{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/n00zp3wm3r/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Schwartz, Fred"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2009-11-09 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eFred Schwartz interviewed by Sandra Berman on November 9, 2009 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eFred Schwartz was born in 1923 in the Flatbush neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. He worked as a manager at a movie theater until 1941. When Pearl Harbor was attacked, Fred immediately enlisted in the Army Air Corps. Fred had two sisters and one brother, who was later drafted and served with the infantry in Europe. Fred was stationed in Egypt during World War II and participated in the North African campaigns. In 1943, he was sent to Nashville, Tennessee for additional training. There, he met Atlanta native Sylvia Glustrom, whom he married a year later. After the war, Fred and Sylvia settled in Atlanta, Georgia. The couple had a daughter and two sons. Fred ran a grocery store for his father-in-law briefly before opening Fred’s Delicatessen on Highland Avenue. Despite its popularity within the community, Fred closed the kosher deli in 1970 and later ran a liquor store with his brother-in-law. Fred died on January 2, 2012.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eFred recounts how he left his job as a movie theater manager in Brooklyn, New York and immediately enlisted in the Army Air Corps after the attack on Pearl Harbor. He recalls his mother’s reaction to his enlistment. Fred outlines his training at bases across the country before being sent overseas. He describes his journey to Egypt aboard the SS Pasteur. Fred remembers some of his friends in the military and his duties. He talks about serving with Allied soldiers from all over the world as his unit supported the British 8th Army during the North African campaigns. Fred recalls his social life in Egypt, as well as the Jewish residents of Alexandria, Egypt and the Jewish servicemen he encountered. He shares his brother’s experiences serving in the infantry in Europe. Fred explains how he met his wife in Nashville, Tennessee near the end of the war. He remembers when President Franklin D. Roosevelt died. Fred talks about President Harry Truman’s decision to use the atomic bomb on Japan. He considers how his generation compares to younger generations. Fred remembers moving to Atlanta, Georgia after the war. He recounts his first jobs. Fred shares his thoughts on the segregation he encountered in the South. He talks about opening Fred’s Delicatessen. Fred remembers Rabbi Emanuel Feldman and the Orthodox Jewish community that visited his deli. He closes by introducing his children and grandchildren.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28421"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eFred Schwartz interviewed by Sandra Berman on November 9, 2009 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFred Schwartz was born in 1923 in the Flatbush neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. He worked as a manager at a movie theater until 1941. When Pearl Harbor was attacked, Fred immediately enlisted in the Army Air Corps. Fred had two sisters and one brother, who was later drafted and served with the infantry in Europe. Fred was stationed in Egypt during World War II and participated in the North African campaigns. In 1943, he was sent to Nashville, Tennessee for additional training. There, he met Atlanta native Sylvia Glustrom, whom he married a year later. After the war, Fred and Sylvia settled in Atlanta, Georgia. The couple had a daughter and two sons. Fred ran a grocery store for his father-in-law briefly before opening Fred’s Delicatessen on Highland Avenue. Despite its popularity within the community, Fred closed the kosher deli in 1970 and later ran a liquor store with his brother-in-law. Fred died on January 2, 2012.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFred recounts how he left his job as a movie theater manager in Brooklyn, New York and immediately enlisted in the Army Air Corps after the attack on Pearl Harbor. He recalls his mother’s reaction to his enlistment. Fred outlines his training at bases across the country before being sent overseas. He describes his journey to Egypt aboard the SS Pasteur. Fred remembers some of his friends in the military and his duties. He talks about serving with Allied soldiers from all over the world as his unit supported the British 8th Army during the North African campaigns. Fred recalls his social life in Egypt, as well as the Jewish residents of Alexandria, Egypt and the Jewish servicemen he encountered. He shares his brother’s experiences serving in the infantry in Europe. Fred explains how he met his wife in Nashville, Tennessee near the end of the war. He remembers when President Franklin D. Roosevelt died. Fred talks about President Harry Truman’s decision to use the atomic bomb on Japan. He considers how his generation compares to younger generations. Fred remembers moving to Atlanta, Georgia after the war. He recounts his first jobs. Fred shares his thoughts on the segregation he encountered in the South. He talks about opening Fred’s Delicatessen. Fred remembers Rabbi Emanuel Feldman and the Orthodox Jewish community that visited his deli. He closes by introducing his children and grandchildren.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/729/small/Schwartz_Fred.mp4_1619029991.jpg?1619015592","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Schwartz_Fred.mp4"]},"duration":2428.493,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/729/small/Schwartz_Fred.mp4_1619029991.jpg?1619015592","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/111/729/original/Schwartz_Fred.mp4?1619015590","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2428.493,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Fred Schwartz [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is November 9, 2009. My name is Sandra Berman. I am interviewing\nFred Schwartz for the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project for the\nWilliam Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. Thank you very much for agreeing to come\ndown, especially on such a rainy, horrible day. We are going to be discussing\nmainly your World War II experiences, but I would like to talk to you a little\nbit about your own background. Start with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how old you were when you entered\nmilitary service. Did you join up or were you drafted?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I joined up on the evening of Pearl Harbor with a couple of friends.\nThey gave me ten days to clear out all my effects after we went through the\nlittle bit of physical. I passed through and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was given my choice of the Air\nCorps or the Signal Corps. I took the Air Corps.\n\nBERMAN: That is very interesting that you joined up the evening of Pearl Harbor\nbecause that actually leads to my next question. Do you remember exactly where\nyou were when Pearl Harbor was bombed?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I was managing a theatre. I was a younger manager. I was twenty-two\nyears old. I called the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"general manager, and told him to come down, and get the\nkeys, and everything, we're closing because I was signing up. He didn't object\nat all. He said, \"I think that's a wonderful thing to do.\"\n\nBERMAN: Where were you living?\n\nSCHWARTZ: In Brooklyn, New York, in Flatbush.\n\nBERMAN: That is where you were born?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I was born in Brooklyn, yes.\n\nBERMAN: Prior to the bombing of Pearl Harbor, did you have any inclination to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"join the army? Had you heard about what was going on with the Jews of Europe?\nWas that an issue for you?\n\nSCHWARTZ: No. I mean, that would be an issue for me, but I really had no thought\nabout joining up or anything until Pearl Harbor.\n\nBERMAN: What had you heard about what was going on in Europe? How aware were you?\n\nSCHWARTZ: When Pearl Harbor came?\n\nBERMAN: No, before Pearl Harbor, how aware were you of what was happening in Europe?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I heard little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rumors about it, but not a great deal. We announced the\nbombing in the theater to the people and all the people ran out of that theater\nto go home.\n\nBERMAN: It must have been such an unbelievable moment. Can you describe your feelings?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I don't know except that I felt I had to join up.\n\nBERMAN: How did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your parents feel about that?\n\nSCHWARTZ: They didn't know. My father was gone, but my mother . . . My brother\nknew. I called my brother, and told him, and he told my mother not to worry when\nI came home late. I was still living at home.\n\nBERMAN: What did she say?\n\nSCHWARTZ: She was very upset, but she accepted it.\n\nBERMAN: You went into the Air Force. Can you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk a little about your training\nand where you went after you passed the physical?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I went to Fort Dix. I went to Jefferson Barracks. I went to Fort\nMyers, Florida. By the way, I met Mrs. Thomas Edison there.\n\nBERMAN: Really?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Yes, and I went to Lackland. Then, we went overseas. No, I went to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shreveport [Louisiana], at the big air base there. Then, I went overseas.\n\nBERMAN: What kind of training did you receive?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Training? We were marched up and down and all that there, which we\nthought was unnecessary, but we learned how. [There was] a lot of discipline. We\nhad a lot of exercise and all that there. They taught us how to shoot and stuff\nlike that.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What rank were you? Private?\n\nSCHWARTZ: When I went in, I was a private, but I made buck sergeant pretty\nquick. I became staff when I was overseas.\n\nBERMAN: Did you know what you were going to do, what your job would be in the\nAir Force?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I thought I was going to be a gunner. I got injured on one of my eyes.\nWe were moving a generator and it hit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. It made me see almost double on one\neye and they took me right off crew. I had to learn how to be an office man.\n\nBERMAN: Was that disappointing to you?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I don't know. I can't remember, to tell you the truth. I'm sure it was\ndisappointing because I had a lot of my friends there.\n\nBERMAN: You went overseas when?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Almost immediately. No, we were practically an all-volunteer group.\n\nBERMAN: What year? When exactly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after Pearl Harbor did you go overseas?\n\nSCHWARTZ: In 1942. I think it was April. We were an American Air Force group\nattached to the British 8th Army.\n\nBERMAN: What was the ocean crossing like?\n\nSCHWARTZ: We were 29 days on a ship. Louis Pasteur was the ship. It was a ship\nthat had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just been built but not really completed. You were supposed to sleep in\na hammock on that, but so many fellas got sick on the cruise, I tried to get\nguard duty so I didn't have to be in with the fellas. That . . . It was a\nsickening thing. It was terrible. I didn't get seasick, thank G-d. We weren't\nsupposed to, but every once in a while I sneaked upstairs so I could get some\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fresh air.\n\nBERMAN: Why were you not supposed to go up?\n\nSCHWARTZ: They were afraid the sea was so rough that you might fall over or\nsomething like that. But that was one of the regulations. You're not supposed to\ngo up.\n\nBERMAN: Where was your point of disembarkation?\n\nSCHWARTZ: We disembarked the first time at Durbin, South Africa. I couldn't\nfigure out why we went that way but they went. Our ship went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by itself. It\ndidn't go with a group. I think we started out with a group, but we went most of\nthe way ourselves. The ship was going like this here [zig zagging] all the time\nbecause they were afraid of [German] submarines.\n\nBERMAN: You got off in South Africa. Then what?\n\nSCHWARTZ: We stayed there a few days. Then we went on to Egypt [to] Port . . . I\nthink its ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"T-U-F-I-C.\n\nBERMAN: Just to talk about it a little bit more--we are going to go back into\nyour service in a minute--I want to talk a little bit about your own feelings\nand some of the people you met. Being a Jewish serviceman, was that ever an\nissue with other soldiers? Did you have any problems?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have any problems then. It wasn't until I came back from\noverseas that I had a problem.\n\nBERMAN: That is interesting. We will talk about that in a minute, but there was\nnever a problem with your contemporaries, with other soldiers?\n\nSCHWARTZ: No, we were all buddies. It didn't matter what religion you were or\nwhat. Everybody was close. If one of you had money, everybody had money.\n\nBERMAN: Did you have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"special friend?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Yes, I had a couple of special friends. Yes. One who was named Hite. I\ncan't remember his first name, I'm sorry to say. And there was one by the name\nof Kahn. And I had some very close Christian friends.\n\nBERMAN: Did you keep in touch with them after the war?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SCHWARTZ: For a very short time.\n\nBERMAN: Why do you think that was?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I don't know. I tried to. I think I wrote a couple of times, letters\nto them. I never got an answer, so I figured it was time to forget about it.\n\nBERMAN: Were there other Jewish servicemen in your unit?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Yes, we had a man by the name of Howard Tobin that I was close to. By\nthe way, he came from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shaker Heights [in] Cleveland, Ohio.\n\nBERMAN: You are in Egypt. What was a day like for you? What did you do? You were\nnot flying. You couldn't be a bomber anymore.\n\nSCHWARTZ: No.\n\nBERMAN: Where were you assigned? What did you do?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I was never a bomber. I might have been a waist gunner.\n\nBERMAN: A waist gunner, okay.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SCHWARTZ: But my duties were mainly working as a five-oh-two, I think it was, in\nan office. I can't remember all the duties, but I know that we used to get\nmessages, and used to have to relay things, and stuff like that.\n\nBERMAN: What was going on in North Africa? Were you aware of the campaigns? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Were\nyou aware of the army movements?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Yes. By the way, I made a lot of friends [with] Australians, Scots,\nNew Zealanders. We were very close with all of the members [of the Allied\nforces] there. General [Bernard] Montgomery stopped [General Erwin] Rommel from\ncoming through El Alamein [Egypt]. At that time, they shipped us to Rayak\n[Lebanon] where there was an air base ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for an emergency, in case Rommel went\nthrough. From Rayak, as Montgomery was defeating Rommel, we moved back to the\ndessert. We used to get some time off sometimes to go to Alexandria [Egypt],\nwhich was a beautiful city.\n\nBERMAN: What was that like then? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was that area of the world like in the\n1940s? It must have seemed very exotic to a kid from Brooklyn.\n\nSCHWARTZ: It was, but they had mostly people from everywhere in Europe in\nAlexandria, because--especially the Jewish people--they wanted to get out while\nthey could. That was the only place they could go, I guess. I mean, I never\nquestioned them about it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Did you see a lot of that, the panic? Did you witness any of that\npersonally of the Jews? I know there was a large Jewish community in Alexandria.\nWhat were they trying to get?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I never saw any panic there because they were busy having a good time.\nIt was predominantly French controlled there in Alexandria. But, they had the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most wonderful USO there. Not USO, [but a] British place that would be compared\nto a USO. They had dances and everything just like in New York or places like\nthat. They took good care of the soldiers. [A photo is handed to Fred and held\nup to the camera] This is in Alexandria. Can you see it?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Who is in this photo?\n\nS. SCHWARTZ: That was a Jewish family.\n\nSCHWARTZ: She was married to a Jew. She was not Jewish. She may have converted.\nThe older woman is her mother and the other one is a girl. The mother wanted me\nto marry the girl so that I could take her to the United States so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the parents\ncan get there too. But I didn't know anything about that and I wasn't interested\nin the girl. I just had one date with her and that's all.\n\nBERMAN: Did you date other women over there?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I dated several women there, but not a tremendous amount, not like a\nlot of fellas did. I did date a New Zealand nurse and she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was Jewish.\n\nBERMAN: Really? Was it important to you then to date only Jewish girls?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Mostly. Not all the way, but mostly. I didn't date very many Christian girls.\n\nBERMAN: Did your brother also go into the service?\n\nSCHWARTZ: My brother went in. He was drafted. I didn't think he'd go into the\nservice because he was the main support of my mother. My father was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gone. He was\ndrafted and he was in the infantry. He was also a ranger for a while. He was\nalso wounded several times.\n\nBERMAN: Where did he go?\n\nSCHWARTZ: He went to France. I mean, he went to England and then to France.\n\nBERMAN: Was he in D-Day?\n\nSCHWARTZ: He was going in to D-Day and the flack was so bad, they had to go\nback. He went the next ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day across.\n\nBERMAN: By boat?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I think he went in a glider.\n\nBERMAN: In a glider?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I think so. He never liked to talk about it, but he was wounded. [My\nwife's] brother [Johnny Glustrom] looked for him in the hospitals that he was in\nand he'd always miss him from one hospital to the another. Then, they finally\nsent him to England in a hospital and then back to the States.\n\nBERMAN: How was he wounded?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Mainly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by shrapnel from the 88-millimeter guns.\n\nBERMAN: While he was in the infantry?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Was he in the [Battle of the] Bulge?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I think he was, yes.\n\nBERMAN: But he did not talk about it?\n\nSCHWARTZ: He didn't talk about it, but I know he was in the [Battle of the]\nBulge, yes.\n\nBERMAN: That is interesting. Did you try to get him to talk about it?\n\nSCHWARTZ: He just didn't like . . . He said, \"I went through it and I don't want\nto talk ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about it too much.\" But every once in a while, he'd give me a little bit\nof information about what he was there for and all that there.\n\nBERMAN: Did you write a lot of letters home?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I think I wrote pretty often to my mother. That's the only one. I had\ntwo sisters at home, but I wrote to my mother and they saw the letters. That's\nabout the crux of my writing.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Were you able to describe much? Or, was it pretty censored?\n\nSCHWARTZ: No, they'd censor it. They censored all the mail.\n\nBERMAN: You mentioned that Sylvia's brother looked for your brother. Did you\nalready know your wife, Sylvia?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Yes, I believe . . .\n\nS. SCHWARTZ: Our brothers didn't know each other.\n\nSCHWARTZ: No, I didn't know her brother, but her brother was a warrant officer\nand he had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jeep.\n\nBERMAN: How did you know Sylvia already if you were from New York and she was\nfrom down here?\n\nSCHWARTZ: That's when I came back from overseas. When I came back from overseas,\nI met her by accident because I was supposed to go to Miami [Florida] to OCS.\nInstead, they sent me to cadet school in Nashville, Tennessee. The fella--Aubrey\nFerrar--that was supposed to go to Tennessee was sent to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Miami to OCS. It took\nover six months for them to straighten the orders.\n\nBERMAN: Sylvia was in Miami?\n\nSCHWARTZ: No, she was in Nashville.\n\nBERMAN: I mean in Nashville. What was she doing there?\n\nSCHWARTZ: She was at the USO. When I came in, I was in khakis because I came\nfrom the dessert. It was five above zero [degrees Fahrenheit] and, thank G-d,\nthere was a good MP [Military Police] Captain that loaned me his jacket ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until he\narranged for me to get to the base.\n\nBERMAN: Did you meet Sylvia--your wife for the last sixty-five years--at the USO?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Yes, I met her at the USO. At the beginning, I wouldn't date her or\nanything because I thought she was a little girl. She was short, and she had\nbobby socks, and she looked like a kid.\n\nBERMAN: What was her maiden name?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Glostrum.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: How did you meet? How did you finally get up the courage to ask her out?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I didn't need courage to ask her out. I dated several of the girls\nthat I met there, but she was the best sport of the group. That's how we got\nattached to each other. When I realized how old she was, she was nineteen at\nthat time.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: That is a great story.\n\nSCHWARTZ: Yes, it was a fluke, because if I had gone where I was supposed to go,\nI never would have met her.\n\nBERMAN: Getting back to Egypt, as the war progressed, were you trying [to find\nout] or did you know where your brother was at all? Did you know what was\nhappening to him?\n\nSCHWARTZ: No, I didn't find out until much later.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Certainly, in your position, you were able to know the progression of\nthe war. Did you know that the United States was winning? After D-Day, were you\nable to kind of tell that the tide had turned? When did you know the tide had turned?\n\nSCHWARTZ: We started to move on the dessert, and we'd moved further and further,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the British 8th Army, which was, as I mentioned, were mostly\nAustralians--but they had New Zealanders and Scots--and they were wonderful soldiers.\n\nBERMAN: When or how did you hear about the end of the war?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I was in the States.\n\nBERMAN: You were already shipped home?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Yes, that how I met [Sylvia] and all that.\n\nBERMAN: I thought that was after the war ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ended.\n\nSCHWARTZ: No, it was in 1943 and that was before they did field commissions, at\nleast, in my outfit. That's why they were sending me to . . . They went by your\nGCT [General Classification Test] numbers that you had. They were sending me to\nMiami, but they didn't send me there. [They] sent me to Nashville instead, but\nit was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"great because I met Sylvia there. We ended off as a couple and, by the\nway, it's sixty-six years.\n\nBERMAN: Sixty-six years. What did you do after you got back to the States? You\nwere still in the service, right?\n\nSCHWARTZ: When I got back to the States, I was in the services. First, I was at\nthe cadet center. When they finally got the orders ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"straightened out and they\nwanted to send me to OCS, she asked me not to go. I spoke to my major, and he\nsays, \"I don't want you to go. I don't want to break in another man,\" and he\narranged for me to stay there.\n\nBERMAN: What does OCS stand for?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Officer's Training School . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I guess to be a ninety-day wonder.\n\nBERMAN: Where exactly were you when you heard the war had ended?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I was in Dayton, Ohio.\n\nBERMAN: This is the war in Europe?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Yes. I was in Dayton, Ohio. Also, that's when President [Franklin D.]\nRoosevelt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died and we had a big honor for him. That was where [I was] when the\nwar ended then.\n\nBERMAN: How did you feel about President Roosevelt?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I had mixed feelings because I was a Republican. I was the only member\nof my family that was a Republican. I got that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way through a lady that used to\nwork for me as a matron of the children in the theater when I was a young\nmanager then. They used to have dances and everything else. I used to go to\nthose and that's . . . But I felt terrible when he died, just like everybody\nelse did. Everybody was upset.\n\nBERMAN: The war in Europe is ending.\n\nSCHWARTZ: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war in Japan is still going on. Then, President [Harry S.] Truman\ndecides to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima [Japan] and Nagasaki [Japan]. How\ndid you feel about that then and do you still feel the same way about it now?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I felt they did the right thing by dropping the bomb because it\nprobably saved a million soldiers getting killed. Today, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I feel bad about that\nbecause everybody's got the bomb now. It just depends who's going to use it.\n\nBERMAN: In retrospect, do you still think it was the right decision?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I think President Truman did the right thing. I was an admirer of\nPresident Truman, even though he was a Democrat.\n\nBERMAN: I was going to say, did you become a Democrat?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I always voted for the man ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether it was . . . I was registered as a\nRepublican, but I always voted for the person--whether it was a Democrat or a\nRepublican--if I admired them.\n\nBERMAN: Tom Brokaw, in a book a number of years ago, described your generation\nas the greatest ever. What do you think of his assessment?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I think every generation has great people, wonderful people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I admire\nTom Brokaw very much, but I think every generation has good people.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think your generation was more patriotic than the one today?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Why?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Because we all volunteered to go to war. We wanted to protect our country.\n\nBERMAN: Why do you think there has been a change?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I don't know. I don't understand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why, but, in a way, I'm happy because\nmy children and my grandchildren didn't get drafted. Grandparents want to\nprotect their family. That's all I can think of.\n\nBERMAN: What do you think about the present generation of young people?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SCHWARTZ: I think most of the young people are wonderful. I'll tell you, I'm\nninety years old now. When I go into a McDonald's to get a hamburger, and\nsomething else, a drink, and stuff like that, a young person will always try to\ngrab my tray to take it to the table. I think they're wonderful.\n\nBERMAN: That is wonderful. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to just get off track a little bit. Since I\nhave a Brooklyn guy marrying a Southern belle and moving down to the South, I\nwould just like to [ask] if you can recall what you thought of Atlanta when you\nfirst got down here. First of all, what were your impressions of Atlanta?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I liked visiting Atlanta, but I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't want to live here. I wanted to\nbe in New York and stay in New York with my company, but Sylvia couldn't take\nNew York. She couldn't take the mothers arguing with each other if their kids\nweren't playing with each other. Finally, I relented and came down here. At\nfirst, I was real unhappy.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What did you do? What was your first job here?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I was trying to get into the theater business. I couldn't crack the\ntheater. I was going to buy a theater, the Art Theater on Peachtree Street . . .\nAnyway, I wanted to buy that. I didn't have quite enough money. I wanted to get\nsome money from her father. He said he'd give me money if I wanted to go into\nthe grocery store, but he said he wouldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"give it to me to go into the theater\nbusiness. But I wasn't really happy at first. I went back to New York and she\ncouldn't take it, so we came back here and I stayed permanently. Then, I loved\nit. After a few years, I loved Atlanta.\n\nBERMAN: What kind of business did you go into?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I went into . . . First place, when I was going to go back to New York\na second time, her father bought a grocery store and said he's too old to run\nit. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He says, \"You got to take the grocery store.\" I stayed there for about a\nyear or two. Every day, I wanted to sell it. We finally sold it. My\nbrother-in-law was supposed to buy a delicatessen. He had a heart attack and he\ncouldn't do it. He talked me into going there. I had never cut a slice of meat\nin my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life. I had to learn how to do all these things. But I went there and\nthat's what really made me happy with Atlanta because I met so many nice people.\nI had Fred's Delicatessen for about eleven years until she convinced me to not\nwork so hard.\n\nBERMAN: I think I have your brine barrel lid in the collection.\n\nSCHWARTZ: I used to let all the kids ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that came in go to the barrel and take any\npickle they want. If they had a nickel, they could buy it and if they didn't\nhave one, they got one anyway.\n\nBERMAN: What did you think about the racial situation when you came down here?\nWhat was your reaction to separate drinking fountains and separate restrooms?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I did not like that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was a shock because, in New York, there was\nno such thing.\n\nBERMAN: Did you and Sylvia discuss it?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Did we discuss it?\n\nS. SCHWARTZ: The racial situation? Yes, we treated everybody.\n\nSCHWARTZ: We treated everybody. As a matter of fact, I skipped one business,\ntoo. Bennie Mitchell had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beer and wine place on Piedmont [Avenue] and Auburn\n[Avenue, in downtown Atlanta]. Her father talked me into getting that place. I\nwas threatened by a lieutenant policeman because I shook hands with one of the\nblack people. He was standing in the doorway and I didn't know that, and he\nscared the life ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of me. He really did. But we were unbiased.\n\nBERMAN: Did you have black clientele at Fred's?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Yes. In that place, that's all you had. You had a few white people\nwalk in, but it was ninety percent black people.\n\nBERMAN: At Mitchell's?\n\nSCHWARTZ: At Mitchell's, yes.\n\nBERMAN: What about at Fred's? Did you have black customers?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Yes, I had, but it was just a few and they were usually people that\nwere associated with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish people. They knew what corned beef was, and what\npastrami was, and all that there. I hate to tell you what I destroyed when I was\nlearning how to cut the meat, but I learned.\n\nBERMAN: Was it hard?\n\nSCHWARTZ: When you're not familiar with something, it's a little difficult. I\ndon't think anything is really too hard. I've got to mention that I had a\nwonderful man by the name of Jack Seltzer that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hired. He was . . . Without\nhim, I don't think I could have done it. He was a wonderful clerk. I had several\npeople working for me.\n\nBERMAN: People still talk about Fred's. They remember it fondly. You must have\nhad a good corned beef.\n\nSCHWARTZ: I have people come up to me in Costco. They say, \"Fred, that you? How\nabout a corned beef sandwich?\"\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What was your specialty? Did you have a specialty?\n\nSCHWARTZ: No, but I had people that used to call me and ask me when the roast\nbeef was coming out of the oven and corned beefs, or . . . People wanted hot\nmeat . . . Chopped liver, too. Yes, speaking of chopped liver, Sam Massell's\nmother used to come, and get the chopped liver for him, and never told him she\ndidn't make it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: That is a great story. Where was Fred's located?\n\nSCHWARTZ: On Highland Avenue, right near University [Drive], near the . . . The\nclosest synagogue is Shearith Israel.\n\nS. SCHWARTZ: It used to be Or V.\n\nSCHWARTZ: Or V is not there anymore.\n\nS. SCHWARTZ: It was then.\n\nSCHWARTZ: It was then, yes. Or VeShalom.\n\nBERMAN: I want to talk a little bit more about Fred's. We are transgressing here\noff of the war, but Fred's was such a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"landmark delicatessen here. You gave it up\nbecause why?\n\nSCHWARTZ: My wife practically talked me into in because I was working . . . I\nwas supposed to be off on Monday. On Monday, one of the organizations would call\nup, or on Sunday night they would call up, and say, \"I need a hundred\ntwenty-five sandwiches tomorrow morning for an organizational meeting.\" We had\nto come in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the crack of dawn and start making them. Even she came in to help\nme and she was working at the [Atlanta Jewish Community] Center at that time.\n\nBERMAN: What year did you close up?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I can't remember, but I think it was either 1969 or 1970.\n\nBERMAN: Now, was Fred's kosher?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Yes, strictly kosher.\n\nBERMAN: So, you had the okay from the Orthodox community?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I had the okay from the Orthodox community. Then, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi [Emanuel]\nFeldman preferred me to be closed on Saturday. I said, \"You get another deli to\nclose on Saturday and I'll close.\" I said, \"I won't if you can't.\" He bever got\nanother deli to close on Saturday. That was a fairly big day for me. My biggest\nday was Sunday.\n\nBERMAN: Did Rabbi Feldman then not allow his congregants to come?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I don't know, but I know I lost a lot of business ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that time.\n\nBERMAN: Because you stayed open on Saturday?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Yes. I have nothing against him. I mean, that's being Orthodox.\n\nBERMAN: I know he had this confrontation with a lot of businesses during that\ntime period.\n\nSCHWARTZ: He really hurt The Royal Bagel, too.\n\nBERMAN: I know they went of business because of . . .\n\nSCHWARTZ: That was one of the reasons they went out of business. I'm still very\nclose with the son.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Was Royal Bagel kosher?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Strictly kosher, yes.\n\nBERMAN: But they were open on Saturdays?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Yes.\n\nS. SCHWARTZ: He was too. He had a separate machine and everything.\n\nBERMAN: Describe what the restaurant looked like.\n\nSCHWARTZ: It wasn't very large, but if you came in on Sunday, you'd see them\nlined up like that. We had such a good rapport with all our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"customers. I don't\nwant any credit or anything, but any older person that came in, and had\ngroceries from the Big Apple across the street, and came in to get a quarter\npound of corned beef, I would drive them to their house. If I didn't, I sent my\nman, Jack, to do that.\n\nBERMAN: That is great. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was talking about the restaurant and what it looked\nlike. As you walked in, what did you see?\n\nSCHWARTZ: You saw there was equipment on one side and in the back, but on the\nleft side, there were shelves with the kosher wines. I only had kosher wine and\nproducts ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I got from the wholesaler for the Jewish people. A lot of them\nwere Orthodox that came to me, but I don't think they stayed very long when they came.\n\nBERMAN: What is in that location today?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I think there's a restaurant there. I believe there's a restaurant. I\nhaven't gone by there in so long, I can't remember.\n\nBERMAN: What part ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Highland Avenue was it?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Do you remember when Shackelford's Drug Store was on Highland Avenue\non the corner? Now there's [Fourteen West] real estate company there. And then\nthere was a shoe repair shop.\n\nBERMAN: Is that where the Mexican restaurant is now?\n\nS. SCHWARTZ: Not then.\n\nBERMAN: But now there is a Mexican restaurant on that corner. Yes, I know where\nit is.\n\nS. SCHWARTZ: You know where that place, Alon's, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is across the street?\n\nBERMAN: Yes.\n\nSCHWARTZ: Across the street, yes.\n\nS. SCHWARTZ: That was a service station in those days.\n\nBERMAN: Yes. You closed up Fred's and then what did you do?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Once again, my brother-in-law found a liquor store. I'm probably the\nonly man that owned a liquor store that don't drink. When I was overseas, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of\nthe boys had got word that his wife had a baby. We all drank French champagne. I\ndrank a big bottle by myself, and I got so sick, that cured me for life.\n\nBERMAN: Really?\n\nSCHWARTZ: That was my first champagne drink. If we go to a party where they\ninsist on you drinking, I'll take the glass and put my lips to it, but I won't\ndrink it.\n\nBERMAN: That will do it, just getting sick. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You have been married to Sylvia\nGlostrum for sixty-six years. How many children do you have?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Three.\n\nBERMAN: They are . . .\n\nSCHWARTZ: I have two boys--one [is] fifty-five; one [is] fifty-two--and a\ndaughter that's sixty.\n\nBERMAN: How many grandchildren?\n\nSCHWARTZ: Four grandchildren.\n\nBERMAN: Is everybody here in Atlanta?\n\nSCHWARTZ: No. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's see, three are in Atlanta and one is in Sautee, Georgia,\nright outside of Helen, Georgia.\n\nBERMAN: In closing, if you can think of a lesson that we may have learned from\nWorld War II and all the sacrifices that this country and men like yourself\ngave, what would that be?\n\nSCHWARTZ: I think the world always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/transcript/24861/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has people like [Adolf] Hitler, [or] like\nwhat's going on in Iran now, that cause trouble, scare the life out of everybody\nin the world. I think there'll always be trouble. It's been going on since\nhistory started. We just have to be prepared to fight against it, that's all.\n\nBERMAN: On that note, I would like to thank you. Thank you for participating.\n\nSCHWARTZ: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2400.0,2430.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Fred Schwartz [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePearl Harbor is located on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. On December 7, 1941 the Japanese surprised the United States by attacking the United States’ fleet, which was docked in Pearl Harbor. Just before 8 a.m. on that Sunday morning, hundreds of Japanese planes descended on the base, where they managed to destroy or damage nearly 20 American naval vessels, including eight battleships, and over 300 airplanes. More than 2,400 Americans died in the attack, including civilians, and another 1,000 people were wounded. The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was the beginning of World War II for the United States, which until that time had remained neutral. A few days later, Germany declared war on the United States as well and we began fighting in the Pacific and Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) was the military aviation arm of the United States between 1926 and 1941, and was the United States Army.  In 1947 it renamed the United States Air Force and became its own entity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Army Signal Corps develops, tests, provides and manages communications and information systems support for the command and control of combine arm forces. It was founded during the Civil War and, in World War II, it was one of the technical services for the Army. They were responsible for establishing and maintaining communications services schools to man Signal Corps units on the front line.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFlatbush is a neighborhood in the New York City, New York borough of Brooklyn. Flatbush was founded in 1651 by Dutch colonists. By the first half of the twentieth century, it was a popular working-class neighborhood that included many Irish Americans, Italian Americans, and Jews. The neighborhood is home to many Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform Jewish institutions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, is commonly called ‘Fort Dix.’ It is located south of Trenton, New Jersey and was established as a United States Army post in 1917 and originally called ‘Camp Dix.’ It ended its active Army training in 1991 and currently serves as a training center for Army Reserve and National Guard soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jefferson Barracks Military Post was a United States Army installation south of St. Louis, Missouri in operation from 1826 through 1946. Jefferson Barracks served as a gathering point for troops and supplies bound for service in the Mexican War, U.S. Civil War, various Indian conflicts, Spanish American War, Philippine War, and both World Wars. Jefferson Barracks also served as the first Army Air Corps basic training site. In World War I, Jefferson Barracks served as a training and recruitment station for soldiers headed to Europe. During World War II, it was the largest Army Air Force technical training center in the nation. It also served as a detention camp for Italian and German prisoners of war. It is now used as a base for the Army and Air National Guard, while other parts of the base are a historic park.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, there were two Army airfields near Fort Myers, Florida. Page Field Army Airfield was about four miles south of Fort Myers. It was established in 1942 and used as a training field for the Third Air Force until it was closed in September 1945. Buckingham Army Airfield is about ten miles east of Fort Myers and is likely where Fred was sent. Also established in 1942, it trained aerial gunners who would defend bombers. When active, it was the largest airfield in the state of Florida. It was closed in September 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMina Miller Edison (1865-1947) was the second wife of American inventor, Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931). He married her in 1886 after the death of his first wife, Mary Stillwell Edison, in 1884. The two lived in Glenmont (Thomas Edison's laboratory and residence in West Orange, New Jersey), where Mina continued to live until her death. After Thomas’ death, Mina continued to also winter at Seminole Lodge, a vacation home built in 1886 by the Edisons in Fort Myers, Florida. Mina was active in civic life both in New Jersey and in Florida. In April 1942, Mina toured Page Field Army Base and invited soldiers into her home for refreshments.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLackland Air Force Base was built in 1942 next to Kelly Field in San Antonio, Texas. Originally, it was named the San Antonio Aviation Cadet Center, but was renamed Lackland in 1947. It operated as a preflight school and also processed and classified aircrew candidates for training as a pilot, navigator, or bombardier. Later in the war, it also was an officer candidate training center. Today, Lackland is a section of Joint Base San Antonio, which came about when Lackland AFB was merged with Army Fort Sam Houston and Air Force Randolph AFB October 2010. They are separate military installations that are located on one base.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConstruction began on Barksdale Field in 1931 near Shreveport, Louisiana. Airships were still in use when construction began. No airships were ever assigned to Barksdale, but its hangars were big enough to later accommodate two Boeing B-52 Stratofortress bombers wingtip to wingtip. The airfield was used by both fighter and attack pilots to hone their gunnery and bombing skills. Additional barracks were constructed 1936–1937, and light bombers replaced pursuit and attack aircraft. Barksdale was developed as an Air Corps flying school November 1940 and the runway apron was completed mid-1941. During World War II, the airfield was used to train replacement crews and entire units. The name was changed to Barksfield Air Force Base in 1948, when the United States Air Force was established as a separate military branch.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Buck sergeant” refers to a newly promoted sergeant or to the lowest rank of sergeant in the military.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Eighth Army was a field army formation of the British Army during the Second World War, fighting in the North African and Italian campaigns. Units came from Australia, British India, Canada, Free French Forces, Greece, New Zealand, Poland, Rhodesia, South Africa and the United Kingdom.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS Pasteur (christened after scientist Louis Pasteur) was a steam turbine ocean liner built for Compagnie de Navigation Sud-Atlantique. Construction began in 1938, but was not complete until August 1939, just a month before World War II began. After the fall of France to Germany in 1940, she was taken over by the British government. She was used as a troop transport and military hospital ship between Canada, South Africa, Australia, and South America. Due to her speed, Pasteur normally made her crossings alone and unescorted rather than as part of a convoy. She made one voyage from Glasgow to Halifax with a mixed complement of troops, including officers arranging the transport of 20,000 British troops across Canada and the Pacific to Singapore in October 1941. She also carried almost 2,000 German prisoners to prisoner of war camps in North America. In addition, she transported prisoners from Suez, Egypt to South Africa. In 1943, she visited Freetown, Cape Town, Durban, Aden and Port Tewfik, and then back to the Clyde and Halifax. She carried 10,000 troops of the British 8th Army Corps and 5,000 US 1st Army Corps troops to the Battles of El Alamein. Altogether, she carried 220,000 troops, and 30,000 wounded, and traveled 370,669 miles during the war. At the end of the war, Pasteur was one of the last Allied ships to leave Port Said. In the course of her career, she sailed for 41 years under four names and six countries' flags. She eventually sank at sea in 1980.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDurban is a coastal city in eastern South Africa. During the period of World War II that the Mediterranean Sea was closed to the Allies, Durban provisioned a vast number of ships en route from Britain to the Suez.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNow called Suez Port, Port Tewfik (also Port Taufiq) is an Egyptian port located at the southern boundary of the Suez Canal. Port Tewfik is to the west of the Suez Canal entrance. It was originally named as the entrance of the canal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShaker Heights is a wealthy, inner-ring suburb of Cleveland, Ohio. Founded in 1911, the city is 8 miles southeast of downtown. In the 1930s and 1940s, the area had a large Jewish population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA waist gunner is a member of an air force aircrew. The primary duty of the waist gunner was to defend the aircraft against the enemy. Waist gunners were also frequently responsible for checking the aircraft for damage and assisting the flight engineer with repairs if necessary. Waist gunners stood at machine guns mounted in the side of bombers, shooting through open windows. Because of this, waist gunners frequently wore heavy layers of shearling and leather protective clothing, as well as electrically heated suits. Waist gunners tended to suffer high causalities by incoming fighters ready to strafe the sides of bombers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Air Force used an alphanumeric code to identify specific jobs. It is unknown what a 502 position was.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eField Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, also known as \"Monty\" and the \"Spartan General,\" (1887-1976) was a senior officer of the British Army and one of the Allied commanders in World War II. He commanded the British Eight Army in North Africa and during the Allied invasions of Sicily and Italy. Montgomery was in command of all Allied ground forces during Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of France, which was launched on June 6, 1944. Promoted to the rank of field marshal, Montgomery then led the Allied forces in Operation Market Garden, a controversial strategy that was poorly executed and proved a costly failure. Montgomery's 21st Army Group advanced to the Rhine in February 1945 and finally received the surrender of the German armies on May 4, 1945. After the war, Montgomery became Commander in Chief of the British occupation forces.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eErwin Rommel (1891–1944) was a German general. He served as field marshal in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. The success of his North Africa military campaign earned him the nickname \"Desert Fox\" from British journalists. When Rommel was accused as a conspirator in the plot to assassinate Adolph Hitler in 1944, he committed suicide rather than face trial.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battles of El Alamein marked the culmination of the North African campaign between the forces of the British Empire and the German-Italian army. Both battles took place in El Alamein, a railway halt in Egypt, about 150 miles west of Cairo. The First Battle of El Alamein (July 1-27, 1942) had ended in a stalemate, but did prevent the Axis from advancing further into Egypt. The Second Battle of El Alamein (October 23-November 11, 1942) was more decisive and was the first major Allied land victory in World War II. The battle began when British commander Bernard Law Montgomery launched an infantry attack. German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel’s forces were outnumbered by the Allied troops and tanks and ultimately withdrew to Tunisia. Within days of El Alamein, Allied forces landed in Morocco. By May 1943, the North African campaign was over and the Mediterranean dominated by the Allies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRayak Air Base is located in the Beqaa Valley of Lebanon, between the towns of Zahle and Anjar. The air base was first constructed by the Germans during World War I and has been used by different foreign armies such as the German, Ottoman, British and French. During World War II, Lebanon was still a French mandate and Rayak Air Base initially fell under control of the Vichy regime, which was on friendly terms with Germany and allowed German pilots to land at the base. Following the successful Allied Syria-Lebanon campaign in 1941, Lebanon was placed under the control of the Free French, leaving Rayak Air Base an Allied controlled base. After independence in November 1943, Lebanon took hold of the airbase, however, the British Air Force remained at the base until after the war had ended. Rayak was then abandoned for a time until the Lebanese army decided to rebuild it. In 1949, it became the birthplace of the Lebanese Air Force. Today, it is home to an aviation school and technical school for the Lebanese Air Force.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlexandria is a Mediterranean port city in Egypt that was founded in 331 B.C.E. by Alexander the Great. One of Egypt's largest cities, Alexandria is also its principal seaport and a major industrial center. The city lies on the Mediterranean Sea at the western edge of the Nile River delta, about 114 miles (183 kilometers) northwest of Cairo. During the Hellenistic period, it was home to a lighthouse ranking among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World as well as a storied library. Today the library is reincarnated in the disc-shaped, ultramodern Bibliotheca Alexandrina. The city also has Greco-Roman landmarks, old-world cafes and sandy beaches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJews have lived in Egypt since Biblical times. After their expulsion from Spain, more Jews immigrated to Egypt and their numbers increased significantly thanks to the growth of trading prospects that correlated with the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. In the period between the World Wars, Egypt was friendly towards its Jewish population. In 1937, the Jewish population was 63,500, of whom, 24,690 lived in Alexandria. As Jewish persecution increased in the late 1930s in Europe, the Jewish population climbed to nearly 80,000 as refugees settled in Egypt. From June 1940 through May 1943, Axis powers (Germany and Italy) controlled large portions of North Africa and the situation became more antagonistic. By 1945, with the rise of Egyptian nationalism and an increased anti-Jewish sentiment, violence erupted against the Jewish community. Israel’s establishment led to further anti-Jewish sentiments throughout Egypt and the Middle East. By 1947, the Jewish community of Alexandria, Egypt had dropped to 21,128. By 1960, the census showed only 2,760 Jews remained in Alexandria. By the Six-Day War in 1967, there was a renewed wave of persecution and the Jewish community dwindled to just 2,500 in all of Egypt. By the 1970s, the number of Jews in Egypt fell to just a few hundred. By 2017, only 12 Jews remained in Alexandria. Today, the Egyptian Jewish community is virtually non-existent. Today, only 10 Jews live in Alexandria (2020).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough Fred says “French,” he seems to mean British. As World War II erupted in 1939, Alexandria became the largest naval base for the British Navy in the Mediterranean and the British started to use Egyptian airports to launch further attacks on their enemies and the road and railroad linking Alexandria with Marsa-Matruh became an important axis for the transport of troops and ammunitions, besides the Desert Road between Alexandria and Cairo. Both the Italians and Germans subjected Alexandria to several raids because of its key strategic location, killing many innocent civilians, but Alexandria remained a stronghold.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Service Organizations Inc. (USO) is a private, nonprofit organization that provides morale and recreational services to members of the United States military, with programs in 160 centers worldwide. Since 1941, it has worked in partnership with the Department of Defense (DOD), and has provided support and entertainment to U.S. armed forces, relying heavily on private contributions and on funds, goods, and services from DOD. Although congressionally chartered, it is not a government agency.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Normandy landings (codenamed ‘Operation Neptune’) were the landing operations that began on June 6, 1944 (termed ‘D-Day’) of the Allied invasion along a 50-mile stretch of the Normandy coast (known in its entirely as ‘Operation Overlord’) during World War II. The landings began on June 6, 1944 after being delayed one day for bad weather. First, airborne troops went sent in and then the Allied infantry began to wade ashore. It was the largest amphibious landing to that time in history combining land, sea and air elements. Nearly 160,000 troops were landing the first day. Over 5,000 ships were involved and thousands of airplanes. The Normandy landings have been called the beginning of the end of war in Europe. By late August 1944, all of northern France had been liberated, and by the following spring the Allies had defeated the Germans. The cost of the Normandy campaign was high on both sides. From D-day through August 21, the Allies landed more than two million men in northern France and suffered more than 226,386 casualties: 72,911 killed/missing and 153,475 wounded. German losses included over 240,000 casualties and 200,000 captured. On D-Day alone, German casualties were estimated at being between 4,000 and 9,000 killed, missing, or wounded. Allied causalities were at least 10,000, with 4,414 confirmed dead.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41 is a German 88 mm anti-aircraft and anti-tank artillery, developed in the 1930s. It was widely used by Germany throughout World War II, and was one of the most recognized German weapons of that conflict. Development of the original model led to a wide variety of guns.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as the Ardennes Offensive (December 16, 1944 through January 25, 1945), the Battle of the Bulge was a major German offensive launched toward the end of World War II through the densely forested Ardennes mountain region in Belgium. Hitler threw everything he had into trying to drive the Allies back and stopping their advance out of Normandy, France. The Germans achieved nearly complete surprise during a period of heavy overcast weather, which grounded the Allies’ air forces. The Germans nearly broke through (“the Bulge”) the Allied lines. Nearly 19,000 Allied troops were killed and 62,000 wounded and 26,000 missing or captured. The Germans suffered nearly 85,000 casualties before they were pushed back. It was the largest and bloodiest battle fought in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the United States, training for non-rated offers was needed to relieve flying officers of their nonflying duties during the wartime expansion of the Air Corps and the Army Air Forces. The Officer Candidate School began as a 12-week course, but it expanded to 16 weeks in 1943. It also began as a uniform program for all officer candidates, but after 1943 the last phase of training was divided into specialized training for adjutants and personnel officers, as well as supply, mess, intelligence, guard company, and training officers. Later, it expanded to include physical training and technical officers. The Army Air Forces also commissioned some individuals with special qualifications directly from civilian life. These people required some military training, so Training Command also set up an Officer Training School (OTS) at the Miami Beach Training Center, Florida to provide six weeks of military instruction. Most OTS students were 30 years old or more, with the bulk of them in their 30s or 40s. They came from all walks of life, but most were teachers, businessmen, or professionals such as attorneys and accountants. The majority were slated for administrative or instructional duties in the Army Air Forces, but there were others such as airline pilots who became Air Transport Command ferry pilots, under the wartime-era Service Pilot rating.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1942, classification and pre-flight training for the U.S. Army Air Corps took place at the Aviation Cadet Classification Center in Nashville, Tennessee.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBobby socks are a style of women's sock, white, ankle length or collected at the ankle, instead of at full extension up the leg. The term “bobby” derives from the “bob”, a hair style where the hair is cut short. Bobby socks were initially popular in the United States in the 1940s through the 1950s, later making a comeback in the 1980s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American military used aptitude tests known as General Classification Tests to assign recruits to military jobs during World War II. The Army General Classification Test (AGCT) was described as a test of general learning ability, and was used by the Army and Marine Corps. Some 12 million recruits were tested using the AGCT during World War II. The Navy General Classification Test (NGCT) used by the Navy to assign recruits to military jobs. Some three million sailors were tested using the NGCT during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA ninety-day wonder is a person commissioned as an officer in one of the armed services after 90 days or a relatively short length of training; especially after a three-month officers' training course during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as ‘FDR,’ he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of the war. He was a Democrat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States (1945-1953). He succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945 on the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt and was president during the final months of World War II. He made the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. He was elected in his own right in 1948. He was a Democrat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Nagasaki was bombed on August 9, 1945. Japan sued for peace on August 15, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTom Brokaw (1949-  ) is an American television journalist and author. He is the author of The Greatest Generation (1998) which chronicles the story of D-Day (the Allied invasion of France in June, 1944) through the words and stories of individual men and women. As a result, “the greatest generation” is mentioned often in discussion of American soldiers in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Peachtree Theatre was a movie theater that first opened in 1940 in a building located at 1037 Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1946, it was renamed the Peachtree Art Theatre. In 1949, famed Gone with the Wind author, Margaret Mitchell was killed after being hit by a car, crossing the street to attend a movie at the theater. The theater closed in 1970. Over the next fifteen years, the building housed a variety of businesses and an adult theater, until it was finally raised to make room for a 20-story office building.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSegregation was the legal and social system of separating citizens on the basis of race. The system maintained the repression of black citizens in southern states until it was dismantled during the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s and by subsequent civil rights legislation. Segregation is usually understood as a legal system of control consisting of the denial of voting rights, the maintenance of separate schools, and other forms of separation between the races, but formal legal rules were only one part of the regime. Other important elements of segregation were physical force and terror, economic intimidation, and psychological control exerted through messages of low worth and negativity transmitted socially to African American citizens.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCostco Wholesale Corporation is an American multinational corporation which operates a chain of retail stores. It was founded in 1983 in Seattle, Washington. As of 2015, Costco was the second largest retailer in the world after Walmart, and the world's largest retailer of choice and prime beef, organic foods, rotisserie chicken, and wine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSam Massell, Jr. (b. 1927) is a native Atlantan and former commercial real estate broker who served from 1970 to 1974 as the 53rd mayor of Atlanta. He is the first Jewish mayor in his city's history. A lifelong Atlanta resident, Massell has had successful careers in real estate brokerage, elected office, tourism, and association management.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHighland Avenue, is a major thoroughfare in northeast Atlanta, Georgia, forming a major business corridor connecting the neighborhoods of Morningside, Virginia-Highland, Poncey Highland, Inman Park and the Old Fourth Ward.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960’s, they removed the barrier between the men and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOr VeShalom was established by refugees of the Ottoman Empire, namely from Turkey and the Isle of Rhodes.  The Sephardic/Traditional congregation began in 1920 and was based at Central and Woodward Avenues until 1948 when it moved to a larger building on North Highland Road.  The current building for Or VeShalom is on North Druid Hills Road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1954, Sylvia began working for the Atlanta Jewish Community Center. In 1990, she retired as the Director of Early Childhood Services. The Atlanta Jewish Community Center was officially founded in 1910, as the Jewish Educational Alliance. In the late 1940s, it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the ‘Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eQuality Kosher, a kosher delicatessen and meat store located on Briarcliff Road in Atlanta, Georgia that is now known as Kosher Gourmet was formerly Fred’s Kosher Delicatessen and Kosher Meats. The store was relocated from the Virginia-Highland area of Atlanta in 1983 and was renamed Quality Kosher Emporium at that time. The store has been owned and operated by the Gilmer family since 1970.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/Kashrut is the set of Jewish dietary laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. Food that may be consumed according to halakhah (Jewish law) is termed ‘kosher’ in English. In a kosher kitchen and home, meat and dairy are kept separate, so a separate sets of dishes, cookware, and serving ware are needed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmanuel Feldman (b. 1927) is an Orthodox rabbi and Rabbi Emeritus of Congregation Beth Jacob of Atlanta, Georgia. He was born to a family of Orthodox rabbis dating back more than seven generations. During his nearly 40 years at Beth Jacob beginning in 1952, he nurtured the growth of Atlanta’s Orthodox community from a city with two small Orthodox synagogues to a community large enough to support Jewish day schools, yeshivas, girls’ schools and a kollel. He is a past vice-president of the Rabbinical Council of America and former editor of Tradition: The Journal of Orthodox Jewish thought published by the RCA. In 1991, his son, Rabbi Ilan Feldman, succeeded him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat [Hebrew] or Shabbos [Yiddish] is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Royal Bagel was a popular bakery in Ansley Mall, an open-air shopping center off Piedmont Avenue in the Piedmont Heights neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia. It was opened in 1974 by Kenny and Rose Yoss and their son, Michael. Kenny had been part of Yoss Brothers Baking, a successful bakery in New York City since the 1940s. The Royal Bagel quickly became popular for its bagels and pastries and was voted “Best of Atlanta” thirteen years in a row. At its peak, the store had 50 employees. It closed its doors in May 1997. Kenny and Rose died in 2002. In 2002, Michael began a wholesale baking company, Yoss Baking. In 2020, Brooklyn Bagel, a deli and bakery in operation since 1997, took over the space where Royal Bagel had been in Ansley Mall.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBig Apple, later Food Giant, was a chain of over 100 grocery stores that were headquartered and operated out of Atlanta, Georgia. Russian immigrant Louis Alterman started it as a wholesale food operation called L. Alterman \u0026amp; Son in the 1920’s. The company opened its first retail store, called Big Apple, in 1949. The company existed until the 1980’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlon’s Bakery \u0026amp; Market is a restaurant opened by Alon Balshan in 1992. It has two locations in Atlanta, one North Highland Avenue and one on Ashford Dunwoody Road. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSautee Nacoochee is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in White County, Georgia, United States, near Sautee Creek in the Appalachian foothills of northeast Georgia, approximately 95 miles north of Atlanta. The nearest incorporated town is the tourist destination of Helen, which is approximately 4 miles northwest.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/annotation_set/482/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFred is referring to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who was Iranian president from 2005 to 2013. During his presidency, Ahmadinejad was viewed as a controversial figure within Iran and internationally because of his economic policies, disregard for human rights, and his push for a nuclear program. He was also a vehement Holocaust denier and outspoken opponent of the State of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=2400.0,2430.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/index/47828","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Fred Schwartz [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/index/47828/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Military service during World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=38.0,863.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/index/47828/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I joined up on the evening of Pearl Harbor with a couple of friends. They gave me ten days to clear out all my effects after we went through the little bit of physical. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=38.0,863.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/index/47828/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Attack on Pearl Harbor (Hawaii : 1941)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Egypt--Alamayn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Egypt--Alexandria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Egypt--Būr Tawfīq","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eighth Army-British Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Florida--Fort Myers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lackland Air Force Base","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lebanon--Rayak","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Missouri--Saint Louis--Jefferson Barracks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montgomery, Bernard (General)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York (State)--New York--Brooklyn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York (State)--New York--Flatbush","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rommel, Erwin (General)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shreveport, Louisiana","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"South Africa--Durban","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SS Pasteur (ship)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"U-Boats","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United Service Organizations, Inc. (USO)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States Army Training Center, Infantry (Fort Dix, N.J.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States. Army. Air Corps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States. Army. Signal Corps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=38.0,863.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/index/47828/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brother’s military service in World War II, life in the US after serving, marriage and family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=863.0,1495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/index/47828/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My brother went in. He was drafted. I didn’t think he’d go into the service because he was the main support of my mother.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=863.0,1495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/index/47828/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Army General Classification Test","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Battle of the Ardennes (1944-1945)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Glustrom, Johnny","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Normandy landings (D-Day)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Postal censorship","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Roosevely, Franklin Delano (President)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tennessee--Nashville","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Truman, Harry S. (President)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=863.0,1495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/index/47828/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thoughts on the concept of the “Greatest Generation” and young Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729#t=1495.0,1617.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40102/file/111729/index/47828/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think every generation has great people, wonderful people. 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