{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/n29p26rb8m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Goldsmith, Harry"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["June 20, 2008 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Harry Goldsmith (Interviewee)","John Kent (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHarry Goldsmith was born Heinz Salomon Goldschmidt in Franfurt am Main, Germany on February 27, 1921. Harry was the middle of three sons born to Herman and Blanka Goldschmidt. Harry’s father was a horse dealer and the family lived a comfortable life. They belonged to the Boerneplatz synagogue. Harry attended school at the Philanthropin, a Jewish school, and his older brother, Alfred, studied law at the university. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAfter the Nazi party came to power in 1933, the family’s life began to change rapidly. Alfred was no longer welcome at the university or allowed to become a lawyer. Fearing persecution for his political beliefs, he soon left for France and then Palestine. Herman was forced to sell his business. Meanwhile, Harry left school to become an apprentice. Finally, Harry’s parents decided it was time to leave Germany.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn 1937, a relative in New York City helped Harry immigrate to the United States. Alfred also immigrated from Palestine. The brothers went to work and began learning English. Harry took a series of contract jobs. In 1939, Herman, Blanka, and Harry’s younger brother, Frederick, also immigrated to the United States. Harry and Alfred worked to support their family as Frederick attended school and their father’s health deteriorated. By the time the United States had entered World War II, Harry was working as a foreman for a company with a Navy contract. Alfred meanwhile, had started his own business and family.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAfter the war, Harry met Theresa Hirsch (born Therese in 1923), who was also a German Jewish immigrant. The couple married in 1948. Then, Harry accepted an offer to open a factory in Colbert, Georgia. Harry and Theresa bought a house in nearby Athens, Georgia, where they raised two children. Harry eventually sold the factory and worked as a consultant for the University of Georgia. After retirement, they moved to Atlanta. On July 22, 2010, Harry passed away.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eHarry introduces his family. He explains how he came to the United States. He outlines his career and explains how he settled in Athens, Georgia. Harry recalls the antisemitism his family encountered after the Nazis came to power. He talks about his family’s struggle to start a new life in New York City. He shares his feelings about Germany during the war. Harry remembers how he met his wife. He describes returning to Frankfurt, Germany for a visit. The interview ends with Harry’s reflections on the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eHarry Goldsmith is interviewed by John Kent in Atlanta, Georgia on June 20, 2008.\u003c/p\u003e (general)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29067"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Blanka Loeser Goldsmith (personal name)","Herman Goldsmith (personal name)","Alfred Goldsmith (personal name)","Frederick Goldsmith (personal name)","Harry Goldsmith (personal name)","Theresa Goldsmith (personal name)","Benito Mussolini (personal name)","Adolf Hitler (personal name)","Nazi (other)","Kristallnacht (named event)","Great Depression (named event)","Holocaust (named event)","World War II (named event)","Frankfurt, Germany (geographic term)","Italy (geographic term)","Palestine (geographic term)","France (geographic term)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","New Jersey (geographic term)","Connecticut (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Athens, Georgia (geographic term)","Colbert, Georgia (geographic term)","University of Georgia (corporate name)","Catskills (geographic term)","Bad Nauheim, Germany (geographic term)","Seligenstadt, Germany (geographic term)","Stolperstein (other)","Eagle Electric (corporate name)","Taller and Cooper, Inc. (corporate name)","Boerneplatz Synagogue (corporate name)","Philanthropin (corporate name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHarry Goldsmith was born Heinz Salomon Goldschmidt in Franfurt am Main, Germany on February 27, 1921. Harry was the middle of three sons born to Herman and Blanka Goldschmidt. Harry\u0026rsquo;s father was a horse dealer and the family lived a comfortable life. They belonged to the Boerneplatz synagogue. Harry attended school at the Philanthropin, a Jewish school, and his older brother, Alfred, studied law at the university.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAfter the Nazi party came to power in 1933, the family\u0026rsquo;s life began to change rapidly. Alfred was no longer welcome at the university or allowed to become a lawyer. Fearing persecution for his political beliefs, he soon left for France and then Palestine. Herman was forced to sell his business. Meanwhile, Harry left school to become an apprentice. Finally, Harry\u0026rsquo;s parents decided it was time to leave Germany.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn 1937, a relative in New York City helped Harry immigrate to the United States. Alfred also immigrated from Palestine. The brothers went to work and began learning English. Harry took a series of contract jobs. In 1939, Herman, Blanka, and Harry\u0026rsquo;s younger brother, Frederick, also immigrated to the United States. Harry and Alfred worked to support their family as Frederick attended school and their father\u0026rsquo;s health deteriorated. By the time the United States had entered World War II, Harry was working as a foreman for a company with a Navy contract. Alfred meanwhile, had started his own business and family.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAfter the war, Harry met Theresa Hirsch (born Therese in 1923), who was also a German Jewish immigrant. The couple married in 1948. Then, Harry accepted an offer to open a factory in Colbert, Georgia. Harry and Theresa bought a house in nearby Athens, Georgia, where they raised two children. Harry eventually sold the factory and worked as a consultant for the University of Georgia. After retirement, they moved to Atlanta. On July 22, 2010, Harry passed away.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHarry introduces his family. He explains how he came to the United States. He outlines his career and explains how he settled in Athens, Georgia. Harry recalls the antisemitism his family encountered after the Nazis came to power. He talks about his family\u0026rsquo;s struggle to start a new life in New York City. He shares his feelings about Germany during the war. Harry remembers how he met his wife. He describes returning to Frankfurt, Germany for a visit. The interview ends with Harry\u0026rsquo;s reflections on the Holocaust.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHarry Goldsmith is interviewed by John Kent in Atlanta, Georgia on June 20, 2008.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/179/933/small/Goldsmith_Harry.mp4_1678201234.jpg?1678201235","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Goldsmith_Harry.mp4"]},"duration":1974.473,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/179/933/small/Goldsmith_Harry.mp4_1678201234.jpg?1678201235","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/179/933/original/Goldsmith_Harry.mp4?1678201233","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1974.473,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Harry Goldsmith [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"John: It is 2008. I am John Kent here. We are in Atlanta, Georgia.\n\nUnidentified woman off camera: You have to speak loud. He does not understand.\n\nJohn: Let us start with your name and when and where you were born.\n\nHarry: My name is Harry Goldsmith. I was born as Heinz Goldschmidt in Frankfurt\nam Main, Germany on February 27, 1921. My father was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"horse dealer. He had a\nrather large horse business. I think it was the largest in southeast Germany. My\nmother came from Bad Nauheim [Germany]. My father was born in Seligenstadt\n[Germany]. I had two brothers: an older brother, Alfred, who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was nine years\nolder than I was; and a younger brother, who is still living in New York today.\nHe was three years younger than I was.\n\nJohn: His name?\n\nHarry: His name is Frederick. My older brother's name was Alfred.\n\nJohn: And your parents' names?\n\nHarry: My father's name was Herman. My mother's name was Blanka. She was born\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Loeser, L-O-E-S-E-R.\n\nJohn: Talk about your earlier days. What was your family life like?\n\nHarry: We were semi-Orthodox. My father went to work on Saturdays, but we\nbelonged to an Orthodox synagogue, the Boerneplatz, which was burned down by the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis. I had a very happy youth. I went to kindergarten in Philanthropin, which\nwas the high school, a Jewish high school, also elementary school. It went all\nthe way up to, I think, tenth grade. If you went to university, you had to go to\na Christian school, which my brother did. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went to the university to study\nlaw, and he was in his third year when the law came out that Jews were not\nallowed to the bar. He left Germany for France. Now, France had a peculiar law.\nYou could not get working papers unless you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"joined the Foreign Legion, which he,\nof course, did not do. He went for training for Israel, which was Palestine at\nthe time. He was in [unintelligible; 3:18] France, near Bordeaux, and he was\ntrained for Israel. He became a machinist. He did not start as a machinist right\naway. I think he made ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little ones out of big stones to build streets. But he did\nnot like it in Israel, in Jerusalem and in Haifa. He lived in Haifa most of the\ntime. He went to America early in 1937. Now we come to me. I went to school. My\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents pulled me out of school at age 14. Since I had an inclination to be a\nmechanic, they found somebody who took me in as a volunteer. That means I worked\nwithout pay and worked the same -- I had a go through an apprenticeship, the\nsame as other people, as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Christians, but I was not paid. I have my\nworking papers yet from Germany, which I will show you. But when I was 16, my\nparents felt it was time to leave and they sent me to America. My father had a\ncousin in New York who owned a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bakery on 241st Street and White Plains Avenue.\nHe gave me an affidavit and he gave my brother also the affidavit to come to\nAmerica. The first two, three weeks I went to work in his bakery, of course, for\nnothing, to have something to do and to learn how to speak better English. Then,\nI went looking for a job as an open mechanic. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"struck out. I just could not get\na job. I was 16 years old and they did not want to take me. I went to employment\nagencies and the employment agency sent me to work. First job was in Harlem\nassembling traffic lights. That job lasted for a month and a half, and then they\ngot finished with their contract, and I was laid off. Then, I went through a\nseries of six or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seven different jobs in two years. I never was fired from a\njob, but these people ran out of work and let me go. I finally got a job in New\nJersey. The name of the place was Taller and Cooper. They made time clocks, also\nrecording ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"devices. Finally, they made scales to measure the pressure of wind\nunder the under the wings. In other words, in a wind tunnel. Now, when I first\nstarted there, they had eight other German refugees. They let them all go except\nmyself. I seemed to be a pretty good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mechanic or machinist, so they kept me. I\nfinally found out that they were paying people more than I whom I instructed. I\nasked them for a hefty raise, which they could not give me. I left and I went to\nwork a day ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later. Also sent by the employment agency, I went to work for Eagle\nElectric in Long Island City [in Queens, New York City, New York]. I worked as a\nmachinist for six months. Then they promoted me to foreman of their fuse\ndepartment, which was a lucky thing. The war started and we made fuses for the\nNavy. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Navy Department kept me out of the Army throughout the war. After the\nwar was over and the war contacts were canceled, boom, I went in, [but] not for\nlong. My father, who had come in 1939 with my mother and younger brother, he got\nvery sick. My mother could not handle him, so I was discharged on a dependency\ndischarge. I went back to Eagle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Electric and I worked there a total of 18 years,\nfirst ten years as a foreman and then eight years as an assistant\nsuperintendent. Then, I had a chance to go into business in Georgia. My younger\nbrother, who was a traveling salesman, had a friend in Athens, Georgia, who\nwanted a partner to start a third factory. He had two of them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already. That was\nme. I came to Athens [Georgia]. We got together. We built a new place in\nColbert, C-O-L-B-E-R-T, Georgia. It is about 17 miles out of Athens. I was in\nbusiness there for 25 years, making ladies pants and skirts until South ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Korea\n[and] South America gave us too much competition. I gave it up. I got rid of it.\nI went to work for the University of Georgia as a business consultant. I helped\npeople start a business or helped them out if they if their business went bad. I\nwas quite successful at doing that. I did that for six years and then I retired ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"completely.\n\nJohn: Let us maybe go back a little bit back to the thirties.\n\nHarry: Okay.\n\nJohn: You were there until 1937, right?\n\nHarry: Right.\n\nJohn: During those four years when the Nazis started taking over, what did you\nnotice happening around you?\n\nHarry: I knew. My brother had communist tendencies. He had to leave because\notherwise they would have put him in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camp or killed him. He\nbecame a successful businessman once he was in New York and, of course, those\ntendencies disappeared. He became a good Democrat.\n\nJohn: A communist businessman.\n\nHarry: He had a tool and die business. His son just gave it up, sold it. His son\ninherited ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. I had to deny my Jewishness by not telling anyone that I was\nJewish while I was working. When people said, \"Heil Hitler\" to me, I said \"Drei\nLiter.\" [German: three liters] I said it fast. I learned it sounded like 'Heil\nHitler,' so I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not caught. If I had been caught, I probably would not have\nbeen able to keep that job and learned my trade. I also had to go to a\ncontinuation school because I left school at 14. I was the only Jew in that\nschool. During the time that they had social studies--which meant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learn about\n[Adolf] Hitler, and what Hitler meant, and all that--I was sent home. The kids,\nafter a while, did not care for me because obviously I was Jewish. One day, they\ntried to beat me up. I took the pump off my bicycle, and I swung, and I hit some\nof them, and then got on my bike, and took off. They never bothered me after I\nstarted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hit them.\n\nJohn: What did you make of that? That all of a sudden being Jewish was a\ndangerous or a negative thing?\n\nHarry: I knew that Jews were second class citizens in many countries. My\nfather's business started to go downhill and he had to give it up eventually. He\ngot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"practically nothing for it when he sold it. Anyway, I felt -- When we went\nto the synagogue on Friday nights or Saturday mornings, people yelled, \"Jew! Jew\nbastard!\" As a kid, you got frightened.\n\nJohn: What was your understanding of why this was happening?\n\nHarry: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why it was happening? At that time, I could not figure it out. It was\njust because I was Jewish and they were not. Maybe the Pope had something to do\nwith it at that time. I had not figured it out.\n\nJohn: When did the idea come to get out?\n\nHarry: It was -- My parents figured my older brother and I should ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pave the way\nfor them to earn a living. That is what we did. My father was too old to get a\njob. He had a stroke already during the time of the Kristallnacht. This was too\nmuch for him. He could not stand it. My father was a good German. He felt very\nGerman until Hitler ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came. My parents were afraid to talk. We had a telephone.\nThey were afraid that people would listen in on the telephone, even [if] the\ntelephone was on the hook, that they had ways of telling what is happening, what\nwe are talking about. Of course, we talked against Hitler.\n\nJohn: Did you have any friends who turned against you over a period of years?\n\nHarry: I only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had Jewish friends. I played with children in our business who\nwere not Jewish, but there was no difference.\n\nJohn: Talk about how you managed to make the move out of Germany.\n\nHarry: My parents gave me plenty of clothes and I moved to New ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York. We--my\nbrother and I--took a room from other refugees. We rented a room. We made our\nown supper. I know my first job, I earned $12 and I saved five. When my parents\ncame over, we barely made enough to support them. My younger brother still had\nto go to school. I think I was making ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$15 a week and my brother was making $20 a\nweek. My father was sick and had to go to the doctor, so it was quite a burden.\nSometimes we did not have bread for the next day until I got paid.\n\nJohn: Was there any assistance at all?\n\nHarry: No, no assistance. At the time when we came, there was no.\n\nJohn: No refugee organizations?\n\nHarry: No, we did not go to a refugee organization. The state or the government\ndid not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"support you. There was no such thing as relief organizations.\n\nJohn: Did the Jewish community have any kind of help for refugees?\n\nHarry: No.\n\nJohn: You were on your own?\n\nHarry: I did not go to synagogue anymore. My parents did. Both my brother and I\nhad to work Saturdays, Fridays. Eventually we worked our way up and we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did not\nneed any assistance. As a matter of fact, within five years, I made enough money\nto be in the top two percent of the country. Then, we did not need it anymore.\n\nJohn: Start talking about how the war years were like in New York. What was\ngoing on around you?\n\nHarry: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"found -- Let me let me talk to you about something else. I went to --\nOne of my jobs was in a factory that employed only Germans. When I went in\nthere, I was told -- This was the Depression. I was told not to mention that I\nwas Jewish--everybody talked German there--or I would not have a very pleasant\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. I could not stand it for longer than two weeks. I had to quit because\nthese were Nazis in New York. I did not know that existed. These were people in\nthe Bund. Anyway, how did the war years affect me? I worked two shifts very\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often in order to keep the machinery going. I did not get any more pay for\nworking later. I was [paid a] salary. I was a foreman. I did not care as long as\nI got the work out for the Navy. I was very proud that we never got one reject\nof all the thousands of fuses we made for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Navy. My father, in the meantime,\ngot very sick. We got a telephone finally. You had to apply to get a telephone.\nThere was a long waiting period. The war did not affect us, except I could not\nget cigarettes. I had to get them through our firm. I was a heavy smoker in\nthose ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"days. Sugar was rationed. I think coffee was rationed, too. There were\nseveral things we could not get, but, on the whole, we went through the war\nwithout too much trouble. My younger brother was drafted in the army. He had\nvery poor eyesight. Even though the he had poor eyesight, they took him, and\nsent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him to Germany when the war was over as an interpreter. He spent two years\nin Germany. My older brother was a tool and die maker. He made the dies that\nmade the tail assembly for the P40 plane. They almost drafted him, but he had a\nfamily already--a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wife and two children--so they kept them out of the army. That\nis about it.\n\nJohn: Maybe talk about the German part of you that gradually became the enemy.\n\nHarry: Once I came to America, I did not want to be German anymore. I stopped\ntalking German except to my parents. My parents went to school at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night to learn\nEnglish. My father never learned it. My mother did pretty well and we talked --\nMy wife and I do not talk German if we can help it. My German is very bad today.\nIn 71 years, I have not talked too much German.\n\nJohn: You did not have any conflicting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feelings about that America is at war\nagainst your own people?\n\nHarry: No, I was completely for America. I wanted America to win. As a matter of\nfact, we were invited back. I was invited back by Frankfurt and my wife came\nwith me. She was invited, too. When we walked through Frankfurt, I saw some\nplaces, and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"Well, we missed this one,\" bombing it. I mean, to me, they\ncould have destroyed Germany and I would have loved it.\n\nJohn: When you became aware through the news of the Holocaust aspect of the war,\nwhat kind of thoughts did you have as the information slowly came out?\n\nHarry: We had to get rid of Hitler. Otherwise, he would have taken over the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world. We were very happy that America got into the war and helped England and\nRussia. Russia would have disappeared if we had not helped them, and made ships,\nand sent food over and ammunition. I do not know what would have become of\nEurope anyway if Hitler would have won. Our whole aim ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was [to] get rid of\nHitler. Germany was bad, as far as we were concerned. Otherwise, they would not\nhave had him. They voted for him, and they wanted him, and they loved him like a\ngod. To us, that was that was a no-no.\n\nJohn: Do you have any insight about the German culture or the German mentality?\n\nHarry: We could not figure ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out with German culture how they could sink that low.\nNow, we had friends, we had a college professor friend who was in Athens, who\nwas a judge in Berlin, and they chased him out. They took his job away. He went\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Italy. Then, [Benito] Mussolini started to give Jews the works and he had to\ncome to America. He taught at the University of Georgia very successfully in\ninternational law. All of us that we knew were against Hitler. The German\nculture did not mean anything anymore because that German culture turned into a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bunch of devils.\n\nJohn: This idea of survivor guilt that we hear about --\n\nHarry: No, I have no survivor guilt. Absolutely none. I am very proud to be a survivor.\n\nJohn: When the information started coming out, and pictures, and the Nuremberg\ntrials, and so on, what kind of thoughts and reactions did you have?\n\nHarry: That the right thing was being ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done. They got rid of some of them. I\nthink there are some still in South America, which they have not caught. I wish\nthey would.\n\nJohn: Start talking about life after the war when things sort of became normal again.\n\nHarry: After it became normal, we lived the normal life of an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American citizen.\n\nJohn: When did you meet your wife?\n\nHarry: I met my wife in the Catskills on vacation. Now, her uncle used to live\nnext door to me in Germany. I never knew her. I met her in the Catskills. It had\nto be. It was fate that we met.\n\nJohn: What was it that attracted you to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her?\n\nHarry: The funny thing was she talked German to a girlfriend. That same evening,\nwe danced. I said to her, \"You know, if I were you, I wouldn't talk German.\nSomebody might understand you.\" Then, I told her I talked German.\n\nJohn: She did not know your accent?\n\nHarry: No, she did not know of accents by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then. When I was younger, I did not\nhave as much of an accent as I have today.\n\nJohn: How did the two of you get together and start a family life?\n\nHarry: We dated when we came back to New York. We fell in love, and got married,\nand had children. We bought a house, sold it, and moved to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Athens, and brought\nthe children up in Athens. They are successful people today.\n\nJohn: Talk about your kids a little bit.\n\nHarry: Talk about what?\n\nJohn: Your kids.\n\nHarry: I have a daughter who used to be in advertising in New York. She married\nan entrepreneur and she lives in upstate New York near the Connecticut border.\nMy son is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an attorney here in Atlanta. He has two children. My daughter does not\nhave any children.\n\nJohn: How much have you and your wife talked to them about your history?\n\nHarry: We talk to them on and off. They know just about everything that we went through.\n\nJohn: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe talk a little about the Jewish part of your life. Did the war change\nthat in any way?\n\nHarry: Not only the war. I am an agnostic today and I guess my wife is, too. We\nwere brought up both in Orthodox families, but we lost it.\n\nJohn: How? Was that a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decision?\n\nHarry: We both read quite a bit, or I used to read when I was able to. We still\nhave not made up our minds whether G-d created man or man created G-d.\n\nJohn: What kind of a Jewish identity or connection do you have now, if any?\n\nHarry: I am a Jew. I will always be a Jew. I never deny it. I feel a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kinship to the rest of the Jews, except I do not pray or I do not believe in G-d.\n\nJohn: Have you had any contact then with Germany or German people over the years?\n\nHarry: Yes. When we were invited to Germany, we met a very nice couple. He was a\nprincipal of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school and she was a teacher. We became very friendly with them.\nThey do an awful lot to make right what Hitler made wrong. They are wonderful\npeople. They are putting in -- I do not know whether you are aware of this. In\nFrankfurt, they are putting up what they call Stolperstein [German], ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which\ntranslated is 'a stone you fall over.' They are putting up stones in front of\nthe houses where Jewish people lived, who were sent to the concentration camp,\nand killed in the concentration camp. They are putting up a bunch of --\n\nJohn: Stumbling ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stones.\n\nHarry: Stumbling stones, Stolperstein. They are very active in that. My wife\nlost an uncle and aunt that way. We gave them the information and they are\nputting up the right thing.\n\nJohn: What is your opinion about the change in the Germans?\n\nHarry: Younger generation seems to be okay. Of course, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"look, there always will\nbe antisemitism in Germany the same as it is in France and in England. There\nalways will be.\n\nJohn: Why?\n\nHarry: Why? Because we are different. We are different. We put more value into\nlearning. When our kids were brought up, there was no question. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to\ngo to the university. I think we have more ethics, at least most of us. I hope\nso. I pride myself on having some ethics.\n\nJohn: Maybe a big general question: How do you suppose the Holocaust has changed\nthe world or society in general?\n\nHarry: That ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remains to be seen. We do not know whether the world learned by it.\nWe really do not know.\n\nJohn: That is a big statement.\n\nHarry: Yes. You know, this can happen again.\n\nJohn: Elaborate on that.\n\nHarry: If the Arabs had their way, they would wipe us out, would they not? At\nleast ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/transcript/41988/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of them. And they deny that this [the Holocaust] happened.\n\nJohn: Are there any other particular memories that you want to mention?\n\nHarry: No, I think I was pretty elaborate.\n\nJohn: Okay. Thank you for sharing your history.\n\nHarry: You are welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1950.0,1980.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrankfurt [German: Frankfurt am Main] is a central German city on the Main River. In 1933, more than 26,000 Jews lived in Frankfurt, making the city the second-largest Jewish community in Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBad Nauheim is a town approximately 32 miles (51 kilometers) north of the city of Frankfurt, Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSeligenstadt is a town approximately 14 miles (22.5 kilometers) southeast of the city of Frankfurt, Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA large Orthodox synagogue known as the \u003cbr\u003eBoerneplatz synagogue was built on the southern edge of Frankfurt’s Jewish quarter in 1881-1882. During the Kristallnacht pogrom of November 9-10, 1938, the Boerneplatz, like many of the city's synagogues and its yeshiva, was burnt down. Today, the site is home to a memorial and a museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhilanthropin was a free primary and secondary level school founded in 1804 in the Jewish quarter of Frankfurt, Germany. After the Nazis seized power, the school remained open until 1941. After the war, the building was used by Frankfurt’s Jewish community for various purposes. In 2006, the Emil Lichtigfeld Schule, which began in 1966 as the first Jewish school to open after the war, moved into the building.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn April 1933, Nazi leaders in Germany passed the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service [German: Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums]. The law excluded Jews and other political opponents of the Nazis from all civil service positions. By September 1933, a new law concerning membership in the bar further excluded Jews from the judicial system.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe French Foreign Legion [French: French Légion étrangère] is an elite military force created in 1831. Originally, it consisted of foreign volunteers, but is now comprised of volunteers from any nation, including France. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFueled by growing antisemitism and the Nazi’s seizure of power in Germany, there were numerous organizations throughout Europe which focused on training and preparation for immigration to Palestine during the 1930s and until the outbreak of World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine was a geopolitical entity under British administration. It was carved out of Ottoman Syria after World War I, and consisted of the territories of modern-day Israel and Jordan. British civil administration in Palestine operated from 1920 to 1948. It was formalized with the League of Nations’s consent in 1923 and contained two administrative areas. The land west of the Jordan River, known as Palestine, was under direct British rule until 1948, while the land east of the Jordan was a semi­autonomous region known as Transjordan under the rule of the Hashemite family. It gained independence in 1946 as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. When the British Mandate over Palestine expired on May 14, 1948, the State of Israel declared its independence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States during the 1930s and 1940s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (Federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 7, 1941, the United States declared war on Japan following the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, a United States Navy deep-water naval base in Hawaii. Three days later, after Germany and Italy declared war on it, the United States became fully engaged in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAthens is a city in northeast Georgia, known for its antebellum architecture and as the home of the University of Georgia. It is approximately 70 miles (112 kilometers) northeast of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColbert is a small town 10 miles (16 kilometers) east of Athens, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Georgia, founded in 1785, also referred to as ‘UGA’ or simply ‘Georgia,’ is an American public research university in the city of Athens, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first concentration camps were established in Germany soon after Adolf Hitler’s appointment as chancellor in January 1933. The camps served as detention centers for actual and perceived political opponents (Communists, Social Democrats, Democrats), who were among the first victims of systematic Nazi persecution. They were frequently imprisoned without trial and under harsh conditions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi salute, also called the 'German greeting' by the Nazi Party, 'Hitler greeting,' or ‘Sieg Heil’ salute, is a gesture that was used as a greeting by the German National Socialist (Nazi) party in the 1920s. The greeting later became compulsory in Nazi Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn April 1933, the Law against the Overfilling of German Schools and Universities was adopted. It restricted the number of Jewish students in any one public school to no more than five percent of the total student population. The public school system was also purged of Jewish teachers. Schools played an important role in spreading Nazi ideas to German youth. Students were taught devotion to Hitler, race consciousness and military preparation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs soon as the Nazis rose to power in January 1933, the Jews of Frankfurt, like Jews all over Germany, were subjected to discrimination. The city's Jewish mayor was immediately kicked out of office and many Jewish workers were fired from their jobs. The Nazis in Frankfurt began their anti-Jewish boycott earlier than the rest of the country, and continued boycotting Jewish enterprises after the official one-day boycott of April 1, 1933. The Jews of Frankfurt responded to their community's seriously deteriorating economic circumstances by establishing a widespread welfare system. By 1935, almost 20 percent of the Jews in Frankfurt were being assisted by the welfare network.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 7, 1939, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew living in Paris, shot German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath in Paris. Grynszpan apparently acted out of despair over the fate of his parents, who are trapped along with other Polish Jewish deportees in a no-man’s-land between Germany and Poland. The Nazis used the shooting as antisemitic propaganda fervor, claiming that Grynszpan was part of a wider Jewish conspiracy. When Vom Rath died two days later, the Nazis used the incidence to fuel violent pogroms. On November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called “Kristallnacht,” which means “Night of Broken Glass,” because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. Thousands of German Jews (including 2,000 in Frankfurt) and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany. Most were released within a few weeks, but only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind. The grave violence led many Jews to flee the country, and by May 1939, only about 14,000 Jews were left in Frankfurt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929, when the American stock market crashed, and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century. The Great Depression is often seen as the major turning point in 20th-century world history. In Europe, World War I had a long-term impact on the economy and financial stability. Postwar inflation spiraled into hyperinflation by the 1920’s and European banks struggled to stay open. Exasperating the situation were skyrocketing unemployment rates. The Great Depression had immediately visible political and social ramifications in Europe, including increased antisemitism and nationalism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe German-American Bund was an American Nazi organization established in the 1930s. Its main goal was to promote a favorable view of Nazi Germany. It was strongest before World War II began in 1939 and dwindled during the war when “favorable” views of Nazi Germany were less popular. In its heyday, the Bund held large rallies and operated summer camps. Naturally, it was highly antisemitic. Its leader, Fritz Julius Kuhn, a German immigrant, was later convicted of embezzlement and tax evasion and sent to prison. In 1945 he was released and deported to Germany, where he died in 1951.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Curtiss P-40 Warhawk is an American single-engine, single seat aircraft that first flew in 1938. It was one of the most widely used fighter planes by the United States in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn October 1941, the first Jews were deported from Frankfurt to Lodz, Poland. On November 11, 1,052 Jews were sent to Minsk, and another 902 were deported to Riga on November 22. During 1942, 2,952 Jews from Frankfurt were sent to Theresienstadt. More Jews were deported eastward in late 1942 and throughout 1943. The last transport of Jews from Frankfurt was transferred to Theresienstadt in January 1944. Altogether, only 600 Jews from Frankfurt survived the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (1883-1945) was an Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party. He ruled Italy as Prime Minister from 1922 until he was ousted in 1943. He ruled constitutionally until 1925, when he dropped all pretense of democracy and set up a legal dictatorship. He was known as “Il Duce” (“The Leader”). Mussolini was captured and executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans on April 27, 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder pressure from his more powerful ally, Mussolini passed antisemitic legislation called the “Manifesto of Race” in 1938. Like the Nuremberg Laws, these laws stripped Jews of Italian citizenship and any position in the government or professions. Although Italian authorities did not always enforce the discriminatory legislation, it still prompted thousands to emigrate, primarily to the Americas, between 1938 and 1942. Despite its alliance with Germany, the Fascist regime also did not enforce German demands to concentrate and deport Jews to killing centers in German-occupied Poland. Mainland Italy and Italian-occupied areas remained relatively safe for Jews until September 1943, when Italy surrendered to the Allies. The Germans quickly occupied northern and central Italy, radically altering the situation for Italian Jews. By the time German forces in Italy surrendered in May 1945, the Germans had deported 8,564 Jews from Italy and formerly Italian-occupied areas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommonly referred to as the Nuremberg Trials, the Trial of Major War Criminals was held from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946 in Nuremberg, Germany and was widely covered by the media. An international military tribunal tried 22 leading German officials for war crimes. Twelve prominent Nazi Party members were sentenced to death. There were twelve additional tribunals that tried Nazi doctors, judges, industrialists, and leaders of the Einsatzgruppen [German: mobile killing squads].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSome former Nazi party members and SS officers did find safe haven in other countries after the end of World War II. Many—such as Adolf Eichmann, Eduard Roschmann, Walter Rauff, Gustav Wagner, and Dr. Josef Mengele—found shelter in South American countries such as Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Catskill Mountains, often referred to as the “Catskills,” are a large area in the southeastern portion of that state of New York. The Catskills and its many large resorts were well known in American culture as a vacation destination in the mid-twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/annotation_set/1000/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStolperstein [German: stumbling stone] are a memorial project created by German artist Gunter Demnig. In the 1990s, Demnig came up with the idea of creating stolperstein to commemorate people who persecuted by the Nazi regime between 1933 and 1945. Stolperstein are 10 centimeter concrete bricks with a brass plate that are placed into the pavement in front of the last voluntarily chosen places of residence of persecuted individuals. The brass plates is inscribed with the name and life dates of the individual. As of 2019, there are over 75,000 stolperstein in at least 1,200 cities and towns across Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1770.0,1800.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/index/52718","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Harry Goldsmith [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/index/52718/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=6.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/index/52718/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My name is Harry Goldsmith. I was born as Heinz Goldschmidt in Frankfurt am Main, Germany on February 27, 1921.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=6.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/index/52718/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alfred Goldsmith","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bad Nauheim, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Blanka Loeser Goldsmith","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boerneplatz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Foreign Legion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frankfurt am Main, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frederick Goldsmith","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harry Goldsmith","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Herman Goldsmith","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York City","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Philanthropin","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Seligenstadt, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=6.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/index/52718/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Building a New Life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=309.0,608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/index/52718/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first two, three weeks I went to work in his bakery, of course, for nothing, to have something to do and to learn how to speak better English. Then, I went looking for a job as an open mechanic. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=309.0,608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/index/52718/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Athens, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Colbert, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eagle Electric","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Navy Department","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New Jersey","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York City, New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Taller and Cooper, Inc.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=309.0,608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/index/52718/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life Under the Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=608.0,1242.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/index/52718/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"During those four years when the Nazis started taking over, what did you notice happening around you?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=608.0,1242.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/index/52718/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Jewish laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bund","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communist","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Draft","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frankfurt, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Great Depression","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg Laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=608.0,1242.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/index/52718/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feelings About Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1242.0,1522.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/index/52718/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once I came to America, I did not want to be German anymore. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1242.0,1522.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/index/52718/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frankfurt, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Italy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mussolini","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg Trials","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Survivor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1242.0,1522.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/index/52718/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life After the War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1522.0,1974.473"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/index/52718/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After it became normal, we lived the normal life of an American citizen.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1522.0,1974.473"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933/index/52718/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Athens, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Catskills","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Colbert, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Connecticut","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frankfurt, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stolperstein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/87140/file/179933#t=1522.0,1974.473"}]}]}]}