{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/n872v2dn6x/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Hirsch, Gladys"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2011-08-15 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Hirsch, Gladys (1931- ) (Interviewee)","Berman, Sandra (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta","Alabama Jews"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGladys Hirsch was interviewed by Sandra Berman on August 15, 2011 in Birmingham, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eGladys Hirsch was born at St. Vincent’s Hospital in Birmingham, Alabama on March 7, 1931 to Simon Denaburg and Mary Rosenblum Denaburg. During her youth, Gladys and her family were members of Knesseth Israel Congregation, although Gladys attended Sunday school and was confirmed at Temple Beth-El, a Conservative congregation. Her grandparents had been founding members of Knesseth Israel, an Orthodox congregation. She was a member of B’nai B’rith Girls and was actively involved in Jewish social life in Birmingham. Gladys met her future husband, Jack Hirsch, at a picnic with friends in Birmingham. They eventually married and moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where Jack had been living since he arrived in the United States from Europe in 1941 until his death in 2003. The couple had two children, Stuart and Bryan Hirsch.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eIn her interview, Gladys reflects on her youth in Birmingham, Alabama. She shares her family history and how her parents ended up in Birmingham. She recounts her father’s career working for The Birmingham News. She recalls growing up with eleven people living in her house. Gladys describes attending services at the Orthodox synagogue Knesseth Israel, and reflects on why her mother had her attend Sunday school and get confirmed at the Conservative synagogue, Temple Beth-El. She discusses her memories of growing up in the world of Jim Crow laws. She recounts her personal experiences with antisemitism. She details her involvement in Jewish social life in Birmingham and her memories of attending Jubilee. Gladys discusses her relationship with the African American domestic worker who worked in her home and her thoughts on the 2011 film The Help. She recalls memories of participating in the war effort on the home front during World War II. She mentions her parents’ involvement in Jewish and non-Jewish activities and social life in Birmingham, as well as her father’s relationship with the former Birmingham Commissioner of Public Safety Bull Connor. Gladys recalls what a Passover seder was like in her home growing up and details the food she and her mother prepared. She reminisces about her first time meeting her husband Jack Hirsch at a picnic in Birmingham. Gladys reflects on what it was like to marry a Holocaust survivor and how her husband navigated his traumatic past as an adult in comparison to how his brother Benjamin Hirsch dealt with his experiences. She recalls their trip to France and Germany and its emotional impact on Jack. She mentions her two sons and their lives. Gladys concludes the interview with her reflections on the Jewish community in Birmingham, how it has changed since she moved to Atlanta, and whether she and Jack ever considered making a life in Birmingham.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29035"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Berman, Sandra (personal name)","Hirsch, Gladys (personal name)","Mesch, Abraham J. (personal name)","Mature, Victor, 1913-1999 (personal name)","Connor, Theophilus Eugene \"Bull\", 1897-1973 (personal name)","Birnbrey, Henry, 1923-2021 (personal name)","Hirsch, Jack (personal name)","Hirsch, Benjamin, 1932-2018 (personal name)","Asman, Fannie Schoenberg, 1885-1947 (personal name)","Esther and Herbert Taylor Family Foundation (corporate name)","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum (Atlanta, Ga.) (corporate name)","The Birmingham News (Ala.) (corporate name)","Congregation Knesseth Israel (Birmingham, Ala.) (corporate name)","Alabama Theatre (Birmingham, Ala.) (corporate name)","F.W. Woolworth Department Store (Birmingham, Ala.) (corporate name)","Temple Beth-El (Birmingham, Ala.) (corporate name)","Loveman's of Alabama (Birmingham, Ala.) (corporate name)","Ku Klux Klan (1915- ) (corporate name)","Aleph Zadik Aleph (corporate name)","B'nai B'rith Girls (corporate name)","YMCA of the USA (corporate name)","Ramsay High School (Birmingham, Ala.) (corporate name)","American Red Cross (corporate name)","B'nai B'rith Women (Birmingham, Ala.) (corporate name)","Bryce Hospital (Tuscaloosa, Ala.) (corporate name)","American Legion (corporate name)","Elks (Fraternal order) (corporate name)","Sisterhood of Congregation Beth-El (Birmingham, Ala.) (corporate name)","Children's of Alabama (Birmingham, Ala.) (corporate name)","Samson Raphael Hirsch School (Frankfurt am Main, Germany) (corporate name)","Shoah Foundation (Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation) (corporate name)","Jewish Educational Alliance (Atlanta, Ga.) (corporate name)","Levite Jewish Community Center (Birmingham, Ala.) (corporate name)","National Council of Jewish Women (Birmingham, Ala.) (corporate name)","Hadassah, the Women's Zionist Organization of America (corporate name)","Birmingham (Ala.) (geographic term)","Brooklyn (N.Y.) (geographic term)","Memphis (Tenn.) (geographic term)","Mobile (Ala.) (geographic term)","Odessa (Ukraine) (geographic term)","Dallas (Tex.) (geographic term)","Nashville (Tenn.) (geographic term)","New Orleans (La.) (geographic term)","Columbus (Ga.) (geographic term)","Jackson (Miss.) (geographic term)","Tuscaloosa (Ala.) (geographic term)","Frankfurt am Main (Germany) (geographic term)","Paris (France) (geographic term)","Broût-Vernet (France) (geographic term)","Vichy (France) (geographic)","Grapevine (Tex.) (geographic term)","Miami (Fla.) (geographic term)","Fort Worth (Tex.) (geographic term)","Orthodox Judaism (topical term)","mechitza (topical term)","shul (topical term)","Conservative Judaism (topical term)","Confirmation (Judaism) (topical term)","Hebrew school (topical term)","Jim Crow laws (topical term)","Antisemitism (topical term)","Debutante (topical term)","Passover (topical term)","Matzo (topical term)","Ballyhoo, Atlanta (Ga.) (topical term)","Falcon, Montgomery (Ala.) (topical term)","The Help (2011) (topical term)","Teen canteens (topical term)","Shabbat (topical term)","Seder (topical term)","Tevilah (topical term)","Gefilte fish (topical term)","Matzo balls (topical term)","Kindertransport (topical term)","Bar mitzvah (topical term)","Jewish federations (topical term)","World War II, 1939-1945 (named event)","Attempted Bombing of Temple Beth-El, 1958 (Birmingham, Ala.) (named event)","Pearl Harbor (Hawaii), Attack on, 1941 (named event)","American civil rights movement (named event)","Holocaust (named event)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGladys Hirsch was interviewed by Sandra Berman on August 15, 2011 in Birmingham, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGladys Hirsch was born at St. Vincent\u0026rsquo;s Hospital in Birmingham, Alabama on March 7, 1931 to Simon Denaburg and Mary Rosenblum Denaburg. During her youth, Gladys and her family were members of Knesseth Israel Congregation, although Gladys attended Sunday school and was confirmed at Temple Beth-El, a Conservative congregation. Her grandparents had been founding members of Knesseth Israel, an Orthodox congregation. She was a member of B\u0026rsquo;nai B\u0026rsquo;rith Girls and was actively involved in Jewish social life in Birmingham. Gladys met her future husband, Jack Hirsch, at a picnic with friends in Birmingham. They eventually married and moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where Jack had been living since he arrived in the United States from Europe in 1941 until his death in 2003. The couple had two children, Stuart and Bryan Hirsch.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn her interview, Gladys reflects on her youth in Birmingham, Alabama. She shares her family history and how her parents ended up in Birmingham. She recounts her father\u0026rsquo;s career working for The Birmingham News. She recalls growing up with eleven people living in her house. Gladys describes attending services at the Orthodox synagogue Knesseth Israel, and reflects on why her mother had her attend Sunday school and get confirmed at the Conservative synagogue, Temple Beth-El. She discusses her memories of growing up in the world of Jim Crow laws. She recounts her personal experiences with antisemitism. She details her involvement in Jewish social life in Birmingham and her memories of attending Jubilee. Gladys discusses her relationship with the African American domestic worker who worked in her home and her thoughts on the 2011 film The Help. She recalls memories of participating in the war effort on the home front during World War II. She mentions her parents\u0026rsquo; involvement in Jewish and non-Jewish activities and social life in Birmingham, as well as her father\u0026rsquo;s relationship with the former Birmingham Commissioner of Public Safety Bull Connor. Gladys recalls what a Passover seder was like in her home growing up and details the food she and her mother prepared. She reminisces about her first time meeting her husband Jack Hirsch at a picnic in Birmingham. Gladys reflects on what it was like to marry a Holocaust survivor and how her husband navigated his traumatic past as an adult in comparison to how his brother Benjamin Hirsch dealt with his experiences. She recalls their trip to France and Germany and its emotional impact on Jack. She mentions her two sons and their lives. Gladys concludes the interview with her reflections on the Jewish community in Birmingham, how it has changed since she moved to Atlanta, and whether she and Jack ever considered making a life in Birmingham.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/174/142/small/Hirsch_Gladys.m4v_1675181243.jpg?1675181244","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Hirsch_Gladys.m4v"]},"duration":2733.718,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/174/142/small/Hirsch_Gladys.m4v_1675181243.jpg?1675181244","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/174/142/original/Hirsch_Gladys.m4v?1675181241","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2733.718,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Hirsch, Gladys [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is August 15, 2011. My name is Sandy Berman. I'm the archivist\nwith the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. I am here with Gladys Hirsch,\nwho has agreed to participate in the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History\nProject of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. Thank you so much for\ncoming here today and telling us a little bit of your story about growing up in\nBirmingham [Alabama]. I'd like to begin, but just asking you about that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"background, to tell me a little bit . . . when you were born, and how your\nparents . . . and their names . . . how you came to Birmingham, and if there's\nany names that are the least bit hard to understand, if you could spell them\nout, that would be very helpful.\n\nHIRSCH: I was born in Birmingham on March 7th, 1931, at the St. Vincent's\nHospital, which I think everybody knows in Birmingham. And I was born to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mary\nRosenblum Denaburg. My mother was born in Brooklyn, New York, and then moved to\nMemphis, Tennessee, and was raised in Memphis. And I think her mother was one of\nnine children, so there was a big family there. Then . . . and my father was\nborn in Mobile, Alabama, and the name is spelled D-E-N-A-B-U-R-G. And his mother\nand father were from Odessa, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia. We recently had a family reunion because we\nfound we had family in Canada. And two years ago, we had a family reunion in\nBirmingham and there were 120 of us and we have a big book and there are 500\nnames in it. It's really . . . it was very exciting.\n\nBERMAN: Let's talk a little bit about your father and how that part of your\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family, your father's side, ended up in Mobile, Alabama, from Odessa and what\nyear they emigrated.\n\nHIRSCH: I believe . . . I think it was in 1898, and I believe that there was\nfamily in Mobile. He had a brother there, and because they lived in Odessa, they\nwere used to being on the water. And they both sold to ships. They had dry goods\nstores, and they were on . . . I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think the name of the street they were on was\nGovernment Avenue in Mobile . . . and they sold dry goods to the ships. And\nbecause the name was Denaburg, one changed their name to Danenberg.\nD-A-N-E-N-B-E-R-G. And it was a nice family there, too, that migrated to Mobile\nand then they moved to Birmingham. I think the . . . probably . . . shipping\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business was not good, and my grandparents opened a grocery store in Birmingham.\n\nBERMAN: In Mobile, what was the name of the business?\n\nHIRSCH: I'm not sure. His name was Charles Denaburg, and that's all I really\nknow. And I know there was a sign on Government Street for a long time.\n\nBERMAN: Really?\n\nHIRSCH: And my father went into the Navy when he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was 17, and then when he got\nout of the Navy, he went into the newspaper business, and he went to Memphis and\nworked at the newspaper there. And my mother's brother was working there, and my\nfather wanted a nice Jewish home. My uncle asked my grandmother if Daddy could\nstay with them. And he did. And at first my mother did not like my daddy, but\nthey ended up getting married in 1923.\n\nBERMAN: And what were their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"names?\n\nHIRSCH: Rosenblum.\n\nBERMAN: Their full first names? Your mother and father.\n\nHIRSCH: Mary Rosenblum and Simon Denaburg.\n\nBERMAN: And they met in Mobile?\n\nHIRSCH: They met in Memphis . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . in Memphis . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . when my father moved to Memphis . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . okay, I got it . . .\n\nHIRSCH: And they had a, as my mother described it, it was a real Jewish wedding,\nand it was outside. And people came and it was really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice, and 1923 is when\nthey got married. June 17.\n\nBERMAN: And when did they move back to . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . Birmingham . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . Birmingham?\n\nHIRSCH: First, they moved to Dallas [Texas] and my father had a job there and\nthen the weather was not good for my sister, so they moved to Birmingham and\nthat's where his parents were and also other brothers and sisters. And he got a\njob at The Birmingham News. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He stayed there, I think it was with The Birmingham\nNews, over 60 years.\n\nBERMAN: What did he do there?\n\nHIRSCH: He was street sales manager. Back then is when . . . we didn't have\ntelevision. We just had radio. And whenever there was an extra, like when the\nwar [World War II] broke out, he had to put extra papers and extra news people\non the streets. He would give the papers to them.\n\nBERMAN: And your mother, did she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work?\n\nHIRSCH: No, mother didn't work.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me a little bit about your early life in Birmingham and the\nsynagogue affiliation that you had, and your parents.\n\nHIRSCH: We lived on the north side of Birmingham, and that's where a lot of\nJewish people lived. And my grandparents had started Knesseth Israel, which was\nan Orthodox synagogue. And my mother ended up raising her brothers and sisters\nfrom ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Memphis, so there were 11 of us in the house with one bathroom.\n\nBERMAN: What . . . why did she end up raising her . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . my grandmother died at 49. My grandfather remarried and his wife\nwas not very nice to them. My uncle from Memphis came and said, \"Mary, you\nreally need to take the kids,\" because she would take her kids to a movie and\nleave my grandfather's kids out. It happens, even with Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people,\nunfortunately. But our house was just a wonderful house because it was full of\nlove and, really, no arguments that I can remember. We all took turns in the\nbathroom. I kept knocking on the door until somebody would come out. And we\nwould walk . . the north side was close to downtown Birmingham, and on Saturdays\nwe would walk to the Alabama Theatre because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the kids went there, and my\nmother would give us a quarter. It would be a dime for the theater and then\nafterwards we would go to Woolworth. We could get a hotdog and a drink, and that\nwas our Saturdays. And a lot of the kids went to Martin Grammar School, and we\nall walked and there was a little store on the way. Coming back from school we\nwould always stop and get candy or whatever.\n\nBERMAN: What was the store?\n\nHIRSCH: It was a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grocery store.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me what your earliest recollection of . . . did you also attend\nKnesseth Israel when you were younger . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . younger? Yes.\n\nBERMAN: What was that synagogue like?\n\nHIRSCH: The synagogue was . . . I guess that was really my first introduction to\nOrthodoxy. It was two stories . . . I mean, not two stories, two levels. The men\nsat downstairs, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the women sat upstairs. And the one thing I think that's so\nvivid in my mind is Yom Kippur. All the women had to have ammonia, where they\nwould break it because they [would] think they were going to be faint, and the\nmen diving downstairs. And really, for the most part, the women, as I remember,\ntalked upstairs and the kids went out and played. But it was a warm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"theater. The\nother thing that I remember, and I was probably five years old, we all went to\nMiss Jackson's kindergarten. And I remember as a . . . being even that little,\nMiss Jackson always called me \"Bright Eyes\" because I could find things.\n\nBERMAN: That's a wonderful memory. I want to go back to the synagogue again a\nlittle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bit. Who was the rabbi?\n\nHIRSCH: Seems to me his name was . . . it started with a 'W' . . . Warshaw?\nSomething like that. But I don't really remember.\n\nBERMAN: Do you have any clear memories of him at all?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes, I do. I remember he was tall and a nice-looking rabbi. And I\nremember he married my aunt and uncle. And then I think he went into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the service\nafter that.\n\nBERMAN: How long was your family at the Orthodox shul?\n\nHIRSCH: We were always members there, even when they moved from the north side,\nover the mountain. But because most of the Jewish kids were at Beth-El, a\nConservative [congregation], Mother joined the Sisterhood and then we went to\nSunday school at Beth-El and we were confirmed at Beth-El. And Beth-El even has\nour confirmation pictures on the wall. And Rabbi ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mesch was the rabbi then.\n\nBERMAN: What can you tell me about Rabbi Mesch?\n\nHIRSCH: In my child . . . as I remember him as a child, I think I was afraid of\nhim. He had a very stern look, but I think he was very nice.\n\nBERMAN: Did he teach your confirmation class? Do you remember?\n\nHIRSCH: I don't believe . . . no, I don't think he taught it. I think there was\nsomeone else that taught the confirmation class.\n\nBERMAN: Was Beth-El ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mixed seating as well, in your day?\n\nHIRSCH: Oh, yes. It was Conservative.\n\nBERMAN: And going back a ways, were you still in Birmingham or were you already\nmarried when the temple was . . . when the synagogue was almost bombed? Beth-El.\n\nHIRSCH: Beth-El was almost bombed?\n\nBERMAN: Yes. Dynamite was . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . no, I was not aware of that.\n\nBERMAN: Not aware . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . what year . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . [19]58. Same year as the temple . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no, I was . . . right. No. I was here. I was married.\n\nBERMAN: I want to go back in time a little bit more, again, to your early years\nbefore you meet Jack, and you're still living in Birmingham, your youth. And\ntalk a little bit about Southern culture. You mentioned going to the movies and\ngoing to a store afterwards to get . . . to Woolworth's . . . to get your hot dog.\n\nHIRSCH: Right.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And do you have any recollection or any thoughts about race relations at\nthat time? Did you . . . do you . . . about knowing that blacks were sitting in\na different part of the movie theater?\n\nHIRSCH: I did think about that. I mean, it's something that we grew up with, but\nI often wondered, you know, why they had to go to Loveman's Department Store . .\n. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a separate fountain, or they couldn't go to the restaurant. Or, even\nas I got older and I was working and I was on the bus, the bus would be crowded\nand there were seats that were there, but they couldn't sit at them. They had to\nstand in the back. But we always had a maid, and our maid was always part of our\nfamily and the love that we had for her, she gave back to us. And I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember we\nused to take her home when she worked. And, of course, the houses that they\nlived in and the . . . like a ghetto. And I wondered about that, too.\n\nBERMAN: Did you talk about it with your friends? Did you talk about it with your\nfamily, about the inequality, the Jim Crow laws?\n\nHIRSCH: Truthfully, no. I think it was just the culture and we grew up with it\nand that was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. We sort of accepted it, even though we, in our hearts, we\ndidn't think it was right.\n\nBERMAN: In retrospect, do you wish you had had those discussions with your\nfamily about it?\n\nHIRSCH: Probably, yes. But I think at the time when we were growing up, just\nlike when they grew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up, it was just part of the way it was. And . . . I don't\nrecall even then and I know the KKK [Ku Klux Klan] was around, but I was never\naware of the KKK. Matter of fact, even when I was growing up, I was not aware of\nantisemitism. My . . . personally.\n\nBERMAN: That was my next question.\n\nHIRSCH: Right.\n\nBERMAN: Was that a part of your life at all in Birmingham growing up?\n\nHIRSCH: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, the only time I really experienced it was with . . . and it wasn't\neven bad. I was working at the telephone company in the business office and one\nof the girls there just happened to mention something. And I looked at her and I\nsaid, \"I just want you to know I'm Jewish and I don't appreciate what you said.\"\nAnd she apologized. But when I went to grammar school and I went to Avondale, I\nwas really in a class mainly with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"non-Jewish kids. And a lot of them that I\nended up going with ended up being debutantes. And they would invite me to teas\nand . . . as I got older. And then there were others that I would just go to\ntheir houses and play. And they knew I was Jewish. It was . . . but it was not a problem.\n\nBERMAN: Did it bother you that you weren't also a debutante?\n\nHIRSCH: Oh, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no. I never . . . I mean, this is as they got older. No, I never\nthought about it. I really felt like it was really nice that I was invited to\nthese teas in the eighth grade and to the parties or whatever.\n\nBERMAN: Did you hang out with mostly Jewish people or non-Jewish?\n\nHIRSCH: No. Mainly Jewish.\n\nBERMAN: From Beth-El?\n\nHIRSCH: Through Beth-El. Yes. We would go to services ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on Saturdays, and then\nwe'd go downtown and go eat at Joy Young's and then go to a movie. And I was in\nBBG [B'nai B'rith Girls]. And, of course, AZA [Aleph Zadik Aleph] and BBG had a\nlot of conventions as I was 14, 15, 16. My mother and father allowed me to go to\nNashville [Tennessee] or Memphis or New Orleans [Louisiana]. And I think that\nwas our district, in Mississippi. We were not in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia, Florida, or Charleston\n[South Carolina]. And I met a lot of people then and maintained a lot of the\nfriends. And in Birmingham, we used to go . . . our main social life, I guess,\nwas at the YMCA, the 'Y.' We used to go after school, and they used to have\ndances there. And we used to just hang around there.\n\nBERMAN: But mostly with other. . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . Jewish, other Jewish kids. Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Would it have bothered your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents if you dated someone who was not Jewish?\n\nHIRSCH: I did once. Yes, it did. Very much so. And that was because my best\ngirlfriend across the street was Catholic. And I went over to a party at her\nhouse, and my mother and daddy said, \"That's not good.\" But I remember . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . did that upset you? Or did you . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . I sort of just accepted it. It just . . . it's the way it was. And\nwe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all went to Ramsay High School, and I remember . . . and we still talk about\nthis, a lot of my friends . . . they didn't have . . . they had a cafeteria, but\nnot really where we could go in and take . . . we took our lunches. We would\nalways sit outside and have our lunches. And during Passover, we would all\nshare. Somebody had a salami sandwich on matzah, or if somebody had a\nhard-boiled egg or whatever, we would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"share. Those were really good memories.\n\nBERMAN: I know that it was more of the temple crowd, but did you participate at\nall in Ballyhoo or Falcon, or . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . I went to Jubilee once.\n\nBERMAN: And Jubilee.\n\nHIRSCH: Right. I went to Jubilee.\n\nBERMAN: How was that?\n\nHIRSCH: Jubilee was wonderful. It was a big party, and I loved to dance. It was\na big dancing festival, really. Of course, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was drinking.\n\nBERMAN: How old were you?\n\nHIRSCH: I was . . . I think at the time I was 17 when I went.\n\nBERMAN: And did you have a date?\n\nHIRSCH: Oh, yes. I wouldn't have gone without a date.\n\nBERMAN: Who was the date?\n\nHIRSCH: The date was a boy from Columbus, Georgia.\n\nBERMAN: The name?\n\nHIRSCH: Fred Tyser.\n\nBERMAN: T- . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . Y-S-E-R. He looked a lot like Victor Mature. I thought . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . oh, really?\n\nHIRSCH: Oh, yeah. And it was fun. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was. That was a good weekend.\n\nBERMAN: That's great. Any other memories from Jubilee? About the weekend?\n\nHIRSCH: That was it. That's about it.\n\nBERMAN: Okay. I wanted to talk to you a little bit about again, just, the\nrelationship with the person, the domestic, that you had working in the home.\nYou said that the relationship was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extremely strong on both ends.\n\nHIRSCH: Right.\n\nBERMAN: Did you keep in touch with her? Did you ever discuss anything with her\nabout how she felt about Jim Crow?\n\nHIRSCH: Never.\n\nBERMAN: And what was her name?\n\nHIRSCH: Lena.\n\nBERMAN: Do you remember her last name?\n\nHIRSCH: No, I don't. I remember she drank, which ended up killing her,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unfortunately. But I remember on Sundays we always had a big lunch after Sunday\nschool, and she would come in to help, and sometimes she would come in and she\nsaid, \"Oh, Miss Mary, I just love you.\" And all of us, the same way. And when\nshe died, it was, well, it was a member of the family.\n\nBERMAN: I know that sometimes this is a little sensitive of an area, but with\nthe movie The Help coming ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out, it kind of leads me to ask the question was . . .\ndid your family, just because it was custom, adhere to the Jim Crow kind of\ncustoms of did she have her own dishes? Did she . . .\n\nHIRSCH: Never.\n\nBERMAN: Her own bathroom?\n\nHIRSCH: Never. And when I read the book and I read what went on in Jackson,\nMississippi . . . I never, ever knew of that. All of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends had maids. None\nof us ever knew of that. And we talk about it . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . what do you attribute it to? Do you think it was because\nBirmingham was kind of a . . . more of a[n] industrial city, or more of a . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . that could be part of it. Now, it's really hard to know what went\non in different homes and the mentality of, really, slaves, because that was the\nmentality that I felt. I saw the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"movie, too. That was the mentality of the\npeople in Jackson [Mississippi]. They owned them. And, I guess, even reading the\nbook, I cried, and seeing the movie, I cried, because they were so cold to these\npeople. And the people that raised their kids and gave love to them. I never\nunderstood, and still wouldn't, how it would take ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place, but that was the way\nthe culture was and the hate that was instilled.\n\nBERMAN: I want to get into the Forties a little bit and the pre-war . . . the\nlate Thirties, early Forties . . . you're still in Birmingham. Your family is\noriginally Eastern European, and your father works for a newspaper. Were you . .\n. do you think you were more in tuned because of that to the world events? What\nwas happening to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews of Europe?\n\nHIRSCH: Truthfully, no. I had no idea. At the time, all I remember is my brother\nwas in the service, my cousins were in the service, my father worked long hours\nat the newspaper, and I think we all helped make bandages. We would have air\nraid . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . drills . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . drills. Thank you. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the news that came over the radio. But no,\nI had . . . I really did have no idea.\n\nBERMAN: You had no idea what was happening?\n\nHIRSCH: What was happening in Germany.\n\nBERMAN: And the war itself. Do you remember where you were when you heard that\nPearl Harbor was attacked?\n\nHIRSCH: I think I was . . . I'm trying to think . . . I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think I was coming home\nfrom school, if I'm not mistaken. But it's, that's been a long time ago.\n\nBERMAN: How did the Jewish community in Birmingham respond to the war? Was there\na[n] outpouring of boys going off to the draft and . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . my friends and my brothers and family. There was a lot of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patriotism and that's why everybody pitched in together. Of course, food was\nrationed. Certain things were rationed. And any time I think any of us could go\nmake bandages, we went to the Red Cross. And I . . . that's the only thing I\ncould say. We were patriotic.\n\nBERMAN: Did you attend any canteen kind of dances and work with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . well, when I got older, I remember . . . I think I did once at the\n'Y,' and then I dated a soldier, back then.\n\nBERMAN: But not seriously.\n\nHIRSCH: Oh, no, not seriously. My sister did. We always had soldiers at the\nhouse for meals or to spend the night or whatever, when they needed someplace.\nAnd my daddy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always brought soldiers home, so our house was open to that.\n\nBERMAN: Did he bring Jewish soldiers home or all . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . well, I think . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . soldiers in general . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . I think these were mainly Jewish soldiers.\n\nBERMAN: He brought them in for Sabbath or the holidays?\n\nHIRSCH: Right.\n\nBERMAN: Any memories of any incidents with any of these young men?\n\nHIRSCH: We got very close . . . my sister got very close with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one. And there was\na soldier from New York who happened to have been a lawyer. And we got very\nclose to him and kept up with him. And his sisters even came to visit us after\nthe war.\n\nBERMAN: That's nice. Were your parents involved in Jewish community activities\nin Birmingham?\n\nHIRSCH: They used to go, yes. Matter of fact, there were plays, I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"B'nai\nB'rith put on a play and my daddy was in it. And they used to go to Bryce's, to\nTuscaloosa, which was a mental institution, and they would take . . . I'd play\nbingo there or whatever, and they went with the Jewish American Legion. And my\nfather was in the American Legion and also at the Elks Club. And . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . he did . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . mother did Sisterhood. . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . both Jewish and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"non-Jewish activities?\n\nHIRSCH: Oh, yes. A lot.\n\nBERMAN: Was there any of a problem with Jewish people being in the Elks or being\nin . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . never did he have a problem . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . problem.\n\nHIRSCH: But my father was known all over Birmingham and he was so kind and\nliterally gave the shirt off his back. And at one point he was brought up for\nMan of the Year.\n\nBERMAN: Oh, really? Tell me about that.\n\nHIRSCH: It was just in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"newspaper. I don't really remember . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . because why, though?\n\nHIRSCH: Because he used to . . . number one, every Thanksgiving, there used to\nbe a football game. And he'd go to the children's hospital, and he would have\nthe papers and all the money would go there. And plus, on Christmas at the Elks,\nhe would always get toys and we would go to the Elks to distribute the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"toys. And\nhe would get a lot of people out of jail. And he was just a wonderful, good person.\n\nBERMAN: Who was he getting out of jail?\n\nHIRSCH: People . . . some of the newspaper boys might get into trouble, and he'd\nget them out of jail or people that knew him, and they would call, and he'd get\nthem out or try and get them out of jail, because he had a lot of connections.\n\nBERMAN: When did he pass away? What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year?\n\nHIRSCH: 1981.\n\nBERMAN: Were they still in Birmingham during the civil rights era?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Did they ever . . . you were gone, but . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . yes . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . did you have conversations with them about what was going on?\n\nHIRSCH: Of course, I remember Bull Connor, and Daddy was a friend of Bull\nConnor's. But I don't think we really discussed it, per se, other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than, \"This is\nwhat was going on and it's time for change.\"\n\nBERMAN: What was Bull Connor like?\n\nHIRSCH: Oh, I don't remember.\n\nBERMAN: You don't remember?\n\nHIRSCH: No, I don't remember.\n\nBERMAN: That's . . . I've heard many things about him over the years. Did you go\nto synagogue on a regular basis?\n\nHIRSCH: I used to go every Saturday ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"morning, for confirmation. And then\nsometimes I would go with my sister's mother-in-law on Friday nights.\n\nBERMAN: It was an integral part of your life.\n\nHIRSCH: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: What about Shabbat dinner? Was that every Friday night at your home?\n\nHIRSCH: No, not that . . . no, because sometimes Daddy had to work.\n\nBERMAN: And the other holidays?\n\nHIRSCH: Oh, yes. That was always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"part. We would go to synagogue.\n\nBERMAN: And Passover? Can you describe a Passover seder in your home?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes, I can. We did not have the modern things that you have today. And\nmy mother was a wonderful cook. And I remember changing dishes, and she would\ntovel dishes, and we had a basement, so you had to bring the dishes up from\ndownstairs, upstairs. And I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember covering the counters and setting the\ntable. And there'd always be a lot of us. And Mother used to make her own\ngefilte fish, and I used to help her, and we used to have a hand grinder because\nshe had to put the fish and literally grind it by hand. And, of course, no matzo\nball mix. We'd make matzo balls from scratch. And I remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mother's chicken .\n. . buying the kosher chickens, and there was a place . . . and this goes back\nmany years . . . on Fourth Avenue where you would go in and pick out the chicken\nand they would kill them right then and sawdust on the floor. And Mother used to\ncook the whole chicken, including the feet and everything. And there used to\neven be in the chicken little eggs, the yellow little eggs in it. And ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we didn't\nhave a dishwasher, so we did a lot of dishes. And we always had people over for Pesach.\n\nBERMAN: Who ran the service, the Seder?\n\nHIRSCH: My father.\n\nBERMAN: Was it long?\n\nHIRSCH: We always thought it was too long, but whether it was really long . . .\nno, we didn't do the long version. We did the book, but it was not where we\nstayed and discussed a lot afterwards.\n\nBERMAN: Did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your mother do most of the cooking in your home, or did she have\nhelp do it?\n\nHIRSCH: No, she did it. She did the cooking.\n\nBERMAN: Did it have any kind of Southern flair to it?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes. We had turnip greens and we had, I guess . . . of course, grits.\nAnd she would make cornbread and . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . fried chicken?\n\nHIRSCH: Oh, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yes. Sometimes the maid would make fried chicken because Lena made\nthe best fried chicken.\n\nBERMAN: Did Lena ever learn how to make any of the holiday dishes?\n\nHIRSCH: I don't think so. I don't think Mother really taught her that. I think\nshe was there to help clean up or whatever. Not to cook. Mother enjoyed cooking.\nAnd then my aunts who lived with us helped. We sort of . . . we all pitched in.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that was the nice part about my family. Even with my aunts and uncles\nliving there, it was fun.\n\nBERMAN: It sounds like you just had such wonderful . . . you have wonderful\nmemories of your childhood in . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . I did . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . Birmingham. I'd like to move a little bit more . . . fast forward\na little bit to how you met your husband.\n\nHIRSCH: I met Jack in Birmingham.\n\nBERMAN: And for the purpose of the tape, can you say his full name?\n\nHIRSCH: Oh, Jack ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hirsch. And I met Jack in Birmingham. Jack had come in a\nweekend for Henry Birnbrey and Ricky [Rebecca] Kresses' wedding. And he met some\ngirls there. And at the time, Gary Metzl was dating Jackie Goldberg. The next\nweekend, Jack came in to date the girls he had met, and Jackie had . . . Herman\nRothstein came in, and Jackie asked me if I would go out with Herman. And we\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"double dated with Jack. And the next day, they were all going on a picnic. And\nJack's date got sick. And Jackie called and said, \"Would you go on a picnic with\nJack?\" I said, \"Well, it's okay with me if it's okay with him.\" That's how we\nstarted dating.\n\nBERMAN: You must have had a very good time on the picnic.\n\nHIRSCH: We did.\n\nBERMAN: Where did you go?\n\nHIRSCH: I'm trying to think. I can't remember the name of the park we went to.\nWe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"played tennis and took food and just had a good time.\n\nBERMAN: Was it . . . you had mentioned earlier, you kind of grew up not knowing\nwhat had happened to the Jews of Germany before the war, but now it is after the\nwar. Everybody knows what had happened. How did you and Jack deal with that? Was\nit almost culture shock for you to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be dating a Holocaust survivor?\n\nHIRSCH: Jack really did not talk a lot about it other than his mother and father\nwere killed and brother and sister. And we talked about how he came to Atlanta,\nbut we didn't dwell on that. And how was it for me? I just felt very badly for\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. I just couldn't imagine not being without my parents and coming over here\nat such a young age with nobody.\n\nBERMAN: How old was Jack? He was seven?\n\nHIRSCH: He was seven when he left his family. He was ten when he came here. But\nhe came, thank goodness, with his siblings. But he lived with the . . . he and\nBen and Asher lived with the Bregman's when they first got here. And ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then he\nmoved in with Fannie Macrov Asman on Sixth Street. And Sarah lived there. His\nsister lived there with him.\n\nBERMAN: Did he and Ben ever live together again?\n\nHIRSCH: No.\n\nBERMAN: As the years went on, did Jack talk to you about his experiences more?\n\nHIRSCH: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think, somewhat, when the kids were born, but . . . and then we went\nback to Germany one year and we went to, as a matter of fact, when we went to\nFrance, we went to where he lived in the chateaux and then we went to Frankfurt\n[Germany] and we went back to the house where he was, and we couldn't . . . when\nwe first went back, it was . . . Flora wouldn't go, his sister wouldn't go, but\nhis brother-in-law ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could speak German. My mother went with us, and we walked\ndown the street, the apartment he had lived in, and he remembered there was a\nflower shop. And then he remembered there was a bakery. And then we turned the\ncorner, and that's where he used to walk to kindergarten. Then we walked around\nthe block and it's very vivid because it was very sad. We walked to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"park,\nand he visualized his mother in the park, calling him and Sarah and Mother and\nI, of course, cried. Then we saw where the synagogue was. And then we went over\nto where the house was still standing, but we couldn't get in. Then we walked\naround, and we walked to the school that he went to, the Raphael Hirsch School,\nand it was right across from the zoo. And I think after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we really talked\nmore about it. And then when he interviewed for Shoah, he said a lot more, too.\nJack kept . . . he kept a lot in because he wanted to live in the present and he\nwanted to do things that he did, which was giving back to the community. And he\nworked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hard.\n\nBERMAN: I used to see him when Jane and I were at the 1776 Building, he would be\neating lunch the same time we were in that little . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . right . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . restaurant downstairs.\n\nHIRSCH: Right.\n\nBERMAN: We always saw him there. Can you . . . do you have an understanding, or\ncan you shed light on the difference between Ben and Jack and the way they have\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dealt with this?\n\nHIRSCH: It's totally different.\n\nBERMAN: Right. And what's your take on it?\n\nHIRSCH: My take is . . . Ben was six when he left. He was supposed to stay with\ncousins above Paris [France]. And because he was six, the . . . I don't know,\nthey were . . . felt like they couldn't take him. And the man got up at\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue one night and asked if a family could take him. And the Samuels were\ngracious enough to take Ben in and those were . . . that was his family. But Ben\nhad Asher, and so there was some connection. Plus, he was at a school that a\ncousin ran in Paris. And then they moved him to Broût-Vernet [France]. Then my\naunt . . . Jack's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aunt passed away and Flora, his sister, and Sarah had lived\nwith the aunt and uncle in Vichy [France]. When the aunt passed away, the uncle\nbrought the two girls to Broût-Vernet because he couldn't keep them anymore.\nThen Ben came down through the other homes and ended up in Broût-Vernet. But he\nhad been by himself, and I think even when he came here after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he left the\nBregman's, from what I understand from Ben, it was one home after the other. And\nI think Ben was always searching for some sort of security with it. But Jack, I\nthink just put himself into his work and school and didn't dwell on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, even\nthough, even when we got letters from his parents . . . the Jewish Educational\nDepartment had them . . . it was very painful because in the letters they said,\n\"We only have $1,000. If y'all could get it somehow, then maybe we could get out.\"\n\nBERMAN: That's very . . . it . . . had to have been very painful.\n\nHIRSCH: It was.\n\nBERMAN: Yes. We have those records here.\n\nHIRSCH: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know you do. We xeroxed a bunch of them.\n\nBERMAN: Right. Going back a little bit, I know we've kind of fast forwarded, but\nI wanted to talk a little bit about how you met Jack and . . . oh, before we go\nback. How many children do you have?\n\nHIRSCH: I have two boys.\n\nBERMAN: And their names?\n\nHIRSCH: Stuart Hirsch and Brian Hirsch. Stuart lives here and is not married.\nAnd Brian lives in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grapevine, Texas, and has two children. He was married to a\nnon-Jewish girl and then divorced. And they had two children. And the nice part,\nafter that is I knew my cousin had a niece and nephew that lived in Fort Worth\n[Texas] that grew up . . . the niece grew up in Birmingham, so I knew her. I had\ntold Brian to call them when he moved out there. And after he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got a divorce and\nhe was ready to date, he called, and he wanted to know if they knew any girls.\nAnd they said, \"Yes, my daughter.\" He started dating her and they ended up\ngetting married.\n\nBERMAN: That's lovely.\n\nHIRSCH: Which is, it's wonderful, because it's family.\n\nBERMAN: That's great. Do you go back to Birmingham very often?\n\nHIRSCH: I did, when my mother was living. I used to go pick her up or go there\nafter my father died and . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not so much now. Everybody works. I have\nfamily there. I go back for weddings, or bar mitzvahs.\n\nBERMAN: How would you describe how the community has changed over the years?\n\nHIRSCH: It's . . . having not really been there a lot, I don't know that it's\nreally changed a lot. It's probably . . . you still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have . . . you have kids of\npeople that I know and then their kids and then some people have moved in. Of\ncourse, it's spread out. It's not where everybody lives close together anymore.\nBut I think as a community, I think Birmingham is still very close. And I think\nthe federation does a lot of good work there. And I think the [Levite] Jewish\nCommunity Center is still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there and very vibrant.\n\nBERMAN: Was your mother at all involved with National Council of Jewish Women in\nthe . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . no, she was not.\n\nBERMAN: Because they helped bring Henry Birnbrey to Birmingham.\n\nHIRSCH: Right.\n\nBERMAN: I was just wondering. That would have been a small world, if your mother\n. . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . right . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . had been involved.\n\nHIRSCH: She was with, I think, Hadassah.\n\nBERMAN: More of the conservative . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . conservative . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . women . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . right.\n\nBERMAN: Did you ever regret not living in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bigger city?\n\nHIRSCH: Than Birmingham?\n\nBERMAN: Yes. Or moving away and living up north or . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . when I grew up, most girls did not move away. They went away to\ncollege. I did not go away to college because my parents couldn't afford it and\nI felt like it was more important that my brother go. I stayed in Birmingham and\nthen I went to work for the telephone company. I could have gone to Miami\n[Florida] and lived with my sister and gone to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"college. But no, I never thought\nabout leaving home and I had a hard time leaving home after we were married.\nJack used to say I'd get in the car, and I'd cry all the way to Atlanta.\n\nBERMAN: Did you ever think that maybe you and Jack would settle in Birmingham?\n\nHIRSCH: The odd part is, many years down the road . . . after we had been in\nAtlanta a long time, we talked about it because when we came back, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jack didn't\nhave a job and he had to start on his own. And we talked about, yes, we could\nhave lived in Birmingham, and he could have started on his own. Never occurred\nto us. But, in retrospect, I'm sort of glad we didn't because this is roots for\nJack. And he knew a lot of people, and this was his home. And he knew people in\nBirmingham, but I think it would have . . . I think it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just worked out like it did.\n\nBERMAN: Well, I think we're about finished and I would like to thank you for\nparticipating. Is there anything I missed? I don't think so. I think . . .\nanything you would like to add before we close?\n\nHIRSCH: No. I'm so glad you're doing this, and I think Birmingham is going to be\nso excited.\n\nBERMAN: I hope so, too. I think it's a good project for them.\n\nHIRSCH: Thank you, Sandy, and Ruth. I've enjoyed . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . thank you, Gladys . . .\n\nHIRSCH: . . . doing it.\n\nBERMAN: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/transcript/41610/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enjoyed having you. Thank you.\n\nHIRSCH: Thank you. And my kids . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2730.0,2760.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSandra Katz \"Sandy\" Berman is an American archivist. A native of Cleveland, Ohio, she was the founding archivist of the Cleveland Jewish Archives. She later moved to Atlanta, Georgia, and in 1985 became the founding archivist of the Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives for Southern Jewish History at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. During her 28-year tenure at the Breman, she co-curated multiple exhibitions and expanded the scope of the museum to include collections from Jewish communities throughout Georgia and surrounding states. She is the interviewer for many of the oral histories that can be found in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Atlanta celebrates and commemorates Jewish history, culture, and art through events and museum spaces. The Breman also contains the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History, which houses thousands of manuscripts, oral histories, and photograph collections, related to southern Jewish history and the Holocaust. This interview with Gladys Hirsch is one of those transcripts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGladys Hirsch was born in Birmingham, Alabama on March 7, 1931 to Mary Rosenblum Denaburg and Simon Denaburg. During her youth, Gladys and her family were members of Birmingham’s Knesseth Israel Congregation and Temple Beth-El. She married Jack Hirsch after meeting him in Birmingham. The couple had two sons, Stuart and Bryan, together. Gladys has lived in Atlanta since marrying Jack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Esther and Herbert Taylor Family Foundation supports The Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection at the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History at the Breman Museum in Atlanta, which consists of a thousand oral histories that document Jewish life in Georgia and Alabama. The foundation was founded in 1983 and is administered by the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBirmingham is the seat of Jefferson County and the third-most populous city in the state of Alabama. The city is well-known for its significance during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrooklyn is a borough of New York City and coextensive with Kings County. Brooklyn has historically been home to a large and vibrant Jewish community comprising multiple denominations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMemphis is the seat of Shelby County, the second-most populous city in the state of Tennessee, and the fifth-most populous city in the southeastern United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMobile is a city and the county seat of Mobile County, Alabama. It is the fourth-most populous city in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is home to the state’s only saltwater port.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOdessa is the third largest city in Ukraine and is a major seaport and transportation hub located on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDallas is the third-largest city in the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Dallas County. It is the ninth-most populous city in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Birmingham News is the principal newspaper for the city of Birmingham, Alabama. The Birmingham News was founded on March 14, 1888 by Rufus N. Rhodes as The Evening News. It remained a daily newspaper until 2012.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first Orthodox congregation to organize in Birmingham, Alabama in 1889. Also known as KI, its current (2022) rabbi is Moshe Rube.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Alabama Theatre is a movie palace in Birmingham, Alabama. It was constructed in 1927. The Alabama Theatre and its original Wurlitzer theatre organ were added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on February 15, 1977, and to the National Register of Historic Places on November 13, 1979. It was designated as the state’s historic theater in 1993.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe F.W. Woolworth Department Store, located at 1901 3rd Ave. N. in Birmingham, Alabama was built in 1939. The store offered a wide variety of products. The Birmingham Woolworth’s was targeted by civil rights demonstrators in 1963 because of its segregated lunch counter.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Orthodox synagogues men and women do not sit together and are separated by a mechitza [Hebrew: partition or division]. Men and women are generally not separated in most Conservative synagogues, although it is a permissible option. Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism, consistent with their view that traditional religious law is not mandatory in modern times, do not use mechitzot in their synagogues.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShul is a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school,” and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Beth-El was founded in 1907 and was originally on the north side of Birmingham, Alabama, and was affiliated with Orthodox Judaism. Today it is affiliated with the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism. The current sanctuary was built in 1926 on Highland Avenue on the Southside. As of 2022, Rabbi Hillel Norry, based in Atlanta, serves as the synagogue's Interim Rabbi.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Sisterhood is a group of women in a synagogue congregation who join together to offer social, cultural, educational, and volunteer service opportunities. Its male counterpart is called either a \"Brotherhood\" or a \"Men's Club.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew school can be either the Jewish equivalent of Sunday school (an educational regimen separate from secular education, focusing on topics of Jewish history and learning the Hebrew language), or a primary, secondary, or college level educational institution where some or all of the classes are taught in Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConfirmation is a coming-of-age ritual that originated in the Reform movement, which scorned the idea that at 13 years of age a child was an adult. They replaced bar and bat mitzvah with a confirmation ceremony at about age 16 to 18. In some Conservative synagogues the confirmation concept has been adopted as a way to continue and child’s Jewish education and involvement for a few more years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Abraham J. Mesch was the rabbi at Temple Beth-El for over 27 years, from 1935 to his death in 1962. He was an ardent supporter and public advocate of Zionism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 28, 1958, 54 sticks of dynamite were placed outside Temple Beth-El in a bombing attempt. According to police reports, the burning fuses were doused by heavy rainfall, preventing the dynamite from exploding. Although the crime was never solved, Birmingham police considered Bobby Frank Cherry, later convicted of bombing the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, also in Birmingham, to be a suspect. It is believed the act was in retaliation for Jewish involvement in the civil rights movement. Other synagogues were similarly targeted in cities across the American South during the late 1950s, including in Atlanta, Nashville, Jacksonville, and Miami. In July 2022, an Alabama Historical Marker was placed on the synagogue’s premises to commemorate the attempted bombing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLoveman’s of Alabama was a Birmingham, Alabama-based chain of department stores with locations across Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. The name seems to have originated in the song “Jump Jim Crow,” a song-and-dance caricature of Blacks performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in Blackface in 1832. As a result of Rice’s fame, “Jim Crow” became a pejorative expression meaning “Negro” by 1838 and the later segregation laws became known as “Jim Crow” laws. Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the southern states of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly “separate but equal” status for Black Americans, although in reality this was not so. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and Blacks. Private businesses, political parties, and unions created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring Blacks from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc. In the middle twentieth century, the Supreme Court began to overturn Jim Crow laws on constitutional grounds. Rosa Parks defied the Jim Crow laws when she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, which became a catalyst to the Civil Rights movement. Her actions, and the demonstrations that followed, led to a series of legislative and court decisions that contributed to undermining the Jim Crow system. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially ended Jim Crow segregation laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or “Knights of the Ku Klux Klan” today) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-Black secret society, whose methods have included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860s and then died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past it members dressed up in white robes and a pointed hat designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA debutante refers to an aristocratic or upper-class young woman who has reached maturity and is presented to society at a formal “debut” or debutante ball. Originally, the term meant that the woman was old enough to be married, and part of the purpose of her coming out was to display her to eligible bachelors and their families, with a few to marriage within a select circle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew Orleans is a city located on the Mississippi River and is the most populous in the state of Louisiana.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNashville is the capital city of the state of Tennessee and the seat of Davidson County. It is the fourth-most populous city in the southeastern United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAleph Zadik Aleph (AZA) is an international youth-led fraternal organization for Jewish teenage boys. Its sister organization for teenage girls is B'nai B'rith Girls (BBG). B'nai B'rith Youth Organization, now BBYO, is an umbrella organization including Jewish teens in both AZA and BBG.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB'nai B'rith Girls or BBG is the female order of the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (BBYO), a youth movement that grew out of B’nai B’rith International, a Jewish service organization. BBG was founded in 1944 for teenage Jewish girls. Chapters of girls soon sprung up throughout the United States and Canada. Today, it is an international sorority. The male brother order is the Aleph Zadik Aleph (AZA).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharleston is the largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina and is the seat of Charleston County.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYMCA, sometimes regionally called the Y, is a worldwide youth organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, with more than 64 million beneficiaries in 120 countries. It was founded on 6 June 1844 by Sir George Williams in London, originally as the Young Men's Christian Association, and aims to put Christian principles into practice by developing a healthy \"body, mind, and spirit.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRamsay High School is a four-year magnet high school in Birmingham, Alabama. It became a magnet school in 1975. As of 2015, over 99 percent of Ramsay students are African American.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMatzo, or matzah, is an unleavened flatbread that is part of Jewish cuisine and forms an integral element of the Passover festival.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBallyhoo was the name of a social party for upper-middle class Reform Jewish young adults (high school to college age) held annually in Atlanta, Georgia. The event attracted young people from all over the Southeast to meet boys and girls from other cities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e An annual summer weekend gathering for German-Jewish singles in Montgomery, Alabama before World War II. See also Ballyhoo.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVictor Mature (1913-1999) was an American stage, film, and television actor who was a leading man in Hollywood during the 1940s and 1950s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColumbus, Georgia is a consolidated city-county in the U.S. state of Georgia on the banks of the Chattahoochee River and is the county seat of Muscogee County. Columbus is the second-largest city in Georgia, after Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Help is a 2011 period drama film based on Kathryn Stockett’s 2009 novel of the same name. The film and the novel recount the story of Eugenia “Skeeter” Phelan, a young white woman and aspiring journalist in Jackson, Mississippi in 1963 and her relationship with two black maids, Aibileen Clark and Minnie Jackson. In an attempt to become a legitimate journalist and writer, Skeeter decides to write a book from the point of view of the maids, exposing the racism they face as they work for white families. Black domestic workers in the mid-twentieth century were referred to as “the help.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJackson is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Mississippi. The city was the site of many major events and protests during the civil rights movement, including demonstrations by Freedom Riders in 1961 and the 1963 assassination of civil rights activist and NAACP leader Medgar Evers at his home in Jackson.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePearl Harbor is located on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands in a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. It was bombed by Japanese Navy Air forces on December 7, 1941, the action that directly prompted the United States' entry into World War II. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Red Cross (ARC) is a humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance, disaster relief and education in the United States. It is the designated United States affiliate of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. The ARC was founded in 1881 by Clara Barton.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTeen canteens, like the canteens frequented by soldiers and sailors in cities across the country during World War II, were recreational spaces for people to dance, eat, and socialize. Many teen canteens were open most evenings and restricted admission to 14- to 18-year olds.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks (BPOE; also often known as the \"Elks Lodge\" or simply \"The Elks\") is an American fraternal order founded in 1868, originally as a social club in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Legion, also known as the Legion, is a non-profit organization of U.S. war veterans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTuscaloosa is the fifth-largest city in the U.S. state of Alabama and is the seat of Tuscaloosa County. It is home to the University of Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBryce Hospital, located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, is the state’s oldest and largest inpatient psychiatric facility. It was founded in 1861 as the Alabama State Hospital for the Insane and was later known as the Alabama Insane Hospital. The main facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. The University of Alabama purchased the facilities in 2010. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB’nai B’rith Women was founded in San Francisco, California in 1909. It was originally a social organization designed to attract young, single adult members with parties, picnics and dances.  As women emerged into the public sphere it expanded into cultural activities, philanthropy and community service.  Their announced aims are to perpetuate Jewish culture, enrich their communities and ensure the religious survival of their sons and daughters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChildren’s of Alabama is a pediatric acute care hospital in Birmingham, Alabama. The hospital is affiliated with the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine. It was founded in 1911 and is the third largest children’s hospital in the United States in terms of square footage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against Black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTheophilus Eugene “Bull” Connor (1897-1973) was the Commissioner of Public Safety for the city of Birmingham, Alabama, during the years of the Civil Rights Movement. His office gave him the responsibility for administrative oversight of the Birmingham Fire Department and the Birmingham Police Department. Through his covert actions to enforce radical segregation and deny civil rights to African American citizens, he became an international symbol of bigotry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSeder [Hebrew: order] is a Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. It is conducted on the evening of the fifteenth day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar throughout the world. Some communities hold seder on both the first two nights of Passover. The seder incorporates prayers, candle lighting, and traditional foods symbolizing the slavery of the Jews and the exodus from Egypt. It is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe purification procedure known as tevilah, or toveling (derived from the Hebrew word tovel, meaning “to immerse), involves the ritual immersion of dishes. Before dishes and utensils can be used in a kosher kitchen, they must acquire an additional measure of holiness which is conferred through the ritual immersion in a pool of naturally gathered water, or mikvah. A mikvah is a specially constructed ritual pool connected to a source of pure rainwater. Vessels may also be immersed in certain natural bodies of water such as the ocean. Immersion in a mikvah is required only for utensils that were manufactured or ever owned by a non-Jew. Preparation for immersion consists of the removal of any substance that would intervene between the water of the mikvah and the surface of the utensil, such as dirt, rust, or stickers. A vessel made of metal or glass with which one eats, drinks, cooks, roasts, fries, or heats up water for drinking requires immersion with a blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGefilte fish is a dish similar to a meatloaf, made out of ground fish, onions, starch and eggs. It is traditionally enjoyed by Ashkenazi Jews on Shabbat and Jewish holidays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMatzo balls are dumplings made from matzo meal, an Ashkenazi custom. The balls are dropped into chicken soup or boiling water. They are popular during Passover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJack Hirsch was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany to dentist Hermann Hirsch and Mathilde Auerbach Hirsch. He was one of seven other children in the Hirsch family. Jack’s father was arrested by the Nazis on Kristallnacht and sent to Buchenwald. His mother then sent Jack and the four older siblings on a Kindertransport to France, as the two youngest Hirsch children were too young to go. The five Hirsch children made it to the United States in 1941 and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Hermann Hirsch died in November 1942 in Sachsenhausen concentration camp, while Mathilde and the two youngest children were murdered in the gas chambers of Auschwitz-Birkenau sometime in the fall of 1943. Jack married Gladys Denaburg Hirsch. The couple had two sons, Stuart and Bryan. Jack served as president of Congregation Beth Jacob and the National Jewish Fund. He was the recipient of several awards, including Israel Bond’s Eli Wiesel Award, Shaare Zedek Hospital Humanitarian Award, and awards from ORT and the United Way. Jack passed away at the age of 72 on June 9, 2003.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Birnbrey (1923-2021) is an Atlanta certified public accountant and attorney who emigrated from Dortmund, Germany to the United States on a Kindertransport in 1938 sponsored by the Birmingham, Alabama section of National Council of Jewish Women. He resided in foster homes and in the Hebrew Orphans' Home in Atlanta after his arrival in America. He served two terms as President of the Hebrew Academy of Atlanta during which time it became the first Jewish Day School in the United States to receive accreditation from the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). He was in the United States Army during World War II. He participated in the invasion of Normandy and witnessed the liberation of concentration camp victims at the end of the war. Henry’s oral history is in the Herbert and Esther Taylor Oral History Project’s collection.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust was the systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Kindertransport” is the name given to a series of rescue missions that assisted Jewish children in leaving Nazi-occupied Europe. The United Kingdom took in nearly 10,000 predominantly Jewish children from Nazi Germany and the occupied territories of Austria, and ex-Czechoslovakia. The children were placed in British foster homes, hostels, and on farms. Some transports were organized by Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (OSE) in France where German-Jewish children were put up in a series of OSE children’s homes. Beginning in March 1939, several transports brought children from Vienna, Berlin, Frankfurt and other places in Germany to France. When the Germans occupied France, the 144 children, in two separate transports, were smuggled out of France into Portugal where they caught a ship to the United States. The first transport left on June 21, 1941, and the second on September 1, 1941. Altogether the OSE sheltered and assisted in getting nearly 1,600 Jewish children out Nazi-occupied areas. The Jüdische Wohlfahrtspflege (Jewish Social Services) of the Jewish community in Frankfurt was in charge of the organization of the transports in the southwest of Germany. In Frankfurt, the head of a Jewish orphanage, Isidor Marx, was active in organizing transports of children as well as Martha Wertheimer, a journalist and social worker who accompanied several transports.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Hirsch (1932-2018) was born in 1932 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. He was the fifth of seven children born to a dentist, Hermann Hirsch, and his wife, Mathilde Auerbach Hirsch. In 1938, as the Nazi regime terrorized German Jews, Ben’s father was arrested and sent to Buchenwald. Their mother sent Ben and his four older siblings to France on a Kindertransport. The two youngest children were too young to go. Ben was separated from his siblings in France and shifted through various children’s’ homes—Villa Helvetia, Château de Masgelier, Château des Morrelles and others—for the next several years. In 1941, after the Germans grip on France grew tighter, Ben and his two older sisters were smuggled out of France to Lisbon, Portugal on transports organized by the Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (OSE). From Lisbon, the children sailed for the United States. The three siblings met up with their brothers in Atlanta, Georgia. The children were all separately placed in local Jewish foster homes. Ben lived with several Jewish families until he graduated from high school. Ben’s parents and younger brother and sister perished in the Holocaust. Hermann died in Sachsenhausen concentration camp in November 1942. His mother and two siblings were murdered in the gas chambers of Auschwitz-Birkenau sometime in the fall of 1943. Ben served in the United States armed forces during the Korean War and then studied architecture at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Ben became an architect in Atlanta, designing several award-winning structures. For a short time he was in practice with Warren Epstein in the firm of Epstein and Hirsch. In 1978, Hirsch founded Benjamin Hirsch and Associates, Inc. Ben is the designer of the Holocaust Gallery at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum as well as the Memorial to the Six Million in Atlanta’s Greenwood Cemetery. Ben published two autobiographical books, Hearing a Different Drummer: A Holocaust Survivor’s Search for Identity(2000) and Home is Where You Find It(2006). He and his wife, the former Jacqueline Robkin, had four children and were the proud grandparents of 20. Ben Hirsch passed away on February 11, 2018 at the age of 85.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFannie Schoenberg Asman (1885-1947) was born in Latvia and had one son, David, and one daughter. In 1940, she lived on Washington Terrace in Atlanta, Georgia. She was an active, well-known member of Atlanta’s Jewish community and took in many boarders, including Henry Birnbrey, a teenage refugee from Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1933, more than 26,000 Jews lived in Frankfurt, making the city the second-largest Jewish community in Germany. As soon as the Nazis rose to power in January 1933, the Jews of Frankfurt, like Jews all over Germany, were subjected to discrimination. The city's Jewish mayor was immediately kicked out of office and many Jewish workers were fired from their jobs. The Nazis in Frankfurt began their anti-Jewish boycott earlier than the rest of the country and continued boycotting Jewish enterprises after the official one-day boycott of April 1, 1933. The Jews of Frankfurt responded to their community's seriously deteriorating economic circumstances by establishing a widespread welfare system. By 1935, almost 20 percent of the Jews in Frankfurt were being assisted by the welfare network. The Jewish community also boosted morale by setting up its own cultural activities, including a symphony, theater groups, and sports programs. During the Kristallnacht pogrom of November 9-10, 1938, many of the city's synagogues were burnt down, Jewish stores were attacked and pillaged, and homes were ransacked. The Frankfurt yeshiva was also destroyed. Soon, thousands of Jews were arrested and over 2,000 were sent to Buchenwald. The grave violence led many Jews to flee the country, and by May 1939, only about 14,000 Jews were left in Frankfurt. Just a few months after World War II broke out in September 1939, the Gestapo began the Aryanization process of confiscating Jewish property. The Frankfurt municipality bought Jewish community property for much less than its true worth, and the Jewish cemeteries were vandalized. In March 1941 Jews were made to do forced labor, and in October, the first Jews were deported to Lodz. On November 11, 1,052 Jews were sent to Minsk, and another 902 were deported to Riga on November 22. During 1942, 2,952 Jews from Frankfurt were sent to Theresienstadt. More Jews were deported eastward in late 1942 and throughout 1943. The last transport of Jews from Frankfurt was transferred to Theresienstadt in January 1944. Altogether, only 600 Jews from Frankfurt survived the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamson Raphael Hirsch School was an Orthodox Jewish school in Frankfurt, Germany operated by the Israelite Religious Society. Founded in 1853 and named for the 19th century German Orthodox rabbi, students received both a traditional Jewish and a secular education. Throughout the 1930s, the number of students attending fluctuated because of increased Jewish emigration and the simultaneous movement of German Jews from rural areas to the cities. The school was permanently closed on March 30, 1939, after being ordered to do so by the Nazi authorities. Only 84 students remained at the time. The building suffered damage during the war as a result of Allied bombing raids and was eventually demolished in 1960.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1994, Steven Spielberg founded the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation, a nonprofit organization established to record testimonies in video format of survivors and other witnesses of the Holocaust.  Between 1994 and 1999, the Foundation conducted nearly 52,000 interviews in 56 countries and in 32 languages. Interviewees included Jewish survivors, Jehovah's Witness survivors, homosexual survivors, liberators and liberation witnesses, political prisoners, rescuers and aid providers, Roma and Sinti survivors, survivors of Eugenics policies, and war crimes trials participants. In 2005, the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation transferred the collection to the University of Southern California.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eParis is the capital and the most populous city in France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBroût-Vernet is a commune in the Allier department in central France. It is 15 km northwest of Vichy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVichy is a resort town in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France, in the historic province of Bourbonnais. From 1940 to 1944, the city was the capital of Vichy France. The Vichy regime collaborated with Nazi Germany during World War II and assisted in the deportation of French Jews to Nazi concentration camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePossibly: Jewish Educational Alliance (Atlanta). The Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) operated from 1910 to 1948 on the site where the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium was later located. The JEA was once the hub of Jewish life in Atlanta. Families congregated there for social, educational, sports and cultural programs. The JEA ran camps and held classes to help some new residents learn to read and write English. For newcomers, it became a refuge, with programs to help them acclimate to a new home. The JEA stayed at that site until the late 1940s, when it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGrapevine, Texas is a suburb of Dallas and Fort Worth in Tarrant County.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Worth, Texas is the fifth-largest city in the U.S. state of Texas and the 13th-largest city in the United States. It is the county seat of Tarrant County. It is the second-largest city in the Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: b’nai mitzvah] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Jewish Federation (often known as the \"Federation\" or the \"Fed\") is the secular primary Jewish nonprofit organization found within most metropolitan areas (or sometimes states) in North America that host a substantial Jewish community. Their broad purpose is to provide \"human services,\" generally, but not exclusively, to the local Jewish community. All federations at least operate an annual central campaign then allocate the proceeds to affiliated local agencies. There are 148 Jewish Federations. The national umbrella organization for the federations is the Jewish Federations of North America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Levite Jewish Community Center began as the Young Men’s Hebrew Association (YMHA) and was founded in 1887. It was a center for the Eastern European Jews of the Northside. Throughout the years, it served as a meeting spot for all sorts of Jewish organizations and was the site of many social events. In the 1950s, it became the “Levite Jewish Community Center,” and moved to $1,000,000 complex on Montclair Road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Birmingham Chapter of the National Council of Jewish Women, (CJW) was organized in 1898 in Birmingham, Alabama. The group hosted weekly study groups for members, joined in civic and philanthropic projects, and lobbied against child labor and for prison reforms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer service organization founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold. It currently has over 300,000 members and supporters worldwide. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/annotation_set/966/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiami is the second-most populous city in the U.S. state of Florida and its metropolitan area is the ninth-largest in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=2610.0,2640.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/index/52567","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Hirsch, Gladys [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/index/52567/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=30.0,328.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/index/52567/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to begin, but just asking you about that background, to tell me a little bit . . . when you were born, and how your parents . . . and their names . . . how you came to Birmingham, and if there's any names that are the least bit hard to understand, if you could spell them out, that would be very helpful.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=30.0,328.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/index/52567/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birmingham, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dallas, Texas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Denaburg, Charles","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Denaburg, Mary Rosenblum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Denaburg, Simon","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Memphis, Tennessee","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mobile, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Odessa, Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Birmingham News","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=30.0,328.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/index/52567/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Early Childhood in Birmingham","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=328.0,454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/index/52567/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tell me a little bit about your early life in Birmingham and the synagogue affiliation that you had, and your parents.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=328.0,454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/index/52567/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alabama Theatre","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birmingham, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Denaburg, Mary Rosenblum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Knesseth Israel, Birmingham","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Memphis, Tennessee","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=328.0,454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/index/52567/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Memories of Attending Knesseth Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=454.0,581.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/index/52567/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tell me what your earliest recollection of . . . did you also attend Knesseth Israel when you were younger . . .","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=454.0,581.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/index/52567/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Knesseth Israel, Birmingham","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yom Kippur","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=454.0,581.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/index/52567/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Attending Sunday School and Being Confirmed at Temple Beth-El","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=581.0,692.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/index/52567/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But because most of the Jewish kids were at Beth-El, a Conservative [congregation], Mother joined the Sisterhood and then we went to Sunday school at Beth-El and we were confirmed at Beth-El.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=581.0,692.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/index/52567/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Attempted Bombing of Temple Beth-El, 1958","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Confirmation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conservative Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew school","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Mesch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sisterhood","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Temple Beth-El, Birmingham","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=581.0,692.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/index/52567/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reflections on Jim Crow Laws and Race Relations in Birmingham","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=692.0,825.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/index/52567/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And do you have any recollection or any thoughts about race relations at that time? Did you . . . do you . . . about knowing that blacks were sitting in a different part of the movie theater?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142#t=692.0,825.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85922/file/174142/index/52567/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birmingham, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Domestic workers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jim Crow laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ku Klux Klan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Loveman's Department 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