{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/mk6542kd9d/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Friedman, Henry (2006)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2006-03-20 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Jewish Oral History Collection","International Project for the Documentation of Life Stores of Former Slave and Forced Laborers, USA"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHenry Friedman was interviewed by Sara Ghitis on March 20, 2006 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003e     Henry Friedman was born May 19, 1923, in Transylvania, an area between Romania and Hungary whose borders frequently changed. He was the youngest of three children born to an assimilated Jewish family who enjoyed a relatively comfortable lifestyle. Before World War II, Henry had studied to become an engineer in the textile industry.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e     In 1940, the area he lived in was annexed by Hungary, a Nazi ally. Henry and his family’s lives became more and more restrictive. Henry’s brother and brother-in-law were sent to forced labor camps. His brother never returned. After the Germans occupied Hungary in 1944, Henry and his father were also sent to forced labor camps. His father soon returned home in poor health and was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau with Henry’s mother, sister, and grandmother. They all perished.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e     Henry was sent to work in a factory in Budapest, where he was beaten regularly. After a brief hospital stay and surviving numerous bombing raids, he was given a special pass from legendary Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, which saved him from a forced march in the dead of winter and temporarily allowed him to stay in a protected safe house in Budapest.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e     As the Russian army surrounded Budapest, Henry was forced into a ghetto. He was then forced to supply troops on the German front in sub-zero temperatures. When he was injured, he was lined up in front of a firing squad, which he miraculously survived. He spent the last few weeks of the war in hiding. When the Russian army entered the city, Henry again narrowly escaped a forced march.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e     After liberation, Henry briefly returned home to look for his surviving family. After encountering more antisemitism, he fled to Italy. Five years later, he immigrated to the United States, settling in Atlanta, Georgia. Henry married, Sherry Wolf in 1956 and they had one son, Stephen born in 1958. He enjoyed a successful career in food sales and distribution. He continues to actively share his experiences and reflections with school groups and the community.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003e     Henry recalls his childhood and what it was like being Jewish in Romania during that time. He discusses antisemitism he felt growing up and how it got worse when the Germans took over. He talks about his father, brother, and brother-in-law being sent into forced labor. Henry recalls a blessing put upon him before he left for forced labor. He recounts the factory and foundry he worked at and the bombings and abuse he endured. Henry recalls the kindness he received while briefly convalescing in a hospital. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e     He describes being sent back to his unit at the factory. Henry explains how he received a protection pass from the Swedish Consulate and Raoul Wallenberg, was saved from a forced march, was sent to a safe house, and then a ghetto. He details being forced to service the German front line, being injured, and surviving a firing squad. He describes how he survived in hiding until the war ended. He talks about being saved from a forced march to Siberia and his return home with the help of a Good Samaritan. He expresses the sorrow he felt when he found out his brother was not returning home.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e     Henry shares why he decided to flee Romania after the war and learns that all his family was killed. He discusses his life and work in Italy. Henry reflects on the parallels between his life and the movie, Gone with the Wind. He shares how he came to Atlanta, became a painter, and began a career in sales.  He reflects on getting married in Atlanta and the birth of his son, Stephen, who is named after his brother. He discusses the recognition he received at retirement and working for his son after he retired.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e     He recounts what prompted him to start sharing his story and the reason he continues to do so. Henry details more information about his parents, grandparents, and siblings. He reflects on his faith during his childhood, happy memories from his childhood, and the places he lived growing up. Henry recalls what he remembered hearing about the war before 1944 and details the antisemitism he personally experienced. He discusses the postcard he received from his sister, who was killed in Auschwitz after the postcard was written. He shares his view on whether something like the Holocaust can happen again. Finally, he shares some photos of his family and himself.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eThe Breman Museum has a transcription of an additional interview with Sara Ghitis and Henry Friedman that was not taped. This transcription elaborates on questions asked in this 2006 interview. To view this additional transcription and for more information, please contact the Breman Archives. \u003c/p\u003e (other)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29016"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Friedman, Henry (b. 1923) (personal name)","Friedman, Stephen (b.~1959) (personal name)","Friedman, Stephen (1920-unknown) (personal name)","Friedman, Alexander (1893-unknown) (personal name)","Friedman, Ester Zuckerman (1899-1944) (personal name)","Gruenfeld, Clara Friedman (1918-1944) (personal name)","Gruenfeld, Laurence (personal name)","Horthy, Miklos (Nicolas) (1868-1957) (personal name)","Joszashely, Magdalene (1881-1959) (personal name)","Crawford, Fred (1924-1982) (personal name)","Hitler, Adolf (1899-1945) (personal name)","Manfred, Weiss (1857–1922) (personal name)","Wallenberg, Raoul (1912-disappeared January 17, 1945) (personal name)","Krinsky, Miriam “Mickie” Greenberg Eisenberg (1925-2018) (personal name)","Wiesel, Eliezer ‘Elie’ (1928-2016) (personal name)","Jabotinsky, Vladimir (1880-1940) (personal name)","Herzl, Theodor (1860-1904) (personal name)","Arbiser. Sam (1919-2014) (personal name)","Arbiser, Pola (1928-2014) (personal name)","Budapest, Hungary (geographic term)","Oradea, Romania (geographic term)","Maghvarad (Nagyvarad), Hungary (geographic term)","Arad, Romania (geographic term)","Gyor, Hungary (geographic term)","Czapel, Hungary (geographic term)","Siberia, Russia (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Warsaw, Poland (geographic term)","Galicia, Poland (geographic term)","Osweicim, Poland (geographic term)","Milan, Italy (geographic term)","Udine, Italy (geographic term)","Padua, Italy (geographic term)","Naples, Italy (geographic term)","Bari, Italy (geographic term)","Rome, Italy (geographic term)","Satu Mare, Romania (geographic term)","Danube River (geographic term)","Monte Cassino (geographic term)","Romania (geographic term)","Russia (geographic term)","Hungary (geographic term)","Transylvania (geographic term)","Italy (geographic term)","Poland (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Austria (geographic term)","Austria-Hungary (geographic term)","Sweden (geographic term)","Palestine (geographic term)","Spain (geographic term)","United States (geographic term)","BBC/British Broadcasting Corporation (corporate name)","Emory University (corporate name)","Greenwood Cemetery (corporate name)","Agnes Scott College (corporate name)","Red Cross (corporate name)","Jewish Federation (corporate name)","Jewish Progressive Club (corporate name)","Alterman Foods, Inc. (corporate name)","CFS Continental, Inc. (corporate name)","Sysco Corporation, Inc. (corporate name)","Dreher Beer (corporate name)","Volkswagen (corporate name)","Amoco (corporate name)","Mobil (corporate name)","McDonald’s (corporate name)","World War I (named event)","World War II (named event)","Holocaust (named event)","Warsaw Ghetto (other)","Ghetto (other)","Auschwitz-Birkenau (other)","Concentration Camps (other)","Viznitz (other)","Gestapo (other)","Nazis (other)","The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (other)","Gone with the Wind (other)","Zionism (other)","Antisemitic (other)","Orthodox Jewish (other)","Schutzpass (other)","Matzah (other)","Yiddish (other)","Kosher (other)","Sabbath (other)","Synagogue (other)","Star of David (other)","Shabbos (other)","Matzoh (other)","Passover (other)","Typhus (other)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHenry Friedman was interviewed by Sara Ghitis on March 20, 2006 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Henry Friedman was born May 19, 1923, in Transylvania, an area between Romania and Hungary whose borders frequently changed. He was the youngest of three children born to an assimilated Jewish family who enjoyed a relatively comfortable lifestyle. Before World War II, Henry had studied to become an engineer in the textile industry.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;In 1940, the area he lived in was annexed by Hungary, a Nazi ally. Henry and his family\u0026rsquo;s lives became more and more restrictive. Henry\u0026rsquo;s brother and brother-in-law were sent to forced labor camps. His brother never returned. After the Germans occupied Hungary in 1944, Henry and his father were also sent to forced labor camps. His father soon returned home in poor health and was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau with Henry\u0026rsquo;s mother, sister, and grandmother. They all perished.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Henry was sent to work in a factory in Budapest, where he was beaten regularly. After a brief hospital stay and surviving numerous bombing raids, he was given a special pass from legendary Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, which saved him from a forced march in the dead of winter and temporarily allowed him to stay in a protected safe house in Budapest.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;As the Russian army surrounded Budapest, Henry was forced into a ghetto. He was then forced to supply troops on the German front in sub-zero temperatures. When he was injured, he was lined up in front of a firing squad, which he miraculously survived. He spent the last few weeks of the war in hiding. When the Russian army entered the city, Henry again narrowly escaped a forced march.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;After liberation, Henry briefly returned home to look for his surviving family. After encountering more antisemitism, he fled to Italy. Five years later, he immigrated to the United States, settling in Atlanta, Georgia. Henry married, Sherry Wolf in 1956 and they had one son, Stephen born in 1958. He enjoyed a successful career in food sales and distribution. He continues to actively share his experiences and reflections with school groups and the community.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Henry recalls his childhood and what it was like being Jewish in Romania during that time. He discusses antisemitism he felt growing up and how it got worse when the Germans took over. He talks about his father, brother, and brother-in-law being sent into forced labor. Henry recalls a blessing put upon him before he left for forced labor. He recounts the factory and foundry he worked at and the bombings and abuse he endured. Henry recalls the kindness he received while briefly convalescing in a hospital.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;He describes being sent back to his unit at the factory. Henry explains how he received a protection pass from the Swedish Consulate and Raoul Wallenberg, was saved from a forced march, was sent to a safe house, and then a ghetto. He details being forced to service the German front line, being injured, and surviving a firing squad. He describes how he survived in hiding until the war ended. He talks about being saved from a forced march to Siberia and his return home with the help of a Good Samaritan. He expresses the sorrow he felt when he found out his brother was not returning home.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Henry shares why he decided to flee Romania after the war and learns that all his family was killed. He discusses his life and work in Italy. Henry reflects on the parallels between his life and the movie, Gone with the Wind. He shares how he came to Atlanta, became a painter, and began a career in sales. \u0026nbsp;He reflects on getting married in Atlanta and the birth of his son, Stephen, who is named after his brother. He discusses the recognition he received at retirement and working for his son after he retired.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;He recounts what prompted him to start sharing his story and the reason he continues to do so. Henry details more information about his parents, grandparents, and siblings. He reflects on his faith during his childhood, happy memories from his childhood, and the places he lived growing up. Henry recalls what he remembered hearing about the war before 1944 and details the antisemitism he personally experienced. He discusses the postcard he received from his sister, who was killed in Auschwitz after the postcard was written. He shares his view on whether something like the Holocaust can happen again. Finally, he shares some photos of his family and himself.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Breman Museum has a transcription of an additional interview with Sara Ghitis and Henry Friedman that was not taped. This transcription elaborates on questions asked in this 2006 interview. To view this additional transcription and for more information, please contact the Breman Archives.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/172/891/small/Friedman_Henry.m4v_1672101984.jpg?1672101985","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Friedman_Henry.m4v"]},"duration":7406.7,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/172/891/small/Friedman_Henry.m4v_1672101984.jpg?1672101985","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/172/891/original/Friedman_Henry.m4v?1672101977","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7406.7,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Henry Friedman [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: My name is Sara Ghitis. I'm conducting an interview ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with Mr. Henry\nFriedman. We are in Atlanta, Georgia, the United States. Today is March 20,\n2006. The language is English. Mr. Friedman, could you please tell me the story\nof your life?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes. Go ahead and ask me questions.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Later.\n\nFRIEDMAN: Okay, fine. My name is Henry Friedman. I was born in Oradea Mare. At\nthat time was Romania. I was born in May 19, 1923. As I recall, I had a happy\nchildhood. I had an older brother and a sister. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father, he was an insurance\nbroker, and we had a comfortable life. It was [from] time to time on some\noccasions, like when a drought occurred or too much rain, the Jews were blamed\nfor everything. It was an easy way ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to blame someone. I recall from a very early\nage that we had to close down the gates [and] doors because if a student\nuprising, antisemitism, they broke into homes and broke into synagogues. Most of\nthe time that happened around Easter ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time because it was said that the Jews used\nblood to make matzahs for the Passover. Most of the time it always happened,\nwhenever it happened, around Easter time. I recall my early childhood. I had a\nvery, very happy childhood when we lived at that time in Arad, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A-r-a-d, a city\nof Romania, in a very big Catholic community. It was a big building, and it was\nseventy-five units. We lived in one of the units with balconies on the main\nstreet of the city. That's where my father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also had his office. I recall that\nwhenever anybody was needed in a Catholic church, I was part of it. I played\nwith Catholic children, and always I recall the hayride on the fall when we went\nto harvest the grape for the church. I was never singled ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out, being a Jew. I\nnever knew at that time to feel inferior or anywhere. That was, I recall, one of\nmy happiest [periods in my] life. Later on, I attended Jewish schools and\nbelonged to different Zionist organizations, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in 1939 the Germans changed the\ncountries. They gave part of Romania to the Russians. They gave part of the\ncountry to the Czechoslovakians. The Transylvania, where I was born. It became\nHungary in 1939. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1940, the forced labor started. Until then, all my life I\nhad the desire to become a textile engineer. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was able to go for two semesters\nonly in college, because at the 'good old days' we had a quota system. Only so\nmany Jews was allowed to attend universities, so for me not to waste any time, I\nwas working as an apprentice in shops where they manufactured ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or repaired\ntextile machineries. After the Hungarians occupied . . . or the Hungarians was\ngiven Transylvania, things was kind of . . . you felt more and more\nantisemitism. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I recall it kind of bothered me that my father, who was born and\nremembered the Austro-Hungarian era, during or before the First World War, he\nremembered how well he was treated and he declared that he was always a\nHungarian. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't have that feeling since when I was born, that same city was\nRomania already. I recall in many instances we went to theater, we went to\ndifferent attractions and the Romanian hymn was sung or played, and he refused\nto stand up because he's a Hungarian. When I experienced the life in Hungary, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it\nwas kind of disappointing for me to see that he double suffered because the\nHungary what he remembered wasn't any more, because antisemitism was more\nprevalent. For instance, I remember in the same city, it was a fellow who owned\na very fancy hotel. In that hotel, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he had a stable with sterling silver buckets\nfor whenever the Hungarian governor will come to this town, that he will be a\nguest in that hotel and his horse to drink from the sterling silver bucket. My\nfather wasn't the only one who remembered the Austro-Hungarian era. [It] hurt me\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to see my father be disappointed that everything what he remembered, it wasn't\nthe same anymore. Everything changed. Now I go back to that day when the Germans\noccupied Hungary. When I say occupied, the Hungarian governor, his name was\nNicholas Horthy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was called to meet Hitler in Poland. In his absence, the\n[German] army occupied Hungary, so the Hungarian governor wasn't present because\nhe was not allowed and he didn't want that his Jewish subjects to be deported.\n[In] March 1944, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when [Hungary was] occupied, from that day on, everything\nchanged very drastically. I recall from the first day, everyone had to wear a\nyellow star, a six-inch yellow star sewn to the clothes that from the distance\nhe can be recognized that he's a Jew. No one was allowed to be on the street\nafter seven o'clock in the evening. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A Jewish physician was allowed to treat only\nJewish patients. A Jewish educator was allowed to teach only Jewish students, so\non and so on. In a very early time, my father was called into forced labor.\nForced labor at that time for him, it was very difficult, very painful. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't\nbelieve he ever done any kind of physical work, but he was called in. A couple\nof weeks later, when I became the age of twenty-one in 1944, I received a draft\nnotice that I have to report to the army. With a topcoat, a backpack already\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ready to go to the railroad station to catch a train, to go to the camp about\nninety miles away, the only one at home was my mother, my sister, my\ngrandmother. As I mentioned, my father was in forced labor. My brother, who was\ntwo years older that myself, was in forced labor and my sister's husband was in\nforced labor. There was only three ladies. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With a topcoat and backpack, I kissed\nthem goodbye, not knowing that that was the last time I will ever see them. We\nlived in a duplex. On the way out, my grandmother got hold of my hand [and\nsaid,] \"I want you to meet someone.\" [She took me to] the other part of the\nduplex. I told her, \"Please, don't look for any more problems,\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but [it] looked\nlike it was pre-arranged and she told me, \"Just follow me.\" We entered the next\nduplex and it looked like it was pre-arranged because it was an old man, with\nlong white beard, with a tallis, with a prayer shawl on his shoulder. He opened\nthe door for us. I never seen that man before. I didn't know who he was. As we\nentered, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he put the prayer shawl over my head, and I felt both of his hands on\ntop of my head, and he blessed me. I left. I was walking toward the railroad\nstation, not paying too much attention that I just was blessed. I was too much\npreoccupied what will happen to our family and what's waiting for me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't\nthink too much about the blessing. I didn't figure too much because I was too\nmuch preoccupied [with] myself, but that blessing, it was like a shield of\nprotection, which is with me even today. I will not point out to you, but\nthrough my story you will realize it because I could not have been that smart. I\ncouldn't know all the right things to do. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In my life, I came to so many\ncrossroads. Something pushed me to take the right road. When arrived at the\ncamp, it was several thousand individuals like myself, waiting for assignment.\nWhen the forced labor started about 1940, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Jews were drafted just like me,\nbut they was given uniform. At that time already, they was giving axe and shovel\nto do auxiliary work, not the rifle. They was treated very badly. From day to\nday, it got worse and worse. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I learned after the war that some of the officers,\nhigh-ranking ones, made statement that, \"We'll try to bring as few Jews back as\npossible. We'll try to just lose them in the war.\" I learned also after the war\nthat almost anyone who had any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gripe with anybody can call up the draft board\nand the individual would be drafted and killed eventually with maltreatment.\nLike what I read, If anybody, millionaires who owned Dreher brand of beer had a\nfactory, and all the cream of the crop, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the high intelligentsia, was called\ninto forced labor because someone want to get them out for competition or for\nany reason. When I arrived to that camp, the next day I noticed a bulletin [that\nsaid] they're looking for individuals who has mechanical background. I knew I\nhad mechanical background because all my life I want to become an engineer. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In\nany army, Hungarian or even American army, no one wants to volunteer because\nthey're not always whatever they're looking for. It will be delivered. For\ninstance, they [ask,] \"Who has good handwriting,\" and they will give them a\nbroom to sweep. At first I didn't want to volunteer, but something kind of\npushed me, Go ahead. You got mechanical background. Go ahead and volunteer. I\ndid volunteer. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In a very short time, about a hundred or two hundred of us in\nmechanical background were sent to Budapest [Hungary]. We were sent to a very\nbig factory. That factory had way over a hundred thousand workers. That factory\nmanufactured airplanes, tanks and almost everything connected with the war\nindustry. That was on outskirts of Budapest. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was something unusual from the\nfirst day. I wasn't used to it. Siren blasting, and enemy airplanes approaching.\nPeople drop everything what they're doing, and everybody kind of rushing toward\nthe shelter. I just followed the group. When we reached the shelter, was told\nthat there's no room for Jews. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We cannot enter the shelter, so all the Jews, we\njust went outside, far away from the building, still in the compound of the\nfactory, still behind the fence. We just laid down and watching the approaching\nairplanes dropping their bombs. This happened every day, sometimes two or three\ntimes every single day. We know not to reach the shelter. We just went outside,\nwatching the approaching ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"planes dropping their bombs. After the daily\nbombardment, the department where I was working repairing airplane wings, I was\nassigned to a different part of the factory. I was sent to the foundry.\nFoundry's a place with a big furnace where they're melting or recycling\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different metals for different purpose. I was assigned with two other\nindividuals. There's three of us. In the front, it was a long rod. Two\nindividuals was holding the rod, and in the center, the bucket was attached. I\nwas holding the fork of the bucket and poured the molten steel into a clay mold.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many times, because people didn't pay attention for whatever reason, the clay\nmold wasn't 100 percent dry, had some moisture in it, and when the hot steel\nreached the mold, sparks jumped back from the mold. Sparks like pieces of metal\nburned through the clothes, so I had to be very careful to pour, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was about a\nthree-inch opening in the clay mold. Every day we got the food kitchen came to\nfeed us with soup or whatever. I'm lined up, waiting to have my lunch, to have\nmy soup, and a Hungarian captain passed by and stops in front of me. [He said,]\n\"Jew! ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The point of your star is not sewed on tightly. [It is] loose. Tell the\nsergeant in charge that I want to see that Jew in my office right now.\" [The]\nthree of us were walking to his office. [He had a] kind of smirk on his face. No\nconversation. When we reached his office, closed the door, and without anything\nto be said, with both of his fists, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he starts to beat me over my ears, my head,\nand he kicks me. His desk was in the middle of that room. I just run around the\ndesk. He run after me. No conversation, just beating and kicking. After third or\nfourth times, I bust the door open and I run away. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm in the foundry the next\nday, very carefully pouring the steel in the mold so nobody get burned. I feel\nsomeone hit me from the back. The captain found out where I was working. He was\nwaiting until I'm ready to pour the steel. The bucket was maybe about\nseventy-five or a hundred pounds. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I couldn't drop the whole thing because\neverybody would be burned from the molten steel. He was waiting every day,\nwaiting when I start to pour, and he beat me [with] whatever he can pick up from\nthe back. That happened every single day for about two weeks. At the end of the\nsecond week, I wasn't able to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sit down or lay down. Even when I was in bed, it\nhurt me very bad. I reported to the one who was in charge with us. Again, I\ndon't know how I came up . . . I didn't want to tell [him] that the man who was\nin charge with that very big factory, who had 100,000 people . . . has nothing\nbetter to do than pay me a visit every single day? But I came up with a story. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nshow my back at first. Had to open my shirt, and my whole front was worse than\nmy back. Scab, sore and pus running out from my body. I told them since we're\nliving in very, very close quarters [with] bunk beds, three on top of the other.\nIt looked like I have some kind of infection. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[I said,] \"I don't know what's\nwrong with me, but I don't know how contagious I am, and I don't want to spread\nto everybody else. I would like for me to be sent to a hospital.\" The next\nmorning with a guard, I'm sent to . . . the outskirt of Budapest. I'm sent to\nthe hospital. At the hospital, I was given a number. They told me to go back to\nthe court[yard], park, and listen to the loudspeaker. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I hear my number to\nbe called, to come up. I'm in a park, siren blasting, enemy airplanes\napproaching. In a very, very short time, the whole hospital is in [rubble],\nbuilding collapsing, fire all over. There's no more hospital. I don't know,\nbecause the Allies, they want to bomb the hospital ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or because the hospital was\nlocated very close to the railroad station, but in a very, very short time, we\nwere bombed out. After that, things kind of quieted down. In a tiger cage, a\npilot was paraded, the American pilot who was captured from that plane. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People\nwas throwing things at him. A very short time after, whoever was still alive was\ntaken away. What the whole world is so small. About twenty years ago, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I was\nin Greenwood Cemetery here in Atlanta, we had a speaker by the name of Fred\nCrawford, a professor at Emory University, and he was the pilot in that cage in\nBudapest in 1944. Anyway, whoever was still alive, we were taken about 250 miles\nwest from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Budapest. We were taken to a big Hungarian hospital. I was the only\nJew in that hospital. I was very worried, surprised to see that I get the same\nclean bed like everybody else. I had the same food like everybody else and I was\ntreated the same like everybody else. At that time, I wasn't used to it because\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was a Jew. At that time, Jews were not treated like a normal person. I got\nused to the good living. I was there maybe for about three months or so. Every\nday, we had physician visit with a group of physicians coming to the beds. As I\nrecall, I was ordered, \"Don't wait by the bed the next morning,\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the\nmajor who's in charge with the whole hospital want to see me. I kind of got\nscared. [I wondered,] \"What have I done? All this good living will have to come\nto an end. What have I done? Why he want to see me?\" The next morning, I went to\nhis room. He closed the door behind me. He says. \"Son, I know who you are. I\nknow why you are here. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want you to hear it from me and from no one else that\nwe need your space.\" He tells me that he doesn't know if I'm aware or not, but\nthey're having very heavy casualty on the Russian front. Lots of soldiers coming\nback wounded and he wanted to let me know that in two days ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they will send me\nback to my unit. I was thinking about, it was important for me to hear it from\nhim and from no one else? He must have been a saint. Two days later, with a\nguard, I'm sent back to Budapest, to my unit. I heard that something happened in\nmy absence. The captain paid a visit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to wherever I was working for a long, long\ntime. [He] finally gave up, but he was looking after me for a long time to find\nme. Something happened in Budapest that an angel appeared, someone who wanted to\nsave Jewish lives in late 1944 by the name of Raoul Wallenberg. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was told if\nI'm lucky enough to go to the [Swedish] Consulate and get a schutzpass [German:\nprotection pass], a temporary passport, which I was able to get from\nWallenberg's office, which said, \"The holder of this document is under Swedish\nprotection and waiting for a transport to go to Sweden. Please handle accordingly.\"\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: . . . concerned the war is over. I'm under Swedish protectorate and I\nwould be able to leave Hungary, but after, the work was very irregular at the\nfactory. We were not needed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore, and even [though I had a] schutzpass in the\npocket, the Germans ignored it. I found myself walking towards Germany with a\nvery big group. At that time already, [it was] very cold. I don't have the right\nclothing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The sole of my shoes [was] long gone. I tied [it] with a string and to\nkeep my feet warm I wrapped with rags and paper, but when I stepped in the\nslush, it was very bad. We were marching for five days already [in] sub-zero\ntemperature. People dropping out, dropped dead. No one pays attention. We're\nmarching. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The fifth days, a courier catching up with us . . . a courier catching\nup with us that we have to be returned, taken back to Budapest, that we're\nneeded. Many years later, when I went to Israel and I read Raoul Wallenberg's\nbiography, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the biography I find out that the courier was Raoul Wallenberg's\ndoing, that he saved my life again. He was able to bribe the individual who\nturned us around, back and forth, we are sent to Budapest. We was taken back,\nmarched back. We were taken to a stable where the racehorses stood ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before. We\nlaid on the hay where the horses laid before, and every day from the Swedish\nConsulate we got food. At that time already, Budapest was encircled by the\nRussians, encircled completely, which meant that no one could get in or out from\nBudapest. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All the electricity was cut off for the whole city and no running\nwater. Everyone who was Jewish in Budapest or anyone from the stable, we were\ntaken to a newly formed ghetto. The ghetto wasn't organized. It had no food or\nnothing, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we was taken. The area of the ghetto was where the Kazinsky\nSynagogue is in Budapest. [It] was a very fancy, very big synagogue. The mikveh\n[Hebrew: ritual bath] from the synagogue, that was the only water to drink. One\nday ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm on the street, try to find something to eat. It was no food. The ghetto\nwasn't organized. [I was trying] to find something I can steal or find or\nanything. During the excursion, a German patrol catch up with me. There was a\ncouple of dozen like myself. We are taken out from the ghetto. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are taken to\nBuda. Budapest actually like two city. Where I been before, it was Pest, more\nmodern and flat, divided by the Danube River, which is quite wide at Budapest,\nand the other side is Buda, which is contrast to Pest, all with old castle and\nsteep mountains. We were taken by the Germans ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a German outpost, and we were\ngiven orders that every day we will assemble assemble at three o'clock and we\nwould climb the mountain and would be over there from between three until five,\nsix the next morning. At that time, in the mountains, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was maybe forty below\nzero temperature. [We had] no clothing, not the right clothing. Our function\nwould be to bring to the German army, to the foxholes facing the Russians, hot\nfood. When we finish supplying the hot food, to bring down on stretchers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nwounded or dead Germans to the base of the mountains. That would be our job. In\ncase someone get lost, don't even try to come back from the mountains, or in\ncase someone get hurt, don't even ask for any kind of bandage or anything\nbecause you're a Jew. You're not entitled to it, which meant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that if you're lost\nor hurt, you have to freeze to death or bleed to death. I'm doing that job for\nmaybe two or three weeks already, distributing hot food, and after delivering on\nstretchers to the base of the mountain wounded or dead soldiers. One occasion\nlike that, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shrapnel explodes next to me, tears up my left thigh. I'm bleeding\nprofusely. I remember that since I'm a Jew, I'm not entitled not even for a\nbandage, even though that I know the people already at the First Aid center,\nbeing over there for two or three weeks. I'm entitled to do nothing, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since I'm a\nJew. I was lucky enough that this happened, the shrapnel cut me up close to the\nplace where we're supposed to get together [when it] was already time to return,\nto go down. [I] was able to just sat down on the ice and snow, just like being\nin a boat, paddled myself ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down the mountains to the base. I remember not far\nfrom there it was a Hungarian civilian hospital. Instead to get rest, instead to\nget something to eat; we were very well fed. We ate plenty. It was dead horse\nall around. We had horse stew every single day. We was able to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get seconds or as\nmuch we want to eat. Whatever leftover, they gave it to the wounded soldiers,\nbecause the wounded soldiers were also in the same compound. Anyway, I was able\nto crawl to the hospital and I told the nurse and the doctor that, \"I'm hurt. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nneed assistance.\" With anesthesia, they took out the fragments of the shrapnel\nfrom my leg. They bandaged me up. When I was able to understand what's going on,\nI begged them, \"Please keep me over there,\" because as long as I was able to\nhelp the Germans I was kept alive, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but if I was unable to help them, I will be\nkilled. They told me that if they will keep me, if anyone will find out that\nthey're assisting a Jew, everybody will be shot. [They believed that] the\nGermans are civilized people; they [would] understand. I had no choice. I went\nback to my unit. Three o'clock arrived. Everybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[was] getting up to go up the\ntop of the mountain. I tried to get up. After several attempts, I was not able\nto stand up. The guard asked me, \"What's wrong with you?\" [I said,] \"Nothing\nwrong. I want to go to work. Nothing wrong.\"' He looked at me and saw that I\ntried to get up, but the telltale ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bright [white] bandage what I was bandaged\njust that morning from the busted britches [told] the whole story. The guard\nsaid, \"It looks like you're hurt. You can't come out today.\" He said, \"We will\ncome back later on and take you to a German hospital.\" They left. I was left\nbehind with three, four other Jews who was also hurt, different places. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From\nthree until five o'clock when they returned, it went through my mind that I will\ngo to a German hospital. I heard that story before. No one ever came back. We\nnever knew ever what happened to the German hospital for the patients. What's\nawaiting for me? Five o'clock came. The guards came [with] a horse and buggy.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Four guards put me on the wagon with three other individuals and taken to a . .\n. cemetery. They line up. I'm facing the barrel of the rifle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's all what\nI remember. I don't remember nothing. The next morning, I have difficulty\nbreathing. I cannot breathe. I feel around. Two fellas who helped me up, to be\nable to stand up; they helped me up from under my arm [had fallen] over me. With\ntheir body, with the blood kept me not freeze to death ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in subzero temperature. I\njust realize it, that I face a firing squad and I was left behind as dead.\nEverybody else around me is dead. I got a little grazing on my shoulder, where\nthe bullet grazed me. I figure I can't stay over there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Since the hospital\nwasn't very far from there, the hospital where I was treated the morning before.\nI [went] to that direction and when I reached the hospital, which the whole\nhospital was in the basement already because the upper pavilion was all\ndestroyed. Instead [of going] to the main entrance, to the basement, I find an\nopening where they kept the coal, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I dig myself under the coal, and I stayed\nthere. [I] was hiding. After one or two days, I had to put something in my mouth\nbecause of the cold or because of fever or because of the hunger. I had to put\nsomething in my mouth. At night, when things was kind of quiet, I went outside.\nI scraped some snow with my hand, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but after some time I had to put something\nmore solid. At night, when things was fairly quiet, I was hobbling around. I\nthink it was in the morgue because there was marble tables around. I found a\nplate of frozen chicken. Someone was in a hurry and left a plate of chicken. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All\nmy life I've been allergic to poultry, to chicken. The chicken was hard frozen,\ngreen from mold. I scraped the mold off. I broke a piece of the chicken and it\nlast me for a while. The noise got closer and closer where I was hiding, the\nfighting, the bullets and the guns. One morning, I heard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Russian] conversation\nunder where I was hiding. The Russians are there. Some hours later, when things\nquieted down, I crawled out from my hiding place. I went to the main place where\nall the patients were laying on cots and I told them who I was, that I have been\nhiding over there. I got a cot and I got some treatment. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I made myself some\ncrutches from broomsticks. My wound was kind of cleaned again. The Russians were\nthere. I figured the war is over for me, but shortly I'm on a street with my\ncrutches. I'm marching. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm marching again, marching with a big group with\nfellows with German uniforms, prisoner of wars, with fellows in Hungarian\nuniforms and me in my ragged clothes. I'm marching with a group to only one\nexisting bridge to go to the other side of the Danube River to Pest. While I'm\nmarching, I feel like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm hypnotized. Somebody motioned with the head from the\nsidewalk. Both sides of the sidewalk is full of people watching the group.\nWithout even thinking that guards, both sides of the column, like\n[unintelligible: 45:33: possibly \"hypnotized\"] I was walking towards her. She\ntells me, \"Get lost. Get lost. This group is going to Siberia. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Get lost.\" By\nthat time, I realize what she's saying, she wasn't there anymore. By the time I\nrealize it, what she was saying, the whole column had passed me by and I'm\nstanding on a sidewalk with a whole bunch of people. Then pushcarts [were]\nlining up [from] people who want to take their belonging to go the other side of\nthe city. I asked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the first pushcart owner, \"Do you mind if I push the cart\nacross the bridge?\" He says, \"Fine.\" I put my crutches and I hold onto the cart,\nand I'm in Pest. I ask people direction, \"I want to go home. Where is the\nrailroad station?\" Budapest is a very, very big metropolitan city. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even if they\ngive me the right direction, I stopped them. Many, many times I stopped people.\nEven if I was given the right direction, I had to make U-turns because of the\ncollapsed building from the war, from the air raids. The whole streets were\nblocked. Finally, it gets dark already. I'm still asking directions for the\nrailroad station. The last ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"man must have been a Good Samaritan. He asked me a\nquestion, \"Who are you? Where you live?\" I said, \"I don't live right here. I\nwant to go home.\" [He asked,] \"Where is your home?\" I told him my home was\nTransylvania. He said, \"That's not Hungary anymore. That's Romania.\" Since the\nRomanians was helping the Russians for the past six months, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that if I put on the\nRomanian armband, which is red, yellow and blue, if I'm caught by Russians, I'd\nbe much better treated. He say he doesn't live very far from there. He took me\nto his house and made a place for me on the floor to lay down. He fixed\nsomething for me to eat. The next morning, when I woke up, he fed me again, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nI had a Romanian armband [of] red, yellow, and blue. He took me to the railroad\nstation. Not far from the railroad station, he point out, \"There's the station.\"\nI arrived at the station. Red Cross tables were set up. I stopped at the first\ntable. I told them that I need help to go home, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go to Transylvania. They give\nme a ticket. They put me on a train. Two days later, I arrived to my home. I was\ndreaming for over a year by that time already about the homecoming. I knock on\nthe door of my home. As ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the door opens, I recognize some of the furniture. The\nman who opens the door, \"Who are you?\" I said, \"I live here.\" [He said,] \"No,\nyou don't.\" He slammed the door in my face. I was not in shape for argument. I\nknew that not far from there it was a hospital, again. I went to that hospital.\nI was fortunate enough ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it was several individuals like myself coming\nback from different locations. They cleaned me up. I was infested with lice. I\nwas deloused. I got clean clothes. I got a bed. In one room, next to us, there\nwas a bulletin board. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A couple days later, when I was in the hospital, I looked\nat the bulletin board. I see, \"Steve Friedman was cited. He's on the way home.\"\nSteve Freidman? He's my brother. I knew if it's anyone will make it, it had to\nbe Steve. He's young. He's strong. He's only two years older than myself. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was\nflying very high all day long. I made arrangement [for] the bed next to me to be\nemptied. That will be for Steve, because I don't know physically or mentally\nwhat shape he will be, but I knew he needs me and I need him. I'm flying very\nhigh, very excited all day long. When the evening approached, someone came to me\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[and said,] \"I don't want to burst your bubble, but Steve Friedman who was\nsighted as coming home, he just must be a namesake because Steve died.\" He was\nwith him. He doesn't know for sure that he died because he got a bullet or he\ndied because [of] typhus, which was very, very rampant at that time, but [he\nsaid,] \"Your brother is not coming back home.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I took it very hard, was crying\nfor hours and hours. Later on, people telling they don't understand why the Jews\nare so down. [They said,] \"There are more Jews coming back than [Adolf] Hitler\ntook away.\" I didn't know statistics. I know that I came from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fairly big family.\nAfter I find out about the rest of my family, to maintain my sanity, I made up\nmy mind that I have to run away just like a child, run away, away from home. But\nto run away is much easier said to be done. Run away. No finances. Run away. No\nconnections. Run away. Without any help. Run away. But that's what I did. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In\nlate 1945, I was able to get away, through Hungary, through Austria, and I\nreached Italy. Traveling done by feet, by train. At that time, right after the\nwar, people was coming back and forth and back and forth ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from every direction,\nprisoners of war, Italians from Russia, from different directions so I blended\nin. We arrived to Udine [Italy], in Padua [Italy], north Italy. Again, the world\nis so small. Italy, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially north Italy, is run 100 percent by electric\ntrains. Since the war knocked out all the electricity in Italy, there was no\ntrain, so I had to hitchhike. I want to go to Rome [Italy] at first and I want\nto go someplace where is a big port. I want to be at a port where I can catch an\nocean liner to hide and go anyplace but away ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Europe, anyplace. [On the]\noutskirts of Udine, it was trucks going back and forth and back and forth. It\nwas lots of British army at that time in Italy, lots of British army, lots of\nBritish brigades with English uniform ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with around the shoulder [a patch that\nsaid] Australian brigade, Indian brigade, New Zealand brigade, and a brigade\n[from] Palestine. I stopped a truck. It was wearing a Palestinian uniform. With\nhis broken Italian and my broken ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Italian, he asked me, \"Where are you from?\" I\ntold him. Find that he was a classmate of mine that he lived in the same\nCatholic building where I used to live. The world is so small. When we find out\nwho he was and who I was, he said, \"I cannot turn you lose because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already we're\nwaiting for assignment to go back home to Palestine.\" The fight is over for\nthem. They were involved . . . between Naples [Italy] and Bari [Italy] . . .\nthey was involved in very heavy fighting. Then a Polish brigade, there was also\na Polish brigade. They took it over, and they received a very [unintelligible:\n56:32: possibly \"half\"]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Monte Cassino was where he was fighting. The Polish\nbrigade took it over and he's waiting to go home. He wanted me to spend a couple\nof days with him, so I was his guest for a couple of days. Then he arranged . .\n. we had a truck going to Rome, and arrived to Rome, a buddy of mine, the two of\nus. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used to it, from bombardment, from bombed-out houses. I had my blanket\nwith me in the truck we hitchhiked in, which left us out in a bombed-out, in a\nruined place. We spend the night over there. The next morning, when I woke up,\nlater, I find out that was the Coliseum in Rome. It was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ruined place. It was\nruined. Anyway, I stayed in Rome for a while, and then Naples, and tried to get\na boat. I wasn't able. My father's father, who I never met, he died before I was\neven born, he was a fresco artist. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fresco artists are artists who paint on\nceilings, not very much used today. You still can some old, some public\nbuildings. He was a fresco artist. I seen lots of pictures made by my father,\nwho inherited that talent. I inherited some painting talent. Even my son has a\npainting talent. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To be able to supplement, to make a living in Italy, I was\npainting portraits. I was painting girls, and I was involved with theatrical\noutfits. Finally, after something kind of . . . my life in Italy . . . What I\nremember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in I947, with very big fanfare, an American movie is playing, world\npremiere, the marquee of the theater all dressed up in flames: Via Col Venio\n[Italian], world premiere of Gone with the Wind in Milan, Italy. I had to go to\nsee that movie. I find so much parallel between my life ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Scarlett O'Hara.\nEverything [in her world] went up in flames. Everything what did to me went up\nin a chimney in the Auschwitz crematorium. I recalled that I read Gone with the\nWind translated in Hungarian many years ago. I didn't realize that I read my own\nfuture in Gone with the Wind. When I saw that movie in 1947, if someone would\nhave told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me that three years later I would wind up in Atlanta, Georgia, I would\nsay, \"You are out of your mind. Atlanta, Georgia?\" I thought that was just a\nfictitious name for the movie, but in 1950, I arrived in Atlanta, Georgia. But my \nparallels still continued. I arrived in a new world. Like Scarlett O'Hara, [I was] all\nby myself ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[with] all new customs. [I had] to learn a new language. But the Lord\nbeen good to me. In 1956, I got married. Two years later we had a son. We called\nhim Steve, after my brother. In the beginning when I arrived to Atlanta,\nGeorgia, the Atlanta ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Federation picked up my sponsorship. They sponsored\nme to come to Atlanta. [The tape ends and he repeats what he previously said] In 1950, [I] arrived in Atlanta. At first I thought from the movie Gone with the Wind, Atlanta ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was just a fictitious name, no such a place existing. But I was surprised and the parallel with Gone with the Wind was continuing. Just like Scarlett O'Hara, all alone, arrived [in] Atlanta, Georgia not knowing anybody, all alone. Start a new life, new customs and new language. But the Lord been good to me. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1956, I got married. Two years later we had a son, Steve after my brother. In the beginning when I arrived, since the Atlanta Federation sponsored me to come to Atlanta. It was Mickie Eisenberg, who was a caseworker at the\nFederation, asked me, \"Henry, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what were you doing in Italy for five years?\" I\ntold her I was painting. Two days later, she find me a job as a house painter.\nShe never asked what kind of painting I was doing. Being a house painter . . .\nThere's nothing wrong with it. It's still to make an honest living. I was doing\nhouse painting for about a year and a half. Then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"someone suggested me the\nAtlanta Jewish Progressive Club. It was a very nice, very big club. We had about\nsix or eight hundred family memberships. It was a very big club. A club offered\nlots of things what today we are taking for granted. The club offered\nair-conditioned. Today, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you take it for granted. The club offered game rooms.\nToday, you take it for granted. Lots of homes with game rooms. The club offered\nsports, tennis, swimming. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was there for quite a few years. I learned a trade\nin the kitchen, the background. I was doing the purchasing at the club. Later\non, people from where I was buying from, like Malcolm Alterman, said, \"Henry,\nsince you give me such a hard time selling you, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how about you come to work of\nme?\" Then when I started to be in the food distributor business. From then, the\ncompany was sold to CFS Continental, the world's largest food distributorship.\nBeside food, they was the largest coffee roasters. They manufactured candy. They\neven had a bakery in Germany ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to supply the McDonald's with hamburger buns. I\nwent to work for CFS Continental as a head buyer. Later on, CFS Continental was\nsold when reached the stock exchange, so it was a public offering. Sysco\nCorporation bought it out. I was working for Sysco. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I took an early retirement.\nI retired at the age of seventy, early retirement. They must have been happy\nwith what I was doing for Sysco because it was almost a whole month celebration.\nThe head man from Chicago came down. I was not aware. They called my wife and\nthey called my son. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With the whole company present in a hotel close to the\nairport, they gave me a big party. I enjoyed parties almost a whole month. Big\ncorporations, like Sweetheart, Amoco, Mobil, lots of . . . They just took me\nout. They partied for . . . I took an early retirement. Today, I'm retired. I'm\nretired, but after watching television for about two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or three days, that wasn't\nfor me. After about three days, my son was after me, \"Why don't you help [me]\nout?\" I became his office manager. He had a pretty lucrative practice. When I\ncame, we had ten attorneys working for him. We have about thirty-five people on\nthe payroll, so I was responsible . . . Since he's an attorney, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he hasn't got\nthe patience for detail works, so I done all the deals, booked all the contracts\nwith different companies, like computers or like telephone, all that, so that's\nwhat I'm doing today. All those years, no my son or my wife asked me, \"Tell\nabout the stories. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tell what happened since . . .\" Somehow they understood that\nI'm from Europe. I don't know. Maybe they heard a slight accent, but they\nfigured that I'm from Europe. They never asked me nothing. About fifteen, twenty\nyears ago, I read an article in a magazine about urban renewal in Poland, urban\nrenewal in Warsaw, where the very big ghetto stood. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"During the renewal, the\nunearthed a time capsule . . . two five-gallon metal milk cans stuffed with\nnotes. Those notes most likely were buried in 1942 or 1943, a year when the\nGermans . . . They had the Blitzkrieg [German], the 'lightning war.' They\nconquered one nation after the other one. All those people in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Warsaw people,\nthey were sure that the Germans will be victorious, and no one would ever know\nthat people lived and died under what circumstance. They was afraid that\neverything will be forgotten, everything will be swept under the carpet. When I\nread that article in that magazine that changed all my life. Maybe that was the\npurpose that I did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not perish with my family [and] I didn't perish with the\nmillions of people. I had a mission, I had a duty, and I have an obligation, an\nobligation to speak about it because those six millions that cannot be here to\ntalk about it. Even if the subject is a painful subject for me, just like\npulling a scab from an unhealed wound, I have to talk about it because after my\ngeneration [is] gone, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it won't be any first-generation survivors. It will go\ndown in history, and little by little it will be forgotten, just like nothing\nhappened. For that reason I feel like I have to do it even [if] it's not a\npleasant subject that I gave my time or whatever's involved. Nothing matters but\nonly for me to speak about what happened to those six million Jews ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[who died\nduring the Holocaust]. Thank you for this [opportunity].\n\nGHITIS: I would like to ask you some questions now. What was your father's name?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Alexander Friedman.\n\nGHITIS: What was your mother's name?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Esther Friedman.\n\nGHITIS: What was your mother's maiden name?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Zuckerman.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Do you know how long they had lived in the area?\n\nFRIEDMAN: They were born in that area. Their parents were born in the area. All\nmy generations ever was born in the same city. The city changed from different\noccupation, from German, from Hungarian, to Romanian, Hungarian, and back to\nRomanian. Everybody was born ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the same city.\n\nGHITIS: What do you know about your grandparents?\n\nFRIEDMAN: My male grandparents, they all died before I was even born. Mine\npaternal grandmother, she was quite old and I remember her quite well. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I'm\ntalking about her . . . I remember the city where I was born, the city where we\nall come from, it was a rabbinic dynasty from Galicia, from Poland, from all\nover, the dynasty came. It was like Vizhnitz rebbe [Yiddish: rabbi], ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that\nrabbi or those rabbis; they were like a king. They never walked by themselves.\nThey always walked with a court. I remember my paternal grandmother. She was in\nher sixties. We had a couple of doctors in our family. She was quite sick. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\nwere called to the hospital, it was a Saturday morning [and told] that she has a\ntumor in her stomach. The tumor has to be operated, taken out. If not, she will\ndie. Mine great-uncle, mine grandmother's brother, and myself was asked and we\nwalked to a rabbi's house. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was Saturday morning. The rabbi at first didn't\nwant to accept us. [He] didn't want to talk to us. He continued to say,\n\"Shabbos. Shabbos.\" I was able to tell him that we just left the hospital, [and\nthat] while we left, that my grandmother would be wheeled into the operating\nroom, and by this time maybe she'd been already operated. [We asked,] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Please\npray for her.\" He was quite upset that we disturbed him on a Shabbos. He said.\n\"Go, go, go! She won't be operated.\" I mean, we was quite far away from the\nhospital. He keep saying. \"Go, go! She won't be operated.\" When we went back\n[after] we was able to discuss with the rabbi what we went over there for, while\nshe was in the operating room, she passed the tumor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and she was not operated. I\ndon't know. Those rabbis what was in my town . . . I don't think they was able\nto read the future, or tell the future, or have any kind of control, but I will\nnever forget that story as we walked to that rabbi's on a Shabbos.\n\nGHITIS: How observant was your family?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: My father's side [was] very assimilated, but my mother's mother, who\nlived with us, she wore a sheitel [Yiddish], a hairpiece. I remember we was\nkidding with her all the time. Friday night we heard many, many times, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I would\nlike to go to sleep.\" We was kidding with her, \"Good night.\" She said, \"I would\nlike to go to sleep.\" She was a very religious person. She couldn't ask us to\nturn off the light. That was a hint that she want to go to sleep. My grandmother\nwas the one, before I went to the forced labor, that she took me to that fellow,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was pre-arranged and that's the reason that I'm here today. I'm very\nspiritual about it. I'm not religious, but very spiritual about it. It's not my\nbrain, not that or not my luck. Like I said before, I came to many crossroads on\nthe road and something pushed me to take the right road. I feel like that's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nreason I'm here today because all that blessing.\n\nGHITIS: When you go back in time and you visualize yourself as a child before\nthe war, growing up, what images appear in your mind's eye, in your little town,\ngrowing up?\n\nFRIEDMAN: The images? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we had a happy family. It wasn't a little town.\nActually it was a big town. We had an opera house. We had theaters. We had many\nmovies. It was a big town, even though at that time, I don't believe it was . .\n. well, maybe about 200,000 inhabitants, the population, so it was a pretty good\nsize. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The city had twenty-three synagogues. We had quite a few rabbis and\nwell-known rabbis. What I heard about that time, even kings came to ask\nquestions. It was a very unusual place. I lived over there quite assimilated life.\n\nGHITIS: How big was the Jewish population?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: Probably was about 40,000, which is a pretty good size.\n\nGHITIS: Could you repeat that number?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Forty thousand. It's a big size.\n\nGHITIS: Did you go to synagogue or a temple?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes, I attended Jewish school for a while. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Somehow, I never was 100\npercent there. I was there physically but [it] was a little bit too Orthodox for\nme. I was a little bit outside there, because the classes . . . the boys, they\nwent to cheder [Hebrew: room]. Boys and girls all were in the same class, but I\ndidn't have that much knowledge about the Jewish religion.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: This was a regular day school?\n\nFRIEDMAN: For a matter of fact, which I am ashamed to say, when I made up my\nmind to leave Oradea, the city, the only place where you were able to buy some\nAmerican dollars, because I figured that is accepted all over, it was behind the\nOrthodox synagogue, where a black market ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trade was going on. I gave the man my\nHungarian-Romanian money, and he says, \"Here's a dollar.\" I had to bring someone\nwho would vouch for me that I was a Jew, to sell me dollars.\n\nGHITIS: Let's go back to your family. Tell me again what your father's\nprofession was.\n\nFRIEDMAN: He was an insurance broker ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who, number one, he had to sell so he had a\nvery nice personality. Every morning he got up maybe about eight or eight\nthirty. He had a cup of coffee every morning. Every morning, a barber came to\nthe house to shave him. He went to the office for a couple hours every day. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He\ncame home for lunch. Europe is different [than] here. In Europe, lunchtime is\nobserved with the whole family, so he came home. We had lunch together and every\nday he went to the cafe house to play cards. That was like a tool of his\nprofession. He had to be among people to find new individuals to open insurance\npolicy with him. That was the home life.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: What about your mother?\n\nFRIEDMAN: My mother? She was a housewife. She took care of us. At that time, we\ndidn't have luxury what we have today, like washing machine or even a hot water\ntank. If you want to take a shower, you have to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a special tank to be warmed\nand she took care of our house. She was very attentive to all of us.\n\nGHITIS: Where was the house? What was the address?\n\nFRIEDMAN: We had several homes. I remember as an early child, my father had his\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"automobile. He didn't drove, but he had a chauffeur. Then we moved to different\nhouses. Then we moved to different cities. I remember I couldn't be more than\nabout six [or] seven years old when we lived in Arad, in a Catholic community.\nHe had his office. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He had a big office work[force] work for him. He still . . .\nand also the barber came every morning, even over there. Also over there, part\nof his business was to go to the cafe house.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know why you moved so many times?\n\nFRIEDMAN: He changed jobs, and his interest was different. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Probably every time\nwhen he moved, it was a better opportunity for him.\n\nGHITIS: How many children in the family?\n\nFRIEDMAN: We had three. I was the youngest. I had a brother, and I had a sister.\n\nGHITIS: What were their names?\n\nFRIEDMAN: My brother's name was Stephen, and my sister's name was Clara. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was\nlike a dermatologist. When her husband was called into forced labor, she moved\nin back with us. She was doing makeups, more like a dermatologist. She took care\nof the clients' skin, like dry skin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[or] greasy skin. She made her own creams,\nher own ointment. She was qualified for that.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember any house in particular from the years before the war or\nwhen you were growing up?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes, I remember some. I mentioned several times at Arad, when we lived\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together with his office. He had an office. We had a quite nice, several\nbedrooms, a living room and dining room.\n\nGHITIS: Was this in a building?\n\nFRIEDMAN: That particular . . . It was a very big U-shape. It was about\nseventy-some condos with balconies to the street ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and was like a U-shape. To\nclose up the U-shape, it was a church. It was a Catholic church behind it, so\nthe whole thing was that many tenants and a church.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember the address?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember any address?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I remember one address ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is number 16 Sormai Street. That's a Hungarian.\n\nGHITIS: In what city?\n\nFRIEDMAN: That was Satu Mare. This was very close where Elie Weisel come from.\n\nGHITIS: What do you remember about your school years? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You mentioned going to a\nJewish day school. Where else did you go?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I was able to go to two semesters in a university, which would prepare\nme to be a textile engineer, but even in 'good old days,' we had quota system. I\nwasn't able to finish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mine education.\n\nGHITIS: What about high school?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Was a lyceum [high school] over there in Oradea.\n\nGHITIS: What was your life like during those teenage years?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Very active with Zionist. Was very active. That was a time when I\nheard about [Ze'ev (Vladimir)] Jabotinsky. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was a time when we're talking\nabout Theodor Herzl, who was a Hungarian. They all saw the handwriting on the\nwall, more or less. Everybody wanted to move to [what was] at that time\nPalestine. I would say maybe 80 percent of all our time was spent in Zionist ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"movements.\n\nGHITIS: I want to go back. What was your name at birth? What name were you given?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It's kind of difficult [to translate]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was Imre, I-m-r-e, in\nHungarian. It was Emerch in Romanian and French and German. At this minute, I'm\nashamed to tell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you that I cannot recall my Hebrew name. I know my father's\nHebrew name was Shaya. My Hebrew name is Leb ben Shaya.\n\nGHITIS: [Was there ever any discussion] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in your household related to what was\ngoing on in Europe?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No, nothing definite. Whatever we was talking about that antisemitism\nstill existing, sometimes gets a little bit underground, but sometimes surface.\nBut I personally ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't know nothing about what was going on in 1944. I had not\nthe slightest idea. I didn't know what happened until I went home and until\npeople came back and told their story. In June of 1944, when I was in forced\nlabor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Budapest in the airplane factory, I received a postcard. I received a\npostcard signed by my sister. The postcard came from Osweicim [Poland]. Right\naway when I received it, at that early time, was able to communicate in forced\nlabor. I wrote my brother, \"I have good news. I just received a postcard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from\nSister, which said, 'Mother and I peeling potatoes.'\" I put it in an envelope\nand I send it to my brother-in-law. [I] said the postcard came from his wife, my\nsister, that he should be entitled to that postcard. I mailed it to him. After\nthe war, I find out that he did received it. I didn't find out until after the\nwar was over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Osweicim was the famous AuschwitzI never put the two together\nfor some reason. I even got hold of a map in Budapest and I tried to look all\nover in Switzerland [for] Osweicim. Somehow . . . Switzerland in [German] is\ncalled Schweiz. [It was] wishful thinking, but I figured Osweicim ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is in\nSchweisz, is in Switzerland. After the war, I find out that that was Auschwitz.\nThe letter was a scribble from my sister. In my youth, I studied graphology.\nGraphology is the studying of handwriting. My sister had an educated\nhandwriting, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a mature handwriting, and that was a scribble. But it was notice\nthat they're alive. When I spoke at one occasion at Agnes Scott College, after I\nfinished my presentation, normally I don't mention about the postcard because\nit's unheard. Very few even believe it that postcard was sent from Auschwitz, so\nI very seldom mention [it]. When I finished my presentation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at Agnes Scott\nCollege, two students got up, [and asked,] \"Do I know the background of the\npostcard?\" I said, \"No. My memory is fading. At this time, it seems to me like\nI'm dreaming about a postcard from Auschwitz.\" They said they know the\nbackground, because they researched it and they studied it. When the victims\nwere taken to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crematorium, actually they didn't go in the crematorium, when\nthe victims were taken to take a shower, the Nazis, they had some psychological\ntechnique, psychological panic control to ease the situation. They said, \"When\nyou undress, be sure to put all your clothes, all your belongings in a neat pile\nand be sure to tie the shoes together so when you come out from the shower, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\nfind it easily.\" At that time, the Nazis handed out postcard and pencil. If\nsomeone can remember or know an address, if they want to send a postcard, here's\na postcard. My postcard originated very close before their death. Probably after\nthe postcard, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were dead in a half an hour. Mine brother-in-law's cousin,\nwho came back, she was together with my mother and sister. I find out later on\nthat she was there. My mother and sister, they were hiding in a place where she\nwas, this cousin. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the following day, they figured that the inspection will\nnot be at the same place the next day, so they went back. [They thought] there\nwon't be an inspection in that barrack, but my mother and sister was selected\nthat day. It was the same day they was hiding not to go to a crematorium,\nbecause even though it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said it's a shower, the smell of the whole region\nsmelled body burning, so actually they knew more or less what would happen if\nthey are selected and found. After knowing that, I just cannot figure out how\nshe was even able to hold onto the pencil that she wrote that note, when she\nscribbled, \"The mother and I peeling potatoes.\"' ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's supposed to be a message\nfor me. I never [understood] her message, but [from] the scribbling I can figure\nout what kind of frame of mind she was in when she put down the few words.\n\nGHITIS: What do you know about the way your family perished?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: I figured the way my family perished, the way the whole thing ended, I\nfeel like this is the price . . . the cost of an established Jewish state, a\nstate of Israel. If not the Holocaust, the whole world would not be as good, as\nliberal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to help to establish a Jewish state. I think the Holocaust was the price\nof the state of Israel.\n\nGHITIS: My question was what happened to the rest of your family, to your\nparents, to your sister, to your brother? Do you know how they died?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Gone with the wind. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I think . . . what I know . . . I don't know\n100 percent, but from my research, my father and grandmother never reached\ndestination. They never reached [Auschwitz] because my father was released from\nthe forced labor camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[He] had kidney infection or whatever it was. Standing up\nfor four [or] five days, not able to even to sit down. I cannot imagine the\nfeeling of my mother and sister, watching my grandmother and father just\ndropping little by little, slowly, finally to reach the floor. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's how I\nfigured they died. After, when they reached the floor, all the people, eighty or\nhow[ever] many was crammed in the cattle car eventually just stepped on them,\n[relieved there was] a little more space left. I think that's how they died.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know . . .\n\nFRIEDMAN: About my brother, the evening when I figured that he's home coming,\nwhen I told you somebody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said that, \"I don't want to burst your bubble.\" He died\nsomeplace on the way back from Ukraine. That man who was in charge with them,\nthe high-ranking Hungarian officer, he made up the promise even before they left\nthe country: they would try to bring back as few Jews as possible. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For that\nreason, I have even . . . I got pictures when those victims of forced labor,\nthey had to pull the supply wagon because they didn't want the horses to get\ntired. Whenever those fellows . . . left the country, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they had to turn in all\ntheir valuables if they had anything. They had nothing to eat but whatever they\nwas given. If they found on the field raw potatoes or onion, they tied their\nhand in the back and with string they pulled up to a tree, and they was stood\nwith inches ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the toes until they passed out, and water was poured on them.\nIf someone was claiming that they are sick or they have fever, the doctors in\nthe group, they took them to the frozen river to immerse their feverish body in\nthe frozen river to get rid of the fever. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Looking back, the only explanation I\ncan have [for surviving is] that after the blessing, nothing bad could happen to\nme. Somehow something happened to save my life to work in a factory instead to\nbe sent to Russia, to a Raoul Wallenberg, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the girl on the [sidewalk]. I don't\nknow who she was. It was many instances that I think the blessing what I was\ngiven before I start my journey, that's a blessing what kept me alive. I very\nstrongly believe that.\n\nGHITIS: Did your life change in any way when the war started in Europe [in 1939]\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not yet in Hungary until 1940?\n\nFRIEDMAN: We read in the paper. We tried to listen to BBC, to English\ntransmission, radio. More or less, we knew, but we [thought] that Governor\nHorthy would not allow the Jews to be taken away. Actually, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until after the war\nwas over, I never knew about Auschwitz. I never knew about Birkenau. I never\nknew about anything. I knew about that there are some ghettoes. I believed what\nI was told that the Germans tried to put Jews close together to be able to have\na close eye on them, not to be spread all over. I participated when I got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mine\norders to go to Budapest, I participated to liquidate some markets where Jews\nwas brought in from small locations and my group was sent out to clean the\nmarket. It was baby carriages; it was diapers; it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lots of things what they\nleft behind, lots and lots of clothes, because every step they went, [the\nGermans or Hungarians] said, \"You're not allowed to take more baggage, more\nsuitcases. You have to leave some.\" I participated cleaning some areas where\nJews . . . I remember when a train passed by, and with my mother and sister, we\nwent to the railroad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"station with some food to help, but the doors were not\nopen. We never know that the train is going to Germany, or Auschwitz, or Poland,\nor whatever. We was under the impression that the Hungarians would not allow the\nHungarian Jews to be killed. The only thing [we believed was that] they were\ntaken to a closed area where they can keep an eye on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them, but not to terminate\nthem. I find out [about] the termination after the whole war was over.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember before the war being personally affected by\nantisemitism? Do you remember any particular episodes?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes. From my early childhood, I remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we had to close the\ngates and doors because it will be a group of university students. They were the\nmost fascist at that time. They were the most vicious and they broke in. They\nnever killed no one. I don't remember killing anyone, but broke in the house or\nburned homes, so antisemitism was quite rampant way before the war. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was\nbelieved that a young Gentile girl's blood will have to be put in Passover\nmatzahs, the Passover bread because that's a Jewish tradition. That went down\nfrom generation to generation.\n\nGHITIS: Did anything in particular happen to you, in your experience?\n\nFRIEDMAN: My experience was I wasn't able to finish my education, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because a Jew,\nit was a quota system, but like I said, the shield of protection was with me. I\nwas able to work with Hungarian workers in a factory and [there] was\ncamaraderie. It wasn't too bad. I remember one thing that a little bit after,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very shortly after, when I wrote my brother that my sister and mother\nwas alive, that I received a gift package from Hungary. It was a young lady. She\nsaid that her best friend was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my brother's fiancée and that she was\ntaken to the ghetto. She left some money with her, this Gentile girl, to time to\ntime to send some gift package to her fiancé. When she wrote to my brother, my\nbrother told her that he doesn't need it, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to send it to me. That [was]\nbrotherly love. When they was hanged out, if they was caught with [food] . . .\nand he wrote back to the girl to send the package to me, his brotherly love.\n\nGHITIS: What memories come to your mind when you think about the occupation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by\nthe Germans?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It doesn't mean to be sadist. It's past the thing, like an animal who\nsees only one thing: I have to kill that because he is not the same like I am.\n\nGHITIS: What images do you have? How did things change ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when Hungary was\noccupied? How did your life change?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It changing me like day and night. Orders were given by the hour, more\nand more strict. Like, first they started with the yellow star, then with the\noccupation, that no one was allowed to be in the street after seven o'clock. It\nchanged tremendously, but in a very, very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"short time after, I was kind of picked\nup and put a different atmosphere. My life compared with whatever I know,\nwhatever I hear . . . [I had] the life of Riley. I cannot complain. I have no\nroom to complain because even though the name is 'forced labor,' I got every day\na meal, sometimes twice. We had a coffee in the morning: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had soup, and we had\nsomething else to eat at night. I had a place to sleep. My life was the life of\nRiley compared to everybody else.\n\nGHITIS: What was the name of the first place where you went to forced labor?\n\nFRIEDMAN: The name . . . It was owned by Weiss Manfred. It looked like if you\nlook at Volkswagen insignia, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Weiss Manfred, the W and M intertwined. It looked\nlike a Volkswagen today. It was a very big factory owned by a Jew. I was told\nthat the Governor Horthy's wife was far removed and related to Weiss Manfred.\nWeiss Manfred was given a pass later on [that] if he leaves everything behind\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"legally, it was a pass for him to go to Spain. About the factory Weiss Manfred .\n. . [Do] you know who is Sam Arbiser, Pola Arbiser's husband? He's an engineer.\nWhen he was in Israel, he was sent to a mission, to that factory to disassemble\nthat equipment and send usable ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"equipment to Israel.\n\nGHITIS: Tell me again what the name of this factory was.\n\nFRIEDMAN: The name of the factory was Weiss, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"W-E-I-S-S, Weiss Manfred,\nM-A-N-F-R-E-D, Weiss Manfred. The factory initial you could see all over . . .\nreminds me like a Volkswagen. Weiss, a 'M' intertwined with a 'W' looked like a Volkswagen.\n\nGHITIS: Did they have anything to do with Volkswagen?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No. It was owned by a man named Weiss Manfred.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Tell me about this factory.\n\nFRIEDMAN: The factory was owned, for I don't know how long before, by an\nassimilated Jewish individual by the name of Weiss Manfred. He was quite a big\nman. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, to own a factory like that, [he] probably was well known all over\nthe world. [The] Germans put pressure on him to legally take over the factory.\nThey most likely gave some kind of money, very little bit. They gave him some\ncompensation for him legally to turn ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the factory to the Germans and he got\na free passage to Spain.\n\nGHITIS: What exactly was your job there?\n\nFRIEDMAN: My job at the factory: since I had the mechanical background, I was\nriveting damaged airplane wings. It was very unusual because I had mechanical\nbackground. I knew about riveting, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the rivets . . . I still today don't\nunderstand what kind they were. We were allowed maybe about fifty rivets at a\ntime. [They were] taken out from the freezer, and as it got room temperature, it\ngot hard like glass. Before, I was able to work with it. It was pliable.\n\nGHITIS: Where was the factory ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"located?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Outskirt of Budapest. It was a called Csepel, C-S-E-P-E-L. It's\noutskirts of Budapest.\n\nGHITIS: What were the living conditions while you were there?\n\nFRIEDMAN: We lived like it was a barrack, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in bunk beds, three high up. To eat,\nwe didn't suffer. We were not hungry. On the weekends, we were able to wash\nwhatever clothing we had. I recall twice ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that from the group, some individuals\nsneaked out, that didn't report, didn't went to the factory, but sneaked out and\nwent to Budapest, and they attended some meeting where they heard some\ninformation about the war situation and different situations. I remember when he\ncame back, he told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of us what he learned. I remember one day the Gestapo\ncame and they was looking for the individual sneaking out. The Gestapo encircled\nthe whole area. The fellow, we knew who he was . . . He tried to disappear, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but\nhe was caught and was taken to prison. Actually, the prison I think saved his\nlife because most likely he find in the prison that the war was ended. He was\nnot killed.\n\nGHITIS: How were you treated?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Fortunately, besides that captain who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paid me a visit for two weeks, I\nwas treated humanely. It wasn't the Ritz Carlton, but I was treated humanely.\nAll that . . . whatever I can tell you . . . belongs to that blessing.\n\nGHITIS: Did you see anyone being punished?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Not too harsh, because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the factory, we found that people was kind\nof sympathetic.\n\nGHITIS: Who was your supervisor?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Was from that group was in charge with the whole factory. He was the\none who gave me the instructions what to do that morning or do that day. He was\nthe one who handed out the rivets.\n\nGHITIS: What nationality?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Hungarian. It was all Hungarians.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: You said there was bombing later on?\n\nFRIEDMAN: When I reached Budapest from the factory, it was bombing from the\nfirst day, sometimes two and three times every single day. In Romania, in my\nhometown, we had no air raids.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Tell me about working in the foundry.\n\nFRIEDMAN: When the part of the airplane factory was damaged, ruined, I was sent\nto the foundry, to that department. I find it over there also, the fellow\nworkers sympathetic. I don't have no hard.\n\nGHITIS: The foundry belonged to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same company?\n\nFRIEDMAN: The foundry was a part of the factory. They manufactured airplanes,\ntanks, even bicycles. Even some food items was manufactured. It was a\ntremendous, diversified, very big factory. In the wartime it was used for a war\nindustry as much as was possible.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: I would like you to tell me again about the episode where you punished\nso severely by a captain in the army. What was his name? Do you know?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No, I don't. I don't remember his name. I'm glad I don't remember\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it wasn't a pleasant thing. Only thing I know, later on, I find out\nthere was a captain in charge of the whole big factory and that was the most\nimportant thing for him to punish me because some of the comers of my star were\nloose. That was my only crime.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Relive that moment for me if you could. Tell me again about this episode.\n\nFRIEDMAN: Like, every day we had the field kitchen coming in to bring us some\nfood. We lined up in a court to have our daily soup. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A captain, later on I find\nout that he was in charge with the whole factory, a tremendous size of place,\nwith over 100,000 people, stopped in front of me and point out, \"Jew, some of\nthe corners of your star is loose. I want to see you in my office right now.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He\ntold the sergeant in charge that he want to see the Jew in his office right now\nand we followed him.\n\nGHITIS: You ended up in a hospital later on when you had the infection wounds.\nWhat kind of hospital was it? Who was in charge?\n\nFRIEDMAN: That hospital was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian hospital. That hospital was in, Gyor,\nG-Y-O-R. It was a Hungarian army hospital. [It] as something more or less like a\nrehabilitation, like physical therapy rehabilitation hospital. It was Hungarian,\nwith Hungarian nurses, with Hungarian doctors. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everything was strictly\nHungarian. I was the only Jew in that hospital.\n\nGHITIS: How were you treated, given that you were the only Jew?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It was very shocking to me from the first day because it was a very\nbig contrast [to] the way I was treated before. When I arrived to the hospital,\nI had the same clean bed with clean linen like everybody else. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had the same\nfood. I was treated just like anybody else, like any other Hungarian wounded\narmy soldier. Not different.\n\nGHITIS: I want us to talk about Raoul Wallenberg and what he did, the way he\nimpacted your life. You said that when you arrived back in Budapest, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you knew\nthat there was this possibility. Could you go through the steps you went through\nin order to get the pass that protected you?\n\nFRIEDMAN: When I arrived to Budapest, being in a hospital, I was told there's\nmiracle happened, that there is someone in Budapest at that time. His sole\npurpose [was] to save Jewish lives. I could not believe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that such a thing could\nhappen in mid-1944. I was told, the direction, if I go to the Swedish consulate\nand tell who I am, that I will be able to get a temporary passport, a\nschutzpass. That's what I did. Since the work wasn't that regular ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/transcript/41048/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that time\nwhen I came back from hospital, because the factory was [in] pretty bad shape,\nso the work wasn't regular. I had time to sneak out. I took off my yellow star\nand yellow armband. No one could tell the difference that I'm not a Hungarian,\nso I wasn't stopped. Maybe that was a miracle. [I] was able to reach the Swedish\nconsulate and get a schutzpass.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=7380.0,7410.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOradea Mare (or Oradia for short) is a city in northwest Romania. In Hungarian, the city is known as Nagyvarad, or colloquially as Varad. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eViolent antisemitic manifestations occurred in the interwar period and culminated in brutality between 1940 and 1944. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: Pesach] is an eight-day holiday that celebrates the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. Unleavened bread, matzah, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. Throughout history, bizarre blood libel accusations have been leveled against Jews—often around the time of Easter and Passover. The accusations typically accused Jews of kidnapping a Christian child who was then murdered and his or her blood used for ritual purposes. The accusations often led to violent attacks against Jewish communities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArad, a city in western Romania, was in Hungary until 1918. During World War II, Arad was part of the south of Transylvania that remained in Romania after Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy divided the region between Hungary and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement that supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Amid the upsurge in antisemitism and nationalism in the early twentieth century, Jewish youth throughout Europe became active in the Zionist movement. All emphasized aliyah (the immigration of Jews to Israel) and community, with many also focusing on agriculture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (also known as the Hitler-Stalin Pact and German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact) was a non-aggression pact between Germany and Russia signed August 23, 1939. The public pact was accompanied by a secret protocol, reached on the same day, which divided Eastern Europe (Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Romania) into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Parts of Romania (such as the historical region of Bessarabia, which is today part of Ukraine) were annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 while other parts (such as the historical region of Transylvania) were given to the increasingly fascist Hungarian government, which had allied with Nazi Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe area of Hungary Henry grew up in is an area of northwest Romania known as Transylvania, near the border with Hungary. Transylvania is a historical region that has been dominated by several different peoples and countries throughout its history. Until World War I, the area had been part of Hungary and then, until 1940, it was part of Romania. In 1940, the area was returned to Hungary after arbitration in Vienna by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy as a reward for Hungary’s alliance with Germany. It remained a part of Hungary until 1944, when Germany occupied the country. After the end of World War II, the area was returned to Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1939, the Hungarian government, having forbidden Jews to serve in the armed forces, established a forced-labor service for young men of arms-bearing age. By 1940, the obligation to perform forced labor was extended to all able-bodied male Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1920, Hungary had enacted a numerus clausus that placed a ceiling of six percent on the amount of Jewish students allowed in institutes of higher education. Numerous clausus [Latin: closed term] is a term that refers to anti-Jewish policies that limited Jews from certain professions, public offices and institutes of higher education by applying fixed quotas. In general, numerus clausus policies were religious or racial quotas used to discriminate against Jews in Eastern Europe. Such policies were not unique to the Holocaust, but gained favor in the inter-war period leading up to the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAustria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was a constitutional union of the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powers in World War I. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiklós (often rendered in English as \"Nicholas\" or \"Nikolaus\") Horthy de Nagybánya was a Hungarian admiral and statesman. He served as Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary between World Wars I and II and throughout most of World War II, from March 1920 until October 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHungarian units suffered tremendous losses during the German defeat at Stalingrad on the eastern front in 1942–1943. After the defeat, Hungarian Admiral Miklos Horthy and Prime Minister Miklos Kallay recognized that Germany would likely lose the war. With Horthy's tacit approval, Kallay tried to negotiate a separate armistice for Hungary with the western Allies. To prevent these efforts, German forces occupied Hungary on March 19, 1944. Horthy was permitted to remain as Regent. Kallay was dismissed and the Germans installed General Dome Sztojay as prime minister. Sztojay had previously served as Hungarian minister to Berlin and was fanatically pro-German. He committed Hungary to continuing the war effort and cooperated with the Germans in their efforts to deport the Hungarian Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEven before Transylvania fell into the orbit of Nazi Germany, authorities pursued a policy of harsh, persecutory anti-Semitism. Jews were gradually excluded from public life and became subject to a series of race laws Hungary passed between 1938 and 1941. The Hungarian racial laws were modeled on Germany's Nuremberg Laws. They reversed the equal citizenship status granted to Jews in Hungary in 1867. Among other provisions, the laws defined \"Jews\" in so-called racial terms, forbade intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews, and excluded Jews from full participation in various professions. The laws also barred employment of Jews in the civil service and restricted their opportunities in economic life. After the German occupation in March 1944, the Jewish population was increasingly isolated from the outside world. Jews were forced to wear the yellow star on their clothing. Jewish property and businesses were seized, and from mid- to late April the Jews of Hungary were forced into short-lived ghettos.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis subjected millions of people (both Jews and other victim groups) to forced, or slave labor, both inside and outside concentration camps, often under brutal conditions. Forced labor was often pointless and humiliating, and imposed without proper equipment, clothing, nourishment, or rest. Within the German Reich, prisoners of the early concentration camps were recruited for forced labor as early as 1933. From the end of 1938 on, Jews in Germany and Austria were deployed as forced laborers at a variety of municipal projects, in agriculture, mining, and industry, as well as to enlarge military infrastructure. Forced labor was part of the systematic persecution of Jews but also served as a method for economic gain and to meet the increasingly desperate labor shortages necessary for the war effort.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter Hungary entered the war, forced laborers were organized in labor battalions under the command of Hungarian military officers and deployed on war-related construction work, often under brutal conditions. Subjected to extreme cold, without adequate shelter, food, or medical care, at least 27,000 Hungarian Jewish forced laborers died before the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDreher is a beer brand in Hungary, brewed at the company’s brewery in southern Budapest. The company was founded in 1854.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe intelligentsia and wealthy were often considered \"politically unreliable\" by fascist authorities and sent to forced labor. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBudapest is the capital and the largest city of Hungary. Originally it was ‘Buda’ and ‘Pest,’ which were two separate cities that were separated by the Danube River. They were united in 1873 and became ‘Budapest.’ The city was liberated by the Soviet Army on February 13, 1945 and remained under Soviet control until 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Allied Forces of World War II was an international military coalition formed to oppose the Axis powers, that included Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy. While membership in the Allied forced varied during the war, the principal members were the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGreenwood Cemetery, opened in 1904, is designed in the Lawn style, with long vistas in all directions. Greenwood has a large Jewish section. Greenwood Cemetery is also the home of the Memorial to the Six Million, where Holocaust remembrance services are held every spring.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Fred Roberts Crawford (1924-1982) served as an Air Force pilot in World War II. He was captured by a group of civilians in Hungary after bailing out of his damaged plane. He was mistaken for a Jew and almost lynched on the spot but a crucifix on his dog tag saved his life. While awaiting transfer to a prisoner of war camp, he witnessed the torture and execution of Jewish inmates. Dr. Crawford was a Professor of Sociology and founded and directed the Center for Research in Social Change at Emory University, a private university in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRaoul Wallenberg (1912—unknown) was a Swedish businessman recruited by the US War Refugee Board (WRB) in June 1944 to travel to Hungary. Given status as a diplomat by the Swedish legation, Wallenberg's task was to do what he could to assist and save Hungarian Jews. Wallenberg led one of the most extensive and successful rescue efforts during the Nazi era, saving thousands of Hungarian Jews. With authorization from the Swedish government, Wallenberg began distributing certificates of protection issued by the Swedish legation to Jews in Budapest. Wallenberg was last seen in the company of Soviet officials on January 17, 1945, as the Red Army besieged Budapest.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSweden remained officially neutral throughout World War II and continued to trade with Germany. Germany’s wartime manufacturing was particularly heavily dependent upon Swedish iron ore. In 1943, Sweden reached an agreement with the Allies to halt exports of ball bearings, but no restrictions were imposed on exports of the high-quality steel used in their manufacture. Despite ongoing diplomatic pressure from the Allies, Sweden only discontinued its trade with Germany in late 1944, after the German military position had deteriorated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn October 1944, the situation in Budapest took a turn for the worse. Although the Soviet army was already approaching, the fascist \"Arrow Cross\" seized power and established a reign of terror, disregarding the certificates of protection. As Soviet troops had already cut off rail transport routes to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Hungarian authorities forced tens of thousands of Budapest Jews to march west toward the border of Austria. Wallenberg repeatedly—and often personally—intervened to secure the release of those with certificates of protection or forged papers, saving as many people as he could.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the end of November 1944, the remaining Jews in Budapest were ordered to move to a ghetto established in the city’s old Jewish quarter on the Pest side in an area bounded by Dohany, Kertesz, Kiraly, Csanyi, Rumbach, Imre Madach streets and the Karoly ring road. The ghetto area included two of Budapest’s main synagogues, the Dohany Street Synangoue [Hungarian: Dohány utcai zsinagóga/nagy zsinagóga] and the Orthodox Kazinczy Street Synagogue [Hungarian: Kazinczy utcai zsinagóga], which housed a mikveh, or ritual bath. The ghetto was short lived, but like other ghettos set up in German-occupied Europe, its residents suffered from horrible conditions that included a lack of food and sanitation as well as the constant terror of violence from the Arrow Cross. When the Soviet Army liberated Budapest in February 1945, more than 100,000 Jews remained in the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Kazinczy Street Synagogue [Hungarian: Kazinczy utcai zsinagóga] in Budapest was completed between 1912 and 1913 for the city’s Orthodox congregation. The massive art nouveau style structure dominates Kazinsky Street with the synagogue, prayer rooms, a kindergarten, a Talmud school, a kosher butcher, and a mikveh [Hebrew: ritual bath]. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 26, 1944, the Russian and Romanian armies surrounded the city of Budapest, Hungary. The city was strongly defended by German and Hungarian troops and a siege lasted for two months. During the siege, about 38,000 civilians died through starvation or military action. The city unconditionally surrendered on February 13, 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSiberia is an extensive geographical region in Russia that extends eastward to become what is often referred to as ‘North Asia.’ It is a sparsely populated area with long, cold winters. Siberia has been a part of Russia since the seventeenth century. The majority of Soviet forced labor camps in the 1930’s through 1950’s were in remote areas of northeastern Siberia. The Siberian labor camps were used as a form of political repression and prisoners were often worked to death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 20, 1940, Romania formally joined the Axis powers. When the tide of war turned against the Axis, Romania was invaded by Soviet troops in 1944. With popular support for the was faltering, a successful coup was led by King Michael and Romania joined the Allies. On August 23, 1944, Romania declared war on Germany, joining Russian troops as they fought in Hungary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Committee of the Red Cross (“Red Cross”) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland. During World War II, the Red Cross—although limited by the Germans—had access to and was a crucial source of information about civilians, prisoners of war, and concentration camp prisoners. In 1943, the British Red Cross set up a registration and tracing service for missing persons that was formalized in 1944 as the Central Tracing Bureau. At the end of World War II, the Red Cross worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected by the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphus is a disease spread by lice, fleas or mites. During World War II, typhus epidemics killed many individuals in POW camps, ghettos and in concentration camps who were held in unhygienic conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003cbr\u003e     Adolf Hitler applied for entrance into the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, Austria twice and was twice rejected, once in 1907 and again in 1908. For the next five years, Hitler struggled to earn money by selling small paintings, mostly images of buildings and other landmarks in Vienna that he copied from postcards. By 1914, Hitler was serving in World War I and would later enter politics. In his autobiographical manifesto, Mein Kampf, Hitler claimed that his antisemitic views formed during his time as a struggling artist in Vienna. His frustrated art career became part of the myth making—by Hitler himself and by his followers—that helped drive his fateful rise to power in Germany.\u003cbr\u003e     Hitler was drafted for Austrian military service at the beginning of World War I but turned down due to lack of fitness. After moving to Germany, he enlisted as a German soldier in the summer of 1914 and was deployed to Belgium in October. Over the next two years, Hitler served first as an infantryman and then as a private. He won two decorations for bravery, including the Iron Cross First Class and was wounded twice. He was recovering from his second injury when the war ended.\u003cbr\u003e    Hitler loved animals in general, but his favorite were dogs and especially German Shepherds. He was known to have had several dogs during his lifetime.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUdine is a city in northeastern Italy, near the border of Slovenia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePadua is a city in northern Italy, 40 kilometers (25 miles) west of Venice and approximately 140 kilometers (87 miles) southwest of Udine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNaples is Italy’s third largest city after Rome and Milan. It sits on the Bay of Naples in southern Italy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBari is the capital city of the province of Bari and of the Apulia region, on the Adriatic Sea, in Italy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMonte Cassino (sometimes written Montecassino) is a rocky hill about 30 kilometers (19 miles) southeast of Rome, Italy. It is home to a historic abbey that, along with the nearby town of Cassino, was the site of the Battle of Monte Casino, a multi-faceted battle from January to May 1944. It marked one of the longest and bloodiest engagements of the Italian campaign during World War II. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMilan [Italian: Milano] is the second most populated city in Italy and the main industrial, commercial, and financial center of Italy. It is located in northern Italy, close to the border of Switzerland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGone with the Wind is an epic historical romance novel by Margaret Mitchell, which was published in 1926. A film version was made in 1939. The plot is set against the backdrop of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction era. It tells the story of Scarlett O’Hara, the strong-willed daughter of a Georgia plantation owner, and her tangled love affairs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, was about 2-1/2 miles away from the main camp. It had the largest total prisoner population. This is the camp with the big brick gate and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp and where the four gas chambers and crematoria came to be located.  The Monowitz camp also known as Auschwitz III or Buna, was about 4 miles east of the Auschwitz Main Camp. It was a complex built to house slave laborers for the German chemical firm IG Farben.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds, which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community. Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, and educational opportunities.  It is part of the Jewish Federation of North America (JFNA). There are Jewish federations in most major cities. After World War II, the Jewish Federations worked with the United Jewish Appeal (UJA), the United Palestine Appeal (UPA) and the Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) to help resettle Jewish concentration camp survivors and helped refugees create new lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiriam \"Mickie\" Greenberg Eisenberg Krinsky (1925—2018) was born in Atlanta, Georgia, where she and her first husband, David Eisenberg, helped build the foundation of Atlanta's vibrant Jewish community. Mickie was a passionate leader for many years at the Hebrew Academy of Atlanta, the Jewish Federation, Hadassah, and Congregation Shearith Israel. After David died, she remarried Joseph Krinsky.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Progressive Club was a Jewish social organization that was established in 1913 by Russian Jews who felt unwelcome at the Standard Club, where German Jews were predominant. At first the club was located in a rented house until a new club was built that included a swimming pool and a gym. In 1940, the club opened a larger facility with three swimming pools, tennis and softball. In 1976, the club moved north. The property was eventually sold as the club faced financial challenges and the Carl E. Sanders Family YMCA at Buckhead opened in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry is referring to a member of the Alterman family, which operated Alterman Foods, Inc. Alterman Foods, Inc. was a family retail and wholesale grocery business founded in 1923 by Russian immigrant Louis Alterman and operated by his five sons: David, Isadore, Max, George, and Sam. Alterman Foods opened the first supermarket in Atlanta on Marietta Street. The store was named Big Apple after a popular dance of the time. The company grew quickly and operated a retail division under the names of Big Apple and Food Giant Supermarkets. By the 1970’s, Big Apple had more than 100 supermarkets and 4,500 employees. The company also had a wholesale division, ABC Food Stores, which supplied independent grocery stores throughout the state and enabled the Alterman brothers to indirectly command a far greater share of Georgia's grocery business. Alterman Foods expanded to one-third of all the retail groceries in Georgia. In 1980, the business was sold.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCFS Continental, Inc. was a wholesale food distributor started in 1915 as the Continental Coffee Company. It is now part of Sysco.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSysco Corporation, an acronym for Systems and Services Company, is an American multinational corporation involved in marketing and distributing food products. The company was founded in 1969.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMcDonald's is an American fast food company founded in 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMobil, previously known as the Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, is a major American oil company that merged with Exxon in 1999 to form a parent company called ExxonMobil. Its gas service stations often are attached to convenience stores with food services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmoco Corporation, originally Standard Oil Company, is a global chemical and oil company that was founded in 1889 in the United States. Its gas service stations often are attached to convenience stores with food services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWarsaw is the capital and largest city in Poland, located on the Vistula River in east-central Poland. Before World War II, Warsaw was a major center of Jewish life and culture. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans ordered the establishment of a ghetto in Warsaw, Poland in October 1940. An estimated 400,000 Jews lived inside 1.3 miles of the city that was walled off and guarded. Starvation and illness from the over-crowded, deplorable conditions inside the Warsaw ghetto killed many. In July through August 1942, nearly 65,000 Jews were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp and murdered. In January 1943, a second major wave of deportation started. By this time, most of the Jews knew what had happened to those deported before them and hid, while a number of armed Jews opened fire on SS guards. This resistance surprised the Germans and the deportations were discontinued. The deportations resumed again on April 19, 1943 and this time the entire ghetto was to be liquidated. Stiff resistance met the Germans. Again they temporarily withdrew in disorder but soon returned to the ghetto in full force with 850 soldiers, tanks and armored cars. The Germans literally destroyed the ghetto building-by-building, block-by-block, burning and demolishing the ghetto one street at a time. On May 8, 1943, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising ended when the last of the fighters committed suicide rather than surrender.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Emmanuel Ringelblum led a secret operation code-named Oneg Shabbat [Hebrew: Sabbath delight] to document life in the Warsaw, Poland ghetto. A group of several dozen writers, teachers, rabbis, and historians wrote diaries and a narrative of deportations from the Warsaw ghetto. They also collected documents, underground newspapers, and posters and public notices of decrees issued by the Judenrat (a council of Jewish elders established on German orders). On the eve of the ghetto's destruction in the spring of 1943, the archive was placed in three milk cans and some metal boxes and buried in the cellars of several Warsaw buildings. The first containers were found in 1946 and another milk can was unearthed in 1950. Despite repeated searches, the rest of the archive, including the third milk can, was never found.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe total Jewish population of Europe in 1933 was estimated at about 9.5 million, which was more than 60 percent of the world’s Jewish population. Most European Jews lived in eastern Europe, with about 5.5 million Jews living in Poland and the Soviet Union. By the time the Holocaust and World War II had ended over a decade later, most European Jews—two out of every three—were dead. The best and most commonly accepted estimate of Jewish victims is six million, with approximately three million of those from Poland and 1,340,000 of those from the Soviet Union. The Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide, yet calculating how many individuals were killed during the Holocaust and World War II as a result of Nazi policies is difficult as no single document exists which spells out how many died. To accurately estimate the extent of human losses, scholars, governmental agencies and Jewish organizations since the 1940s have relied on a variety of records including census reports, captured archives, and postwar investigations. The best and most commonly accepted estimate of Jewish victims is six million. Among the estimated six million Jews killed during the Holocaust, Germany and its collaborators killed around 1.5 million Jewish children. Children were not specifically singled out because they were children, but because of their alleged membership in dangerous racial, biological, or political groups. Children had on of the lowest rates of survival in concentration and extermination amps. In Auschwitz-Birkenau and other killing centers, young children were immediately sent to the gas chambers. Adolescents (13-18 years old) had a greater chance of survival as they could be used for slave labor. Tens of thousands of Romani, between 5,000 and 7,000 German children with physical and mental abilities living in institutions, as well as many Polish children and children living in the German-occupied Soviet Union were also killed during the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eViznitz (also spelled Vizhnitz) is the name of a Hasidic dynasty founded by Rabbi Menachem Mendel Hager (1830—1884) from Galacia, in present-day Ukraine. Followers are called are called Vizhnitzer and the Rabbi and leaders are greatly revered. The dynasty is passed down to descendants of Menachem Mendel Hager. When World War I broke out, the grandson of moved the dynasty to Oradea in Transylvania. Although some of the leaders of the dynasty were killed during the Holocaust, some managed to immigrated and descendants serve as Rabbis to this day in Israel, the United States, and Britain.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGalicia was a political and geographical region between present-day Poland and Ukraine. Once a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the historical region disappeared from the European map after World War I. By the start of World War II in 1939, western Galicia was occupied by the Germans and eastern Galicia was occupied by the Soviet Union, Today, the east part of former Galicia is part of the Ukraine, while the western part belongs to Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA sheitel is the Yiddish word for a wig worn by some Orthodox Jewish married women in order to conform with the requirement of Jewish Law to cover their hair. In many traditional Orthodox Jewish communities, women wear head coverings such as hats, scarves and wigs after marriage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTasks such as extinguishing candles or lamps are considered work that is not permitted by observant Orthodox Jews on the Sabbath.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA synagogue is a Jewish house of worship where the congregation meets for religious services and instruction.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cheder is a Jewish religious elementary school for boys. Religious classes were usually held in a room attached to a synagogue or in the private home of a teacher called a ‘melamed.’ It was traditional for boys to start cheder at three or five years old, learning to read Hebrew from a primer and studying the Book of Leviticus. Girls did not attend cheder.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA black market, underground economy, or shadow economy is a clandestine market or transaction that has some aspect of illegality or is characterized by some form of noncompliant behavior with an institutional set of rules. During and in the years immediately after World War II, rationing and shortages forced many Europeans to rely on goods and services produced and sold in the underground economy. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEliezer \"Elie\" Wiesel (1928-2016) was a Jewish writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Laureate, and Holocaust survivor. He was born in Sighet, Transylvania, which is now part of Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSatu Mare [Hungarian: Szatmárnémeti or Szatmar; Yiddish: Satmar] is the Romanian name of a small town in present-day northwestern Romanian. Prior to World War I, the town was part of Hungary. Satu Mare was reannexed to Hungary in 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVladimir (Ze’ev) Jabotinsky (1880-1940) was born in Russia. He was a Revisionist Zionist leader, author, soldier and founder of the Jewish Self-Defense Organization in Odessa (Ukraine). He split from the mainstream Zionist movement in 1923 to form his own Zionist movement, which was militant in nature, openly training Jews in warfare and the use of arms. The Revisionist youth group was called Betar. In the 1930’s Jabotinsky became deeply concerned about the situation of the Jewish community in Eastern Europe, particularly Poland. He warned the Jews that there “were living on the edge of the volcano” and warned them to leave for Palestine as soon as possible.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTheodor Herzl (1860-1904) was the father of modern political Zionism. In 1896, he published The Jewish State, in which he advocated the establishment of a Jewish state.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOsweicim [Polish: Oświęcim; Yiddish: Oshpitzin] is a town in southern Poland. The Germans renamed the town Auschwitz and located the three main camps of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp complex on the outskirts of the town.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAgnes Scott College is a women's private liberal arts college founded in 1889. It is located in downtown Decatur, Georgia, which is part of metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II began with Germany’s invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939. Hungary (and Romania) did not formally ally with the Axis powers until November 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the world’s oldest and largest broadcasting organization with radio, TV, and online services. It is headquartered in London, United Kingdom.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “ghetto” originated in sixteenth-century Venice from the Jewish quarter, where authorities compelled the city’s Jews to live. The term’s usage spread across Europe and referred to areas within cities where members of minorities (typically Jews) lived and were often restricted to by the authorities as a way to separate them from the majority Christian population. During World War II, Nazi Germany established ghettos in segregated city districts to further isolate and imprison regional Jewish populations. Starting in 1939, the Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone. Jews living in ghettos experienced miserable conditions and overcrowding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMatzo, or matzah, is an unleavened flatbread that is part of Jewish cuisine and forms an integral element of the Passover festival.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThroughout history, bizarre, unfounded blood libel accusations have been leveled against Jews—often around the time of Easter and Passover. The accusations typically accused Jews of kidnapping a Christian child who was then murdered and his or her blood used for ritual purposes. The accusations often led to violent attacks against Jewish communities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Life of Riley’ is a phrase that refers to leading a luxurious or carefree existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVolkswagen [German: people’s car; often shortened to ‘VW’] is a German automaker founded in 1937 and headquartered in Wolfsburg, Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1892, the Weiss brothers founded the country’s first ammunition factory on the island of Csepel, close to Budapest. The Weiss Manfréd Acél- és Fémművek [Hungarian: Manfred Weiss Steel and Metal Works], known colloquially as Csepel Művek [Hungarian: Csepel Works], was one of the largest machine factories in Hungary, located on Csepel island outside Budapest. Originally founded in 1892, it was owned by Baron Manfred Weiss, a Jewish industrialist, it produced all types of equipment, from airplanes and munitions to automotive engines and cars. When Germany occupied Hungary in 1944, the factory was seized, its Jewish employees imprisoned, and the Weiss family fled to Portugal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMagdalene Joszashely (1881—1959) was the wife of Admiral Miklos Horthy and a descendent of the Wodianer family, an Austrian Jewish family.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSam Arbiser (1919-2014) and his wife, Pola Bienstock (1928—2014), are both Holocaust survivors from Poland. After the end of World War II, they immigrated to Israel where they met and married in 1954. They immigrated to Atlanta in 1960 and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Both were active in the Jewish community and shared their stories with the William Breman Jewish Heritage and Holocaust Museum, which has a theater named for the Arbiser family.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCsepel Island is the largest island on the Danube River in Hungary and lies to the south of Budapest.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police.” It was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRitz-Carlton Hotel Company is a line of luxury hotels started in Europe and came to North America in 1911. The term ‘Ritz-Carlton’ or ‘Ritz’ has come to mean unparalleled luxury.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/annotation_set/952/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGyor is a city in northwest Hungary, located halfway between Budapest, Hungary and Vienna, Austria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=7230.0,7260.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Henry Friedman [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Henry shares about his early life and antisemitism he recalls growing up","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=63.0,269.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was [from] time to time on some occasions, like when a drought occurred or too much rain, the Jews were blamed for everything. It was an easy way to blame someone. I recall from a very early age that we had to close down the gates [and] doors because if a student uprising, antisemitism, they broke into homes and broke into synagogues. Most of\nthe time that happened around Easter time because it was said that the Jews used blood to make matzahs for the Passover.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=63.0,269.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arad, Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oradea Mare, Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passover","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionist","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=63.0,269.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Describes how things changed for the Jews after World War II started","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=269.0,523.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was able to go for two semesters only in college, because at the 'good old days' we had a quota system. Only so\nmany Jews was allowed to attend universities, so for me not to waste any time, I was working as an apprentice in shops where they manufactured or repaired textile machineries.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=269.0,523.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austro-Hungarian","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechoslovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forced Labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Transylvania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=269.0,523.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Recalling how life changed for the Jews when the Germans occupied Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=523.0,641.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I recall from the first day, everyone had to wear a yellow star, a six-inch yellow star sewn to the clothes that from the distance\nhe can be recognized that he's a Jew. No one was allowed to be on the street after seven o'clock in the evening. A Jewish physician was allowed to treat only Jewish patients.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=523.0,641.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adolf Hitler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forced Labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nicholas Horthy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Star of David","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=523.0,641.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Henry discusses leaving home and reporting for forced labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=641.0,944.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We entered the next duplex and it looked like it was pre-arranged because it was an old man, with long white beard, with a tallis, with a prayer shawl on his shoulder. He opened the door for us. I never seen that man before. I didn't know who he was. As we entered, he put the prayer shawl over my head, and I felt both of his hands on top of my head, and he blessed me.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=641.0,944.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Draft","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forced Labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Intelligentsia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tallis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=641.0,944.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Being sent to Budapest to work in a factory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=944.0,1093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That factory manufactured airplanes, tanks and almost everything connected with the war industry. That was on outskirts of Budapest. It was something unusual from the first day. I wasn't used to it. Siren blasting, and enemy airplanes approaching.\nPeople drop everything what they're doing, and everybody kind of rushing toward the shelter.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=944.0,1093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Airplanes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bomb Shelter","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Budapest, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forced Labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Military","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tanks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=944.0,1093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working in the foundry and being beaten","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1093.0,1387.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm lined up, waiting to have my lunch, to have my soup, and a Hungarian captain passed by and stops in front of me. [He said,]\n\"Jew! The point of your star is not sewed on tightly. [It is] loose. Tell the sergeant in charge that I want to see that Jew in my office right now.\"","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1093.0,1387.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abuse","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forced Labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Foundry","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Infection","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jew","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Star of David","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1093.0,1387.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Receiving care at the hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1387.0,1691.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was the only Jew in that hospital. I was very worried, surprised to see that I get the same clean bed like everybody else. I had the same food like everybody else and I was treated the same like everybody else.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1387.0,1691.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Allied Forces","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bombing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Budapest, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fred Crawford","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Infection","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Physician","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Railroad Station","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Front","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Treatment","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1387.0,1691.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Encounter with Raoul Wallenberg and receiving a schutzpass","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1691.0,1931.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Something happened in Budapest that an angel appeared, someone who wanted to save Jewish lives in late 1944 by the name of Raoul Wallenberg. I was told if I'm lucky enough to go to the [Swedish] Consulate and get a schutzpass [German:\nprotection pass], a temporary passport, which I was able to get from Wallenberg's office, which said, \"The holder of this document is under Swedish protection and waiting for a transport to go to Sweden. Please handle accordingly.\"","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1691.0,1931.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Horse stable","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Protection Pass","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Raoul Wallenberg","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schutzpass","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sweden","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Swedish Consulate","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1691.0,1931.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Being moved to the ghetto in Budapest and forced to assist the Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1931.0,2111.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm on the street, try to find something to eat. It was no food. The ghetto wasn't organized. [I was trying] to find something I can steal or find or anything. During the excursion, a German patrol catch up with me.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1931.0,2111.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Budapest, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Danube River","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=1931.0,2111.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Suffering an injury and trying to get help","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2111.0,2336.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One occasion like that, shrapnel explodes next to me, tears up my left thigh. I'm bleeding profusely. I remember that since I'm a Jew, I'm not entitled not even for a bandage, even though that I know the people already at the First Aid center, being over there for two or three weeks. I'm entitled to do nothing, since I'm a Jew.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2111.0,2336.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forced Labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shrapnel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2111.0,2336.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Surviving the firing squad and hiding out until the war ends","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2336.0,2692.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just realize it, that I face a firing squad and I was left behind as dead. Everybody else around me is dead. I got a little grazing on my shoulder, where the bullet grazed me. I figure I can't stay over there. Since the hospital wasn't very far from there, the hospital where I was treated the morning before.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2336.0,2692.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Firing Squad","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Infection","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2336.0,2692.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping a forced march to Siberia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2692.0,2783.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm marching again, marching with a big group with fellows with German uniforms, prisoner of wars, with fellows in Hungarian\nuniforms and me in my ragged clothes.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2692.0,2783.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Budapest, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Danube River","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prisoner","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Siberia, Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2692.0,2783.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Returning home to Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2783.0,3023.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Where is your home?\" I told him my home was Transylvania. He said, \"That's not Hungary anymore. That's Romania.\" Since the Romanians was helping the Russians for the past six months, that if I put on the Romanian armband, which is red, yellow and blue, if I'm caught by Russians, I'd be much better treated.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2783.0,3023.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Good Samaritan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lice","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Railroad","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Red Cross","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Transylvania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=2783.0,3023.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discovering his family is all dead and leaving Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3023.0,3219.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I made arrangement [for] the bed next to me to be emptied. That will be for Steve, because I don't know physically or mentally\nwhat shape he will be, but I knew he needs me and I need him. I'm flying very high, very excited all day long. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3023.0,3219.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adolf Hitler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Death","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Italy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Typhus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3023.0,3219.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rebuilding his life in Italy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3219.0,3531.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I seen lots of pictures made by my father, who inherited that talent. I inherited some painting talent. Even my son has a\npainting talent. To be able to supplement, to make a living in Italy, I was painting portraits. I was painting girls, and I was involved with theatrical outfits.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3219.0,3531.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Artist","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"British","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coliseum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Padua, Italy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rome, Italy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Udine, Italy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3219.0,3531.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Recalling the parallels between his life and Scarlett O'Hara from Gone with the Wind","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3531.0,3601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I find so much parallel between my life and Scarlett O'Hara. Everything [in her world] went up in flames. Everything what did to me went up in a chimney in the Auschwitz crematorium.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3531.0,3601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gone with the Wind","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Italy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Scarlett O'Hara","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3531.0,3601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Starting his life in Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3601.0,3844.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the beginning when I arrived to Atlanta, Georgia, the Atlanta Jewish Federation picked up my sponsorship. They sponsored me to come to Atlanta . . . Mickie Eisenberg, who was a caseworker at the Federation, asked me, \"Henry,  what were you doing in Italy for five years?\" I told her I was painting. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3601.0,3844.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Federation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Progressive Club","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marriage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paiting","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Social Club","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3601.0,3844.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discusses his career in the food distribution business","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3844.0,4041.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was doing the purchasing at the club. Later on, people from where I was buying from, like Malcolm Alterman, said, \"Henry,\nsince you give me such a hard time selling you, how about you come to work of me?\" Then when I started to be in the food distributor business.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3844.0,4041.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Amoco","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Attorney","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CFS Continental","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Progressive Club","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lawyer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"McDonald's","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mobil","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Retirement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sysco Corporation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=3844.0,4041.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discusses the reason he started to share his story of surviving World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891#t=4041.0,4205.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/84513/file/172891/index/51969/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even if the subject is a painful subject for me, just like pulling a scab from an unhealed wound, I have to talk about it because after my generation [is] gone, it won't be any first-generation survivors. 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