790.0,3794.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e Was your Mama still alive?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3794.0,3799.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e No, fortunately, not. I say fortunately not because they would not have survived.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3799.0,3807.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e The church really did a lot to help you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3807.0,3808.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e The church did a lot. When my brother took his boy to Father Superior, he told the Father, I'm holding you responsible for the Jewish education of my son. Every morning, the Father gave him half an hour of time. He gave him a room until age seven. Every morning, he asked him, “Did you perform your religious duties?”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3808.0,3843.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, were these exceptions or were most of the Jews in Italy helped like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3843.0,3848.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Most of them. Very few. Very few.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3848.0,3850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm even told that there were even Jews that were hidden in the Vatican. Is that true or not?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3850.0,3859.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e That I don't know, exactly. But I know for sure that the rabbi from Genoa was kept in the house of the archbishop as long as he wanted. But that was a young rabbi. A very dynamic thing. He said, “As long as it's one Jew. When they need me, I'm going out.” In fact, they found out where he was, and they called it that the Jews had to get together and shoot. That's where they got him all. They killed him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3859.0,3904.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e They killed him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3904.0,3905.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. The Germans? The Germans? The Germans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3905.0,3906.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e The Germans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3906.0,3906.77778"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e The Germans? The Germans? The Germans? The rabbi, yes. They send them out in car to Auschwitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3906.77778,3913.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Your entire family then was reunited, your brother and his wife and the children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3913.0,3918.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e Did they come to America?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3918.0,3920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e They visited here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3920.0,3921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e No, they went to Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3921.0,3922.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e No. I mean, they moved to Israel, my brother and his wife.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3922.0,3929.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e It’s an interesting story, though, if you want to write something. Tell him the story about the two G.I.s that met Gustavo and got together and didn’t know the other one and helped them. It’s an interesting story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3929.0,3938.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e During the time that my nephew was in Rome in the Catholic school, the American army had landed in Italy and came up to Rome. My wife had one brother who was with the Jewish Education Alliance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3938.0,3959.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e USO [United Service Organizations].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3959.0,3962.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e USO. She knew a doctor, a psychiatrist, who lived in Chicago [Illinois]. Rosenthal, who had come to New Orleans [Louisiana] because he was transferred in the military. Naturally, they got friendly and so on and so forth. When the invasion started, my wife, through her connection as social worker, she knew that some of the social workers knew where the chaplains were. One chaplain was supposed to look up in Rome, that was after we got the address where my nephew was in Rome. Because on the other side, my brother-in-law, he had ways to find out where the chaplain, the Jewish chaplain, was, and he followed in Rome. It happened that both of them, the Jewish chaplain, this Jewish doctor, and chaplains. Yes, that's all. The chaplain, the Jewish doctor. There were only two people who could take care of him. We got letters from them that the boys were okay, not to fear anything and so on. That was good. After the war, my wife and I take a trip to go to Wisconsin, see my friend, a cheese maker. Then we stopped in Chicago, where Dr. Rosenthal was practicing. My wife had continued their friendship. She called him up. She said, “I'm here. We're leaving. I would like to tell you hello.” He said, “Wait a minute. Somebody wants to talk to you.” That one was Chaplain Achman. Chaplain Achman and Dr. Rosenthal were sleeping together. They had one room. Each one was going to see my nephew. Neither one had talked to the other [about what the other] was doing. The only time was that call that my wife made in Chicago to the doctor and Achman, Rabbi Achman, Chaplain Achman was there hearing the name Kreh. He said, “Kreh. Kreh. What Kreh? Wait a minute, wait a minute. I want to talk.” We dashed there, and for the first time we met the chaplain. My wife knew the doctor already. Those two men talked to each other and said, “Do you know that we lived together so long, and we didn't know that we'd be taking care of that boy.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3962.0,4179.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e That's amazing that you had quite a few coincidences with that and the man helping you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4179.0,4186.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e That shows you what life can do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4186.0,4191.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you tell them the story about the man who was a Fascist that wanted you to erase the Jewish records? Erase the records from the synagogue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4191.0,4201.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e I didn't want to mention it. I can tell you without mentioning the name. It was this high-ranking Fascist. I mentioned that got me the passport. He was Jewish, but he always denied it. We had the records in the shul. He wasn't an Italian. His wife was Jewish. She was paying dues to the synagogue, but he always didn't want to. When I approached him, he said, “I did you a favor. You have to do me a favor. Get rid of all the names that exist in the congregation.” I was active at that time. I said, “I'd be glad to.” I talked to the president. The same day, we went through all the paper with imaginary thing. I took them. That same night, I went to his . . . he had left late at night, at 12 o’clock. I made it in time to bring him all the papers. I said, “Here are the papers. You destroy them.” He was passing for Greek Orthodox.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4201.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e You destroyed the records of all members of the synagogue or just his family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4290.0,4296.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e Just his family. He and his family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4296.0,4299.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e He got the papers. He showed it to me one day. Naturally, he needed a big, big Greek Orthodox guy to do that. He was a Greek Orthodox, so they didn't touch him. He was a big shot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4299.0,4323.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e You mentioned you were married. When did you get married?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4323.0,4326.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e I got married here in the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4326.0,4329.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e This was later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4329.0,4330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I didn't want to get married before because I know what could have happened to send off one person to suffer than have two people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4330.0,4348.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e When you came here, Mr. Kreh . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4348.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e Jerry, can I go back one step to one of the interesting stories, if you don’t mind? Tell the story about Hermano and Boni used to see each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4350.0,4357.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Before my brother and his wife and the children were separated and located with [different places], they had to sleep in various families, friends, non-Jewish people. So, one night they were sleeping here. One night they were sleeping somewhere else. In order to communicate, you couldn't phone either. They knew at 12 o'clock that they were circling a place in the city, one on one side, one on the other side just to look at each other from the distance that they were still alive. My brother, then, after he secured all of his family, a friend of his, business connection, he had a factory, not directly in Genoa. You had to walk quite a bit. He gave him the key of the factory. He said, “I will put a cup in there, and this is the key to the factory. Wait until it's dark. When it's dark, you can go walk, go in. But you have to leave in the morning, early in the morning, before the men come, or anybody can see you.” My brother at least had a place to sleep. But to wander around until night, I don't know how they did it, but they did it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4357.0,4467.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e That was before the church took him in?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4467.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Before the church took him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4470.0,4474.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e But his wife was already taken care of?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4474.0,4476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e His wife and the children. First, he took care of the children. Then, even in the monastery, in that monastery in Padua, that was bombed by the Allied people. They were repairing the damage. There were other people, Jewish people, that the monastery had taken in. There was also an American non-Jewish pilot, which had parachuted. The Father Superior, the monk, had asked everybody to wear the monk. You know how they call it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4476.0,4522.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e The robes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4522.0,4524.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e The robe. They didn't do it. Naturally the workers that were working saw private people in there walking around, which wasn't allowed in the monastery, monk monastery. Only monks can live there. They denounced. But they had friends at the police. One night, they had to make a procession. I have all the letters. Those I want to translate. They made a procession with candles and incense. They knew that one had to enter a door here and the other one a door there. They had arranged for everyone to sit. My brother was to enter the house where the sick wife of the typographer. . . They had their own typography, lithography, I mean. Printing. The monastery they had there. The printer's wife was sick. My brother, that's where they put him. When they reached that point, then they had to wear, naturally, that monk habit, everybody. He got in there, and there he was. He was taking care of the sick wife. She got well, not because of my brother, but because it took whatever it was. But there was the difficulty of the food. They had coupons. They had arranged also with the . . . My brother, for instance, could go only in one place, in a cafe, and order a certain thing only, and then disappear as fast as possible. One day, they asked my brother, they asked him, “How is it that you always ask the same story? You want to eat the same thing?” They said, “We know about you. You can order what you want.” That was a sign that my brother, right away, had to move. As soon as somebody else knew. They talk. People talk. They had to move him again. They never knew what to do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4524.0,4697.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e What happened to your house, the family house, while everybody was gone?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4697.0,4703.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e They took everything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4703.0,4707.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you able to get it back?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4707.0,4709.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e I only got back . . . the first time, there was a lexicon. A whole edition of the thing. My father wrote to those people. He said, “Please keep the books. I don't want to lose those things.” To make it legal, they gave him a dollar, a lira. They bought it from my father for a lira. After when we got back, my brother and I, we went back to greet those people. He said, “You know that I have certain here from your father, but you have to pay me. If you give me the lira, I give you the books.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4709.0,4763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e But what was the contents of the house? You were able to get in the house.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4763.0,4766.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e That that gone completely. The house, my father had continued for a couple of years to send money, even taxes, paid the taxes out of Switzerland to the landlord, but the landlord said that they broke into . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4766.0,4801.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e We [do] not [have] too much time . . . on the tape. I'm sorry, Mr. Kreh, you were saying about the two rabbis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4801.0,4812.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the two rabbis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4812.0,4813.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e You were telling us a story about how the smugglers were . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4813.0,4817.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Repeat it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4817.0,4818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, if you will because we didn’t get that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4818.0,4822.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e It is a known fact that the so-called smugglers who knew the passes in the Alps from Italy into Switzerland, they were asking a considerable amount of money from the Jews to be landed in Switzerland and then be in free territory. But they always turned them to the Gestapo.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4822.0,4857.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e They took their money and turned them in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4857.0,4859.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Then they killed him. That's one. Another fact, which is also true, they were paying, the Germans were paying the Italians, the poor people, whether they were poor not, they were paying I think at that time 5,000 or 6,000 lire if they were giving the name of one Jew, where they lived and so on, and they were doing it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4859.0,4895.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e What percent of the Jews do you think were killed?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4895.0,4897.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Fortunately, 85 percent were saved, 15 percent were killed, which is the opposite in all the other places. Germany, 85 percent were killed, and only 15 percent were saved. A lot of Italians, they risked their lives because, naturally, they kept Jews in their home. But the reason was different. The Italians and the Germans, I mentioned I think before, they were arch enemies. They couldn't stand each other. They did it in order to do it . . . for humanity. But you never know. You never know the circumstances. Or other people, for instance, just a plain Italian, the poor person, they say, I cannot see a child being hungry or not have a place to sleep. They took him in. They didn't care who he was. The Italians have hearts with the Jewish people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4897.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e That's nice. Unfortunately, it wasn't like that every place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4980.0,4985.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e When you came to this country, Mr. Kreh, what happened? Were you able to find work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4985.0,4995.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e When I came to this country, I landed in New York [New York]. It was in August 1940. I had cousins there. I stayed with them. The first thing I did, besides going in the register to become an American citizen, I used to go, that was in Brooklyn, to the movie. You could go to the movie at 11 o'clock in the morning for 10 or 15 cents. They were giving me my lunch. They say, stay there until we pick you up at five o'clock. I was in a movie. That's what I wanted. The first time I was watching what was going on, trying to. The second time, I was trying to catch a word, although I didn't know English, just a few words. Because we all thought that we could go to the Latin American country. Never expected that this would come. Then the third time, again, to get accustomed to the sound, because it's so different, the Latin and the Italian language with the English. Then I took private lessons because I was already 40 years old. I had to be on my feet. I was taking lessons. I was going from Brooklyn to New York. I didn't want anybody to teach me who was an immigrant. I wanted an American born who knew the English language. At that time, it was 50 cents an hour. The subway, a nickel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4995.0,5121.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e That was a lot of money back then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5121.0,5123.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e It must have been money. Breakfast, 15 cents in the morning. I was having breakfast. Oatmeal, two slices of bread. Oatmeal as much as you want. Coffee, milk. Then finally, at the end of December of 1940, a friend of ours, who lived in Genoa. He was born in Poland, but had a Dutch passport, lived in Italy many years, in Genoa, very close friend of ours. [He] had gone a few years before to England and wanted to go to Australia. Settled down in Australia. The war broke out, so he came to the United States. We were in contact always. One day he called me and said, “Max, I need you.” He was a working man. He said, “Look what happened to me. A lot of my relatives came from Poland. I have to help them. I bought a factory.” I said, “What kind of factory?” He said, “I don't know exactly what it is.” He said, “I'll take you there.” He took me there. They were making those leather trimming for suspenders. Those two pieces here. He said, “Max, do you know anything about?” I said, “No. I don't know anything about either. What about if we try our best?” He said, “All right.” “Where does the leather come from?” He said, “Oh, that's right.” I said, “Where does it come from?” He said, “Nobody knew where it came from.” We had to wait until the next day. From other places that were all making purses or whatever. Anyhow, it wasn’t our business. They had a stencil, a metal, very heavy stencil, and a hammer. They were stenciling wherever they could find a piece of good leather they were stenciling out a piece of this. Then he said, “Max, all I can pay you is $12.50 a week. I don't know if I'd lose money.” I said, “I’ll take it.” I expected to see American workers speaking English where I could learn something. Instead of that, half of them spoke Yiddish, and half of the were Italians. That was the end. But anyhow, we managed the factory until May, April 1941. When my cousins in New Orleans, my father had one brother who came to the United States at the age of 14 when somebody from Eufaula, Alabama, had gone to Europe. The boy said come with us to the United States. Next year we'll bring you back. They never went back, and that boy grew up in Eufaula, Alabama, married a Jewish woman, and moved to New Orleans. He was quite successful for that time, anyhow. He owned the most beautiful, big, big home. We were always in correspondence, exchanging pictures, presents. I told him that I was in the United States. “Come down.” I was there. My cousin, he had a son-in-law who was representing furniture. He said, “Go ask friends in New York to get furniture factories so you can have.” I started with that, but I gave it up. All the furniture people were Jewish, and practically all, they didn't honor the orders that they were giving. I wasn't accustomed to that. I said, “That's the end.” By that time, this friend of mine, who had gone to Rome in the cheese manufacture who left Italy with me in the same plane. He had gone to Wisconsin and started manufacturing Italian cheeses which required an aging from 30 to 60 days or five to six or seven months. Parmesan. Romano. By that time, he was ready, and I grabbed it. I had horse out, and that's the way I came out. I switched and went into the food business through him then. He had agents. The agents helped me to get companies to represent. One agent helped each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5123.0,5474.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did you meet your wife?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5474.0,5476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e In New Orleans. In New Orleans. In New Orleans. In New Orleans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5476.0,5477.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e In New Orleans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5477.0,5478.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e In New Orleans. In New Orleans. In New Orleans. In New Orleans, strange.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5478.0,5482.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you meet her?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5482.0,5485.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e I was invited. I used to go to shul every Saturday from where I lived. There was also a lady. They were German immigrants. She was coming to shul also. She lived a few blocks from shul. I had to go further up. Anyhow, I became befriended with this lady. She had a husband. She had a married daughter who had married a dentist in New Orleans. She said, “Max, my daughter wants to have you tonight or the following Saturday for the birthday party.” I said, “Thank you.” I went there. There I come, a lot of people I didn't know. This is the truth. I come in, most of the people were standing up and only a few were sitting. What hit me were three chairs with three girls. Two crossed their legs and one did not. Now in Italy, a lady does not cross the legs. Like in Italy, a gentleman does not take his coat off in a room where a lady is. You cannot be seeing that. I don't know, it hit me right away. Anyhow, I was introduced. I talked. After a while, I got up. The kitchen was right next to me. The lady of the house comes to me and said, “What can I do?” I said, “I would like to have some water.” I drink some water. While I was drinking water, I was looking at this lady. She said, “Max, you have something else on your mind. What is it?” I said, “Who is that lady?” She said, “You have to ask my daughter. I don't know her very well. I know she's a rabbi's daughter and that's all I know.” I said, “Is she married?” “Well, I total you, I don't know.” I said, “Is she engaged?” “I don't know. Why do you ask her that? “Because,” I said, “If she's not engaged, I think that's my wife.” Just like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5485.0,5651.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's a book title, The Lady with the Uncrossed Legs. That's a good story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5651.0,5657.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Right away, she said, “Please, I know you're Italian. Don't even ask her for a date because she won't accept it. She doesn't accept. I know that.” I took her home. I didn't know what she was at that time. She only told me that she had to sell her car because she couldn't get tires. I could get all the tires I wanted and all the gasoline I wanted. I couldn't understand. I'm not a curious person, especially a person that you don't know. I didn't ask, “How is it that you have to sell your car?” The fact is, I took her home where she lived. We parked in front of her house. The first thing I do, I put the light on. She says, “No, please turn the light off.” That's another thing that doesn't go in Italy. You cannot sit in the car with the lady in the dark. If you sit in a car with a lady, you have to have the lights on. I couldn't understand it, and I didn't ask either. But because she immediately said, “Let me see if my family's still up.” She walked in and said, “No, they are all in bed, but please come in.” I went in. We talked for a little while, and then I left. I said, date or not date, if I can do it or not, all she can say is, “I’m sorry.” I asked her for a date. She accepted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5657.0,5767.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e What was her name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5767.0,5770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Esther Goldberg. The funny part is, when I started dating her, the word spread out. My mother-in-law was alive. My father-in law had died.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5770.0,5788.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Go ahead, Mr. Kreh. I want to see how much tape we have left.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5788.0,5791.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e My father-in-law had died in January 1940. I came to New Orleans and settled down in September 1941. I'm talking now of December 1943. The word spread out that Esther is dating an Italian. My mother-in-law, she said, “Meshugana.” They told her, “Don't worry, he's a Count.” They told her that he's a Count. I wasn't a Count. I was counting, yes, but I wasn't a Count. Until they invited me Friday night, and I made clear. I told my future wife . . . by that time, naturally, we knew what we wanted. I told her that my pronunciation is different. I have a Sephardic pronunciation and so on. They were prepared. My mother-in-law, as soon as she heard that I make [indistinct: 1:37:51: possibly ‘candies’] and I dance, and I think “Oy.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5791.0,5877.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Italian or not, you were acceptable. Can you think of any other anecdotes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5877.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e I got one more war story about when you came back to the states and needed somebody to tell them about the layout of the port.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5880.0,5888.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e I can do it. It’s nothing special. I don't know. I know only one thing, that I was the only one that had settled down in the South, including Houston [Texas] and the whole section. Nobody had. All the Italians, a few Italians Jewish, like the non-Jews for 50 or 100 years already, they were going to California.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5888.0,5927.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e California, not New York?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5927.0,5930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Besides New York, naturally. But let's call it the one from the northern part of Italy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5930.0,5939.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Not much tape. Get to the point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5939.0,5941.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Not the Mafia. The Mafia stays in New York. The better people had gone to California. I ended up, in fact, I know this because I took contact right away with the Italian Council. They tell me, “Where do you come from? We don't have northern Italian here. They are all Sicilians and all of that.” Things changed. I changed a lot of things. I don't know how it came to happen. I was called one day by the [United States Department of Justice] Antitrust Division. I have no idea. I asked and nobody knew the Antitrust division. They told me it's a business in order not to grow too big. They make trust. They divide and cut. I go there. They were very, very frank with me. They said, “Mr. Kreh, we understand that you're the only Italian from the northern part that can help us out. We are engaging some military expeditions and so on.” They showed me a lot of postal cards with a lot of mountains, streets, panoramas, ports, and so on. They asked me if I can tell them if those pictures were taken from the Italian part or from the Swiss. They wanted to know if it was important to them. I never skied. Those were all ski resorts, but I could address them to a very, very competent friend of mine in New York. He helped them out. I could help them out. It was very important for them. They thanked me a hundred times afterwards. [They asked me] the fortification of the port of Genoa if I know anything about it. I know, and I gave it to them. That’s all I could do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5941.0,6093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e You got back a little bit of them, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6093.0,6101.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Fortification, they had on the mountain. Cannons on the ground, down. In the mines, same way. If I see something, I want to know what's going on. I must have passed by on the street, practically, on the same level as the port. I saw that they were moving. They had some red flags put up. Heavy trucks could not pass by. I stopped. I wanted to know what's what. I saw, not too far, but everybody could see it, that they were moving certain things in the water by boat, not even a propelled boat. What do you call it, a rowboat, very slowly, moving something and making it an empty space. Then I saw a big ship coming in, protected by tugboats or whatever it was. It took them about an hour. I was there. Finally, after the boat had gone in . . . The port was big. They put all that stuff back. Found out those were mines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6101.0,6211.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e The Americans have never approached Genoa that way, though. The American army never came up that way. They never attacked Genoa. Is that correct?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6211.0,6225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e They might have done. Not as a frontal attack. It came from the back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6225.0,6234.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Anything else, Flo?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6234.0,6237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e How many children do you have? When did you start having children? How did you get to Savannah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6237.0,6246.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Savannah, through him [pointing to his son, Dr. Gustave “Stavie” Kreh]. When I married . . . I met my wife in December 1943. March 1944, we got married. I was still wearing a coat in the house. Then my wife said, “Please take it off. It's our house.” Then, unfortunately, after quite a few years, she developed rheumatoid arthritis and she was quite sick. The children couldn't come as often as they wanted to see their mother and help.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6246.0,6286.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e You all were still in New Orleans at this time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6286.0,6288.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I had my business in New Orleans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6288.0,6290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e Is Stavie your oldest child?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6290.0,6296.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Only child.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6296.0,6297.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e Only child, oh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6297.0,6299.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Only child. Something that might interest you. Do you remember the year I was knighted, 1965?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6299.0,6312.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e You were knighted?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6312.0,6314.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, in 1955.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6314.0,6316.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e He was knighted by the Italian government.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6316.0,6318.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e The Italian government. I built up a business quite different from the businesses they were doing down there. It seems to me that the government appreciated that very much or whatever it was. Anyhow, so they knighted me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6318.0,6343.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e That’s a very good thing . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6343.0,6346.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e Wonderful. What do they call . . . In England, they call a knight, ‘Sir.” What do they call it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6346.0,6350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e They call it Cavalière.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6350.0,6353.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e Cavaliére.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6353.0,6354.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Cavaliére. The king was always surrounded by a number, only a certain amount of cavalières, the riding horses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6354.0,6371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e Is that what they call the police?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6371.0,6376.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e No. Cavaliére. That's an honor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6376.0,6379.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Instead of being a Count, 20 years later you became a knight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6379.0,6385.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e My wife, she saw that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6385.0,6389.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e She may have arranged it because she didn't like being lied to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6389.0,6394.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e I didn't know. There was another thing. A couple of years before that happened, the Italian Council comes to me and says, “Will you please fill out all this here and tell us about your history in Italy. What did you do?” I said, “I'm here. I am American.” “Do it. You cannot say no.” I was very close to the Italian Council, all of them. I started to write it down, and that was the end. I gave it to them. After two years, more than that. One day they called me and said, “Max, where do you want to have it done?” I said, “What?” [They said,} “There will be a ceremony.” [I said,] “Ceremony of what?” At that time, when they told me, they wanted to do a big, big, big affair because I was the only one. In the history of down there in the Southern part, that an Italian was honored after becoming an American. I was afraid that if I would have accepted, I would have lost American citizenship. They told me no. I don't know, for some reason or another, then they said, “What about the press? Let the press come in.” I said, “No, I don't want the press either.” We invited only the other Counts of the French Counts and English Counts and everyone like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6394.0,6507.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e How old were you when they knighted you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6507.0,6512.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e I have to give you. I have to show you. I have to give you a copy of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6512.0,6515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I would like to see that. That was in 1965. That was 30 years ago. Not quite 30.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6515.0,6523.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e No, not quite.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6523.0,6525.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e He's also got the original boarding pass and the ticket for the boat he came over on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6525.0,6533.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e That's something. A lot of people don’t have things like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6533.0,6537.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you still have your original passport?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6537.0,6538.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6538.0,6539.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e The original passport and the original ticket?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6539.0,6544.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e I think I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6544.0,6546.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e I've seen it the ticket. Oh yes. Oh yes. Oh yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6546.0,6547.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6547.0,6547.57143"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh yes. Oh yes. It's got the boat on it and the cabin. It says ballroom or something like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6547.57143,6553.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e The music room.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6553.0,6555.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, music room. Something like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6555.0,6556.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Mattress on the floor in the music room.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6556.0,6558.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e That’s exactly right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6558.0,6561.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e We were 50. Fifty mattresses, and we were glad too. Everybody . . . Every day we had to exercise, because the Germans with the U-boat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6561.0,6577.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Mr. Kreh, were any of your close friends killed during the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6577.0,6583.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Killed? Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6583.0,6586.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e What were the circumstances of that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6586.0,6588.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e One is the one who wanted to cross the border, he got killed. His wife and his mother-in-law, and two others. I think that they were just killed by the Nazis. Oh, more than that. No, no, I have the list at home. The rabbi. About eight or nine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6588.0,6641.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Killed just trying . . . you already told us about the rabbi and those who were trying to escape. Were any of them who were put in so-called safe houses ever turned in, or did they all make it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6641.0,6652.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e No, they made it. The one that we put in private homes, yes, they make it. They made in Holland. They call it now . . . in Israel they opened it there. The Righteous . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6652.0,6668.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e The Path of the Righteous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6668.0,6670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, Path of the Righteous. They will be honored one after another now for what they did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6670.0,6679.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e That’s amazing. Without pay or anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6679.0,6682.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e No pay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6682.0,6683.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Just for humanity?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6683.0,6685.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Just humanity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6685.0,6687.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e Didn't you have a friend that was a spy for the United States and parachuted behind the lines and got killed?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6687.0,6692.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e One.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6692.0,6695.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e What's that story?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6695.0,6697.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e It was right before I had met my wife. There was a movement among the Italian Jews that came out of New York to volunteer to be dropped beyond, behind the enemy line and help the Jews in Italy escape or do something. But they were only taking people who were not married and had no kids. I told them I was getting married. I said, “Forget about it.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6697.0,6739.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e You had a friend that went, didn't you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6739.0,6741.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e He died, what? He wrote that book before he died.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6741.0,6749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e He wrote a book.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6749.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e He wrote a book.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6750.0,6752.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e About his experience?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6752.0,6753.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. It was previous . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6753.0,6757.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e He got caught, didn't he?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6757.0,6759.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6759.0,6760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KREH, STAVIE: He parachuted behind the lines and got caught.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6760.0,6765.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e The others, I don't know. The others I didn’t know. I don't think it was a well-conceived idea.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6765.0,6783.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Mr. Kreh, I think we've been here long enough. We're going to tire you out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6783.0,6787.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e It's a wonderful thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6787.0,6791.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e We just hope it all this turns out well. We'll have to wait and get home and try it out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6791.0,6796.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e I’ll be a little upset if this doesn’t turn out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6796.0,6799.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e It will not publicize.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6799.0,6802.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6802.0,6803.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e No. This is for you all. I like to be able to listen to people's stories, and particularly being Jewish, I'm very interested in hearing the stories of other Jews, particularly immigrants. I'm an American Jew. I am very lucky. I was born way after the war, so I don't have these kinds of experiences. It's important to tell people's stories. Being a filmmaker, I want to be able to tell people’s stories. Sometimes you mix a little bit of fact and a little fiction, and you've got a film. Like I said, Dad told me you had a very interesting life. Actually, you've had a charmed life. I think you were born under a lucky star.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6803.0,6850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e I was lucky from the very beginning. I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6850.0,6857.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e What's the name of that book you have at home on the Jews and the war? You’ve got to read this book.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6857.0,6863.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e I gave it to you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6863.0,6865.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I’d like to borrow it again sometime. Ginger read it. You should read it. \n\nWhat is the name of the book, Mr. Kreh?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6865.0,6873.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e The Italians and the Holocaust.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6873.0,6877.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e I think I saw that at the house once.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6877.0,6879.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Mother had it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6879.0,6880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e We went to a conference, it must have been five or six years ago, in Boston [Massachusetts]. It was put out by the Anti-Defamation League and the Italian American Society. They had a meeting at Boston University about the Jews, the Holocaust, and the war. They had people from Israel and the United States. [Joseph] Califano spoke, gave the keynote speech. It was a two-day thing. We just stayed one day. It was fascinating. They told stories about what the Italians did to help the Jews. There wasn't very much publicized because it wasn't a big story because most of them got saved. People didn't think much about it, but now people are beginning to appreciate the fact that they were saved and that made a big story in and of itself. It wasn't disaster like the rest of the country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6880.0,6922.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e To me, this is interesting because, like I said, I didn't grow up with any Italian Jews. I have friends who they were either Spanish or they were European Jews. I know very little about Italian Jews. It's a very interesting subject for me to learn about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6922.0,6942.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e I think it's 80 or 85 percent of the Jews that were killed were killed after Mussolini was killed, because he protected the Jews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6942.0,6950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e That's amazing. I always thought Mussolini was being sort of bad person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6950.0,6955.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e He protected the Jews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6955.0,6957.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e I was saying that the Fascists were . . . One of the big Fascists, he was pro-Jewish. He was forced by the Germans to give the list of the Jewish people of that city. [Roberto] Farinacci, that was his name. He was ferocious when he was writing against the Jews. But his secretary was Jewish. Everybody knew that he was pro-Jewish. What he did, he informed every single Jew in the city to go in hiding, and then he gave a list.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6957.0,7013.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e That's incredible to me. I never knew anything like that about Mussolini. \n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=7013.0,7018.2"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e  I had something else that was really interesting. I can't even think of what it was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=7018.2,7025.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e There are so many individual cases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=7025.0,7032.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCAPLAN:\u003c/strong\u003e We're about to run out of tape. We do appreciate it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=7032.0,7037.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e We do. I hope next time I'm in Savannah, maybe I can come back over and talk to you some more. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=7037.0,7043.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e My pleasure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=7043.0,7043.33333"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e It would be my pleasure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=7043.33333,7045.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Another book came out. I just got it. It's about five Jewish families. The name is Benevolence and . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=7045.0,7069.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH, STAVIE:\u003c/strong\u003e Betrayal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=7069.0,7069.23529"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Betrayal. Yes.  Benevolence and Betrayal: [Five Italian Jewish Families Under Fascism].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=7069.23529,7073.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN 1:\u003c/strong\u003e This is a new book that’s out?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=7073.0,7075.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/transcript/94445/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKREH:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. A new book that came out a couple of months ago. This book told . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=7075.0,7084.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Agudath Achim is a synagogue in Savannah, Georgia, that is affiliated with the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism. It formed in 1903 as a small congregation following Orthodox ritual. In 1919, the congregation purchased its first building at Montgomery and York Streets, affectionately called the “Little Shul.” Featuring a balcony, it could seat up to 100 people. As membership grew, the space became insufficient; by 1941, the congregation relocated to Drayton and Waldburg Streets. In 1970, they settled into their current facility on Lee Boulevard.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=13.0,54.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is not clear what yellow fever epidemic Mr. Kreh is referring to. There have been three major yellow fever epidemics in the United States. The first one occurred in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1793. During that epidemic, 5,000 or more people died between August 1 and November 9. The second occurred in the Mississippi River valley in 1878. It killed between 13,000 and 20,000 people in the region. Memphis, Tennessee and New Orleans, Louisiana were hit particularly hard. In 1905, New Orleans, Louisiana saw an epidemic that caused over 3,000 cases and 400 deaths.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=54.0,712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEufaula is the largest city in Barbour County, Alabama. The city situated in eastern Alabama on the border of Georgia along the Chattahoochee River. The area was the originally home to three Muscogee Creek tribes, including the Eufaulas. In the middle of the 19th century significant numbers of Jewish settlers came to the community from Germany and neighboring states.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=54.0,712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLa Grange is a city and the county seat of Fayette County, Texas. The city is near the Colorado River. The city was the site of an early crossing of the El Camino Real or Kings Highway, during the Spanish period. The city is in the center of the Texas-German belt. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=54.0,712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGalveston, Texas is coastal port city in southeast Texas. During the 19th century, the city was one of the major commercial centers and one of the largest ports in the United States. The city was devastated by a hurricane in 1900 but was rebuilt. Today the city is the largest suburb of Houston and the county site of Galveston County.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=54.0,712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSan Antonio is located in south-central Texas and the county seat of Bexar County. It is the seventh largest city in the United States and second-most populous in Texas. It is also the largest majority-Hispanic city in the US. It was founded as a Spanish mission in 1718 and in 1731 became the first chartered civil settlement in what became present-day Texas. The city is home to the Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park. The US Armed Forces have several facilities within and around the city including Fort Sam Houston, Brooke Army Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Randolph Air Force Base, Kelly Air Force Base, Camp Bullis and Camp Stanley.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=54.0,712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBerlin is the capital and largest and most populous city in Germany and the European Union. Berlin was built along the banks of the Spree River and about one-third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks and gardens, rivers, canals, and lakes. After World War II at the onset of the Cold War, Berlin was occupied by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. The city was split into West Berlin and East Berlin, divided by the Berlin Wall. East Berlin was declared the capital of East Germany, while Bonn became the West German capital. Following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all of Germany. Today, Berlin is a hub for tourism and industries including the healthcare industry, biomedical engineering, biotechnology, the automotive industry, and electronics. Berlin is home to several universities such as the Humboldt University of Berlin, the Technical University of Berlin, and the Free University of Berlin. Berlin is also home to three World Heritage Sites, the Brandenburg Gate, the Reichstag building, the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, the Berlin Wall Memorial, and the Berlin Zoological Garden. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=54.0,712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYugoslavia was a country in Central Europe and the Balkans that existed from 1918 to 1992. It came into existence following World War I, under the name of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, from the merger of the Kingdom of Serbia with the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, and constituted the first union of South Slavic peoples as a sovereign state, following centuries of foreign rule over the region under the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy. After World War II, the Yugoslav Union was reestablished under Communist rule, although the country’s leaders broke with the Soviet Union in 1948. A series of political upheavals and conflicts in the early 1990’s led to the breakup of Yugoslavia in southeastern Europe. The former Communist republic split apart into six separate republics. Nationalism and unresolved ethnic tensions exploded into a series of violent conflicts known as the Bosnian War.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=54.0,712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGenoa is the sixth-largest city in Italy and the capital of the Italian region of Liguria. The Italian spelling of the city’s name is Genoa. The city is located on the Gulf of Genoa in the Ligurian Sea, and has historically been one of the most important ports on the Mediterranean. It is the busiest port in Italy and in the Mediterranean Sea and twelfth-busiest in the European Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=54.0,712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=54.0,712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePope Benedict XV (1854-1922) born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa, was head of the Catholic Church from 1914 until his death in January 1922. His pontificate was largely overshadowed by World War I and its political, social, and humanitarian consequences in Europe. His successor, Pope Pius XII (1876-1958) was elected to the papacy just as World War II was beginning. The Vatican was officially neutral throughout the war—even under Benito Mussolini’s Fascist rule and while Rome was later occupied by Nazi Germany. The role of Pius XII and the Catholic Church during the Holocaust has been the subject of much critical and supportive literature.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=716.0,796.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTurkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country in West Asia, with a smaller part in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; and the Aegean Sea, Greece, and Bulgaria to the west. Most citizen are ethnic Turks, while Kurds are the largest ethnic minority. Turkey is officially a secular state, but it has a Muslim-majority population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=801.0,1221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Edict of Expulsion, also known as the Alhambra Decree, was an edict issued on March 31, 1492, by the joint Catholic monarchs of Spain – Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, that ordered the expulsion of practicing Jews from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by July 31 of that year. The primary purpose was to eliminate their influence on Spain's large converted population (known as “conversos”) and ensure they did not revert to Judaism. Over half of Spain's Jews had converted as a result of the religious persecution and pogroms which occurred in 1391.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=801.0,1221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSavannah is the oldest city in the state of Georgia. It is a coastal city, separated from Charleston, South Carolina by the Savannah River. The city and the colony of Georgia was founded in 1733 when General James Oglethorpe and settlers arrived. During the Revolutionary War the city was the southernmost commercial port and during the Civil War it was the sixth most populous city in the Confederacy. City officials negotiated a peaceful surrender of the city in 1864, saving the city from destruction by General Sherman’s army. The city is known for its historic district with its 22 parklike squares, which was based on a design known as the Oglethorpe Plan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=801.0,1221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMacon, Georgia is located in central Georgia. It is officially known as Macon-Bibb County, a consolidated city-county. The city was settled on what was originally the site of the Ocmulgee Old Fields, where the Creek Indian lived in the 18th century. In 1809, Fort Benjamin Hawkins was built on what would officially become Macon in 1823. During the Civil War, the city was spared by Union General William Tecumseh Sherman on his march to sea.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=801.0,1221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=801.0,1221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=801.0,1221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShul is a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school,” and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=801.0,1221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommunism is a political theory derived from Karl Marx. It advocates for replacing private property and a profit based society with public ownership and communal control of most major means of production and natural resources. It’s an ideology that falls on the far left of the political spectrum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=801.0,1221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFascism is a far-right political ideology that emphasizes extreme nationalism and militarism, characterized by a dictatorial leader, suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, and the perceived superiority of a nation or race. Fascism views imperialism, political violence, and war as a means of national rejuvenation. The political ideology's extreme nationalism and belief in superiority have led fascist regimes to commit genocide, massacres, forced sterilizations, and forced deportation. Fascism rose to prominence in Europe during the early 20th century, particularly in Italy and Germany, leading, in part, to World War II and the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=801.0,1221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (1883-1945) was an Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party. He ruled Italy as Prime Minister from 1922 until he was ousted in 1943. He ruled constitutionally until 1925, when he dropped all pretense of democracy and set up a legal dictatorship. He was known as “Il Duce” (“The Leader”). Mussolini was captured and executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans on April 27, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=801.0,1221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe March on Rome was an organized march that occurred in October 1922. It resulted in Benito Mussolini’s National Fascist Party coming to power in the Kingdom of Italy. In the wake of World War I, Italy faced significant social and political turmoil, prompting many citizens, including industrialists, nationalists, and discharged soldiers, to seek a strong leader who promised stability. The March involved Fascist squads taking control of key towns and converging on Rome to assert their political influence. As the march approached, Italian Prime Minister Luigi Facta attempted to declare martial law to quell the impending takeover. However, King Victor Emmanuel III hesitated to sign the declaration, resulting in Facta’s resignation. The king invited Mussolini to form a new government, thus paving the way for Mussolini to establish a Fascist regime without direct military confrontation. The event led to Mussolini’s later authorization rule, reversing principles of liberal democracy that had previously existed and established a totalitarian regime.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=801.0,1221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLebanon, officially Lebanese Republic, is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. From 1975 to 1990, Lebanon was embroiled in a civil war. The conflict arose conflict from tensions among Lebanon's Christian and Muslim populations. In response to Palestinian attacks from Lebanon, Israel invaded the country in 1978 and again in 1982. The Lebanese Civil War was a multifaceted and bloody conflict that displaced almost one million people and led to an estimated 150,000 fatalities. Among the consequences of the war was the Syrian occupation of Lebanon until 2005; the Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon until 2000; the creation of the Hezbollah, a Shiʿi militia formed to confront Israel and later adapted into a political party and social welfare network; and the expulsion of the PLO from Lebanon.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=801.0,1221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRome is the capital city of Italy and the Lazio region. It is the most populous municipality in Italy and the third most populous city in the European Union. It is located in the central-western part of the Italian Peninsula, along the shores of the Tiber River. Vatican City is an independent country inside the city of Rome, the center of the Catholic Church. Rome is one the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe, Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome around 753 BC. However, the area has been inhabited even longer, almost three millennia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=801.0,1221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVictor Emmanuel III (1869-1947) was king of Italy from July 29, 1900 until his abdication on May 9, 1946. He became king in 1900 after his father, Umberto I, was assassinated. His reign encompassed the birth, rise, and fall of the Fascist regime. In 1946, the Italian institutional referendum established Italy as a republic and he was exiled to Alexandria, Egypt where he died.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=801.0,1221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEthiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia covers a land area of 426,400 square miles. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1232.0,1343.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Second Italo-Ethiopian War, also referred to as the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, was a war waged by Italy against Ethiopia. The war lasted from October 1935 to February 1937. In Ethiopia, the war is often referred to simply as the Italian Invasion, and in Italy as the Ethiopian War. It is seen as an example of the expansionist policy that characterized the Axis powers and the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations before the outbreak of World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1232.0,1343.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003cbr\u003e       Adolf Hitler applied for entrance into the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, Austria twice and was twice rejected, once in 1907 and again in 1908. For the next five years, Hitler struggled to earn money by selling small paintings, mostly images of buildings and other landmarks in Vienna that he copied from postcards. By 1914, Hitler was serving in World War I and would later enter politics. In his autobiographical manifesto, Mein Kampf, Hitler claimed that his antisemitic views formed during his time as a struggling artist in Vienna. His frustrated art career became part of the myth making—by Hitler himself and by his followers—that helped drive his fateful rise to power in Germany.                                                                                                                    \u003cbr\u003e       Hitler was drafted for Austrian military service at the beginning of World War I but turned down due to lack of fitness. After moving to Germany, he enlisted as a German soldier in the summer of 1914 and was deployed to Belgium in October. Over the next two years, Hitler served first as an infantryman and then as a private. He won two decorations for bravery, including the Iron Cross First Class and was wounded twice. He was recovering from his second injury when the war ended.\u003cbr\u003e        Hitler loved animals in general, but his favorite were dogs and especially German Shepherds. He was known to have had several dogs during his lifetime. His ancestry has long been a source of controversy and intense speculation. Because his father was illegitimate—his father was not known—rumors existed even during his life that his paternal grandfather could be Jewish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1344.0,1432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGian Galeazzo Ciano (1903-1944), born in Livorno, Italy, was an Italian diplomat and politician who served as Minister of Affairs of the Kingdom of Italy under the government of his father-in-law Benito Mussolini from 1936 until 1943. He was the son of Admiral Costanzo Ciano, a founding member of the National Fascist Party, father and son both took part in Mussolini’s March on Rome in 1922. Following a series of defeats in World War II, Ciano began pushing for Italy’s exit and was dismissed from his post as a result. In July 1943, Ciano was among the members of the Grand Council of Fascism that forces Mussolini’s ousting and subsequent arrest. Ciano proceeded to flee to Germany but was arrested and handed over to Mussolini’s new regime, the Italian Social Republic. Mussolini ordered Ciano’s death in 1944 and he was executed by firing squad.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1344.0,1432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRussia, or the Russian Federation, is a country in Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the largest country in the world. It spans eleven time zones and shares land borders with fourteen countries. It is the most populous country in Europe and the ninth-most populous in the world. Moscow, the most populous metropolitan area in Europe, is the capital and largest city of Russia. Saint Petersburg is its second-largest city and a major cultural center. The country formerly was part of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1991, when the Soviet Union broke apart.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1344.0,1432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePoland is a country in Central Europe, extending from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Carpathian Mountains to the south. The territory has a varied landscape, diverse ecosystems, and a temperate climate. The capital and largest city is Warsaw. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1344.0,1432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 7, 1939, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew living in Paris, shot German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath in Paris. Grynszpan apparently acted out of despair over the fate of his parents, who are trapped along with other Polish Jewish deportees in a no-man’s-land between Germany and Poland. The Nazis used the shooting as antisemitic propaganda fervor, claiming that Grynszpan was part of a wider Jewish conspiracy. When Vom Rath died two days later, the Nazis used the incidence to fuel violent pogroms. On November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called “Kristallnacht,” which means “Night of Broken Glass,” because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. Thousands of German Jews and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany. Most were released within a few weeks, but only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1441.0,1484.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrankfurt [German: Frankfurt am Main] is a central German city on the Main River. In 1933, more than 26,000 Jews lived in Frankfurt, making the city the second-largest Jewish community in Germany. As soon as the Nazis rose to power in January 1933, the Jews of Frankfurt, like Jews all over Germany, were subjected to discrimination. The city's Jewish mayor was immediately kicked out of office and many Jewish workers were fired from their jobs. The Nazis in Frankfurt began their anti-Jewish boycott earlier than the rest of the country, and continued boycotting Jewish enterprises after the official one-day boycott of April 1, 1933. The Jews of Frankfurt responded to their community's seriously deteriorating economic circumstances by establishing a widespread welfare system. By 1935, almost 20 percent of the Jews in Frankfurt were being assisted by the welfare network. The Jewish community also boosted morale by setting up its own cultural activities, including a symphony, theater groups, and sports programs. During the Kristallnacht pogrom of November 9-10, 1938, many of the city's synagogues were burnt down, Jewish stores were attacked and pillaged, and homes were ransacked. The Frankfurt yeshiva was also destroyed. Soon, thousands of Jews were arrested and over 2,000 were sent to Buchenwald. The grave violence led many Jews to flee the country, and by May 1939, only about 14,000 Jews were left in Frankfurt. Just a few months after World War II broke out in September 1939, the Gestapo began the Aryanization process of confiscating Jewish property. The Frankfurt municipality bought Jewish community property for much less than its true worth, and the Jewish cemeteries were vandalized. In March 1941 Jews were made to do forced labor, and in October, the first Jews were deported to Lodz. On November 11, 1,052 Jews were sent to Minsk, and another 902 were deported to Riga on November 22. During 1942, 2,952 Jews from Frankfurt were sent to Theresienstadt. More Jews were deported eastward in late 1942 and throughout 1943. The last transport of Jews from Frankfurt was transferred to Theresienstadt in January 1944. Altogether, only 600 Jews from Frankfurt survived the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1485.0,1601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs a neutral country, Switzerland became a favored repository of capital in the years leading up to and during World War II. With the rise of Nazism, many European Jews sought to safeguard their assets by depositing their money in Swiss bank accounts and valuables in Swiss safe deposit boxes. During the war, the Swiss were the principal bankers and financial brokers of the Nazis, handling vast sums of currency, gold and other valuables they had plundered directly from individual Holocaust victims and from the reserves of conquered countries. Switzerland also purchased vast amounts of gold from Allied and Axis powers. It exchanged the precious metal for Swiss francs, the only free convertible currency at the time outside the American dollar. This trade benefitted Germany in particular, effectively turning Switzerland into an enabler of the German war effort. After the war, survivors were often unable to provide the required documentation needed to retrieve the assets that belonged to them or their deceased relatives. During World War II, approximately 300,000 people crossed the border into Switzerland from Nazi-occupied countries. Of the refugees, around 30,000 were Jews.  An estimated 24,500 mainly Jewish civilians, however, were turned away.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1618.0,2201.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWith international pressure mounting, in 1945, Britain, unable to find a practical solution, referred the problem to the United Nations, which in November 1947 voted to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states in May 1948 when the British mandate was scheduled to end. After the British began the withdrawal of their military forces from Palestine in early April 1948, Zionist leaders moved to establish a modern Jewish state. In the aftermath of the Holocaust, many survivors felt there was no future for Jews in Europe. Israeli statehood represented hope to survivors who longed for a homeland where Jews would not be a vulnerable minority. On May 14, 1948—the day the British Mandate over Palestine expired—David Ben-Gurion, the chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, announced the formation of the state of Israel. The next day, forces from Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq invaded and war began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1618.0,2201.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZurich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is located in north-central Switzerland and sits at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich. It is one of Switzerland’s primary financial centers and also home to many museums and art galleries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1618.0,2201.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBasel is a city located in northwestern Switzerland on the Rhine River. The city is the third most populous city in the country. It is commonly considered to be the cultural capital of Switzerland and home to forty museums. It is also home to the University of Basel, Switzerland’s oldest university, founded in 1460.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1618.0,2201.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeeds is a city in West Yorkshire, northern England. The city has roots in manufacturing, a major production center of carbonated water, wool, flax, and iron. Many of its Victorian-era arcades and markets still exist today. It was awarded city status in 1893, and a populous city center that absorbed surrounding villages developed. The nearest major city to Leeds is York, and it is located about halfway between London and Edinburgh.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1618.0,2201.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVenezuela is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and various islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. The capital and largest urban agglomeration is Caracas. The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Colombia, Brazil on the south, Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east, and on the east by Guyana. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1618.0,2201.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePeru is a country in western South America. It is bordered to the north by Ecuador and Colombia, to the east by Brazil, to the southeast by Bolivia, to the south by Chile, and to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country, with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west, to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country, to the tropical Amazon basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon River. Its capital and largest city is Lima. Peru is the third largest country in South America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1618.0,2201.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eParaguay is a landlocked country located in the central region of South America. It borders Bolivia to the northwest and north, Brazil to the northeast and east, and Argentina to the southeast, south, and west. Paraguay has access to the Atlantic Ocean via the Paraná–Paraguay Waterway. Its capital and largest city is Asunción.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=1618.0,2201.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge “Giorgio” Minerbi (1902-1984) was born in Genoa, Italy. He came to the United States in 1940 and became a United States citizen in 1945. He settle in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin where he initially worked in a cheese factory and later was vice-president and treasurer of the Concord Cheese Corporation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2688.0,3496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArrigo Minerbi (1881-1960) was an Italian Jewish sculptor. He studied in Florence, Ferrara, and Genoa, Italy. He was commissioned in 1937 to produce the first of five bronze doors for the Milan Catherdral, and only completed the doors in 1948. During World War II, he was forced into hiding due to his Jewish heritage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2688.0,3496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Rock of Gibraltar is located on the British territory of Gibraltar. It is a limestone monolithic on the Iberian Peninsula near the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2688.0,3496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLisbon is the capital and most populous city of Portugal. The city sits on the western portion of the Iberian Peninsula, on the northern shore of the River Tagus. Lisbon is one of the oldest cities in the world and the second-oldest European capital city, after Athens, Greece. It has a great importance in various areas including finance, commerce, arts, international trade, and tourism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2688.0,3496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Phillips (1878-1968) was a career United States diplomat who served twice as an Under Secretary of State from 1933-1936. In 1936, he was appointed as the Ambassador to Italy, which was then led by Benito Mussolini. He resigned in 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2688.0,3496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrancisco Franco (1892-1975) was born in El Ferrol, Spain. He joined the Spanish military 1907 at 14 years old and by 1939 had become dictator of Spain after leading an uprising against the presiding administration after the Spanish Civil War. During World War II, Franco sided with the Axis alliance although Spain did not directly commit their military to the war effort. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2688.0,3496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmerican Export Lines, (later American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines) was a leading United States shipping company known for its U.S. East Coast and Mediterranean passenger and cargo services from 1919 to 1977. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2688.0,3496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSS Excambion was one of a quartet of passenger-cargo liners, the 4 Aces, Excalibur, Exochorda, Exeter, and Excambion, originally built for American Export Lines by New York Shipbuilding of Camden, New Jersey, between 1929 and 1931. The 4 Aces were in service between the U.S. and the Mediterranean, offering cruises of up to 40 days. During World War II, all four vessels were taken over by the U.S. Navy, renamed and designated as AP and APA-class troop transcripts. Excambion became USS John Penn. Excambion is preserved on display at the New England Air Museum in Windsor Locks, Connecticut.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=2688.0,3496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police,” the Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3521.0,3680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“GI,” which stands for “Government Issue” is a nickname given to American soldiers during the Second World War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3682.0,3731.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMilan is a city in northern Italy and is the second largest city in Italy. It is the capital of Lombardy region. The city was heavily damaged by bombings in World War II, but was rebuilt after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3735.0,3782.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Benedictines, officially the Order of Saint Benedict are a mainly contemplative monastic order of the Catholic Church for men and for women who follow the Rule of Saint Benedict. Initiated in 529, they are the oldest of all the religious orders in the Latin Church.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3735.0,3782.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePadua is a city and municipality in Veneto, northern Italy, and the capital of the province of Padua. The city lies on the banks of the river Bacchiglione, 25 miles west of Venice and 18 miles southeast of Vicenza. The city is the third-largest city in Veneto. It is also the economic and communications hub of the area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3735.0,3782.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Vatican or Vatican City is a landlocked independent country, city-state, microstate, and enclave within Rome, Italy. It is the smallest state in the world by area and population and is ruled by the Pope, who is the bishop of Rome and the head of the Catholic Church. St. Peter’s Basilica sits within the Vatican City. Vatican City was added as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1984.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3850.0,3859.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, was about 2-1/2 miles away from the main camp. It had the largest total prisoner population. This is the camp with the big brick gate and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp and where the four gas chambers and crematoria came to be located.  The Monowitz camp also known as Auschwitz III or Buna, was about 4 miles east of the Auschwitz Main Camp. It was a complex built to house slave laborers for the German chemical firm IG Farben.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3906.77778,3913.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) are historical and contemporary community center, which are today commonly known as Jewish Community Center. They provide health, wellness, and educational services for the Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3938.0,3959.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe USO (United Service Organizations) is a private, non-profit, non-partisan organization whose mission is to support American troops and their families with programs and services. During World War II, the USO began a tradition of entertaining the troops that still continues. The USO is not part of the United States government, but is recognized by the Department of Defense, Congress and President of the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3959.0,3962.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChicago is the largest city in Illinois and located on Lake Michigan. It is known for its bold architecture with skyscrapers such as the John Hancock Center, the Willis Tower, formerly the Sears Tower, and the neo-Gothic Tribune Tower. It is also known for its museums including the Chicago Institute of Art. The city was incorporated in 1837 and it grew rapidly during the 19th century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3962.0,4179.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew Orleans, Louisiana sits on the Mississippi River near the Gulf of Mexico. The city is nicknamed the \"Big Easy\" and is known for its live-music scene and cuisine that reflects the French, African and American cultures that influenced the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=3962.0,4179.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHistorically, the term \"Greek Orthodox\" has been used to describe all Eastern Orthodox churches, since the term \"Greek\" can refer to the heritage of the Byzantine Empire. The Greek Orthodox churches are descendants of churches which the Apostles founded in the Balkans and the Middle East during the first century A.D., as well as maintaining many ancient church traditions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4299.0,4323.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Allied Forces of World War II was an international military coalition formed to oppose the Axis powers, that included Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy. While membership in the Allied forced varied during the war, the principal members were the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4476.0,4522.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA lexicon is the total vocabulary of a language, a specific subject, or branch of knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4709.0,4763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Alps is the most extensive mountain range in Europe. It reaches from Austria and Slovenia in the east; through Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany; to France in the west. The mountains are divided into the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps. The division is along the line between Lake Constance and Lake Como, following the Rhine River (on the north side, in Switzerland) and the River Mera in the South (in Italy). The Western Alps are higher, but their central chain is shorter and curved. They are located in Italy, France and Switzerland. The Eastern Alps belong to Austria, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Slovenia, and Switzerland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4822.0,4857.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew York City is located in New York state. It is also known by the nicknames the Big Apple or NYC. It is the largest city by population and metropolitan area in the United States. It is made up of five boroughs sitting where the Hudson River meets the Atlantic Ocean. The city was settled in 1624 and in 1664 it was named for the Duke of York, later King James II of England. The city is a global center for everything from finance to arts and fashion to international diplomacy as the home of the United Nations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4995.0,5121.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrooklyn is a borough of New York City. It is named after the Dutch town of Breukelen. It is located on the westernmost edge of Long Island and shares a border with Queens.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=4995.0,5121.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5123.0,5474.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEsther Goldberg Kreh (1906-1985) was a New Orleans, Louisiana native. She worked as a social worker for the Louisiana State Department of Public Welfare. In March 1944, she married Max Kreh and they had one son, Dr. Gustave “Stavie” Kreh. She and Max moved to Savannah, Georgia later in life and were members of Agudath Achim Synagogue. She is buried in Bonaventure Cemetery in Savannah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5770.0,5788.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMeshugana is Yiddish slang for a person who acts in a crazy or nonsensical way. It can also be used as an adjective to describe such a person, or as a noun meaning nonsense. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5791.0,5877.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa, and the Middle East, and their descendants. The adjective “Sephardic” and corresponding nouns Sephardi (singular) and Sephardim (plural) are derived from the Hebrew word Sepharad, which refers to Spain. Historically, the vernacular language of Sephardic Jews was Ladino, a Romance language derived from Old Spanish, incorporating elements from the old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, Hebrew, Aramaic, and in the lands receiving those who were exiled, Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Greek, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian vocabulary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5791.0,5877.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHouston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth-most populous city in the United States. The city was founded by land investors in 1836 and incorporated as a city in 1837. It is named after former General Sam Houston, who had won the Battle of San Jacinto winning Texas’s independence from Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5888.0,5927.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMafia refers to the Italian American Mafia, an organized crime group. The organization emerged as an offshoot of the Sicilian Mafia formed by Italian immigrants in the US. The organization is now considered an entirely separate entity, having absorbed other Italian organized crime groups in America and Canada. The Mafia engages in various criminal activities, including the arbitration of disputes between criminals, and the solicitation and enforcement of illicit agreements between criminals often using violence, extortion, and fraud.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5941.0,6093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSicilians are an Italian ethnographic group who are native to Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5941.0,6093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division is the division of the United States Department of Justice that enforces U.S. antitrust law. It has exclusive jurisdiction over federal criminal antitrust enforcement and enforces civil antitrust law under the Sherman Act and Clayton Act. It shares civil antitrust jurisdiction with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=5941.0,6093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Gustave “Stavie” Kreh (b. 1947) was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana. He is the only child of Max and Esther Goldberg Kreh. He attended Fortier High School in New Orleans and Tulane University. He graduated with a medical degree from the Louisiana School of Medicine, New Orleans. Kreh worked as a pediatrician in Savannah, Georgia until his retirement in 2015.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6246.0,6286.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRheumatoid arthritis is a chronic condition that causes pain, swelling, and inflammation in the joints. It occurs when the immune system attacks it’s own body’s tissues by mistake. The inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis can also cause damage to other parts of the body including the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, and blood vessels.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6246.0,6286.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCavaliere (Italian) and cavalier (English) refer primarily to a horseman, knight, or gentleman, originating from the Vulgar Latin caballarius. Historically, it describes a polite, gallant soldier. In Italy, it refers to an honorific title that denotes an entry-level knighthood in various Italian Orders of Merit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6350.0,6353.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eU-boats were naval submarines that were operated by Germany during World War I and World War II. They were used in unrestricted submarine warfare that disrupted merchant traffic especially against the United Kingdom during World War I. During World War II, they were used to disrupt Allied shipping until improved anti-submarine tactics allowed the Allies to destroy more German U-boats. By May 1943, the number of U-boat losses began to outpace their effect on shipping.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6561.0,6577.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6588.0,6641.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYad Vashem is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, also known as Righteous Among the Nations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6668.0,6670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Italians and the Holocaust is a book authored by Susan Zuccotti and published in 1987. The book shares stories of how the resourcefulness of the Jews and the Italians who helped them, helped 85 percent of the Italian Jews survived World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6873.0,6877.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoston, Massachusetts is the capital and largest city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The city was founded in 1630 by Puritan settlers. During the American Revolution, the city was the location of various key events including the Boston Tea Party, the Boston Massacre, and the siege of Boston.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6880.0,6922.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Anti-Defamation League (ADL) was founded in 1913 “to stop the defamation of the Jewish people and to secure justice and fair treatment to all.” ADL fights antisemitism and all forms of bigotry, defends democratic ideals, and protects civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6880.0,6922.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoston University is a private university in Boston, Massachusetts. The university was founded in 1839 by a group of Boston Methodists. Originally the campus was in Newbury, Vermont and was later chartered in Boston in 1869.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6880.0,6922.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Italian American Society was founded in 1929 in Peoria, Illinois. Seventeen men of Italian descent founded the fraternal organization. The focus of the group was initially dedicated to the welfare of its members, but today it focuses on the community and carries on Italian traditions. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6880.0,6922.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust was the systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6880.0,6922.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Anthony Califano, Jr. (b. 1931) is an American attorney, professor, and public servant. He is known for the roles he played in shaping welfare policies in the cabinets of Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Jimmy Carter and for serving as United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare in the Carter administration. He is also the founder and chairman of The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASAColumbia), an evidence-based research organization, which is now the Partnership to End Addiction, where Califano holds the title of Chair Emeritus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6880.0,6922.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRoberto Farinacci (1892-1945) was born in Isernia, Molise and raised in poverty. He was a leading Italian fascist politician and a member of the National Fascist Party before and during World War II. He was known to be anti-clerical, xenophobic, and antisemitic. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=6957.0,7013.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921/annotation_set/2651/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenevolence and Betrayal: Five Italian Jewish Families Under Fascism, authored by Alexander Stille and published in 1991. The book tells the history of Italy’s Jews living under the shadow of the Holocaust by telling the story of the lives of five Jewish Italian families during that time.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/172975/file/311921#t=7069.0,7069.23529"}]}]}]}