{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/mg7fq9rw5m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Forchheimer, Marianne"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2002-03-13 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Marianne Forchheimer (Interviewee)","Ruth Einstein (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMarianne Forchheimer is interviewed by Ruth Einstein on March 13, 2002 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eMarianne introduces herself by explaining how her name changed over the years. She talks about her father’s struggles to keep a job after the Nazis came to power, her own struggles in school, and being sent to forced labor. Marianne recounts how her parents met. She explains why her father did not identify as Jewish. Marianne remembers learning she was half-Jewish. She recounts her father’s arrest in 1933 and the persecution of her Jewish grandmother. Marianne speaks about her extended family and her father’s background. Marianne recalls how her family was harassed by the Gestapo, including her mother being pressured to divorce her father. She considers her brother’s struggle to complete his education.Marianne explains why her family was somewhat protected under the Nazi’s ranking of mixed marriages. Marianne discusses her own struggle with being identified as half-Jewish. Marianne recollects being a forced laborer. Marianne remembers what she experienced during the later war years. She describes bombing raids and liberation. Marianne compares the experiences of other family members in mixed marriages to her own. She shares what they learned about her grandmother’s death in Theresienstadt. Marianne considers her own religious beliefs and feelings about Germany.Marianne talks about rebuilding a life after the war and deciding to immigrate. Marianne recalls her first weeks in the United States. Marianne mentions her father’s experiences during the war and his values. Marianne shares her feelings about leaving her family and Germany. Marianne reflects on her early years in Columbus, Ohio. Marianne talks about being among the first survivors to immigrate. She remembers working until she had her first baby. Marianne addresses assumptions and comparisons in the survivor community. She shares her own shock at learning about the concentration camps and why Holocaust education is important. Marianne remembers interactions with other Germans during the war.Marianne discusses returning to Germany and forgiveness. Marianne describes what lessons she tried to teach her children about discriminations. She shares her opinions on religion and war.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eMarianne Hannelore Reinach was born on June 25, 1925 in Wuppertal, Germany. She was the oldest of two children born to Ludwig Reinach, a World War I veteran, and Irmgard Cronberger Reinach. Ludwig’s position as an electrical engineer afforded a comfortable life. They family owned a car and enjoyed vacations in Karlsruhe, where both sets of grandparents lived. In 1935, Ludwig lost his job and the family moved to Dusseldorf. Two years later, in 1937, Ludwig lost his job again and the family moved to Celle. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn Celle, Marianne attended the public high school and sang in the church choir. When she began to be excluded from Nazi youth organizations and school functions, however, her mother finally explained that, under Nazi laws, Marianne and her brother, Wolfgang, were half-Jewish, or “Mischlinge.” Although stunned to realize her father was Jewish and facing ever increasing discrimination, Marianne was determined to complete her education. By her senior year, in 1942, half-Jews were no longer allowed to attend public schools. Although Wolfgang was immediately expelled, Marianne was allowed to complete her degree. That spring, her Jewish grandmother was deported to Theresienstadt. The family remained in their home, but were frequently harassed by the Gestapo and required to comply with anti-Jewish restrictions, such as turning in their radio.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAfter graduation, Marianne was put into forced labor. She was soon sent to a farm in the Black Forest. There, she lived with a sympathetic family, whom she developed a lifelong relationship with. When the front neared the Black Forest, Marianne left the farm and returned to Celle. By then, her father had been sent as a forced laborer to build roadways. Wolfgang and Irmgard remained in their home but were forced to take in boarders, including a Nazi officer. In Celle, Marianne was to work at an oil refinery, where she narrowly escaped multiple bombing raids. Seeking shelter in a farmhouse outside of Celle in the last days of the war, Marianne, her mother, brother, an aunt and her Christian grandmother were liberated by British soldiers. Marianne’s father soon returned but news came that her Jewish grandmother had died in Theresienstadt shortly after her arrival.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eMarianne enrolled in the University of Heidelberg, studying English. There, a Christian organization seeking to help half-Jewish students who had been persecuted offered to pay for her to come to the United States. In 1947, Marianne arrived in New York City and travelled to Columbus, Ohio, where an aunt and uncle lived. Marianne got a job developing photos. She soon met Peter Forchheimer (1924-2011), a German Jew who had immigrated before the war. In 1949, they married. She worked for his family’s wholesale toy business until the first of three daughters was born in 1951. In their later years, the couple moved to California for a short time and then moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where they enjoyed being close to one of their daughters and her family. Marianne died on January 28, 2023.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMarianne Forchheimer is interviewed by Ruth Einstein on March 13, 2002 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMarianne introduces herself by explaining how her name changed over the years. She talks about her father\u0026rsquo;s struggles to keep a job after the Nazis came to power, her own struggles in school, and being sent to forced labor. Marianne recounts how her parents met. She explains why her father did not identify as Jewish. Marianne remembers learning she was half-Jewish. She recounts her father\u0026rsquo;s arrest in 1933 and the persecution of her Jewish grandmother. Marianne speaks about her extended family and her father\u0026rsquo;s background. Marianne recalls how her family was harassed by the Gestapo, including her mother being pressured to divorce her father. She considers her brother\u0026rsquo;s struggle to complete his education.Marianne explains why her family was somewhat protected under the Nazi\u0026rsquo;s ranking of mixed marriages. Marianne discusses her own struggle with being identified as half-Jewish. Marianne recollects being a forced laborer. Marianne remembers what she experienced during the later war years. She describes bombing raids and liberation. Marianne compares the experiences of other family members in mixed marriages to her own. She shares what they learned about her grandmother\u0026rsquo;s death in Theresienstadt. Marianne considers her own religious beliefs and feelings about Germany.Marianne talks about rebuilding a life after the war and deciding to immigrate. Marianne recalls her first weeks in the United States. Marianne mentions her father\u0026rsquo;s experiences during the war and his values. Marianne shares her feelings about leaving her family and Germany. Marianne reflects on her early years in Columbus, Ohio. Marianne talks about being among the first survivors to immigrate. She remembers working until she had her first baby. Marianne addresses assumptions and comparisons in the survivor community. She shares her own shock at learning about the concentration camps and why Holocaust education is important. Marianne remembers interactions with other Germans during the war.Marianne discusses returning to Germany and forgiveness. Marianne describes what lessons she tried to teach her children about discriminations. She shares her opinions on religion and war.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMarianne Hannelore Reinach was born on June 25, 1925 in Wuppertal, Germany. She was the oldest of two children born to Ludwig Reinach, a World War I veteran, and Irmgard Cronberger Reinach. Ludwig\u0026rsquo;s position as an electrical engineer afforded a comfortable life. They family owned a car and enjoyed vacations in Karlsruhe, where both sets of grandparents lived. In 1935, Ludwig lost his job and the family moved to Dusseldorf. Two years later, in 1937, Ludwig lost his job again and the family moved to Celle.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn Celle, Marianne attended the public high school and sang in the church choir. When she began to be excluded from Nazi youth organizations and school functions, however, her mother finally explained that, under Nazi laws, Marianne and her brother, Wolfgang, were half-Jewish, or \u0026ldquo;Mischlinge.\u0026rdquo; Although stunned to realize her father was Jewish and facing ever increasing discrimination, Marianne was determined to complete her education. By her senior year, in 1942, half-Jews were no longer allowed to attend public schools. Although Wolfgang was immediately expelled, Marianne was allowed to complete her degree. That spring, her Jewish grandmother was deported to Theresienstadt. The family remained in their home, but were frequently harassed by the Gestapo and required to comply with anti-Jewish restrictions, such as turning in their radio.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAfter graduation, Marianne was put into forced labor. She was soon sent to a farm in the Black Forest. There, she lived with a sympathetic family, whom she developed a lifelong relationship with. When the front neared the Black Forest, Marianne left the farm and returned to Celle. By then, her father had been sent as a forced laborer to build roadways. Wolfgang and Irmgard remained in their home but were forced to take in boarders, including a Nazi officer. In Celle, Marianne was to work at an oil refinery, where she narrowly escaped multiple bombing raids. Seeking shelter in a farmhouse outside of Celle in the last days of the war, Marianne, her mother, brother, an aunt and her Christian grandmother were liberated by British soldiers. Marianne\u0026rsquo;s father soon returned but news came that her Jewish grandmother had died in Theresienstadt shortly after her arrival.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eMarianne enrolled in the University of Heidelberg, studying English. There, a Christian organization seeking to help half-Jewish students who had been persecuted offered to pay for her to come to the United States. In 1947, Marianne arrived in New York City and travelled to Columbus, Ohio, where an aunt and uncle lived. Marianne got a job developing photos. She soon met Peter Forchheimer (1924-2011), a German Jew who had immigrated before the war. In 1949, they married. She worked for his family\u0026rsquo;s wholesale toy business until the first of three daughters was born in 1951. In their later years, the couple moved to California for a short time and then moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where they enjoyed being close to one of their daughters and her family. Marianne died on January 28, 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/241/584/small/Forchheimer_Marianne.mp4_1716129320.jpg?1716129320","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Forchheimer_Marianne.mp4"]},"duration":9945.436,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/241/584/small/Forchheimer_Marianne.mp4_1716129320.jpg?1716129320","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/241/584/original/Forchheimer_Marianne.mp4?1716129314","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":9945.436,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Forchheimer, Marianne [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Let us start with your name and when you were born.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=0.0,10.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: My name when I was born was Marianne--that's spelled\nM-A-R-I-A-N-N-E, one word--Reinach. That's spelled R-E-I-N-A-C-H. At the age of\n11 months -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=10.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I was 11 months old, my Dad went to the bureau of vital\nstatistics because an aunt of my mothers had passed and had been pestering them\nbecause Marianne is the symbol of France. France was occupying, in 1925, still\noccupying a part of the Rhineland after the First World War. This aunt said,\n\"You cannot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name a German girl Marianne. That's the symbol for France.\" My dad\nlistened to that. I don't know to this day why he listened to her, because he\nwas a pretty stubborn person. They changed my name officially to Hannelore,\nwhich is spelled H-A-N-N-E-L-O-R-E, all one word, too. It's Hannah and Lore\ntogether. Then, [they] made Marianne my middle name. From that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moment on--I was\n11 months--I went by the name of Hannelore and Marianne--pronounced\n\"Mar-ey-anna\" in German--as my middle name. Then, when I came to this country,\nthe name Hannelore is not known here, but Marianne is. I changed back. When I\nbecame a citizen, the examiner asked me, \"Would you like to change ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything with\nyour names?\" I had -- I was married by then, too. I reversed the two names again\nand made Marianne my first name and Hannelore is my middle name. That's what I\nhave been most of my life now, because my parents picked that name as their\nfavorite girl's name. This aunt had no business interfering, I felt. Besides, I\nliked Marianne better than the other name. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the story about that. Then, in\nschool, they called me \"Lola\" because -- This is a long story. We ended up in a\nsmall town in northern Germany because my dad lost his jobs, one job after\nanother, and he sank lower and lower. We ended up, when I was 12 years old, in a\nsmall town in Germany. The school that I went to was all girls. In those days,\nthe high schools were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"separated into boys' and girls' schools. They gave me the\nname Lola because I had black hair. They knew I was half Jewish and they gave me\n-- They shortened the name Hannelore, which I went under then, to Lola because\nthey thought that was exotic. I'm still known now in Germany with my former\nclassmates as Lola. When they write to me, they write \"Lola.\" I have had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"several\ndifferent first names, but the legal one now is Marianne.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=210.0,215.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Which first name do you like the best?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=215.0,219.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Marianne. The way the Germans pronounce it is \"Mar-ey-anna.\" That,\nI think, has so much, melody to it. I just like it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=219.0,229.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: What town were you born in and then where did you end up later?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=229.0,236.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: I was born in a city named Wuppertal, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=236.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is in the Ruhr area,\nwhere they have coal mines and steel mills. The name of the city is spelled\nW-U-P-P-E-R-T-A-L. It is near Dusseldorf and Cologne, very close. I was born\nthere and we lived there. My dad had a very good job. He had a PhD in\nengineering and he had a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good job. In 1935, when the Nuremberg Laws came\nout, he had to -- He was a civil servant. He had to leave because he had four\nJewish grandparents. He had to bring the birth certificates of his grandparents.\nThat's what the Nazis expected. There, it said that they were \"Israelisch\"\n[German: Israeli]. I mean, that's how they called it, \"Israelisch,\" in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German.\nThey didn't call it \"Judich\" [German] or \"Jewish.\" They called it \"Israelisch.\"\n[Because of] the four grandparents, he was fired. Then, we moved. We moved to\nDusseldorf when I was ten and he got a job in private industry. That man\ncouldn't hold -- He had to change from electrical engineering to chemical\nengineering, but that was easy for him because that job involved more chemistry\nthan ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"electrical stuff. After a year, this man in private industry couldn't hold\nhim anymore, couldn't keep him, and he looked for another job. I think he even\nput an ad in the paper, or he saw an ad in the paper, where a man in a small\ntown in the same kind of business as the person in Dusseldorf, was looking for\nsomeone. He wrote to him. This ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"town was called or is called \"Celle,\" C-E-L-L-E,\na small town. It at 25,000 inhabitants. We moved in 1937. It's between Hanover\nand Hamburg, north, pretty far north. That's where I grew up, actually. From the\nage of 12, I was enrolled in that high school where they called me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lola. I\nfinished high school there. I got a diploma. I was the last year. A law came out\nin the fall of 1942 that half Jews -- I haven't told you that I'm half Jewish,\nbut this is coming out now. My dad was the Jewish part of the marriage. My\nmother was Lutheran. Half Jews could not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attend high school. My brother, who is\ntwo years younger than I am, he had to leave school, but I was five months away\nfrom graduation. I was a senior and somehow, they let those half Jews finish\nhigh school. I got my diploma, which was very hard because my brother, the poor\nthing, he didn't want to leave school. He said, \"How come my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister can stay?\"\nIt was a very hard time for him, for me. When I finally graduated [and] I got my\ndiploma, I was very proud. My mother said, \"I can't make a big deal of it\nbecause your brother had to leave school.\" I just -- She gave me a bouquet of\nflowers and that was about it. They didn't make any, didn't have any celebration\n[or] stuff like that. After ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, I was put in forced labor. All my classmates\nwent, were taken into factories to help with, to build the weapons and other\nthings they had to do. But I was singled out by the employment office. Being\nhalf-Jewish, I was demoted to a -- I was 17 at the time, almost 18. I was\ndemoted to the level of a 14 year ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old that had the education of a grammar\nschool. The kids that finished grammar school got out at age 14, and that's all\nthey had to do. That was compulsory. They had to finish grammar school. I was\ndemoted to the level of a 14 year old. I was -- Then my dad found a job for me.\nHe put an ad in the paper that an 18 year old was looking for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a certain kind --\nIt had a certain name, Fliechtemadchen [German: fly girl], and which I can't\neven translate. These people -- We got about 27 answers to his ad, because there\nwas an 18 year old looking for a job that a 14 year old should have done. We got\nmany, 27 answers and each one was signed, \"Heil Hitler,\" which they did in those\ndays as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"greeting; like we say, \"Best regards,\" here. They signed \"Heil\nHitler.\" There was only one letter from one family that did not sign with \"Heil\nHitler.\" They signed, \"Greetings,\" or the Germans say, \"Viele Grusse\" [German:\nmany greetings], or \"Herzliche Grusse\" [German: heartfelt greetings]. They\nsigned that way. My father said, \"That's the place where you're going.\" It was\nin the Black Forest. Now, we lived way up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"north, south of Hamburg, and the Black\nForest -- My parents came -- Both of them had been born in southern Germany, but\nmy brother I were born in northern Germany because that's where my dad got his\nfirst job after college. There was a Depression. It was hard to get jobs. His\nfather said to him--it's in his memoirs; he wrote his memoirs--\"You don't want\nto go to northern Germany. You are a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"southern.\" I mean, there is always this\nrivalry in Germany. It still is going on now between the Northerners and the\nSoutherners. My grandfather took my dad to the railroad station when he went for\nhis interview and said, \"You don't want to accept that job. You don't belong in\nnorthern Germany. Northern Germany is not for you,\" but my father took the job.\nThen, my mother came later and that's -- Then, when he -- This ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job was a very good\njob. They apparently planned on having a family. I was the first one to be born\nin 1925. They were felt well in northern -- They never felt right in northern.\nThey had a dialect. My parents spoke a southern dialect. It's very pronounced in\nGermany. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bavarians, they came from Swabia and from -- which was called \"Baden\"\nat the time. They stand out if you speak like that in northern Germany. You get\nsingled out. You are not from there. They noticed that. Why do we not? We kids,\nwe did not have that dialect. We spoke the way they spoke in school, which was\nHigh German. That's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning of my life. I mean, I was born there, and then at\nten, we had to move. Then, we kept moving. My father, he ended up in the labor\ncamp. In 1944, he was taken away. He had to build roads for the German tanks to\n-- not Autobahn, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"roads for the German tanks. When the English, and the\nBritish, the French were approaching--that was in the West--they had to destroy\nthose roads again so the so-called \"enemy\" tanks couldn't drive on them. First\nthey built them, and then they exploded, they dynamited them. That's what he\ndid, but he came back, thank goodness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=750.0,778.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Tell me what your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=778.0,781.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents' names are, and how they met, and what kind\nof relationship you had with either side of your family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=781.0,790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: With the grandparents, you mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=790.0,793.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: [Yes.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=793.0,794.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: My father was six years older than my mother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=794.0,798.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: His name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=798.0,799.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: His name was Ludwig, as in Beethoven, L-U-D-W-I-G, Reinach. I\nspelled that before. He was still a student because he was in the First World\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=799.0,811.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"War. He went as a volunteer from -- He wasn't even done with high school. He was\nonly 17. [He] went in 1914, when the first war started. He went as a volunteer.\nThen, he came back and then he went to college. My mother was still in high\nschool. These fraternities, they put on dances. His fraternity -- He was in a\nfraternity. He met my mother at this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=811.0,841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ball. He only danced with her and his\nfather--it's all in his memoirs--his father said to him -- His father was there.\nMy mother's father, both grandparents, knew each other already before. They were\nthere to watch their kids. My Grandfather [Moritz] Reinach, he said to my\nfather, \"You cannot dance with just one girl. You have to dance with different\nones.\" My father didn't listen to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=841.0,871.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. He danced with my mother. From that\nmoment on--she was only 18 and he was about 24--is when it all started. My\ngrandparents, my so-called \"Aryan\" grandparents, they did not -- They were\nfriendly towards Jews. They never said a word against -- When this became more\nserious, this love ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=871.0,901.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"affair, they never told my mother, \"Don't do that because\nthat will be a lot of grief for you if you marry a Jewish man.\" My dad, on the\nother hand, his parents didn't say anything either, because my dad, he was in\nbar mitzvah training at age 11 or 12. This rabbi that they had, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=901.0,931.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he spanked the\nboys when they misbehaved with a -- What do you call that here? With a stick,\nactually. It was a stick. He spank them. My dad got up. He said, \"A clergyman\nshould not spank children,\" and he walked out of this bar mitzvah class, and he\nwent home. He was the only son. They had also two daughters. He had two sisters.\nHe said to his father, \"I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=931.0,961.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't want to be Jewish anymore because it just\ndoesn't appeal to me. I want to become -- I want to get baptized and become a\nProtestant.\" My grandfather said to him, \"Alright, you don't have to go to bar\nmitzvah training. You don't have to be bar mitzvahed, but you cannot become a\nChristian. I will not allow that,\" so he never -- He didn't [become a\nChristian], but he didn't go to bar mitzvah training. He never had a bar\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=961.0,991.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mitzvah. He was always very -- Many German Jews tried to assimilate for career\nreasons. He was -- I think my father was an agnostic, if not an atheist. We\nnever talked about religion. He didn't go to temple, and he didn't go to church\neither, nothing. He just wanted to be one of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=991.0,1021.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crowd. He wanted to be with the\nmajority. He was baptized, too, when I was. I was baptized at age six months in\nthe church where my parents had been married. My father was baptized at the same\ntime. Many German Jews did this. He didn't have his PhD then. He just had his\nMaster's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1021.0,1051.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in engineering. He got his PhD later, before they [the Nazis] came to\npower, in 1931. Then, he was working on his second PhD in political science and\nhis thesis had been accepted. But that was in 1934 and when he came to his oral\nexam, they turned him down, because [Adolf] Hitler, already by 1934, had decided\nJews cannot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1051.0,1081.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hold doctorate degrees. They can't. His paper was very good. They\nturned him down for it, so he never got his second one. He never got his second\nPhD. He was a very smart man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1081.0,1096.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Do you remember him talking about that at all at home? What did your\nparents --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1096.0,1103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: No, because they tried to keep the Jewish, his Jewishness from us\nkids. That was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1103.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hard because we, my brother and I, were not allowed to join\nthe Hitler Youth. They had a group for the boys, and a group for the girls, and\nthey had uniforms. I was, being half Jewish, I was not admitted to this\norganization. I was the only one in this whole school--high school starts at age\nten in Germany; still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"does--who had -- On Hitler's birthday and when we had\nassembly for when he took power, that was a special day. Everybody appeared in a\nuniform except I. That was about the worst thing for a child of eight, ten, 11,\n12, 13, and so on, to be singled out as somebody different. I asked. I didn't\nknow that our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dad was Jewish. We didn't know. They didn't tell us. There is this\nargument that they have now when children are adopted, \"At what age should they\nbe told?\" My parents made that big mistake not telling us. When I was 15 years\nold, I found out. That's when I finally found out what my dad was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1170.0,1194.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: How did you find out?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1194.0,1197.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: I found out [because] there was another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1197.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organization in school that\nwas for those Germans that lived in foreign countries. Like, Czechoslovakia had\na German settlement and I don't know where the other one was. One was called --\nIt was Sudetendeutsche [German: Sudeten Germans] and I forgot what the other one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1200.0,1224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Switzerland?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1224.0,1225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: No, not in Switzerland. They were both in Slavic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1225.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries. Both of\nthese [groups of] settlers were exclaves of German settlers and they were poor.\nThere was an organization that Hitler started, where the school kids would give\nmoney monthly, a monthly fee, to support those Germans in the foreign countries.\nMy mother got a letter from the principal of my school that I was now excluded.\nI could not be a member ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore, no more fees, no nothing. No, I'm out of it.\nThat's when she thought, \"Now, she's 15 years old. I have to tell her she can't\nbe a member anymore.\" That's when she told me. That's when I had been\nbrainwashed already about the Jews. We had biology at that time. I think that\nstarted at age 13, when they gave us all this racial stuff ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about how inferior\nthe Jews are -- I still didn't know. I was 13. I believed all that. They are\ncriminals, they're mentally inferior, they want to take over the world, and they\nare just no good. I sat there, never said a word because I didn't want to argue.\nI didn't even know I was half Jewish. When she told me, it was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shock\nbecause I thought my father was a criminal. It was completely wrong what my\nparents did. I mean, looking back, they should have told us from the beginning,\nbecause I was eight years old when Hitler took over and my dad got arrested\nright away. That's another story. I don't know if I should tell you why he got\narrested, but if you want to know, I can tell you. Do you want to know? Alright,\nhe was the assistant director of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Municipal Electrical Works, where they made\nelectricity out of coal because the area where the coal was found was very\nclose. They had a huge chimney, too. They burned the coal in the bottom of the\nchimney and then the electricity, it was one, from the fire. It was a huge\nchimney. The Nazis put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a swastika flag on top of the chimney. My dad, who was in\ncharge, he said, \"Take that flag down.\" He gave the order, \"That flag has got to\ncome down.\" He didn't want a Nazi flag up there. I was eight years old at the\ntime. My brother was six. They arrested him. They came to the Works and they\nsaid, \"Who gave the order to take ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the flag down?\" [They said,] \"Well, it was Mr.\nReinach,\" so they arrested him. They came to the house. I can still picture\nthat. It was noontime. We had the main meal at noon in Germany. My father came\nhome for about two hours, he ate, took a little nap, then went back to work.\nThey came. They rang the bell. The Gestapo, with the black uniforms, or the SS\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men, they took him away. We kids, we were fussing and my mother didn't say why.\nShe said, \"Oh, he will be back. It's just something he did at work.\" He was\ninterrogated by the Nazis in jail and he talked himself out of it. He said, \"If\nyou put a flag on top of this fire down below, the flag will ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get incinerated,\nand the ashes will fall down. It will set off an explosion or something really\nbad. You can't put a flag up there,\" which was completely -- It was a fib. It\nwas not true, but they believed him. They were so stupid, they believed him, and\nlet him go. They didn't put a flag up anymore. That's how he got out. The next\nmorning, he came home. They kept him overnight. He had enough ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brains to think of\nsome excuse, which was really a fib. Then, he came home. From then on, in 1935,\nhe lost his job. It was a terrible blow for him because he loved his job. He was\ngood at his job. Electrical engineering was kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strange for a Jewish man\nbecause not many Jewish men studied that. My Grandfather Reinach, his father,\nalready was a college graduate from Heidelberg University, but he studied\nfinances. They had a word for it, which I forgot, which they have changed now.\nThey don't use that one [word] anymore, but he studied finances, and graduated,\nand then was also a civil ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"servant. But when the Nazis came to power, he was\npretty old, and sick, and he was already on his deathbed, so, he was never\nbothered much by that. But my grandmother was. She was 15 years younger than he\nand she was taken away Terezin. That's my father's mother. She had to wear the\n\"J\" on her coat, and she was harassed, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and bothered. It was a terrible time for\nher. In the end, she got killed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1590.0,1596.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: You were then in early teenage years when the snowball effect of the\nNuremberg Laws and whatnot were starting to take effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1596.0,1606.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1606.0,1607.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Had you not known your father's parents at all?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1607.0,1611.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1611.0,1612.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Because they were in southern Germany, had you not --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1612.0,1617.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: No, we spent -- My father was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1617.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very advanced with all the gadgets\nthat were invented in those [days]. He had inventions himself. He had patents.\nHe was very smart. He had a car. He bought a car before I was even born. I think\nthey had the car from 1923 on. Because he was so fascinated by everything\nmechanical and electrical, he had a car. I remember this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"car with -- It had\nplastic windows, which you could take out, and snap back in, and take out when\nthe weather was nice, and the top would come down. [It was] real old fashioned.\nI mean, in the early 1920s, it was just something that maybe ran 20 miles per\nhour. He had it. He owned it. When we had vacation from school, before 1933 and\nafter 1933, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both couples, all four grandparents lived in the same city in\nsouthern Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1680.0,1688.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: What city?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1688.0,1690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: It's called Karlsruhe. It's a fairly big city. It's at the\nfoothills of the Black Forest, close to the Rhine River, close to France. Our\ngrandparents, we visited them all the time, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1690.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we had school vacation and my\nfather had a vacation. From the earliest time I remember--I was four years\nold--we spent every vacation with them, in their house, in their apartment. They\ndidn't own houses. [They had] apartments. The Jewish grandparents, they were\nmuch more refined than my Christian grandparents. My Christian grandmother was\none of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nine children. They were Catholic. Her father, my great grandfather\n[Ziegmung Hertz], died at age 49. The wife, my great grandmother [Flora Hertz],\nwas left with nine small children. She had to raise those kids and there wasn't\nany money. She ran a boarding house. My grandmother, she didn't -- The household\nwas just not as nice: the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"silverware, and the dishes, and the furniture. The\nJewish grandparents, they were much more -- They didn't have that many kids to\nbegin with. My grandmother was maybe one of four or five, my Jewish mother. They\ndidn't have that many kids and they had more money. Anyway, but they got along.\nThese two couples got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"along. I never heard anything bad that, say, my Christian\ngrandparents said to my Jewish grandparents, \"Oh, our daughter shouldn't have\nmarried your son. That was the biggest mistake.\" I never heard any antisemitism\nfrom my Christian grandparents, never.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1800.0,1820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Were your Jewish grandparents also very assimilated, or did they have\nkind of a Jewish home?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1820.0,1829.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: No, they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1829.0,1831.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assimilated except my grandfather. My Jewish\ngrandfather never went to temple, never, but my Jewish grandmother, she did go\non the High Holy Days. I don't know if she was a member. My father's sister, his\nyounger sister, who was Jewish, of course, and married a Jewish man, they got\nout of Germany in 1939, and came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1831.0,1861.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over. They went to England for a year and then\ncame over here to Columbus, Ohio. They had no kids. That's where I came when I\ncame over. They invited me and they took me in like I was their own daughter\nbecause they didn't have any kids. This aunt of mine, Joanne [Stern] she called\nherself here, Johanna, Joanne. She told me that her mother, my grandmother, went\nto temple many times, but the grandfather never did. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1861.0,1891.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He never did. He didn't\ncare, but my great grandfather, my grandfather's father, he was so Orthodox--my\ndad told me about that--he wouldn't turn a light on. They had these kerosene\nlamps. They had what they call a \"Shabbos goy\" to turn on the lights, to [do]\nwhatever had to be done in the household on the Sabbath. The great grandfather\nwas Orthodox, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1891.0,1921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but his son, my grandfather, because he went to college already\nand he got liberated--he was liberal--he didn't want my father to have a bar\nmitzvah if he didn't want to. He didn't care. But religion was never discussed\nwhen I was young.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1921.0,1937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Your father, who also -- Did he served in World War One?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1937.0,1942.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1942.0,1943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Did he feel that he was a German?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1943.0,1946.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: He felt through and through, \"Germany is my fatherland. I want to\n--\" He was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1946.0,1952.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off -- The whole four years, he was in that war, from age 17 to 21.\nHe left school. He was not a senior yet. He wanted to go so badly, similar to my\nhusband [Peter Forchheimer], who did the same thing, but for the American Army.\nHe also went as a 17 year old. You will hear that later on, when he tells you.\nMy dad had very bad eyes. I think he got injured in the war, [the] First World\nWar, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1952.0,1982.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with some gas and his eyes got damaged. He had very bad eyes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1982.0,1988.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Tell me now--let us jump ahead a little bit--when the Nazis rose to\npower and your family got caught in the middle of all these laws, how those laws\naffected your family, the Nuremberg Laws.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1988.0,2005.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Yes. How that affected them -- My father losing job after job. My\nmother, of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2005.0,2012.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course, she was very young. She married at 19. She had me at 21, very\nyoung. Towards the end of the war, she was approached by the Gestapo. They came\nevery other week to search our apartment for extra food, whether we had any\nextra food or any -- The English, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2012.0,2042.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"British who came over with their planes to\nbomb Berlin, Dresden, and all those big cities in the east -- Celle, where we\nlived, was right on the path of those planes, the British planes. They would\nthrow out leaflets printed in German, that [said] everything Hitler was telling\non the radio was all lies, there were no victories; there were only defeats in\nRussia, when that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2042.0,2072.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened in Stalingrad, how they got beaten back. If the\nGestapo -- I found one of those leaflets once in the woods, brought it home. My\nmother, she said, \"Oh, my goodness, we can't have that. We have to burn this\nright away.\" She burned it in the coal stove. [She said,] \"When the Gestapo\ncomes and sees we have that, then we're done for.\" They searched our apartment.\nThey once came [when] we still had a radio. I was home ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2072.0,2102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alone. I had graduated\nfrom high school before I went to this farm in the Black Forest. I was home for\nabout two weeks. This lady didn't want me to come until May. I graduated in\nMarch. The Gestapo came to take our radio. I said, \"You can't do that. My mother\nisn't home. You have to wait till my mother comes home.\" [They said,] \"No, we\ncan do what --\" They took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2102.0,2132.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. The Gestapo--it was about 1944, after they took my\ndad away to a forced labor camp--they came to my mother. They said, \"Now, if you\ngo to a lawyer, and apply for a divorce, and you tell the lawyer that those two\nkids you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2132.0,2162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have are not really from that Jewish man, [that] you had an affair\nbefore they were born--when you conceived, you had an affair with the milkman,\nor the postman, a railman, or whoever--they will be declared 100 percent Aryan.\nBut we can't -- But your husband, he will be gone. He will be killed. On the\nother hand, if you don't divorce ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2162.0,2192.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him, we take your children.\" Now, there she was\nin a dilemma. What she did [was] she went to a lawyer who was friendly with --\nwho was anti-Nazi. She knew him. There were several people in that small town\nthat came to visit us. They stuck their necks out, but they came to visit us and\nbe friends. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2192.0,2222.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially a veterinarian, a doctor. I know his name, but\nit's not important. He screamed around on the street, \"The Nazis are terrible\nand we're losing the war,\" but they never did anything to him. They just let\nhim--they thought he was nuts; he was kind of nuts--do this. Because he stuck\nhis neck way out, he came, too. He was a good friend of my parents. She was in\nthis dilemma [wondering,] \"What to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2222.0,2252.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now? To sacrifice my kids or to sacrifice\nmy husband?\" She went to the lawyer and he said, \"I'll fill out your divorce\napplication and I will put it in the drawer. I will not send it off. And when\nthe Gestapo comes again and ask, 'What have you done,' you tell them, 'I went to\nlawyer so-and-so. I applied for a divorce.' And then you come to me, and tell\nme, and then I will send ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2252.0,2282.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that paper in, but I won't send it before they come\nagain and ask you.\" It never came to that, because that was the end of 1944 and\nin 1945, the war was over. I mean, you know, in May [1945], it was all over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2282.0,2298.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Did --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2298.0,2299.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: That was awful. That was just awful, terrible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2299.0,2302.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Did she talk with you about it at all? Were you old enough for her to\ntalk with you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2302.0,2309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: I was, at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2309.0,2311.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, on that farm in the Black Forest. My brother\nwas home. The two of them, my mother [and] my brother, they lived together. My\ndad was gone and I was gone. He told me all this. He told me how they came and\nhow -- what dilemma she was in and what she did. He has a very good memory. He\nremembers because he was there. He was younger. The things that went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2311.0,2341.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on, that he\nwent through, it was much worse than what I went through. First, to be thrown\nout of school for no reason. \"Why can my sister finish? I want to have my\ndiploma too,\" he said. He got it afterwards. After the war was over, he went\nback to high school. He was over 20 when he went back to high school, but he\nfinished, and then he studied. Then, he went to college.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2341.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Do you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2370.0,2371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember your father talking about his own fate when other Jews\naround him -- I mean, I assume that he was considered a Jew under the Nazi --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2371.0,2382.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2382.0,2383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: -- rules, despite having been baptized?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2383.0,2386.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Having been baptized, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2386.0,2388.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Right. Did he ever talk about that at all?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2388.0,2392.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: All he ever said was, \"This won't last very long. Hitler cannot\nlast very long.\" My dad had -- My mother had an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2392.0,2401.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uncle--my grandmother's brother,\nmy Christian Grandmother--in Chile, South America. He had emigrated. I don't\nthink he wanted to serve in the First World War. For some reason, he emigrated\nvery young to South America. This uncle, my mother's uncle, he wanted to sponsor\nmy dad. Also, the firm that he was working ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2401.0,2431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for in Celle, they also wanted him\nto go to South America. My father was ready. He had all the papers to go to\nSouth America, Chile, or Ecuador. Ecuador is where his firm had a branch. He was\nlearning Spanish, which was very hard. He was already in his late 40s and\nlanguages was not his bag. He had his suitcases packed. He was ready to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2431.0,2461.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all\nby himself, out of the -- to leave the country, and the war broke out. That was\nSeptember 1939. The Arcona -- This is a ship that's very famous. He was supposed\nto leave on the Arcona, which was either in the Hamburg harbor or in the\nBremerhaven harbor. I forgot which harbor it was, where it was waiting for those\npeople to come and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2461.0,2491.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"board. The war broke out September 1st and he couldn't go\nanymore. He was so happy he didn't have to leave. I mean, I can't understand\nthat, but he didn't want to leave his family, he didn't want to leave his\nfatherland, he didn't want to learn a new language. He just did -- He was too\nold probably. He just -- He was happy he couldn't leave, so he stayed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2491.0,2517.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: How did he feel about being told he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2517.0,2521.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not a German?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2521.0,2523.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: See, because I didn't find out until I was 15 years old -- They\nalways --They never talked about this, what he was, that he was Jewish. That was\nkept a secret from us. When I was 15 -- That was in 1940. Yes, 1940. Things were\nso bad, he ended up being ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2523.0,2551.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a clerk in a hardware store. He had to wear one of\nthose brown lab coats because he got so dirty. You had to have the farmers load\nthe horse drawn wagons with the barbed wire that they bought in this hardware\nstore. He had to do some menial dirty stuff. His hands got so rough. I mean,\nhaving a PhD in engineering and then ending up -- He did other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2551.0,2581.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stuff. He was a\nbookkeeper and that guy was a Nazi. He always said, \"If you don't do what I tell\nyou to do, I'm gonna throw you against the wall, you dirty Jew.\" It's all in his\nmemoirs. My mother had to go there, to iron that out, to get that boss to calm\ndown. My dad probably opened his mouth too much, too. He said bad -- He said\nstuff he shouldn't have said.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2581.0,2608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: He ended up staying with his family quite a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2608.0,2611.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bit longer than most other\nGerman Jews, who had been deported, several years earlier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2611.0,2617.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: That's right, and that was on account of the mixed marriage. They\ncalled it a \"privileged\" mixed marriage. My brother explained to me why that was\ncalled a \"privileged\" as opposed to just a mixed marriage. A mixed marriage,\nlike one part Jewish, one part Aryan, if they had no more children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2617.0,2641.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after 1933,\nthey were considered privileged. My brother was born in 1927. I was born in\n1925. I pestered my mother for more babies. I wanted a baby sister and she\nalways said, \"Yeah, yeah, yeah, sometime,\" but she knew they couldn't have any\nmore kids because from 1927 to 1933 there was time to have another baby, but\nthey -- Hitler was already on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2641.0,2671.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"horizon and they didn't -- They had one of\neach and that was enough anyhow, for them. The ones that had babies after 1933\n[in] a mixed marriage, they were considered much worse off than ones that\nstopped having babies before 1933. There also was this thing with the half\nJewish people. Some of them raised their kids ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2671.0,2701.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish. I don't know the\nstatistics. I only know that there was 72,000 half Jewish people in Germany\nbefore they occupied all the other countries. Just German half Jews were 72,000.\nSome of them were raised Jewish. Some of them, like I, myself, were raised\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2701.0,2731.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Protestant, or Lutheran, some of them Catholic, depending on what the Christian\npart of the family was. My mother was Protestant and everybody Protestant in\nGermany in those days was Lutheran. There was no Methodist, or Baptist, or\nPresbyterian. There were no sects. It was Lutheran and Catholic. Those kids that\nwere half Jewish, that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2731.0,2761.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were raised in the Jewish faith, they were taken. They\nwere taken. They were -- [The Nazis said,] \"Okay, the parents wanted them to be\nJewish. They are Jews. Away with them!\" That protected [us]. That was one thing\nthat protected us. The fact that they had no more babies after 1933 protected\nus. Maybe the fact that my dad was a soldier in the First World War and he got\nthe Iron Cross for bravery protected ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2761.0,2791.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. Or maybe it was just luck. Or maybe it\nwas just fate. Or maybe this town where we lived--Celle had 25,000\ninhabitants--maybe it happened that the daughter of the mayor of that town was\nin my class. She was my age. He had several children, but she was, I think, the\nyoungest one, and she was in my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2791.0,2821.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"class. He and the -- What are those people? What\nis this? Fulton [county] here. He's the county commissioner. The county\ncommissioner's daughter was also in my class. The county commissioner of in\nCelle, he was anti-Nazi. We found that out after the war. The mayor was Nazi,\nbut still, he had something to say. Somehow, we were -- They didn't do what they\ncould have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2821.0,2851.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done to us. The bad stuff actually, they didn't do and why, I don't\nknow--luck, or fate, whatever it was--because they could [have]. I mean, when\nthey came and said to my mother, \"You have to divorce that man to save your\nchildren,\" that's pretty serious business. I mean, it made -- She was a very\nnervous person from all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2851.0,2881.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. She died young, too, very young, much too young,\nfrom all that grief.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2881.0,2886.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: You had been taught that Jews were evil --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2886.0,2890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Yes, and stupid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2890.0,2891.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Then, one day you are half Jewish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2891.0,2894.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Yes, they tell me that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2894.0,2896.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Did it make you feel differently about yourself or about what you have\nbeen taught by your teachers? How did you --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2896.0,2904.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: No. What I can tell you about that is -- when my mother told me, I\nstarted crying like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2904.0,2911.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody had died. I ran to my room, threw myself on my bed,\nand cried, and cried, and cried. After a while, she came in and she said since I\nwas past the compulsory school age--[I was] 15--which is 14 or, was 14 at the\ntime, she said, \"If you don't want to go back to school, you don't have to. You\ncan stay home or do whatever they tell you to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2911.0,2941.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do, [whatever] the Nazis tell you\nto do. If you are embarrassed, or afraid, or you don't want to see your\nclassmates anymore, you don't [have to]. I won't force you to go back to\nschool.\" I dried my tears. I said to her, \"Mama, I'm going to show them that I'm\njust as good as they are. I want to go back to school. I want to finish school.\"\nI was in the middle. I mean, I was average, but some of those -- There were 19\ngirls in the class -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2941.0,2971.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Small classes. Some of the teachers, they were such Nazis,\nthey never even let me talk or they gave me grades lower than I deserved. And\nsome of them were just the opposite. They gave me better grades than I deserved.\nI mean, I don't know what all that means or shows. I ended up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2971.0,3001.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"graduating in the\nmiddle, average. Out of 19, I was maybe the 10th, so that was okay. I passed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3001.0,3009.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Did your friends have anything to tell you? I mean, how did they react?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3009.0,3016.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: The friends -- The funny, the strange part is that, when the\nprincipal came, when my mother -- When we moved to Celle in 1937, she went to\nthe school, enrolled me, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3016.0,3031.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"told the principal the situation of the father\nJewish and the girl is half Jewish. He went and told the class that I was\nsupposed to join that there was a new student coming, and she's half Jewish, and\nthat's all he told them. I came in a few days later, first day in school, not a\nsingle one ever said to me, \"We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3031.0,3061.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew that you were half Jewish before you ever\nknew it.\" Now, how do you explain that? They knew it. The teachers knew it. The\none teacher, the first teacher, she told everybody because I wasn't very good in\n[physical education]. I was a coward. I didn't want to jump. I didn't want to do\nall sorts of things from the diving board. I didn't -- There was a swimming\npool. I didn't want to dive from the three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3061.0,3091.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meter board headfirst. I was a\ncoward. I admit that. She whispered to the other kids that, \"There, you see.\nThere, you see. She's half Jewish.\" By then, I knew. She whispered, \"This is the\ncoward. They are all cowards.\" She said, \"They're cowards.\" She was the one that\n-- She was the worst one. All the others -- After the war, the classroom ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3091.0,3121.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teacher\nwhen I was a senior, he taught German and history. No, not history; German\nmostly, only German. We had German lessons. I mean, you know, literature and\nthat kind of stuff we had in the senior year. After the war was over, I was\nwalking on the street in Celle. I didn't know exactly yet what to do with myself. I\nwas liberated, but I didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3121.0,3151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know what to do with myself. I was 20 years old. He\nmet me on the street and he said, \"Miss Reinach, I hope you don't mind.\" Of\ncourse, in German, he said that, \"I hope you don't mind, but I told the\nauthorities that I was never a Nazi. Would you vouch for me?\" He was kind of\nneutral towards me. He once told me -- He called me up in front of the class and\nhe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3151.0,3181.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said -- That's when they threw me out of this organization, when my mother\ntold me I was half Jewish when I was 15. He came. He called me in front and he\ndidn't say it very loud, but he said to me, \"I suggest you tell your father to\nemigrate to Sweden. Your father ought to get out of this country, and you all\nought to go to Sweden.\" He picked Sweden, of all the countries. He didn't say\nAmerica. He didn't say England. Sweden. I went home. I told that to my parents\nthat he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3181.0,3211.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had said that. There was no reaction. Then, he met me on the street and\n[asked,] \"You'll vouch for me, won't you? I was never a Nazi.\" Actually, he was\nneutral towards me. I said, \"Of course,\" but deep inside, I thought, \"You are\nthe coward. You are the coward because you were in the party, you belonged to\nthe party, and you ignored me. You gave me a bad grade, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3211.0,3241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grade one down than\nwhat I deserved for my essays and things.\" But I let it go. I let it go. I said,\n\"Sure, I will vouch for you. It's okay.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3241.0,3254.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Has that been your general attitude towards the Germans as a whole, to\nlet go of that anger?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3254.0,3262.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Not as I get older and older. It's -- I can't understand how\nforgiving I was then, because the freedom that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3262.0,3271.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had, to be able to choose what\nI wanted to do with my life, and to be equal to the others, that feeling was so\ngreat that everything else paled in comparison. When I had the chance to come to\nthis country, I was just -- Now, sometimes I think I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3271.0,3301.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too forgiving. I don't\n-- I think they were all Nazis. All the ones that say, \"No, they were not\nNazis,\" were Nazis, but then, of course, they're dying out now. See? We are all\ndying out now. That's why [Steven] Spielberg did this video, because he knows. I\nmean, I'm 76 years old. How much longer do we have? Then, it's all over with and\nforgotten unless people look at these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3301.0,3331.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"videos.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3331.0,3331.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Let us go back. You were forced to go to slave labor?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3331.0,3336.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3336.0,3337.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: But you said that other young people that were not Jewish were also\nsent to some kind of labor, but yours was a fourteen --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3337.0,3346.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: It was on the level of -- Yes, more manual [labor]. It was supposed\nto show me that I was not on the same intellectual level as the other 17 [or] 18\nyear olds. By that time, I was -- I turned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3346.0,3361.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"18 on that farm. I was the youngest\nin the class also. There was a girl there. I never found out. She had failed a\ngrade. She's even older than my husband. He's a year [or] 15 months older. She's\neven still alive. I hear about her sometimes. She had failed a grade, I guess. I\nmean, I was the youngest, I was just -- The cutoff date was June 30th and my\nbirthday's June 25th. I was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3361.0,3391.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"youngest, but I kept up with all of these older\nones. What were you asking me before, just now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3391.0,3400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: How about --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3400.0,3402.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Oh, on that farm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3402.0,3404.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: What was the family like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3404.0,3407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Because, as I told you, they didn't sign their letter, \"Heil\nHitler.\" They signed it with \"many greetings\" or \"Herzliche Grusse,\" which means\nheartfelt greetings. You can't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3407.0,3421.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really translate that. I went there. My Christian\ngrandmother -- My Jewish grandmother had been deported in the meantime. She was\ndeported in 1942. This was 1943 now. I graduated in 1943. My Christian\ngrandmother, Paula [Cornberger], she went to this family to explore what kind of\nfamily that was and what kind of working ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3421.0,3451.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conditions. That was during the war, of\ncourse, and she was free to go because she was Gentile [non-Jewish]. She had no\n\"J\" on her coat. She went by train and then she wrote back. She said, \"That's a\nvery Christian family, Protestant. They say grace before the meal and after\ntheir meal, and there is no -- I told them what my granddaughter is. She's half\nJewish.\" They said, \"No ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3451.0,3481.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problem,\" which was actually dangerous for them, too,\nbecause, if you welcome a half Jewish person into your family or employ one, you\nshow some kind of sympathy. They could have said, \"Oh, no. This is too\ndangerous. We can't have her,\" but they took me. They had no kids either. They\nhad a Russian slave labor girl, who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3481.0,3511.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was 15. I was almost 18. They had her to\nhelp out. It was more of a plant nursery. They had chickens and they had sheep;\nno cows, though. They would lend me out to the farmers with the cows and the\nhorses. When they brought in the hay, they needed extra help. I did all that. I\npitched ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3511.0,3541.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hay. I raked the hay. I mean, all this was done with cows and oxen. This\none farmer was so poor, he didn't even have a horse. Of course, tractors were\nout. There was no gasoline for tractors. They let me out for a day. They were\nvery nice to me. In fact, I wrote to them until they died in their 90s. I wrote\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3541.0,3571.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them until they passed away, [at] birthdays and Christmas. They celebrated\nChristmas, of course. They treated me like a daughter. They never, ever said\nanything nasty about my dad. It was such a small village. It only had 15 houses,\nvery few. Is this over with?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3571.0,3594.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: We were talking about the family that you lived with while you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3594.0,3601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were\nworking near the Black Forest. Can you tell us a little about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3601.0,3607.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: It was in the Black Forest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3607.0,3610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: What town was it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3610.0,3612.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: It was -- You know -- Have you heard of Baden-Baden? Yes. It was\nactually pretty close because we walked over there once to Baden-Baden. It was a\nlong hike. She gave me every other weekend [off]. She gave me off Saturday and\nSunday. I visited my grandmother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3612.0,3632.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paula in Karlsruhe. It was a train ride of\nabout an hour. I spent every other weekend with my grandmother and her unmarried\ndaughter, my aunt [Gertrude Cornberger].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3632.0,3644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: You were allowed to travel by train?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3644.0,3647.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: I was, because I did not have a \"J.\" I didn't have a \"J\" in my\nidentification card. They called it a \"Kennkarte,\" which is like a passport. It\nwas as big as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3647.0,3662.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"passport and had a picture. You had to show that whenever\nsomebody wanted to see it, some policemen or some Nazi, some SS, or Gestapo\nperson. I had no \"J\" in it. My dad had that \"J\" in it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3662.0,3677.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Did you have any indication in your papers that you were Mischlinge\n[German: mixed breed]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3677.0,3683.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: No, I had no paper at all that I was a Mischlinge. That's the right\nword, Mischlinge. I was Mischlinge ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3683.0,3691.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Erster Grades [German], which means\n\"Mischlinge of the first degree,\" which means 50 percent. Then they had\nMischlinge of the Zweiten Grades which means \"second degree,\" which means they\nhad 25 percent Jewish blood. They had only one Jewish grandparent instead of\ntwo. Then, there were the ones that had three Jewish grandparents, and they were\nthree-quarter Jews, but they were considered 100 percent because they were more\nJewish than ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3691.0,3721.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aryan. It was -- I have the Nuremberg Laws. I own them, I own the\npamphlet. My brother gave it to me. I made copies of it. But it's all written in\nGerman, of course, and in the old script. The young people can't even read it.\nHitler abolished that script, that printing. We had to learn this script in\nwriting, too, longhand. We had to learn two different longhand scripts. The one\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3721.0,3751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called \"Latin,\" which we use here. The other one was that called \"Gothic,\"\nwhich was a German, but it's -- The young people can't even read it because they\ndon't learn it anymore. It's abolished.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3751.0,3763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: I also wanted you to tell us, the name of the people that you stayed\nwith. You said they treated you very well. It would be nice to have their names.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3763.0,3774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Their names -- He was a lawyer who was sickly and he couldn't\npractice law. That's why they bought this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3774.0,3781.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"farm, this nursery. His name -- He had\na doctor. In Germany, lawyers have PhDs. His name was Doctor Ernst, and that's\nErnst, spelled E-R-N-S-T, and Reimer R-E-I-M-E-R. Her first name was like mine,\nMarianne, Marianne Reimer. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3781.0,3811.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were -- I mean, they treated me like their own\ndaughter. I was -- At first, when I got there, I was kind of silly because I had\ncome -- I had just graduated from high school I was not used to physical work at\nall. My mother made me clean my room, but she made me in the garden -- She made\nme do gardening a little bit because we had a garden with this apartment to grow\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3811.0,3841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vegetables, and we had fruit trees, and stuff, but I was -- This woman really\nwanted me to work physically. For instance, I had to clean out the sheep\nstables, and barefoot because shoes were scarce. There were maggots crawling all\nover the dung, the manure of the sheep. She said, \"Now, you go in there\nbarefoot,\" but I did it. I did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3841.0,3871.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. But when I first got there, I was kind of\nsilly. I didn't want to buckle down. She came to me. She heard me laugh with\nthis Russian girl, who was also silly. We were supposed to cut the wood for the\n-- We had to cook on a wooden, on a coal stove. There was no gas, no\nelectricity. There was electricity for lights, but not for cooking. It was a\ncoal stove. We had to start the fire with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3871.0,3901.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paper, kindling wood, then a bigger piece of\nwood, and then coal. We were supposed to -- We went into the woods and gathered\nthe fallen kindling wood and the bigger pieces. There were big pieces. The\nRussian girl was supposed to cut the big pieces into smaller pieces on a tree\nstump with an ax and I don't know what. I was supposed to stack it. She always\ngave her the hardest ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3901.0,3931.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work, even though she was younger, but she was used to\nthat, the Russian girl. She came from a farm family. She was used to hard work.\nWe were fooling around and she came into the woodshed, Mrs. Reimer. She said to\nme, \"If you don't buckle down, I'm going to write to your mother that you're not\nworking, that you're fooling around.\" That did it. I didn't want my mother to\nknow that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3931.0,3961.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't do the job I was supposed to do. From that moment on, I\nworked hard. I really worked hard. That's why when my year -- I was supposed to\nbe there for one year and then come back home. I was thinking, \"What? What do I\nwant to do? Now, I have learned the nursery business.\" She was growing tomato\nplants from seeds, and cabbage plants, and we would sell the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3961.0,3991.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seedlings. You\nknow, the plants that are this tall. She would sell them to the farmers around\nthere. I had learned that. Now, I knew a little bit about it how to fertilize,\nhow to dig a bed, and stuff like that. I applied in my home town, Celle, at\nseveral nurseries. There were big ones and small ones. The minute my name came\nup in my letters, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3991.0,4021.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew--Reinach; it's pronounced \"Rine-ach\" in German--\"No,\nyou can't have her even as an apprentice.\" [They] turned me down. I got letter\nafter letter to this small town in the Black Forest, where I got turned down.\nFinally, this Mrs. Reimer said, \"Why don't you stay with us?\" I told her. I\nsaid, \"I got turned down again.\" I didn't even cry. It was so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4021.0,4051.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"natural. I was so\nused to this being pushed down, being demoted, and not being accepted. There's\nanother story. I can tell you what happened after that, too. She said, \"Why\ndon't you stay with us? We like you. We like your work. You are a good worker.\"\nI had to cook for all the summer guests she took and summer guests on vacation.\nI had to cook on that coal stove. It wasn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4051.0,4081.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"easy to keep the fire even. She\nwould only come into the kitchen, and to taste everything, to taste it, and say,\n\"Oh, that needs more salt, that needs more pepper, and that needs more butter,\"\nand whatnot. In the meantime, before she said, \"Why don't you stay with us? We\nlike you. You stay with us. Stay here and help us,\" my grandmother Paula, the\nAryan one, had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4081.0,4111.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taken -- I wanted to become a pharmacist. In Germany, in those\ndays--I don't know how it is now--when you want to become a pharmacist, before\nyou can go to college, you have to work for two years in a pharmacy, like an\napprentice. You wait on customers. You have to learn the -- It was strictly\npharmacies; not drugstores. Pharmacies with many medicines [and] medications\nonly. My grandmother, Paula, she knew a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4111.0,4141.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pharmacists in Karlsruhe, in the\nbig city. She took me under her arm, when the year was up on that farm, and she\nsaid, \"Let me see if I can get you a job for the two years before you go to\ncollege.\" College was out, anyhow. Each one, the minute -- Her name was\nCornberger, which they knew was not Jewish, but my name was Reinach. The minute\nthey heard that name, because my Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4141.0,4171.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandfather had a very prominent\nposition in this city, they knew what I was. [They said,] \"We cannot take her.\nWe cannot stick our neck out. We cannot employ her. No. The answer is no.\" She\ndragged me to at least five different pharmacies and always we got out of there\nwith a, \"No,\" answer. Then I went back to the farm. I told Mrs. Reimer. She\nsaid, \"Stay here,\" and that's what I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4171.0,4201.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did. I stayed there. I stayed there from\nMay 1944 until the fall of 1944, when we could hear -- France is very close to\nthe Black Forest. Across the Rhine River, there is France. Strasbourg is now\nFrench again. It changed hands all the time. People know that. I mean, I don't\nhave to tell you that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4201.0,4231.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alsace-Lorraine changed hands. After the First World War,\nit became German again. Then, after the Second [World War], it became France.\nPeople there speak German and French. All the signs are in French and German in\nStrasbourg. I've been there. I've been there three times. Beautiful city. Yes,\nwhen we could hear the shooting, the front, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4231.0,4261.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"French were coming close to\nGermany. The shooting, we could hear that. My mother -- I wrote to my mother,\n\"We can hear the front now. The French are coming nearer and nearer.\" She wrote\nback, \"Come home,\" because Celle, where she was, where I lived, which was my\nhometown, it's in central Germany. It's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4261.0,4291.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"north, but still in central. You know,\nit's halfway between the west and the east. She said, \"If the front is coming\nclose and the shooting, you can hear that, then Celle is a safer place. Come\nhome.\" I went home. It was the fall of 1944 and they had taken my dad away. He\nwasn't there anymore. I stayed there and then, right away, the employment office\ngot wind of it, that I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4291.0,4321.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home. They sent me to another slave labor job, which\nwas in an oil refinery. The only place in Germany where they find oil in the\nground is near Celle. I couldn't say, \"No.\" I went and they put me in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4321.0,4351.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"charge --\nI mean, there were two men in the lab. They put me in the lab, where we tested\nthe -- They had several wells and the viscosity of the oil had to be checked,\nand how much dirt was in the oil, and the boiler room, where they get the\nseparation and whatever they call it -- The boiler room, the water, it had to be\nchecked. I did all that. I did that perfectly fine. These two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4351.0,4381.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men, they were\nboth SS men, but I don't think they knew who I was or what I was. Because there\nwas a night shift and they had families. They didn't want to do the night shift.\nThey said, \"Would you do the night shift?\" My mother said, \"No, you can't do the\nnight shift.\" As a young girl, I was, at that time, 20 [or] 19. I was 19. She\nsaid, \"You cannot be there at night with all those other men. I won't allow ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4381.0,4411.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it.\"\nI said, \"I have to. If these two guys say to the employment office, 'We want\nthat girl to take the night shift,' I have to.\" I did it. I would go out at\nnight to the boiler room and collect the water. I would have this little scale\nand measure it. It was a fascinating job. The one boss, he lost a button on his\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4411.0,4441.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uniform and he said, \"Can you sew on this button for me?\" I sewed on the button\nfor him. It was really crazy. They took us on busses because Celle and this\nplace where the oil is found was about a half an hour drive on a bus. They\ncollected us at a certain bus stop, collected all the people from Celle, to\ndrive us to the refinery. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4441.0,4471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an air [raid]. There were air raids on these\n-- They had big tanks, where they stored the oil, and the English wanted to burn\nthose down, so we had air raids. At first, they had some underground bunkers for\nus and we were sitting there at night. It was nighttime and they were dropping\nbombs. Some of them caught fire in the oil tanks. It was very dangerous. Finally\nthey said, \"These bunkers are not safe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4471.0,4501.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enough. We have to drive you. The minute\nthe air raid sounds, we have to drive you into the woods,\" so they did that. It\nhappened during the day and that was -- This is the heath country. It was all\nsand. The dirt is sand. Nothing much grows there. I was lying under a bush and\nthe bombs were dropping. One came really close to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4501.0,4531.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. Later on, when it was\nover, I got up. I looked and there was a deep hole in the sand. I was lying\nmaybe where the wall is in there [across the room]. That close. We didn't only\nhave the persecution. We had the famine, the no food, and we had the bombings to\ngo to through. But I was so young, you know. At 19, what? Nothing much bothers\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4531.0,4561.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you. Looking back, I think, \"How could I have? How could I have taken all that\nwithout cracking?\" I was standing once at the bus stop, and there was an air\nraid going on, and there was a British plane that came very low. The fool that I\nwas, instead of hiding in the doorway or going inside the building, I was\nstanding out at step out on the sidewalk and he shot at me. He shot at me out of\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4561.0,4591.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plane. He was real close. Later on, I looked where the bullet had hit the\npavement. That was as close as you are to me, the hole in the pavement, but I\nthink he just wanted to scare me. He saw a young girl. He could see me, and he\nsaw a young girl, and he just -- I don't think he was aiming for me. It was\nluck, again. I could have been killed. Then, I ran into the building. I thought,\n\"The bus isn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4591.0,4621.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming during this air raid anyhow.\" Experiences --Yes, and then,\nI was working, and then that stopped, and then they put me -- What did they do\nthen? Then, came the liberation. We were -- My mother -- We had to take in some\nroomers [boarders, or renters]. We had a pretty big apartment. My mother had to.\nMy room was rented out to an officer in the German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4621.0,4651.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"army. His wife had a brother,\nwho had a cottage in the woods nearby, and we all went there because we were\nafraid that cellar would be bombarded, which it never was. My mother -- I had a\nbike. My mother sent me into the village for milk. I had a big can hanging on my\nbike handle. I went to the village. There were a lot of people in this hunting\nlodge. There were -- My grandmother was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4651.0,4681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, and an aunt, and another aunt,\nand an uncle, and the woman, the sister of the man who owned the place. We were\nall in one room, sleeping in sleeping bags or whatever. My mother sent me for\nmilk. I looked. I went on my bike. I went to the village. I looked down the\nstreet and I see a line of men in uniform, on each side of the road with the\nrifles. The ones on the left side had their rifles to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4681.0,4711.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left, and the ones on\nthe right side had their rifles to the right. I didn't recognize the uniforms. I\nthought, \"My G-d, who are these? These are not Germans.\" When they came closer,\nI saw it was the English, the British. I jumped on my bike. I raced through the\nwoods. I started screaming from far away, \"Mama! Mama! The English are here! The\nBritish --\" in German, of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4711.0,4741.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course, \"Die Englander sind hier!\" I don't know if you\nknow any German, but it's similar to Yiddish. Then, my mother came out of the\nlodge, out of this hunting cottage, and she said, \"Be quiet! Be quiet! Some\nGermans can hear you and they can still kill you! They have guns, too, you\nknow.\" Ah, was I happy. That was one of the happiest days of my life. That was\nthe end of the war, the end of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4741.0,4771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the persecution. Then, we went back to our\napartment and we were the big shots.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4771.0,4778.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Why is that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4778.0,4780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Because we told everybody then. This aunt [Paula Walther] that was\nwith us, my mother's brother's wife, she was 100 percent Jewish, too. He was\nGentile, my mother's brother, but he had married a Jewish [woman]. It's a funny\nthing. My father's sister married an Aryan. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4780.0,4801.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was Jewish, married an Aryan. My\nmother's brother married a Jewish wife. It was -- There were three mixed\nmarriages real close to me. But I tell you one thing. When the Jewish part was\nthe woman, when the woman was the Jewish part in a mixed marriage, it was much\neasier than when the man, the father was, because the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4801.0,4831.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name, first of all, the\nname. My father's sister, who married a Gentile, they had one daughter, my\ncousin. She hardly suffered anything because the mother -- Their name was Aryan:\nWalther. Walther was their last name. My name was Jewish. The father was the one\nwho lost a job. My uncle, my cousin's father, never lost his job. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4831.0,4861.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a\nwoman in this building, and we asked her whether she wanted to be interviewed by\nyou, and she said, \"No.\" Her mother was the Jewish part. [Her] father was a\ndentist. He never lost his practice. He kept practicing dentistry until the end\nof the war. He lost some patients because they didn't want to go to a man that\nhad a Jewish wife, but her name was Gentile, her last name, and she was also\nbaptized, like I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4861.0,4891.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was. But she is more Jewish now than I. She married a Jew and\nshe is -- She goes to the services. I don't. She's much more Jewish than I am. I\nmean, she's half with her mother being Jewish, but she is. She takes it much\nmore seriously. She didn't want to be interviewed by you. She said, \"That brings\nback all these bad memories. I don't want to.\" We called her. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4891.0,4921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't want to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4921.0,4922.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: When you returned home, I guess fairly soon after the war, it must\nhave become very clear what the Germans had done in the East --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4922.0,4933.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4933.0,4934.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: -- to other German Jewish [or] Jewish Germans, and I would assume a\nlot of your relatives. How did you start to hear about what happened and how did\nyou react to that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4934.0,4948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: My father got a letter from Terezin. Terezin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4948.0,4952.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is near Prague in\nCzechoslovakia and the German name for it is Theresienstadt. She was deported\nthere in 1942, in September of 1942. My father, after the war, got a letter from\na rabbi who was from the same city, Karlsruhe, where she had lived. My father\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4952.0,4982.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"born in Karlsruhe, too. This rabbi took care of all the people that--he was\nfrom Karlsruhe, too--all the Karlsruhe Jews that had been deported to Terezin.\nHe wrote my dad that my grandmother, his mother, she lost her mind. She became\ninsane, number one. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4982.0,5012.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was not normal anymore. She was only 65 years old and\nwell, not sick when they took her. She lost her mind and she died ten days after\nshe arrived, in the mud outside. It was raining and she was in the mud, lying.\nShe fell down and he saw her die. In other words, she was not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5012.0,5042.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gassed or shot. He\nsaid all these people, they were cremated, and then there were urns. They put\nthe ashes in urns. When the Russians came closer, the front came closer, they\ntook all these urns, opened them up--the Nazis did--and poured all the ashes\ninto the Elbe River, which flows -- The Elbe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5042.0,5072.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"River flows from -- It comes out\nof Czechoslovakia with a different name. I forgot what the name is. Then, in\nGerman, when it enters Germany, it's called Elbe, E-L-B-E. They poured all the\nashes [out] to erase all the traces of what they had done. That's all we know\nabout her. I mean, it's a very sad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5072.0,5102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"affair. We went there, my husband and I. We\nwent to Terezin. We were in Prague. My brother wanted to go there. He still\nlives in Germany, by the way, my brother. He wanted to visit our grandmother's\nlast place. We went there, but it was a Saturday and everything was closed, but\nthey had a they had a tour ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5102.0,5132.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anyhow. Terezin was some kind of a showplace--you\nprobably know all about this--were they, when the Red Cross came to inspect,\nthey had cafes where the people were sitting, the Jewish people, with cake,\ncoffee and cake, and some orchestras, Jewish orchestras, were playing music. It\nwas like a beautiful city. Oh, but it wasn't like that at all. That was just for\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5132.0,5162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"show. That's how she ended up. She was such a lady.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5162.0,5169.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: How did you feel about the German part of you as the news of what had\nhappened during the war started filtering back?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5169.0,5184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: This is strange, too, because when I met my husband -- He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5184.0,5192.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't --\nMy aunt and uncle's last name was Stern. That's a very common Jewish name. All he\nknew when he met me in the store [was] that I was living with the Sterns. Now,\nthere were in Columbus, Ohio, there were many Sterns, and he couldn't find out\nwhich. That I was newly arrived, he could tell by my English, and living with\nthe Sterns. He didn't know which Sterns is that. He tried to ask his mother and\nshe didn't know. He asked other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5192.0,5222.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people and one woman knew. She said, \"Yeah,\nshe's the niece of Walter and Joanne Stern, but she is not Jewish. Don't you\ndare date her.\" That's what this woman said. She was a German, 100 percent\nJewish person. [She said,] \"And besides that, her father is a doctor.\" That\nsomehow made the rounds. A PhD, you know, is a doctor. [She said,] \"You just\nhave no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5222.0,5252.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chance. First, she is not Jewish. She wasn't raised Jewish. And her\nfather is a doctor.\" That's what this woman [said]. She said, \"I can tell you\nwhere she lives. I can give you her phone number, but stay away from her.\" He\nfinally wheedled it out. He went to my Uncle Walter, who was managing a shoe\ndepartment. He was always in the shoe business, in Germany, too, for a\ndepartment store. He was managing the shoe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5252.0,5282.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"department in Columbus, Ohio for a\ndepartment store. Pete went there and he said, \"You have your niece came\nrecently\"--it took him six months to find that out--\"Your niece came last\nspring,\" and, \"Would you mind if I call her up? I would like to talk to her.\"\nThat was the nice old German way of asking permission ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5282.0,5312.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first for calling a girl\nfrom -- The father wasn't available, so he went to the uncle. My uncle said,\n\"Sure,\" and he gave him the phone number. I didn't live with them. I had a\nfurnished room. He called me. My uncle came home that night and he said, \"A\nyoung man will call you one of these days. And he wants to take you out\nprobably.\" That was the beginning of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5312.0,5342.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. He wanted to speak German with me and I\nsaid, \"No, I want to speak English.\" That was the beginning of it all. He didn't\n-- Yes, and now, because you asked me how I feel about the Jewish part -- See, I\nfeel people who are half and half -- He always tells me, \"You are Jewish. You\nare Jewish. You look Jewish. You act ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5342.0,5372.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish. You are Jewish.\" To tell you the\ntruth, I am actually an agnostic now. I have become -- Because, in the Spielberg\nvideo, the lady [the interviewer, Miriam Karp] asked me in the end, \"How do you\nfeel about religion? You have been both,\" because I was baptized. I was\nconfirmed in the Lutheran church at age 15 and I sang in the church choir every\nSunday. I was a good singer. That music ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5372.0,5402.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teacher was nice. He was not a Nazi, but\nI had a pretty good voice. I sang. I say to Pete, \"You can say that we--\"\nThere's a book, it's called \"The Half Jewish Book.\" Have you heard about that?\nIt's right there on my bookcase. Where a husband is Jewish, and the wife is not,\nand they have one daughter who is half Jewish. I don't know how they're raising\nher. But he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5402.0,5432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wrote a whole book about this half Jewish thing, how people feel.\nGwyneth Paltrow, the actress, is half. I don't know what she practices. But\nsince I know about Lutheranism and I know about Judaism because I was converted\nby a liberal rabbi, but he didn't ask me to go to a mikveh, which is the\nimportant thing for Conservative and Orthodox Jews. They don't recognize me as\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5432.0,5462.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being Jewish, the Reform do. Because I didn't go to the mikveh, our kids are not\nbeing recognized as being Jewish either. I found that out when the oldest one\nwent to the University of Cincinnati and was invited by some Orthodox Jews over\nthe weekend. A Reform conversion doesn't count because there's no mikvah.\nAnyway, I have decided -- We have one son-in-law who is now an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5462.0,5492.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"atheist. He was\nagnostic for a long time. His mother was Mormon. We talked. He kind of\ninfluenced me with his viewpoint. I came to the conviction that I'm neither here\nnor there. I'm nothing. I say, \"I don't know what there is. Well, how do I\nknow?\" I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5492.0,5522.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mean, all these bad things happened for religious reasons. Hitler made\nit look like racial stuff, but that's, to me, it's a religion. It's not a race.\nSo stupid. We have white skin, like Caucasians, like any Aryan is a Caucasian,\nso it's not a race [thing]. That was his idea. It's religion to me. I don't want\nthis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5522.0,5552.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one. I don't want that one. I'm nothing. That's my -- They all know it.\nPete knows it. The kids know it. Only one married a Jewish man, and the boys had\nbar mitzvahs, the two boys. This girl here, I showed you, Laura. That's a mixed\nmarriage. The father is an atheist now, but he went along with a bat mitzvah. He\nwas even up on the bimah and put the shawl around her or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5552.0,5582.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something, but he makes\nfun about it afterwards, but anyway -- I mean, that's the way I am. I can't help\nit. When he tells me, \"You're Jewish. You're Jewish. Your peoplehood is Jewish,\"\nthen I say to him, \"What about my mother? I can't deny my mother, can I?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5582.0,5603.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: I guess you could say you are neither, but you could also just, by the\nsame token, say you are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5603.0,5612.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5612.0,5612.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Yes, that's right. I'm both. Some people let their kids grow up\nwithout any instructions at all. Like, our youngest daughter here, the husband\nis Methodist. She was brought up Jewish. She's actually more Jewish than I am\nbecause she is 75 percent Jewish. I'm only half. She is more. I told her that\nthe other day and she said, \"Don't talk about it.\" They're bringing their kids\n-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5612.0,5642.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Neither are baptized. They're nothing. They say, the parents say that they\ncan decide what they want to be when they grow up, when they want, \"If they want\nto be something, let them decide themselves.\" That's my viewpoint. I don't know\nwhether you would have asked me about this in the end. I brought it up now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5642.0,5661.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Tell us. After the war, you were back in Celle, and you started your\nlife again, and --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5661.0,5667.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5667.0,5668.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: How did you decide what to do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5668.0,5671.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: The first thing I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5671.0,5673.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said was, \"I'm going to college now finally.\" I'm\na lot -- Now, my cousin, whose mother is Jewish in Munich -- They live in\nMunich, near Munich. She was five years older. She was already of marriageable\nage when all this happened. There were boyfriends and she wasn't allowed to\nmarry. I mean, she suffered too. I mean, she had to give up her loves, you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5673.0,5703.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know?\nFinally, they arranged a marriage for her. That was an arranged marriage. She\nmarried a man ten years older because she had so many boyfriends, married men,\nand whatnot. She was a pretty bad girl, but I was -- When the war was over, I\nwas 20. I had no boyfriend. I had no idea about getting married. I mean, I had\nno boyfriend. I wasn't allowed to have a boyfriend. I was too young anyhow, so\nthen I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5703.0,5733.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided, \"Now I'm going to college.\" I applied and any college was open\nto me. I had a high school diploma. My brother was different. He had to repeat\nthat. He had to make that up first. He wanted to go to college too, but he had\nto get his high school diploma first.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5733.0,5749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Can I ask you a quick question?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5749.0,5751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5751.0,5752.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: What was it like having every single avenue close to you one day and\nthen every single avenue --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5752.0,5758.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Opened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5758.0,5759.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: --open to you the next day. What was that like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5759.0,5762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5762.0,5763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was heaven. I have a girlfriend with whom I still correspond\nfrom school, a schoolmate. She wrote to me the other day that when the war was\nover, I was in Celle and she was in Celle. We met on the street and she said we\ntalked. I was finally free and equal to anybody else. She said, \"When we talked,\nyou ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5763.0,5793.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were so bitter.\" She wrote, \"You were so bitter about what you had gone\nthrough and all the 12 years that were lost to you.\" I don't remember that at\nall. She said, \"We had a long talk.\" I must have been very bitter then, because\n[otherwise] she wouldn't have written that. I said, \"Now, I'm going to college.\"\nI applied. I got away from pharmacy because that takes two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5793.0,5823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years apprenticeship\nfirst and then you're admitted--if you pass that--to college. I gave that up. I\nsaid, \"English is now the big thing.\" I enrolled. I was accepted right away at\nHeidelberg University, with English as my major. Actually, it was a school that\nwas attached to the university, which was called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5823.0,5853.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Interpreter's Institute.\nThey -- I think it was a four year program. I forget. I enrolled there. I was\naccepted right away. English was my major and Spanish was my minor. I don't know\na word of Spanish. I never went to the classes, I guess. Anyway, after, there\nwas a pastor there. There was a Protestant clergyman ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5853.0,5883.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there who put a sign on our\nbulletin board in the main building. The German universities are scattered all\nthrough town. The buildings are not on one campus. [They are] all through town.\nIn the oldest building, there was a bulletin board and we went there once in a\nwhile to read the news. There was a sign from him that he was gathering all the\nhalf-Jewish students because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5883.0,5913.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nobody had ever done anything for them. Everything\nwas being done for the concentration camp survivors, the 100 percent Jewish\npeople. He wanted to do something for the half Jewish people. I went to that\nmeeting and they came out of the woodwork: people that were in my classes, that\nI had no idea because they didn't want to talk about it anymore. The one girl\nsaid -- I said, \"Oh, what all happened to you during the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5913.0,5943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war?\" She said, \"I\ndon't want to talk about it anymore. It's over with. We're now equal to all the\nothers. Don't talk. Don't.\" \"I am half-Jewish,\" she said, \"but I don't want to\ntalk about it anymore.\" They came out of the woodwork: men, medical students,\nlaw students, German students, Germans that wanted to become teachers. I was the\nonly one from this interpreter's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5943.0,5973.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. At first they said they would\nsend--this was a Christian committee--they would send us over here free of\ncharge. They would pay for the boat and then we could study over here whatever\nwe wanted to study. Medical students could study medicine and blah, blah, blah.\n[At] some more meetings, [it] finally came out that, no, they would not pay for\nthe studying. We would have to support ourselves. Everybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5973.0,6003.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dropped out,\neverybody except I, because English was my major. I was so sick and tired of\nsitting in the lecture halls without breakfast. We had no food. We still had\nrationing. What do you call those things?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6003.0,6022.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Ration cards?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6022.0,6023.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Yes, cards. Actually, coupons. Coupons for butter, and for bread,\nand for everything. After the war, we still had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6023.0,6033.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. But the ones that had been\npersecuted, like I, we got extra ones. We got extra, more than the others. There\nwas a place where we could register. I had a paper then, where it said that I\nhad been racially persecuted as being a Mischlinge, and blah, blah, blah. I\nshowed that and I didn't have to share my room with anybody. There was a room.\nThere was a shortage of apartments for students and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6033.0,6063.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rooms. I had [a room]. Only\nso many square feet were allowed per person and my room was so large. I thought,\n\"Oh, my G-d, now I have to take another girl.\" No, I was exempted. I went with\nthat paper to that place for the persecuted, they said, \"No, you don't need to\ntake anybody.\" It was good. It was nice, but I was still sitting hungry in the\nlecture halls and cold because there was no heat. It was wintertime. When this\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6063.0,6093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing, when this pastor there -- I finally -- I was the only one that stuck it\nout. I came over here with that Christian committee. I forgot the name of it.\nIt's probably in my book because I wrote my diary, too. They wanted the money\nback, but they never approached me. It cost $200 to come over here. It was a\ntroopship with dormitories. All the women [were] in one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6093.0,6123.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dormitory, in bunk beds,\nbunk hammocks actually. It was wonderful. All the food that they had there, and\neverybody was seasick, and couldn't eat. I was not seasick, but I couldn't eat\neither. Grapefruit was the only thing that appealed to me. I had never seen a\ngrapefruit in my life. Some cousins -- There were -- My father had two girl\ncousins in New York, first cousins. They were the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6123.0,6153.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daughters of his mother's\nsister, [her] sister Klara. My Jewish grandmother's name was Sofie and her\nsister's name was Klara. Both of them had been had been taken to Terezin, the\ntwo sisters, and perished there. The sister, Klara, had the two daughters and\nthey were in New York. The one had a husband, the other one did not. They picked\nme up from the boat. I had no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6153.0,6183.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"idea that they were coming, but my aunt in\nColumbus [Ohio], who was their first cousin also, she had written to them that I\nwould arrive on such and such a date and [asked,] 'Would they go and get me?'\nThey kept me for four days and they showed me New York. My eyes popped out of my\nhead. The stores so full of merchandise and the food -- I said to the one--her\nname was Kaete, which is Kate here, and the other one was Else, which is a real\nGerman ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6183.0,6213.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name--I said to them -- They said, \"What would you like to have?\" I got\noff the boat at midnight because I was interpreting for some of these other poor\npeople there that couldn't speak any English with these officials. I was\ninterpreting. I got off late. I said, \"Nobody's waiting for me. I can get off as\na last person.\" They took me out to dinner at midnight and stuffed me with food.\nNext day, she said, \"What would you like to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6213.0,6243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have?\" I said, \"A banana. I haven't\nseen a banana in 12 years.\" They said, \"A banana is all you want?\" People in\nGermany told me I would go nuts over chocolate and get this big. Didn't appeal\nto me. A banana appealed. So, that was that. Then, I met him [Peter] the first\nmonth I was here. It took him six months to find me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6243.0,6271.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Let me go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6271.0,6273.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back just for one second.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6273.0,6275.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6275.0,6276.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Tell me about when your father came back from this labor camp --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6276.0,6281.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6281.0,6282.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: -- and how your family -- You all had such different experiences\nduring the war. How did he come back as?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6282.0,6290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: That is a pretty good question because--I'm glad you brought that\nup--my dad was a workaholic. When he was liberated from his labor camp, he was\nput in -- They emptied the jails and the prison.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6290.0,6303.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Which labor camp was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6303.0,6305.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it? Sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6305.0,6306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Pardon?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6306.0,6307.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Which labor camp was it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6307.0,6309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: It was -- The organization was called Todt, T-O-D-T. It was an\norganization where they stacked the people in labor camps. The labor camp was in\nWestphalia. He was put in a cattle car. He had to appear at the railroad station\nin Celle with a suitcase. They told him. He went there and they weren't\norganized. They sent him back home. A few days later, they called him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6309.0,6335.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again.\nThen, they took him and put him in a cattle car. He had no idea where they were\ngoing, north, south, east or west. It was nighttime and the train was moving. He\nended up in Westphalia, which is, from Celle, is about halfway towards\nWuppertal, where he lost his job, where I was born, you know, about halfway. He\nwas put in this labor camp. They had emptied all the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6335.0,6365.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jails and prisons with the\ncriminals to build those roads for the German tanks and then explode them\nafterwards when the front was coming close. So, he was in with a bunch of\nrapists, murderers, and other criminals. He was the only one with his\nidentification card with a \"J\" in it. When the British -- No, it was Americans\nthat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6365.0,6395.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberated him. They gathered up all those identification cards. They found\nthe one with a \"J\" in it. They called him in. It's what he wrote in his memoirs\nand that's what he told us later. They said--they spoke German to him because\nthe guys that were interviewing him were German boys, refugees like Peter,\nfluent German, because he couldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6395.0,6425.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"speak any English at all--\"How come you are\nhere with your 'J'? Who are you? What are you?\" [He said,] \"Well, I have a mixed\nmarriage, blah blah, blah. And I'm Jewish. And I was in this camp. I was in with\nall these criminals and here I am.\" [They said,] \"Oh, you are going to get\nspecial treatment now. What do you want to do?\" He said, \"I want to go back to\nwhere they fired me in 1935.\" This was ten years later. [He said,] \"I want my\njob ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6425.0,6455.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back, to heck with my family. My family is somewhere in -- I don't know\nwhere they are. They are in Celle, which is near Hanover, which is east of here.\nI want to go west to Wuppertal to claim my job.\" That was his first thought. He\nwas a workaholic. He wanted revenge. They gave him a car and a chauffeur, the\nAmericans did. That chauffeur drove him to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6455.0,6485.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wuppertal. There, he had two friends,\ntwo eye doctors, actually three eye doctors, two men and one, the woman, also\nwas an eye doctor, ophthalmologist. Three doctors [who were] anti-Nazi as all\nget out. He went. He was filthy. He went to them first. He said, \"Here I am, I'm\nfree. Stick me in the bathtub first and give me some clean clothes.\" That's what\nthey did. Next day, he went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6485.0,6515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the city hall, to the mayor, [and said,] \"I want\nmy job back.\" The guy said, \"Well, so-and-so is holding your job. We don't have\nan opening.\" He went to the military government of Wuppertal. Each city had by\nthen a military government. I guess they were then English, British. He said,\n\"That guy, he's keeping that Nazi in my job. I want --\" They helped him. He got\nhis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6515.0,6545.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job and he got promoted. He got a marvelous -- I mean, he was promoted. He\nwould have been promoted during the ten years of when he was out of it anyhow.\nThat made him happy. Then, they said to him, \"What would you like to have now?\"\nHe said, \"Now, I would like to see if my family is still alive.\" They gave him\nanother car and a chauffeur. He drove. Finally, after he got his job, he drove\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6545.0,6575.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Celle, which is at least five hours. There were broken bridges and they had\nto -- I don't know what they had to do. [They had to take] detours over the\nbroken bridges. The Germans had exploded all the bridges. You know the bridge at\nRemagen? That fell down because it was overloaded with a train. Then, he showed\nup at our place and my mother, she almost died. I mean, here comes this man. She\nhadn't heard from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6575.0,6605.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him for six or seven months. Is he alive? Where is he? Then,\nhe shows up and he has his job back. She said, \"Why didn't you come here first\nand then worry about your job?\" [He said,] \"No, I had to get my job, and here I\nam, and everything is hunky dory.\" That's how that was. My mother could never\nget over the fact that he preferred his job over his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6605.0,6635.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family. Isn't that something?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6635.0,6637.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: That really is something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6637.0,6639.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: That is something, but he wanted revenge. I mean, I can understand\nit. Finally, he was sitting on top of the world again. They took the ten best\nyears of his life because in 1935, he was 38. In 1945, he was 48. That's the\nbest years of a man's life professionally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6639.0,6662.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: You know, he would have been raised, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6662.0,6665.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as all men were, especially in\nthat time, that your job, your employment, your -- That part of your life is --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6665.0,6672.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: To support your family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6672.0,6674.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6674.0,6675.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: You have to -- Especially in Germany in those days, the man had to\nmake a living before he even could get married. They told my father, for\ninstance. That's interesting. You probably know about this. His one sister was a\nyear older. The other sister was 12 years younger. She was some kind of a change\nof ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6675.0,6695.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life baby, Joanne, the one I came to. When he fell in love with my mother,\nthis Joanne was only about 13 years. He was 24. She was 12 years old. My Jewish\ngrandfather said, \"You cannot marry until your sister is married.\" She was 12\nyears old. Should he wait? He said to his father, \"I am not going to wait until\nshe gets married. I'm going to marry this Irmgard\"--that was my mother's\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6695.0,6725.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name--\"now,\" and that's what he did. Did you know about that, that the sons had\nto wait till the sisters were taken care of by marriage until they could think\nof marriage? That was a Jewish custom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6725.0,6742.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: What did it feel like to you to get out of Germany?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6742.0,6748.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: That was another heavenly time, another. Although, I cried bitter\ntears when I left my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6748.0,6755.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents. When I saw them for the last time, I was in\nquarantine in Stuttgart at the Consulate for at least three weeks. I missed the\nfirst boat I was scheduled on. I missed it because they wrote to Wuppertal that\nI'm on this boat, and the letter came to Stuttgart too late, and the boat was\ngone, but they got me on the next one. I was in quarantine and we had all sorts\nof medical ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6755.0,6785.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"examinations. Even for venereal diseases they checked. AIDs was not\nknown then yet, but other stuff, you know, like syphilis. We got tested for\nthat. We got lots of injections for typhoid and all the stuff, the tetanus, and\nthe whooping cough, and the diphtheria, and everything that Germany didn't have\nduring the war. In fact, I knew one man who died of diphtheria because they\ndidn't have any antibiotics. He was a soldier. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6785.0,6815.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died of diphtheria during the\nwar. I was in quarantine and then I was in quarantine again in Bremen.\nBremerhaven was the port. I was in there for a week. My parents came to visit,\nto say goodbye. I cried. We all cried because they didn't know what was ahead of\nme and I didn't want to really leave them either. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6815.0,6845.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I was approved, the\nconsulate for Heidelberg was in Stuttgart. When I had to come for interviews,\nthey were all in uniform, army uniform. The right hand person to the consul -- I\nnever met the consul. I met the vice consul, [who] was a woman in an army\nuniform. When she approved me, she said, \"You are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6845.0,6875.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approved. You can go. The boat\n-- You will find out about when the boat leaves. We will tell you, write to you.\nDo you have a boyfriend? Anybody that you want to take with you, you can take\nwith you. We approve that person on the spot.\" I said, \"I don't have a\nboyfriend, but my brother is downstairs waiting for me.\" He was visiting me. She\nsaid, \"Bring him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6875.0,6905.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up here.\" Then she said, \"If you have a boyfriend and he isn't\nreally a boyfriend, but you can marry him, he will be your husband and you can\ndivorce him right away when you get to the States. That's what you can do.\" I\ndidn't have a boyfriend, so my brother comes upstairs. She interviews him. He\nspoke a little English, too, from school. Even though he was thrown out of\nschool, he had private lessons. My parents sent him for private lessons in math,\nin all the subjects, in chemistry, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6905.0,6935.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"physics, in English, and Latin, too. He had\nprivate lessons. They could afford that. I had piano lessons. He had those\nlessons. Anyway, he came upstairs and then she said, \"I'll let you go\"--His name\nis Wolfgang--\"I'll let you go with your sister today. You can be approved today\nbecause I know you are half Jewish. You are not a Nazi,\" and \"What about it?\" He\nsaid, \"I have to think about it.\" We went downstairs, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6935.0,6965.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talked. He said, \"I\nwould love to go, but we can't leave our parents, both of us. We cannot leave\nthem alone,\" and he stayed. He's still there, but he has regretted that many\ntimes. He told me. But he said, \"We can't.\" He was a mama's boy. He really was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6965.0,6984.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Especially since he did not have any support among his peers, he had a\nvery tough --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6984.0,6991.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Very tough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6991.0,6992.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: A very tough couple of years right when he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6992.0,6996.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6996.0,6997.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Yes, when his formative years, when he was -- well, I was --. He\nwas 15 or 14 when he was thrown out of school. That is very hard. I mean, he\nsuffered. You know what? My brother was an A1 athlete. I was a miserable\nathlete. He was a soccer player of the first degree. The Nazis had soccer\ntournaments. He was the best ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6997.0,7026.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one in his class and in other things, too. He could\n-- I mean, all these instruments that they did, you know, I don't know what they\ncall them here, that you jump over, and he was number one. My mother got a\nletter from a teacher, from his [physical education] teacher. He wrote that, \"We\nwould love to take your son, Wolfgang, with us because he would win for our\nteam, but we can't\"--that's when he was still in school--\"He's half ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7026.0,7056.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish.\nSorry, he can't go.\" He was the best athlete in the entire school. He still is\nthin, much thinner than I am, and kind of short, too. I'm the big one. He's the\nsmall one, but that's tough. That's tough. That's what happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7056.0,7078.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: After four days, you came off the boat and then you went --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7078.0,7085.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7085.0,7086.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They showed me New York and took me around, these cousins, actually\nfirst cousins once removed to me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7086.0,7094.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: The culture shock?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7094.0,7096.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Culture shock, yes. They gave me all the -- They had fancy. They\nwere really clothes horses, both of them elegant women. They had run a filling\nstation in Germany when they were young. Of course, that was closed by the\nNazis. But I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7096.0,7116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mean, that was something advanced for a woman, for two women to run\na filling station in those [days], before Hitler came to power. I don't know if\nthe father started it. I don't know much about the father. Maybe my brother\nknows. He has a much better memory. Anyway, my dad is gone and I can't ask him.\nOkay, they showed me New York, took me around. It was overwhelming. My letters\nthat I wrote to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7116.0,7146.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany -- Once a week, I wrote letters in German. My mother\nsaved them all. She thought I was such a great letter writer. When she died, my\ndad said, \"Go in the attic and see what you can find.\" I found a stack this high\nof my letters when I first came to this country. Some of them were from my study\ndays in Heidelberg, but it was a stack this high. My father had taught me,\nwhenever you write a letter, put a date ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7146.0,7176.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on. That helped me to sort them out and\nput them in sequence, because when my husband wrote me love letters and he was a\ntraveling salesman, he only always wrote, \"Monday afternoon,\" no year, no day,\nnothing, \"Friday evening.\" I don't know when they were written. Kind of I had to\nbe a detective because, when the minute he started writing about, \"Give the baby\na ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7176.0,7206.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kiss,\" I knew it was when we were married and what year the first baby, when\nshe was born. Anyway, that's all in my books here. I'm working on volume six\nnow. Yes, my dad said, \"Go up there.\" I found all these letters and then, of\ncourse, the question is, can the kids read those? They were handwritten, most of\nthem and on this thin airmail paper. I took them all with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7206.0,7236.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. I was there when\nmy mother died. I took care of her the last six weeks because they had a nurse's\nshortage in Germany, just like we have here, too, on and off. I was by her. She\nwas in the hospital. I was at her bedside every day from morning till night, six\nweeks. I had been -- That year, I went twice, another six weeks, when she was in\na sanatorium because she had cobalt treatments for her cancer. Then, she had to\ngo to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7236.0,7266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a -- to recuperate from that. In the summer, I went for six weeks, but it\ndidn't help. I mean, she died. The whole thing took only eight months from the\ntime they found the cancer until the end. Okay, so then I started translating\nthese letters and that was a job. Yes, I described my impressions when I came to\nthis -- from the boat already. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7266.0,7296.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boat -- The diary goes further back. In fact,\nthere's a love letter in there that my dad wrote to my mother. There is a last\nletter in there from before my grandmother was taken away, that she wrote and\nall in German. I translated all that into English. Anyway, so then I came. These\ncousins put me on a train, a night train from New York to Columbus. [It] took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7296.0,7326.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"13\nhours, but it was not a sleeper. I was sitting up. I got off the train in\nColumbus. My aunt and uncle were there on the platform. I was kind of heavy then\nbecause all we had to eat in Germany during the war was potatoes, potatoes,\npotatoes, potatoes. My mother made even a potato cake. It was good. I mean,\nanything was good because when you have nothing to eat, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7326.0,7356.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything tastes good. My\nuncle, my aunt told me later [that] I was so fat, she was afraid I was pregnant,\nand my parents had gotten rid of me to have the baby, and then adopt the baby\nout, and come back, she said. She said that to me later. She said, \"You were\nawfully fat.\" I lost that pretty quickly. I hadn't seen them -- They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7356.0,7386.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"emigrated\nwhen I was 13 years old. They came to Celle to say goodbye in 1938 and then I\nsaw them again in 1947, which was nine years. Yes, and I was a grown up. This is\nfunny. I don't know whether I should mention it. The first thing she said to me\nwas -- I mean, when we got home. They had a furnished apartment and they rented\na furnished room for me across the street, but I ate with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7386.0,7416.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. She said, \"Now,\ntwo things we have to buy for you first. First, right off, right away is a bra\nand lipstick,\" and she did. I don't know if I should mention this here, but\nthat's how it was. I mean, in Germany, we couldn't buy anything. Apparently I\nwas heavy enough, too. She didn't like the way I was dressed. The lipstick --\nWhen I wrote to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7416.0,7446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my parents said she made me buy a lipstick or she bought me a\nlipstick, my father wrote back, \"Only loose women were lipstick.\" That wasn't\ncustomary in Germany yet, at that time, and now, we don't wear lipstick anymore.\nThat's a funny thing. She said as she showed me the room that she had rented for\nme, and there was a little radio in there, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7446.0,7476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"radio, which the Gestapo had taken\nfrom us -- I told you before when they came, because Jews were not allowed to\nhave radios, so they couldn't listen to the English channel with all the truth.\nThere was a little radio, an Emerson, blue, small. I was in heaven. I said, \"Is\nthat radio mine?\" [She said,] \"Yes. It's yours. We got that.\" They were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7476.0,7506.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so\nsweet. I mean, they got me stuff and they took care of me. Then I said, maybe on\nthe fourth day, I said, \"I want to go downtown and look for a job.\" My aunt\nsaid, \"No, you have to recuperate from all, from the war, and all this bad\nstuff. You don't have to look for a job yet.\" I went anyway. I walked downtown\nto save the streetcar money. It wasn't far. In Columbus, there was this store,\nLazarus, which was a department [store], which is now Federated Department\nStores. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7506.0,7536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was called \"Lazarus.\" [It was the] biggest department store in\nColumbus. I went in to the employment office. My English was pretty good. I\nfilled that out and the woman said, \"Oh, we can use you in the cafeteria.\" They\nhad several restaurants there. [She said,] \"The cafeteria. Your English isn't\nquite good enough yet to be behind the counter, to hand out what people want,\nbut you can be the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7536.0,7566.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"busgirl.\" I had to push this cart, clean the tables, and push\nit. I was tired. Even the work on the farm didn't make me as tired as that. All\nday long on your feet and pushing this cart into the kitchen. I got some tips.\nPeople, of course, asked me, \"How long have you been here? How do you like it?\"\nThat's always the first thing, \"How do you -- \" In 1947, it was a novelty to see\na German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7566.0,7596.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person here in this country so soon after the war, just two years after\nthe war. You know, the sad thing was that the German quota was very high. In\nthose days, they still used the quota system. They would let only so many people\ninto the country from a foreign country, a certain number only, which was based\non something in the 18th century. English was the largest. German was the second\nlargest. Now, they didn't have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7596.0,7626.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enough German non-Nazis to fill the German quota,\nbut they had all these concentration camp survivors that were Polish citizens or\nRussian citizens. But their quota numbers were much smaller. I actually got out\nof Germany in 1947, when some of these concentration camp survivors from Poland\nand Russia with numbers on their arms couldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7626.0,7656.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come because their quota was not\nlarge enough to admit them. Same thing happened with my in-laws, Peter's\nparents, and my aunt and uncle, Joanne and Walter. The German quota--same German\nquota as when I came over; same number--was so full of Jewish people that\nAmerica wouldn't let them in. The quota was full for that year. No more German\nJews could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7656.0,7686.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come. No more Germans, period. They had to go to England. England let\nthem in. You have probably heard this before. Pete's parents, and my Aunt\nJoanne, and Walter both stayed in England for one year until their quota number\ncame up. Then, they came to America. They don't have that quota system anymore,\nbut they had it at my time. I felt really badly about it because in the camp where\nI was for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7686.0,7716.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quarantine, there were some Polish concentration camp survivors with\nnumbers on their arms and with much sadder tales than I could ever dream of.\nThey were not allowed to come because their quota was too small. There were too\nmany of them, which was unfair, but it happened. In Columbus -- I was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7716.0,7746.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"busgirl\nfor two weeks and my aunt worked in a photo finishing shop in the dark room. In\nthose days, everything, the developing of films and the printing of the pictures\nfrom the negatives was done in darkrooms. There was only one faint light\nsomeplace. She said, \"I can get you a job there.\" So then that guy hired me,\nsaid, \"Can you --\" We had to write the bills, too. If they had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7746.0,7776.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ten pictures, ten\ntimes, and then we had to write out the bill. [He] said, \"Can you write?\" I\nsaid, \"I sure can.\" [He said,] \"Can you add? Do you do some math?\" He thought I\nwas from the third world country or something. He hired me. I was put behind a\nprinter in the darkroom and started right in. That was an improvement over being\na busgirl. I had that job until we got married. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7776.0,7806.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact, they called me during\nthe summer time, when it's the high season for film, for picture taking. I was\nworking at the Forchheimer company. You saw the picture up there? I was putting\ntheir showroom in order. I was packing orders. I was with my father-in-law [Emil\nForchheimer]. I was doing all sorts of -- like a Girl Friday, checking invoices.\nThey called me from this photo place and said, \"Can you come and replace\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7806.0,7836.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so-and-so? Because she's on vacation and we have so much business.\" They let me\ngo and I worked over there. I made much more money in that photo place than the\nForchheimers ever paid me. They only gave me a little pocket money. They thought\nI was part of the family and I should do this for free. First, I was a busgirl,\nand then I was a photo finisher and a printer, actually, and then I was helping\nout in the wholesale business, and then I became ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7836.0,7866.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pregnant. Then we got married\nand I became pregnant. We told my father-in-law he has to look for somebody else\nin my place, because I actually worked through my eighth month. He saw my belly\nand he never had the idea that, \"One day she can't work anymore.\" We had to tell\nhim and then they hired somebody. Then, I stayed home. Then I had the first baby\nand I stayed home. I stayed home with all three of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7866.0,7896.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. Pete was a good\nprovider. I mean, I was -- It was just customary in those days that a mother\nstayed home with the baby. My mother-in-law [Bertha Forchheimer] insisted that I\nhave a baby nurse the first two weeks. Did your mother ever tell you? Did she do\nthat? No. Did your grandmother do that? My mother-in-law was so sweet to me. She\nfixed the wedding up because my parents couldn't come. They couldn't send any\nmoney ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7896.0,7926.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either. She took over my mother's place. When the baby was on the way, the\nfirst one, she said to Pete, \"Your wife needs a baby nurse the first two weeks.\nShe can't do all that alone,\" even though I had taken the course, the baby, the\nRed Cross course. Pete's sister [Anne Forchheimer Rubin] is a nurse and she told\nme about this Red Cross course because I had never held a baby in my hand. I\nlearned a lot on dolls. They had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7926.0,7956.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dolls, how to diaper and cloth diapers in those\ndays. She insisted each time I had a baby that I have a nurse. I did have that\nand he had to say, \"Yes.\" Whatever his mother said went.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7956.0,7969.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Did anybody, when you first got here--or, I know that the Forchheimer\nfamily had also left Germany before the war--did anybody ask you what it was\nlike in Germany during the war, especially for you as a Mischlinge?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7969.0,7982.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Yes, my aunt and uncle. I had to tell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7982.0,7985.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them stories. My Aunt Joanne\nand Uncle Walter, they all wanted to know, and my in-laws. They asked me, too,\nbut, see, they had been -- His Mother got out last. I think she got out. He was\nthe first one, the oldest son, in 1938 and then the two other kids went. One\nwent on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7985.0,8015.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kindertransport. The sister did. The brother went on his own. The\ntwo younger ones joined again in England. Then, the father went. They all went\nseparately. The mother was the last one. I don't know what year that was. That\nmust have been 1939, because they came to America in 1940. They were a year in\nEngland, so it must have been 1939. He probably doesn't know it exactly either.\n[They were here] from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8015.0,8045.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1939. [For] the bad stuff, the Kristallnacht, they were\nthere. They were there. Pete was not there anymore, but the other four were\nthere and the father got arrested--but he [Peter] can tell you all that--but he\ncame back. My Uncle Walter also got arrested. He was in Dachau. I don't know for\nhow long, but they let him go because he had a sponsor in England. They got\nmarried, these two, Joanne and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8045.0,8075.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Walter, just before they emigrated to be\ntogether. It was not a love match, but they did love each [other]. It was a good\nmarriage afterwards, but it was not really a love match because it was more, \"We\nwant to be together. We don't want to emigrate alone,\" that kind of thing. She\nwas already over 30 when she married him and he -- I forgot how old. He was my\nmother's age. Anyway, yes, they asked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8075.0,8105.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. Yes, but you see, the hundred percent\nJewish people that had to flee for their lives--like Pete, he had to flee; I\ndidn't have to flee--it's a different story, a different situation, I should\nsay. When Jewish people find out that somebody is from a mixed marriage, they\nright away take it for granted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8105.0,8135.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there wasn't much going on, \"She didn't have\nto suffer much. There wasn't much persecution.\" They take that for granted\npretty much, so I wasn't I wasn't asked that much. I was asked more often, \"How\ndo you like America?\" That's what they asked me more often than anything else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8135.0,8159.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: What did you say to that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8159.0,8162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: My goodness, \"I love ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8162.0,8164.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it.\" My parents even asked me sometimes,\n\"Don't you want to come back?\" Even before I, we were going with each other, I\nsaid, \"No way will I ever go back to that country that did such miserable stuff\nto my grandmother and to my dad. No way,\" and to me, too. I think I want to take\na candy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8164.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: -- in the Forchheimer company and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8190.0,8194.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"babies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8194.0,8194.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Your daughter was born in what year?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8194.0,8198.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Nineteen fifty one, the first one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8198.0,8201.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Her name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8201.0,8202.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: Evelyn, but we call her \"Evy.\" The second one was born in 1955. We\nhave three daughters. Second one was born in 1955 and her name is Janet. The\nthird one, who lives here in Atlanta, was born in 1958 and her name is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8202.0,8223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Susan. We\nhave six grandchildren. Each one has two. Each daughter has two. Funny thing is\nthat they both -- All three of them have the same gender again. The oldest one\nhas two boys, the middle one has two girls, and the youngest one has two boys.\nWe have no mix. Do you have children?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8223.0,8251.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: I know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8251.0,8253.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Americans became far more interested in World War Two, and\nwhat happened to various [groups], and certainly the concentration camp\nexperience. But also I expect that they became more sensitive to the experiences\nof people who were half Jewish also, as the [Adolf] Eichmann trial started in\nthe early 1960s. Did that have any impact on how you saw your experiences or --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8253.0,8279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: The Eichmann trial? I think I was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8279.0,8283.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany at the time, visiting\nmy parents, and my father was glued to the TV. He couldn't get enough of it. I\nmean, he was so happy that they got this guy. But I must say this. Celle, where\nI grew up from the age of 12 until I graduated from high school, is only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8283.0,8313.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about\nten miles from Bergen Belsen, where Anne Frank died. In fact, my father -- You\ncan go there on your bike. It's that close. We never had any idea that there was\na concentration camp there. My father, who--when we still had a radio--with his\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8313.0,8343.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friend, his veterinarian friend, they would sit in front of our radio with\nblankets over their heads, turn real low, and listen to the BBC, the British\nBroadcasting System, or whatever, British Broadcasting Company, I think, BBC.\nThey would listen. They had German broadcasts and they would tell exactly what\nwas going on at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8343.0,8373.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the front, in Russia, and in France. They would tell the truth,\nwhereas the German newspapers and the German broadcasts told lies. They all told\nthe lies. My father, until they took that radio away, was very much well\ninformed. My mother was scared to death that somebody would hear that he was\nlistening to the BBC and see these two men with their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8373.0,8403.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blankets over their head,\nsitting in front of the radio. Because we had to give up some more rooms\nupstairs, and my bedroom was later, to some refugees from the east. When the\nRussians advanced, the Germans were on the move. They came west. They wanted to\nget away from the Russians. There were miles and miles of people marching ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8403.0,8433.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nhorse drawn carts passing our apartment building. We had to give up some more\nrooms, not only to this German officer, and his wife, and their two kids. We had\n-- It was a pretty big apartment on two floors. We had to give up some rooms to\nsome of those German refugees from the East. They were all, of course, Nazis. My\nmother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8433.0,8463.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"Don't listen to that radio.\" He wouldn't stop until they took the\nradio away, so he was pretty much -- But we never -- We were pretty much\ninformed, but we never knew that Bergen Belsen, which was a village real close\nto Celle, was a concentration camp. We never smelled anything. We never heard\nanything. We never saw anything. I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8463.0,8493.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see how that is possible. I've been\nthere since. We were invited by the city of Celle. They paid for Pete, for\nmyself and a companion. They paid for the flight. That was in 1988, when it was\nthe 50th anniversary of the Kristallnacht. They invited us. They took care of\nus. They paid for the hotel, and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8493.0,8523.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meals, and they took us to Bergen Belsen\none day to look that over. I couldn't imagine that that being so close that we\ndidn't know what was going on there. We did not know. Even Jewish people did not\nknow. When my grandmother, on the other hand, was taken to Terezin, that we\nknew, somehow, what was going on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8523.0,8553.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there and that she would not come back. It's\nmaybe I was too young to ask enough questions, or maybe I just didn't want to\nknow what was going on, or maybe I was too carefree. When you're young, things\njust slide off your back much more easily than when you're old. Now, when I\nthink about it -- I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8553.0,8583.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know that other people that talk about this start crying and\ncan't talk about it, but I can. I get mad. I get really mad. How is such a thing\npossible? The madness overpowers everything else. Yet, I have some friends\nthere, a girlfriend from the age of 12. Her name is Margarete, which is Margaret\nhere. She has visited us twice in this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8583.0,8613.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country and we go visit her when we go\nover there. She was always nice to me. She never, ever said anything wrong. Her\nfather was a Nazi, though. We were warned. My mother was warned by the mother of\nanother classmate that she should be very careful what she says in front of this\nman, who was a teacher at a middle school, this girlfriend's father. But she\nnever -- She was against what her parents were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8613.0,8643.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing. She really was a very nice\nwoman, so sympathetic, religious. He was -- The funny thing was that some of\nthose really religious Christians, they didn't go along with the Hitler stuff.\nThey didn't. Like these people in the Black Forest, where I worked for over a\nyear, there was never -- She never ever made a -- Her mother, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8643.0,8673.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"though -- This is\ninteresting. Her mother, this woman, Mrs. Reimer, had summer guests. In the\nsummer, she invited her relatives, but I think they paid. Her mother came and\nthen her nephew came, her sister's son. We started kind of a friendship, this\nman and I. He was a year younger than I am, than I was. We started a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8673.0,8703.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friendship.\nHis grandmother noticed that, that we would go on walks together and stuff. She\nsaid to me, \"I don't really want my grandson to become friendly with you, but I\nknow a half Jewish boy in Berlin\"--they were from Berlin--\"that I could fix you\nup with.\" And that -- I mean that all went -- I just took it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8703.0,8733.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in. It didn't even\nbother me. But we kept up our friendship anyhow, her grandson and I. Her\ngrandson was a pacifist. He was going to be inducted into the army and he was\nafraid to go. He was afraid he would die. He was really afraid. He told me. He\nwas a [pacifist]. He said, \"There shouldn't be any wars.\" Every time I got a\nrejection from one of the nurseries that I applied to for an apprenticeship in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8733.0,8763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Celle, I got a letter. He happened to be there and he said, \"I don't see how you\ncan take that, how you don't become depressed, how you can take all this.\" He\nadmired me. He said, \"I couldn't take that.\" He was afraid of being killed, but\nhe wasn't killed. He's still alive. We still write to each other. Now, we still\nsee each other when I go to Germany. He married and had four kids, so it was\nvery harmless. In those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8763.0,8793.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"days, when you had a boyfriend, all you did was hold\nhands--that's all--and maybe a kiss. That's all compared to nowadays. I mean,\nthis I have to bring in here because if our kids or grandkids see this, they\nprobably won't understand how that was and why that was. That's all it was. That\nyou called a \"boyfriend.\" I think what goes on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8793.0,8823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nowadays, that's a difference\nbetween [then]. He wanted to take up the -- He's a music professor and very\nreligious Protestant Lutheran. He never -- If he knew what his grandmother said\nto me, he would be [mad]. I never told him that she said that to me, that she\ncan fix me up with a half Jewish man in Berlin. We were so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8823.0,8853.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"far from Berlin, what\ngood would that have done? I just let it roll off my back. But, she was the only\none who said that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8853.0,8864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Have you had any other thoughts about Germany, and Germans, and how\nthese things were taking place so close to your home?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8864.0,8873.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: You see, I am much more -- How do you say that? I'm much more -- I\nremember much more. I am much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8873.0,8883.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more -- I hold a grudge. This is the word. I hold\na grudge much more than, for instance, my husband. We were also invited by the\ncity where my grandmother was deported, from Karlsruhe, also in 1988, myself\n[and Peter]. They paid for the ticket to put us up. We were there twice that\nyear in 1988, when it was the 50th anniversary of the Kristallnacht. There was a\ndebate in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8883.0,8913.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"church where we went. The whole city was hyped up about the\nKristallnacht. The city did a lot for the Jewish people. They have a synagogue\nthere again, and a rabbi, and everything. There was a debate with a pastor in a\nchurch. The pastor said, \"The young generation --\" I mean, this is the\ngrandchildren now of the generation of the people that got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8913.0,8943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"killed. I am the next\ngeneration. I'm a child of a Holocaust murdered person. I'm a grandchild. See,\nthere was my father, both my Grandmother and my father. I'm the next generation.\n[The pastor said,] \"The generation, our children and our grandchildren, they\nhave to be made responsible for what their grandparents and great grandparents\nthe Nazis did.\" That's what this pastor said ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8943.0,8973.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right up front. My husband stood up\nand he said, \"These people weren't even born when all this took place, this\nyounger generation. These two, three younger generations, they weren't even\nborn. You cannot hold them responsible. It has to stop sometime, this hatred and\nthis remembrance, bringing it up in school, and history, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8973.0,9003.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and writing books.\" He\nspoke against that pastor. I felt differently. He is forgiving and he also\nforgets, but I can't. I said to him, \"I cannot see or feel like you do. I still\nfeel madness and resentment. And why did they do that?\" Why did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9003.0,9033.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they single out\npeople, like my dad who had fought in the First World War on the German side,\nput his life on the line, and then they treat him like that? Afterwards, they\nkill his mother. What kind of a thing is that? But he is -- The opinions differ\nabout whether you should hold the unborn generations responsible or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9033.0,9063.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not. I don't\n-- I say, \"Yes, you shouldn't hold them responsible, but you should not let them\nforget what their ancestors did.\" You should not cover it up. You should keep it\nalive. You should teach it in school. And you should rub it in if you want to,\nso that the young people will never, ever repeat such a thing. And there is\nneo-Nazism going on again right ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9063.0,9093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now. All the time you read about it. My cousin,\nshe is my only cousin, near Munich, my father's niece, his sister's only child.\nHer son married a woman from -- not Bangladesh; from Thailand or Taiwan. I mix\nup those countries. Their son -- They have a boy, a little boy, who looks a\nlittle bit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9093.0,9123.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Asian. He has, from his mother, this Asian [appearance]--you know,\nthe eyes and stuff. My cousin said, \"Why did my only son marry a person like\nthat and have a baby with her when the Germans are still so race conscious and\nthe neo-Nazism is going on? This boy will have a hard life.\" He's 12 years old\nnow, this little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9123.0,9153.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boy. [She said,] \"Why did my son do that? I advised against it.\nWhy didn't he marry a German girl?\" That boy is a fourth Jewish because my\ncousin is half and she married a Catholic man. So the boy, their son, is a\nfourth Jewish, has 25 percent Jewish blood. Then, when he married that Asian\ngirl, so their son is -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9153.0,9183.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has no more Jewish blood in him. I mean, maybe 12\npercent or whatever. They don't even consider that -- The Nazis didn't even\nconsider that [Jewish] anymore. If a quarter Jew, 25 percent, married an Aryan\nand had children, that was okay. That was Aryan then. There was no more Jewish\nblood. There was so little that it was ignored. That's all in the Nuremberg\nLaws. All the laws are in there. What to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9183.0,9213.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the half Jews, that was their\nbiggest problem. It was. It said in there that, \"This is our biggest problem\nbecause half of them is good and half of them is bad,\" and they were thinking of\nsterilizing them all. Did you know that? Did you hear? I read about that. They\nwere thinking of the 72,000 half Jewish people they had in Germany. They didn't\nwant them to marry other half Jews because the kids would be half Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9213.0,9243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again.\nThey didn't want them to marry Jews and they didn't want them to marry Aryans,\nso-called \"Aryans.\" So what to do with them? [They said,] \"The half of them that\nis good, the Aryan half, we don't want to lose that. On the other hand, we want\nto lose the half Jewish part. We want to lose that.\" Sterilization was the\nanswer because they couldn't have any kids, but they could still utilize the\nhalf ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9243.0,9273.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aryan brain part for their war experiments and their research that half of\nthe brain is good and half is bad. That stuff -- You read that and your hair\nstands on end, can't understand it. Then on the other hand, Hitler, he adored\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9273.0,9303.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Scandinavians with the blond hair and blue eyes. He himself was as dark as\ncan be, brown eyes, dark hair, and short in stature. Does that make any sense?\nThat occurred to me about five years ago when I looked at the picture of him. I\nsaw him on TV. He was so vulgar. He was so uneducated. The way he screamed, and\nhe pounded the podium, and oh, G-d, how they ever fell for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9303.0,9333.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is beyond me, a\nsupposedly civilized, cultured country. How was it possible? And then to glorify\n-- He wanted to -- He had these farms where he made blond men sleep with blond\ngirls, blue eyed, and all, making babies. He himself was not blue eyed or blond.\nWhat is that? Is that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9333.0,9363.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crazy, or not? To me, it's incomprehensible. The more I\nthink about it, talk about, the more incomprehensible it gets. The kids, they\ndon't understand it. Maybe when they get older. The one understands it, but the\nother two it's not interesting for them, not that interesting, my kids.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9363.0,9388.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: What have you taught your kids? What have you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9388.0,9393.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taught them? I mean, how\nhave you talked to them about your experiences? When they were growing up, what\ndid you try to teach them, or did you try to teach them anything specific?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9393.0,9405.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: When I came over first -- I'm glad you asked that. When I came over\nfirst, I saw how the black people were suppressed and oppressed. I wrote in my\nletters, \"This is just so unfair,\" and, \"I'm sticking up for the black people.\"\nThat's what I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9405.0,9423.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taught our children. Discrimination is just uncalled for. I'm\nalways with black people. You can read it in my letter, which is translated into\nEnglish, how I wrote to them. I went through this. Even though I was white\nskinned and could have -- Nobody would have guessed that I was half Jewish just\nby looking at me. My curly black hair gave me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9423.0,9453.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away, though. That's why they\ncalled me \"Lola\" in Celle, because nobody had -- I had real curly [hair]. It's\nnaturally curly, looked almost like an afro. The kids sometimes called my hair\nan \"afro,\" our kids called me, and said I had an afro. It was black. My hair was\nblack in those days. They all think it's extremely unfair how the black ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9453.0,9483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people\nwere treated here, extremely unfair, because it was. It still is. What they have\nhere in North -- South Carolina, I think, is where they don't want to give up\nthat flag. Is it South Carolina or North Carolina? South Carolina. It's beyond\nme. I mean, right away, I stood up for them in my letters and talking. You can't\ndo those things. I saw the Rosa Parks ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9483.0,9513.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"story the other day on TV. Very\ninteresting. There was a woman. She had courage. She really had courage. Yet, to\ncall myself Jewish -- It doesn't mean anything. I mean, that's -- I'm between.\nThe Germans have a saying, \"You're sitting between two chairs.\" I'm sitting half\non that chair and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9513.0,9543.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"half on that chair. I'm sitting between two chairs. The one is\nJewish. The other one is \"Aryan,\" so-called. What are you going to do? I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9543.0,9556.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: You want to ask me on [camera]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9556.0,9560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Sure. Looking back now--we are 55 years away at least from those\nexperiences--what impact has that had on your life and what thoughts do you have\nabout it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9560.0,9573.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9573.0,9574.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: I feel that I'm very tolerant of -- I live and let live. That's one\nthing that came out of that, that even though I don't -- I said before I still\nhold it against the Germans that they did all this. On the other hand, it's kind\nof ambiguous. I'm very tolerant of other people's behavior, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9574.0,9603.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or viewpoints, or\nattitudes, and the religious part, that I feel that I'm an agnostic, not exactly\nan atheist, because I don't know. The atheists say that there is no G-d. I say,\n\"I don't know whether there is one or not,\" and that's agnosticism. That came\nout of these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9603.0,9633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experiences, in my opinion, because, things were so bad. Why was I\nalways singled out as different from the other children, or later, [when] I was\n[still] a child? I was 20 when the war was over. I was actually still a child\nwhen the war was over. All this happened when I was a child or teenager. Why?\nWhy does any -- If there is a higher power, why does that higher ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9633.0,9663.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"power allow\nsuch a thing? I look at the way my mother passed away, what suffering there was.\nWhy would a higher power -- She was a good woman, nice woman, good mother. Why\nwould a higher power allow such a thing? Some people say that it's to test you\nwhether you can, even in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9663.0,9693.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spite of all the bad stuff, still believe there is a\nhigher power. I just can't do that. I mean, this is the outcome of my\nexperiences, to be a nonbeliever. That's what my husband calls me, a\n\"nonbeliever,\" which I am. I admit that. I was in the hospital the other day and\nthey asked me my religion. I was not a terminal case or anything like that, but\nI guess they do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9693.0,9723.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. I just wrote in there, \"None.\" What did they ask? [They\nasked,] \"What is your religion?\" I just put a line there [for] nothing, or\n[wrote] \"nothing,\" whatever I did, but I did not write down, \"Jewish.\" He wanted\nme to write down \"Jewish.\" I said, \"I'm not going to because I don't feel that\nway.\" I don't. I can't ignore my mother. I can't ignore these ancestors. You\nlooked at those pictures up there. That's my great-great-great ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9723.0,9753.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandmother up\nthere and her husband. They were they were on the Gentile side, a Gentile\ngrandfather's ancestors. I can't. I mean, it is like sitting between two chairs,\nlike I said. That's one thing. The tolerance that I feel towards other people is\nanother thing. As long as they don't hurt me or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9753.0,9783.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hurt other people, let them do\nwhat they want. The Ten Commandments, they're good. I believe in them because\nthey're the same in both religions, exactly the same. I believe in them. I\nrespected my parents. I love my parents. They did some stuff, too, that I could\nhave disapproved of, but nowadays ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9783.0,9813.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I -- It was the times that they went through\nthat made them do what they did, which I would never do things like that. I\ndon't want to mention that in particular, because it's water over the dam. But I\nsay, \"Live and let live,\" as long as people don't hurt each other.\" I mean, this\nattack down on the World Trade Center. That is something else. That is something\nthat has to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9813.0,9843.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be stopped. It has to be fought. But otherwise -- What else? I\ncan't. I mean, a war -- Let's put it that way. There's another thing. A war is\njust a horrible thing. I mean, aside from the persecution, we had a war. I went\nthrough the war the whole way. How long did it last? From ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9843.0,9873.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1939 to [1945], six\nyears. That is just a horrible thing. I don't know why people have to fight and\nmostly about religion. It's in Hitler's life, or in his theory, or his whatever\nhe was teaching, religion was at the bottom of it, too, because Judaism is a\nreligion, in my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9873.0,9903.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opinion. He went after the Catholic priests, also, that opened\ntheir mouths. The Protestant pastors, you know, he went after them, too. He put\nthem in concentration camps and killed them. There was religion involved in\nthat, too. Religion is -- It doesn't exist for me. I try to live a good life,\nand be an upstanding citizen, try not to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9903.0,9933.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hurt anybody. That's about [it]. That's\nmy philosophy. That's it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9933.0,9945.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: I want to thank you very much for doing this interview.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9945.0,9959.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/transcript/67488/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FORCHHEIMER: You're welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9959.0,9963.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarianne is an allegorical figure based on the goddess of liberty. She became popular during the French Revolution as a representation of the values of liberty, equality and fraternity. She is typically dressed in Roman style clothing and wears a red Phrygian cap.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFollowing their defeat in World War I, Germany was required to pay reparations for the damages caused by the war. Some of the payments were to be in raw materials and much of the reparations were to be paid to France. By 1922, however, Germany was in default. As a result, France and Belgium occupied the heavily industrialized Ruhr River valley from 1923 until 1925, when the dispute was settled by the Dawes Plan. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWuppertal is a city in western Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=236.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ruhr valley (also referred to as the Ruhr area, region, or district) is a densely populated area in western Germany close to the border with France. It is an important industrial region and was home to many coalfields.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis’ racial laws were a set of policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany, asserting the superiority of the “Aryan race,” and based on a specific racist doctrine, which claimed scientific legitimacy. These policies targeted Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, handicapped people, and others who were labeled as inferior in a racial hierarchy to the “master race” of Germans. The Nuremberg Laws were passed on November 15, 1935. They formed the cornerstone of the German Nazi Party’s racial policy and heralded in a new wave of antisemitic legislation that brought about immediate and concrete segregation. They included the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, prohibiting marriages and sexual relations between Jews and Germans, and the Reich Citizenship Law, which stripped Jews of their German citizenship. Allies of the Nazis emulated these laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn April 1933, the “Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service,” also known as the Civil Service Law, was issued. It effectively barred Jews from employment in government or administration jobs. An exception was made for World War I veterans or those who had lost a father or son in the war. Following the passage of the Nuremberg Laws in 1935, this exception was repealed and all Jewish civil servants were forced into compulsory retirement. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDusseldorf [German: Düsseldorf] is a city in western Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCelle is a town in north-central Germany on the River Aller. It is known for its picturesque timber-framed houses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 25, 1933, the “Law against Overcrowding in Schools and Universities” was issued. It dramatically limited the number of Jewish students attending public schools to no more than five percent of the total student population. In 1933, 75 percent of all Jewish students attended public schools in Germany. In the face of increasing persecution at public schools, Jews in Germany turned increasingly to private schools for their children. On November 15, 1938, the Reich Ministry of Education expelled all Jewish children from German public schools. Private Jewish schools were allowed to remain open until 1942. At the same time the Jewish schools were closed, new regulations were issued regarding half-Jewish [German: Mischlinge] of the first degree. On July 2, 1942, the Education Ministry declared Mischlinge of the first degree were no longer to be enrolled in basic schools, training schools, or other advanced secondary schools. They could enroll in trade schools, but only with special permission. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1935, the Reichs Labor Service Law made six months month of service in the \u003cbr\u003eReichsarbeitsdienst [German: Reich Labor Service, or RAD] compulsory for all men between the ages of 18 and 25. The RAD served to reduce unemployment and as a political indoctrination tool. Men assisted in the construction of roads and buildings or with agricultural work. They received military training and, after the war began, they supported the Wehrmacht. In 1939, compulsory service was extended to include young women, who were employed in agriculture, as domestic helpers, or in the armaments industry. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi greeting Heil Hitler [German: Hail Hitler] was given as part of the Nazi salute. The Nazi salute, also called the 'German greeting' by the Nazi Party, 'Hitler greeting,' or Sieg Heil [German: Hail Victory] salute, is a gesture that was used as a greeting by the German National Socialist (Nazi) party in the 1920s. The greeting later became compulsory in Nazi Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Black Forest is a mountainous region in southwest Germany, bordering France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1941, intermarried German Jews were increasingly sent to forced labor. Although still exempt from deportation, most intermarried Jews in “privileged” marriages had been sent to segregated labor battalions of Organisation Todt (OT) by the spring of 1944. For those that ended up in OT camps, they worked alongside many Eastern workers, Polish and Western forced laborers, criminals, concentration camp inmates, Italian military internees, and POWs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Autobahn is a federal controlled-access highway system in Germany. Construction was begun before Hitler came to power, but the Nazis appropriated the project and the Autobahn (also called the Reichsautobahn) became one of the regime’s showpieces. Fritz Todt, an engineer, senior Nazi figure, and founder of Organisation Todt (OT), used conscripted laborers to construct more than 3,000 kilometers (1,900 miles) of roadway between 1933 and 1938. Multiple Autobahnroutes were planned, however, by late 1941, construction had slowed significantly as focus was shifted to other war-related projects. As the war progressed and available labor became more limited, OT became notorious for using forced labor, including Jews. By 1943, the war had turned against Germany, construction ceased almost entirely, and thousands of kilometers of Reichsautobahn remained unfinished.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn March 19, 1945, Hitler issued an order regarding “Destruction Measures within Reich Territory.” Often called the “Nero Order,” the order called for the complete destruction of Germany’s infrastructure so that the approaching Allied armies would find nothing but “scorched earth.” Albert Speer, the Minister of armaments and War Production, was responsible for carrying out the order, but was strongly opposed to its implementation. He used his position to convince others to largely ignore it. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=750.0,778.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a he is considered an adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=901.0,931.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1051.0,1081.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1051.0,1081.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hitler Youth [German: Hitlerjugend] was a youth organization of the Nazi Party in Germany. It existed from 1922 to 1945. It was modeled after its adult counterpart, the Sturmabteilung (SA), and was paramilitary in organization. It was for males 14 to 18 years of age. There was another section for young boys called Deutsches Jungvolk and a girls’ section called Bund Deutscher Madel [German: Association of German Girls]. The Hitler Youth were viewed as future “Aryan supermen” and were indoctrinated as such. The Hitler Youth put emphasis on physical and military training. The organization emphasized sports as a means of preparing boys for service as soldiers in the armed forces or, later, in the SS. They had uniforms like the SA with similar ranks and insignia. It also served to indoctrinate students with the National Socialist worldview.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVolksdeutsche [German: German folk] was a Nazi term used to refer to ethnic Germans (people whose language and culture had German origins) living outside of Germany or Austria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1200.0,1224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSudeten Germans were ethnic Germans living in the Sudetenland, a region in northern Czechoslovakia bordering Germany. The term “Sudeten” refers to the region’s Sudeten Mountains. Before World War I, the area was part of Austria-Hungary and Sudeten Germans were the majority. In 1938, the Nazis forced Czechoslovakia to cede the area to Germany. After World War II, most Sudeten Germans were expelled from the country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1200.0,1224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe word swastika comes from the Sanskrit svastika, which means “good fortune” or “well-being” It first appears to have been used in Eurasia, as early as 7000 years ago. The symbol experienced a resurgence in the 19th century due to growing interest in Europe for the ancient civilizations of Near East and India. The symbol was later taken up by racist groups as a symbol of “Aryan identity” and German nationalist pride. The Nazi Party was not the only party to use the symbol in Germany. The swastika has become associated with the idea of a racially “pure” state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police,” the Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHeidelberg University is known for its science, arts, law and medical programs. Founded in the 14th century, it is Germany’s oldest university. It is located in Heidelberg, a town in southwestern Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Theresienstadt (Terezín) \"camp-ghetto\" near Prague in the present-day Czech Republic was opened in late 1941 and existed until May 1945. It served as a ghetto, an assembly camp, and a concentration camp. In the course of its existence, approximately 140,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and about one third of the Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia were sent to Theresienstadt. Roughly 33,000 died in Theresienstadt itself due to starvation and disease. Nearly 90,000 Jews were deported from Theresienstadt to other ghettos, concentration camps, and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Magen David [Hebrew: Shield of David], or as it is more commonly known, the Star of David, is the symbol most commonly associated with Judaism today. During the Holocaust, the symbol was used by the Nazis to identify and isolate Jews. In September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKarlsruhe is a city in southwestern Germany. It is in the north of the Black Forest, close to the French border.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1690.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe High Holy Days are the two holiest times of the Jewish calendar: Rosh HaShanah (Jewish New Year) and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1831.0,1861.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Shabbas goy [Yiddish] is a non-Jew who is employed to perform certain types of work that observant Jews are not permitted to do on the Sabbath. Tasks typically included extinguishing the lighted candles or lamps on Friday night and making a fire in the oven or stove on Sabbath mornings during the cold weather.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1891.0,1921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1891.0,1921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1891.0,1921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePoison gas was first used in warfare during World War I, when both the Germans and the Allies began using it on battlefields. Chlorine, phosgene (a choking agent) and mustard gas (which inflicts painful burns on the skin) were among the chemicals used. The results were indiscriminate and devastating. Nearly 100,000 deaths resulted from gas. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=1982.0,1988.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSustained strategic bombing of Germany by American and British forces became increasingly bigger and more destructive in the final two years of World War II. Targets included ports, shipyards, airfields, railways, factories, bridges, dams, and anything considered of importance to the German war effort. Such targets were often in populated areas. The heavily industrialized Ruhr area and industrial cities like Cologne, Hamburg, Berlin, Nuremberg, Stuttgart, Essen, Bremen, Düsseldorf, and Dresden were repeatedly targeted and nearly destroyed. By March 1945, Berlin was also heavily damaged. Over 600,000 civilians are estimated to have been killed in bombing raids in Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2042.0,2072.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle of Stalingrad took place between July 1942 and February 1943. In brutally cold winter weather, the Soviets were able to successfully defend the city of Stalingrad from the Germans. The battle is considered to be a turning point in the war in favor of the Allies. The battle was also one of the bloodiest in history, with both sides suffering tremendous casualties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2072.0,2102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Wannsee Conference of January 1942, the forced dissolution of mixed marriages was proposed. A decision on the proposal was postponed, but the pressure on those in mixed marriages continued to increase.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2132.0,2162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy September 1939, approximately 282,000 Jews had left Germany and 117,000 from annexed Austria. Of these, about 75,000 emigrated to Central and South America, with the largest numbers entering Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Bolivia. Most Latin American nations were relatively open to immigrants until 1933, when the Great Depression and growing antisemitism saw many countries tighten immigration. Still, thousands did manage to immigrate. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2401.0,2431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS Cap Arcona was a luxury German ocean liner launched in 1927. During World War II, it was enlisted as a naval vessel. In the final days of the war, it became a prison ship. Between April 21 and 26, 1945, the SS transported around 9,000 prisoners from the Neuengamme concentration camp and a subcamp of Auschwitz were marched northeast to the Bay of Lubeck and crammed onto several ships, including the Arcona. Conditions on board the ships were catastrophic. Prisoners received very little food and water and many died. The ships were still anchored in the bay on May 3, 1945, when British planes attacked the ships, believing them to be German troop transports. In one of the worst maritime disasters ever to occur, more than 6,000 prisoners were killed when the Arcona and a cargo ship named the Thielbek sank. Only a few managed to escape and made it ashore.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2461.0,2491.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the 1935 Nuremberg Laws, people were subject to different restrictions depending on how many Jewish grandparents they had, if they were Jewish but married to a non-Jew and vice-versa, and if they were the children of a marriage between a Jew and non-Jew, called “Mischlinge” (a pejorative term for so-called mixed-race persons). Marriages with non-Jewish husbands and children not raised Jewish were considered “privileged.” The Jewish wife received better rations than other Jews and did not have to wear the Magen David, or yellow Star of David. Jewish men married to “Aryan” women or couples with children raised Jewish did not experience such favorable treatment. All intermarried couples and their children suffered discrimination, ostracism, sometimes lost their homes, jobs, educations and livelihoods, and were under constant pressure to divorce. Until late in the war, intermarried Jewish partners were exempt from deportation and ghettoization. As the war went on, persecution of intermarried Jews within the German Reich increased. Intermarried Jews were put into segregated labor battalions of the Organization Todt, sent to labor camps and ghettos like Theresienstadt, or sent to concentration camps. Still, Jews who were married to non-Jews had a greater chance of surviving the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2617.0,2641.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1939, there were approximately 220,000 Jews left in Germany (according to its 1937 borders). Of those, about 75 percent were considered fully Jewish, 72,000 were “mixed of the first degree,” and 39,000 were “mixed of the second degree.” The definition of who was Jewish or what degree of Mischlinge [German: mixed race] they were depended on the number of Jewish grandparents an individual had. Full Jews had three or more; a Mischling of the first degree, or half-Jew, had two; a Mischling of the second degree had only one.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2701.0,2731.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman and Austrian Jewish war veterans and elderly persons over 65 were initially exempted from Nazi regulations including deportations. By May 1943, however, war veterans and elderly who were not married to non-Jews had been deported and the Reich had been declared Judenrein [German: Free of Jews].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=2761.0,2791.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the end of World War II, the Allies initiated various policies intended to remove former Nazi officials from public life in Germany and Austria in a process known as denazification. Denazification policies varied among the Allies. In the American occupied zone, a questionnaire called the Fragebogen was distributed to individuals in any public office or position of responsibility, such as teachers. It included questions about activities during the Nazi Party’s rule. Once a suspect filled it out, their answers were checked against a variety of records as well as by interviewing the individual, who could also provide character statements. The consequences of the process varied from job loss and reeducation programs to criminal prosecution.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3151.0,3181.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1994, film director Steven Spielberg (of “Schindler’s List” fame) founded the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation, to gather video testimonies from survivors and other witnesses of the Holocaust. Between 1994 and 1999, the Foundation conducted nearly 52,000 interviews in 56 countries and in 32 languages. Interviewees included Jewish survivors, Jehovah's Witness survivors, homosexual survivors, liberators and liberation witnesses, political prisoners, rescuers and aid providers, Roma and Sinti survivors, survivors of Eugenics policies, and war crimes trials participants. In 2005, the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation transferred the collection to the University of Southern California. Today, the foundation is known as the USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education and the archive has been expanded to include another 10,000 testimonies of witnesses from other genocides, including Rwanda.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3301.0,3331.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis subjected millions of people (both Jews and other victim groups) to forced, or slave labor, both inside and outside concentration camps, often under brutal conditions. Forced labor was often pointless and humiliating, and imposed without proper equipment, clothing, nourishment, or rest. From 1942–1944, nearly three million Soviet citizens from German-occupied eastern and central European territories were gathered in mass round-ups and deported to Germany, Austria, and Bohemia-Moravia as forced laborers in various war-related industries. The laborers were known as Ostarbeiter [German: eastern workers] and wore an \"OST\" identification patch. The majority were young women sent to Germany as maids and nannies. Other Ost workers were housed in in private camps owned and managed by the large companies or in special camps guarded by privately paid police.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3481.0,3511.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBaden-Baden is a spa town in southwestern Germany’s Black Forest, near the border with France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3612.0,3632.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKennkarte [German: identity card] was the basic identity document used by the Germans beginning in 1938. They were normally obtained through a police precinct. The color of a Kennkarte was based on ethnicity and letters marked the holder’s nationality. For example, Russians had an “R,” while Jews had a “J.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3647.0,3662.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1939, there were approximately 220,000 Jews left in Germany (according to its 1937 borders). Of those, about 75 percent were considered fully Jewish, 72,000 were “mixed of the first degree,” and 39,000 were “mixed of the second degree.” The definition of who was Jewish or what degree of Mischlinge [German: mixed race] they were depended on the number of Jewish grandparents an individual had. Full Jews had three or more; aMischling of the first degree, or half-Jew, had two; a Mischling of the second degree had only one. Whether or not they had been raised Jewish or had been assimilated and possibly even baptized also was factored into their status.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3677.0,3683.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy the time the Nazis came to power, most of Europe used Antiqua typeface, also known as ‘Latin’ or ‘Roman.’ Antiqua was a more modern typeface with letters flowing together, mimicking handwriting. For German texts, however, Fraktur, a blackletter typeface also known as ‘German’ or ‘Gothic’ was preferred. In Fraktur, individual strokes are broken apart. Although the Nazis preferred the authentic “German” connotation of Fraktur initially, Antiqua eventually became the preferred font. In January 1941, the Nazis banned the use of Fraktur, claiming it had been a Jewish invention, falsely represented as ‘Gothic.’ In reality, Antiqua script was easier for non-German speakers in territories occupied by Germany to understand and Germany wanted to be perceived as modern. The handwriting scripts of Kurrent and Sutterlin, which had evolved alongside Fraktur were also banned. From the 1941-1942 academic year on, schools could only teach the so-called Normalschrift [German: normal script]. Prior to that, schools had taught both.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=3721.0,3751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStrasbourg is a city in northeastern France, along the border of Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4201.0,4231.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlsace-Lorraine was a territory in eastern France along the German border that was created by the German Empire in 1871 after its victory in the Franco-Prussian War. Following World War I, the territory was returned to France and remained part of France until Nazi Germany invaded in 1940. Since the end of World War II, it has been part of France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4231.0,4261.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe British Army liberated Celle on April 12, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=4711.0,4741.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Elbe [Czech: Labe] is one of the major rivers of Western Europe. It flows from northern Czech Republic into Germany and into the North Sea.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5042.0,5072.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman propaganda portrayed Theresienstadt as a “model ghetto,” even describing it as a “spa town” where elderly Jews could “retire” in safety. The Germans even produced a propaganda film about how wonderful Jews were being treated. The Jews featured in the film, including all the children, were then sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau and murdered. Following the deportation of Danish Jews to Theresienstadt, the Germans succumbed to pressure and permitted representatives of the Red Cross to visit in June 1944. In an elaborate hoax, measures were taken to disguise conditions in the ghetto and portray an atmosphere of normalcy. To alleviate overcrowding, large transports were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau in May 1944. The Council of Jewish Elders and the camp-ghetto \"residents\" were engaged in a \"beautification\" program. Prisoners planted gardens, painted housing complexes, renovated barracks, and developed and practiced cultural programs for the entertainment of the visiting dignitaries. The Red Cross were carefully escorted around by the Germans to show them the wonderful treatment they were giving the Jews and how happy they all were. The Red Cross duly published a glowing report. Once the visit was over, deportations resumed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5132.0,5162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Half Jewish Book: A Celebration was written by Daniel Klein and Freke Vuijst. Published in 2000, it explores the cultural identity of Americans who are half Jewish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5402.0,5432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5432.0,5462.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGwyneth Paltrow (b. 1972) is an American actress and businesswoman. She is the daughter of Jewish film producer Bruce Paltrow and Christian actress Blythe Danner.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5432.0,5462.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The University of Cincinnati is a public research university in Cincinnati, Ohio founded in 1819.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5462.0,5492.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA mikveh or mikvah is a pool of rain or spring water, which is used for ritual purification and ablutions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5462.0,5492.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism, women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5462.0,5492.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bat mitzvah [Hebrew: daughter of commandments] is a rite of passage for Jewish girls aged 12 years and one day according to her Hebrew birthday. Many girls have their bat mitzvah around age 13, the same as boys who have their bar mitzvah at that age. The bat mitzvah girl is now duty bound to keep the commandments. Synagogue ceremonies are held for bat mitzvah girls in Reform and Conservative communities, but it has not won the approval of Orthodox rabbis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5552.0,5582.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunich is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria in southern Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=5673.0,5703.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarianne arrived in New York on April 25, 1947 aboard the SS Marine Marlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6093.0,6123.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrganisation Todt was a civil and military engineering group named after its founder, Fritz Todt, an engineer and senior Nazi figure. The organization was responsible for a huge range of large-scale construction projects including military factories and fortifications both in pre-World War II Germany and in Nazi Germany and its occupied territories from France to the Soviet Union during the war. One of its primary responsibilities was building the Autobahn (highway) network in Germany. It became notorious for using forced labor. About 1.4 million laborers worked for Todt, among them concentration camp prisoners, prisoners-of-war and compulsory laborers from occupied countries. Many did not survive. Near the end of the war Albert Speer assumed control of the organization and it was expanded and renamed Ministry for Armaments and War Production.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6309.0,6335.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWestphalia is a region of northwestern Germany. Major cities include Bonn, Cologne, Dusseldorf and Munster.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6335.0,6365.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Between 1933 and 1939, tens of thousands of Germans were sentenced by the criminal courts. So-called “career criminals” included people who had been convicted of burglary, theft, fraud, receiving stolen goods, and sometimes young men whom local police simply predicted would become criminals. If authorities were confident of a conviction in court, the prisoner was turned over to the justice system for trial. If the outcome of criminal proceedings were unsatisfactory, the acquitted citizen or the citizen who was sentenced to a suspended sentence would still be taken into “protective detention” and incarcerated in a concentration camp. The Nazis increasingly exploited these “enemies of the state” as forced laborers for construction projects throughout Germany. The best estimate of criminals killed by the Nazis is 70,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6365.0,6395.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 to 1949, Germany was occupied by the Allied forces and divided into four administrative zones by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. The American occupied zone was in the southern portion of Germany and included the cities of Munich, Frankfurt am Main, Stuttgart, Nürnberg, and the southern part of the city of Berlin. The British zone was in northeastern Germany and included the cities of Hannover, Bremen, and Hamburg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6515.0,6545.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle of Remagen was an 18-day battle that lasted from March 7 to March 25, 1945. Remagen in a town on the Rhine River, in western Germany between Koblenz and Bonn. On March 7, the United States 9th Armored Division approached the Ludendorff Railroad Bridge, one of the few remaining intact bridges in the region and a significant strategic target. During heavy fighting, retreating German forces tried to destroy the bridge, but were unsuccessful. The Americans were able to secure the bridge. Although the heavily damaged bridge only lasted ten days before collapsing, it allowed the Americans to cross the Rhine and break open Germany’s western defenses. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6575.0,6605.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStuttgart is a city in southwest Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6755.0,6785.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDiptheria is a serious bacterial infection of the nose and throat. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6785.0,6815.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBremen and Bremerhaven are sister cities on Germany’s North Sea coast.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=6815.0,6845.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCobalt therapy is a form of radiation first introduced in the 1950s used to treat conditions such as cancer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7236.0,7266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1912, Emerson Radio Corporation is one of the United States' largest volume consumer electronics distributors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7476.0,7506.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFederated Department Stores, Inc. was a holding company of department stores founded in 1929 by Fred Lazarus, Jr. (1884-1973). Upon its establishment, Federated held ownership of the regional department store chains Abraham \u0026amp; Straus, Lazarus, Filene's, and Shillito's. Bloomingdale's joined Federated Department Stores the next year. In 1994, Federated took over the department store chain Macy’s and in 2007, renamed itself Macy’s, Inc. Today, it is one of America's largest operators of premier retail chains, with over 220 department stores in 26 states.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7506.0,7536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eF\u0026amp;R Lazarus and Co. was a department store founded in Columbus, Ohio in 1851 by German Jewish immigrant Simon Lazarus, whose sons Fred and Ralph later took over. The store eventually became a retail chain operating primarily in the Midwest. The original flagship store closed in 2004.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7506.0,7536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Immigration Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origin’s quota. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census, which prevented immigration from Asia and severely limited immigration from Eastern Europe. For example, the quota limited Polish immigrants to fewer than 6,000 per year. Subsequent revisions changed the quotas, with the quota for Polish immigrants admitted into the U.S. increased to 15,000 per year by 1945, but restrictions were still in effect at the end of the war. On December 22, 1945, President Harry S. Truman issued an executive order, known as the \"Truman Directive.\" It required that existing immigration quotas be designated for displaced persons (DPs). While overall immigration into the United States did not increase, more DPs were admitted than before. About 22,950 DPs, of whom two-thirds were Jewish, entered the United States between December 22, 1945 and 1947 under provisions of the Truman Directive. The Polish quota between 1945 and 1948 rose to 17,000 a year. Congressional action to increase immigration quotas did not come until 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7596.0,7626.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGirl Friday is an idiom that refers to a female office assistant who is entrusted with a wide variety of tasks. The expression came into popular use in the 1940s, but today is considered to be condescending and sexist.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7806.0,7836.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarianne’s father-in-law, Emil Forchheimer, founded a wholesale toy company in Columbus, Ohio called the Forchheimer Company, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=7806.0,7836.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Kindertransport” is the name given to a series of rescue missions that assisted Jewish children in leaving Nazi-occupied Europe. The United Kingdom took in nearly 10,000 predominantly Jewish children from Nazi Germany and the occupied territories of Austria and ex-Czechoslovakia. The children were placed in British foster homes, hostels, and on farms. Some transports were organized by Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (OSE) in France where German-Jewish children were put up in a series of OSE children’s homes. Beginning in March 1939, several transports brought children from Vienna, Berlin, Frankfurt and other places in Germany to France. When the Germans occupied France, 144 children were smuggled out of France into Portugal where they caught a ship to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8015.0,8045.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 7, 1939, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew living in Paris, shot German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath in Paris. Grynszpan apparently acted out of despair over the fate of his parents, who were trapped along with other Polish Jewish deportees in a no-man’s-land between Germany and Poland. The Nazis used the shooting as antisemitic propaganda fervor, claiming that Grynszpan was part of a wider Jewish conspiracy. When vom Rath died two days later, the Nazis used the incidence to fuel violent pogroms. On November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called “Kristallnacht,” which means “Night of Broken Glas” because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. Thousands of German Jews and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany. Most were released within a few weeks, but only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8045.0,8075.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and tens of thousands were literally worked to death. The Dachau concentration camp operated a vast network of 140 subcamps. Most of these subcamps were in southern Bavaria, in close proximity to armaments factories. American troops liberated the camp on April 29, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8045.0,8075.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKarl Adolf Eichmann (1906-1962) was a German-Austrian SS-Obersturmbannführer and one of the major organizers of the Holocaust. During World War II, Eichmann headed Gestapo Department IV B4 for Jewish Affairs, serving as a self-proclaimed “Jewish specialist” and was the man responsible for keeping the trains rolling from all over Europe to death camps during the Final Solution. He escaped from the Allied forces that had captured him after World War II, disappeared, and was presumed dead by some until he was apprehended in Argentina in May of 1960. In 1961, his trial in Jerusalem, Israel sparked international interest and heightened public awareness of the crimes of the Holocaust. In 1962, was hanged by the State of Israel for his part in the “Final Solution.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8253.0,8279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnne Frank (1929-1945) was a German-Jewish girl whose family fled to Amsterdam and, after the Germans occupied the Netherlands in World War II, went into hiding with her family and others. After almost two years, they were discovered and deported to concentration camps. Anne died in Bergen-Belsen in April 1945, at the age of 15. Anne’s father, Otto Frank, is the only one of the eight people in hiding to survive. After the war, Anne became world famous because of the diary she wrote while in hiding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8313.0,8343.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was a Nazi concentration camp in northern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen, near Celle. Originally established as a prisoner of war camp, in 1943, it became a concentration camp, where Jewish hostages were held with the intention of exchanging them for German prisoners of war held overseas. The camp was later expanded to accommodate Jews from other concentration camps. A tent camp was erected in Bergen-Belsen in August 1944. Initially, it served as a transit camp for non-Jewish women from Poland, whom the Germans had deported to the Reich to work in armaments factories, but the SS soon began using the tent camp to house sick and injured prisoners transported from other concentration camps who were no longer able to work. By November 1944, the tent camp also held around 8,000 women who had been evacuated from Auschwitz-Birkenau. Eventually, the tents were so badly damaged by a storm that the prisoners from the tent camp were moved into already overcrowded barracks. From 1941 to 1945, almost 20,000 Soviet prisoners of war and a further 50,000 inmates died there. Overcrowding, lack of food and poor sanitary conditions caused outbreaks of typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever and dysentery, leading to the deaths of more than 35,000 people in the first few months of 1945, shortly before and after the liberation. The camp was liberated on April 15, 1945, by the British 11th Armoured Division. The soldiers discovered approximately 60,000 prisoners inside, most of them half-starved and seriously ill, and another 13,000 corpses lying around the camp unburied. The horrors of the camp, documented on film and in pictures, made the name \"Belsen\" emblematic of Nazi crimes in general for public opinion in many countries in the immediate post-1945 period.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8313.0,8343.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the world’s oldest and largest broadcasting organization with radio, TV, and online services. It is headquartered in London, United Kingdom. During World War II, listening to BBC broadcasts (or any other banned broadcasts) in occupied countries was often punishable by death. In Poland, it was illegal to even possess a radio. The BBC broadcast news bulletins in multiple different languages, often featuring refugees and exiled politicians of German occupied countries in its programs. As resistance fighters in Europe tried to strike back against their occupiers, the BBC’s European Services would broadcast secret messages to them. The BBC’s policy of honesty in its reporting and openly admitting defeats was in marked contrast to the propaganda of Germany’s radio stations. As the war began to turn in favor of the Allies, many Germans even tuned in to the BBC, in spite of harsh penalties and jamming of the frequencies. The BBC has used a 1926 recording of the bells of London’s St. Mary-le-Bow church as an interval signal since the early 1940s. During World War II, the familiar tone became a symbol of hope to listeners throughout Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8343.0,8373.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCelle is home to northern Germany’s oldest synagogue, a timber frame house built in 1740. On Kristallnacht, the interior was destroyed, its scrolls were thrown into the street and destroyed, and the building’s stained glass windows were smashed. However, the building was not set on fire for fear it could spread to adjacent buildings. Jewish homes and businesses were vandalized and Jewish men arrested.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=8493.0,8523.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the end of World War II, the Allies initiated various policies intended to remove former Nazi officials from public life in Germany and Austria in a process known as denazification. At the onset of the Cold War, however, the denazification process was turned over to German authorities or ceased altogether. Many former Nazis returned to important positions and various far-right parties, known as Neo-Nazis, emerged. Neo-Nazism is a militant, social and political movement that generally promotes fascist, nationalist, white supremacist and antisemitic beliefs similar to Nazi ideology. After the fall of the Berlin Wall and reunification of Germany, neo-Nazism became more visible. Since the 1990s, it has gone through ebbs and flows, especially during periods of demographic shifts. Neo-Nazism is not exclusive to Germany and Austria; groups can be found all over the world and in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9063.0,9093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe sterilization of Mischlinge was frequently debated by Nazi authorities. Believing that Jewish blood would corrupt “German blood,” the question of what to do with Mischlinge was brought up at the Wannsee Convention of January 1942, when plans for the “Final Solution” were outlined. A proposal for the sterilization of all Mischlinge was postponed until after the extermination of full Jews only because German officials feared the reaction of the Mischlinge\u003cbr\u003e’s “Aryan” relatives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9213.0,9243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Afro is a hairstyle a hairstyle originating with black people, in which naturally curly or frizzy hair is cut into a full, rounded shape all over the head.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9453.0,9483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosa Parks (1913-2005) was a civil rights activist whose refusal to give up her seat and move to the “colored section” of a bus in 1955 played a pivotal role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9483.0,9513.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe September 11th attacks, often referred to as 9/11, were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamist terrorist group Al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The attacks resulted in 2,977 fatalities, over 25,000 injuries, and substantial long-term health consequences, in addition to at least $10 billion in infrastructure and property damage. As of 2022, It is the single deadliest terrorist attack in human history and the single deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9813.0,9843.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHistorians estimate that five million non-Jewish victims were also murdered during the Holocaust. Among them were political opponents and dissidents, including religious leaders. However, German clergy and Christian leaders were to a large extent complicit in the persecution of Jews. Only a small minority, usually in isolated parishes, spoke out against Nazi racism. In providing copies of family baptismal records, they further facilitated the implementation of racial laws. Although Catholic leaders openly opposed forced sterilization and both Catholic and Protestant leaders spoke out against the euthanasia program, no prominent church leaders publicly protested Kristallnacht. Even if they had objected, by the late 1930s, the Nazi regime already had control of public discourse. Their well-known tools of repression, from imprisonment in a concentration camp to execution, were already in place and likely dissuaded many. For example, one prominent Protestant pastor, Martin Niemöller (1894-1984), had been imprisoned in the summer of 1937 and would remain incarcerated in the Sachsenhausen and Dachau concentration camps until 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584#t=9903.0,9933.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/128871/file/241584/annotation_set/1340/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 7, 1939, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew living in Paris, shot German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath in Paris. Grynszpan apparently acted out of despair over the fate of his parents, who were trapped along with other Polish Jewish deportees in a no-man’s-land between Germany and Poland. 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