{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/m32n58dv2k/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Baron, Eva Chajmovitz (2006)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2006-07-24 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Eva Chajmovitz Baron (1935-2015) (Interviewee)","Sara Ghitis (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Oral History Collection","International Project for the Documentation of Life Stories of Former Slave and Forced Laborers"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eEva Chajmovitz Baron was interviews by Sara Ghitis on 24 July 2006 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eEva describes the political landscape of Hungary during her childhood. She recounts her family’s arrival and separation in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Eva recalls the selections she endured for five months. She explains how she was selected for a transport to another camp. Eva remembers the liquidation of the Theresienstadt family camp. She talks about family and friends she saw in the camps. Eva recalls her treatment at a labor camp in Hainichen, Germany. She describes the evacuation of the camp and the death march she was sent on. Eva talks about reaching Theresienstadt, where they were liberated. Eva recalls her journey back to health and searching for family. She talks about life in Bucharest after the war. Eva shares the stories of other family who survived and those who did not. She recounts her escape from Hungary into the American occupied zone of Germany and Austria. Eva explains how she immigrated to the United States. She discusses her adjustment to a so-called normal life in Miami Beach. Eva describes enrolling in a nursing school, meeting her husband, and starting a family. She recalls her family, her childhood and her exposure to religion. Eva considers the cruelty of guards and other prisoners as well as the kindnesses she encountered. She talks about the emotional impact of her experiences. Eva details the process of claiming reparations. She shares how talking about her experiences has changed over time.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eEva Chajmovitz Baron was born in 1935 in Huszt, Hungary to Piroska “Piri” Rozner and Ignac Chajmovitz. She was raised in Huszt, Hungary, where her father was a prosperous businessman and a respected member of the Jewish community. She also had two brothers: an older brother, Maxim, and a younger brother, Vladislav.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWhen Germany invaded Hungary near the end of the war in 1944, they pushed most of the Jews into ghettos. Eva was deported with her family from a ghetto to Auschwitz-Birkenau at the age of 12, where she was separated from her family. Her mother and Vladislav were sent to the gas chambers. Her father and Maxim were sent to work on the men’s side, where they eventually died as well. Eva’s health declined in the camp but nevertheless she survived and remained in the camp until 1944 when she was sent on a death march to a labor camp in Germany and eventually Theresienstadt.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter Theresienstadt was liberated by the Red Army, Eva, along with a small group, struck out from the ghetto to make her way home to find any remaining family. She returned to Budapest and found her mother’s sister still alive. She moved in with her aunt’s family, which soon fled Hungary for the American DP camps of Germany. In the DP camps, Eva made plans to leave with a group to live in Palestine, but her aunt wouldn’t allow her to go. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn 1947, Eva was taken to the United States by a refugee committee specializing in the relocation of displaced children. She arrived in New York in January of 1947. She was held on Ellis Island before being shipped down to Miami Beach, Florida, where her mother’s brother lived.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eShe lived with her uncle’s family and went through school. She attended the University of Miami before moving to New York to study nursing at the Mount Sinai School of Nursing. She became an R.N. and then returned to Columbia's Teacher's College, working and going to school simultaneously. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn 1948, Eva married Murray Baron (1928-2018) in 1948 and they had two daughters, Andrea and Pamela. In 1982, the Baron family moved to Atlanta, Georgia. After retirement, the couple moved to Palo Alto, California. Eva passed away on August 15, 2015.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29111"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Auschwitz-Birkenau (corporate name)","Czechoslovakia (geographic term)","Huszt, Hungary (geographic term)","Nazi Germany (topical term)","1944 (chronological term)","Cattle Wagons (other)","Gas Chamber (other)","Josef Mengele (1911-1979) (personal name)","Forced Labor (other)","Children (other)","Barracks (other)","Tattoos (other)","Separation (other)","Camp C (corporate name)","Lilly Mueller (personal name)","Block 27 (corporate name)","Nazi SS (corporate name)","Humenne, Slovakia (geographic term)","Beatings (other)","Selections (other)","Scars (other)","Blocksperre (other)","Scabies (other)","Thereisenstadt (corporate name)","Hatikvah (other)","August 1944 (chronological term)","Prague, Czech Republic (geographic term)","Krakow, Poland (geographic term)","Moncie Singer (personal name)","Helen Singer (personal name)","Leipzig, Germany (geographic term)","Hainichin, Germany (geographic term)","Flossenberg Concentration Camp (corporate name)","Framo-Werke (other)","Ella Lichtenstein (personal name)","Kosher (other)","German (other)","Czech (other)","Yiddish (other)","Ammunition Factory (other)","Work Camp (other)","Communists (other)","Prisoners of War (other)","Russians (other)","Crematorium (other)","Bread (other)","Cluj, Romania (geographic term)","Transylvania (geographic term)","Kolozsvar, Romania (geographic term)","Christmas (named event)","Silent Night (other)","Military Hospital (other)","Sick Bay (other)","Cliques (other)","Rumors (other)","Bombs (other)","Hungarian (other)","Polish (other)","French (other)","Recipes (other)","Death March (named event)","Utsi nad Labem (geographic term)","Dysentery (other)","Americans (other)","Abdominal Typhus (other)","Starvation (other)","Liberation (named event)","Russian Army (corporate name)","Quarantine (other)","Red Cross (corporate name)","Kasha (other)","Rice (other)","Izsak Shoes (corporate name)","Hotel Inka (corporate name)","Otto Mermelstein (1929-?) (personal name)","Trains (other)","Blockaltester (other)","Lageraltester (other)","Budapest, Hungary (geographic term)","Romanian Soldiers (other)","UNRRA (corporate name)","1945 (chronological term)","Raoul Wallenberg (personal name)","War Refugee Board (corporate name)","School (other)","Vienna, Austria (geographic term)","Rothschild Hospital (corporate name)","1946 (chronological term)","Displaced Persons Camp (other)","Palestine (geographic term)","United States (geographic term)","Munich, Germany (geographic term)","Griesheim, Germany (geographic term)","American Zone (geographic term)","Bad Salzschirf, Germany (geographic term)","Zeilsheim, Germany (geographic term)","Amos Biderman (1952-) (personal name)","Bremerhaven, Germany (geographic term)","British Zone (geographic term)","USS Ernie Pyle (other)","Haaretz (corporate name)","United States Committee for Displaced Children (corporate name)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","Ellis Island (geographic term)","Atlantic City, New Jersey (geographic term)","Julius Schreiber (personal name)","Miami, Florida (geographic term)","Miami Herald (corporate name)","Jewish Floridian (corporate name)","English (other)","National Honor Society (corporate name)","Dentistry (other)","University of Pennsylvania (corporate name)","Mt. Sinai Hospital (corporate name)","Nursing (other)","Columbia University (corporate name)","University of Michigan (corporate name)","Ann Arbor, Michigan (geographic term)","St. Joseph Hospital (corporate name)","Englewood, New Jersey (geographic term)","Hillside Medical Center (corporate name)","Emory University (corporate name)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","World War I (named event)","Treaty of Trianon (named event)","Austria-Hungary (geographic term)","Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) (personal name)","Miklos Horthy (1868-1957) (personal name)","Tomas Masaryk (1850-1937) (personal name)","Bet Jacob (corporate name)","1939 (chronological term)","Czechoslovakia (geographic term)","Slovenia (geographic term)","Hungary (geographic term)","Romania (geographic term)","Conservative Jews (other)","Piroska Rozner (personal name)","Lazar Rozner (personal name)","Ignac Chajmovitz (personal name)","Litmann Chajmovitz (personal name)","Laszlo Chajmovitz (personal name)","Hasidic Jews (other)","Ghettos (other)","Olga Haber (personal name)","Pessie Chajmovitz (personal name)","Hanna Rozner (personal name)","Maxim Chajmovitz (personal name)","Moses Chajmovitz (personal name)","Svábhegy Sanatorium (corporate name)","The Pawnbroker (other)","Creedmoor Psychiatric Hospital (corporate name)","Depression (other)","Motherhood (other)","Survivors' Children (other)","Emotional Damage (other)","Hans Werner (personal name)","Dr. Niederland (personal name)","Disability (other)","Psychiatrist (other)","Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education (corporate name)","Israel (geographic term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eEva Chajmovitz Baron was interviews by Sara Ghitis on 24 July 2006 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEva describes the political landscape of Hungary during her childhood. She recounts her family\u0026rsquo;s arrival and separation in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Eva recalls the selections she endured for five months. She explains how she was selected for a transport to another camp. Eva remembers the liquidation of the Theresienstadt family camp. She talks about family and friends she saw in the camps. Eva recalls her treatment at a labor camp in Hainichen, Germany. She describes the evacuation of the camp and the death march she was sent on. Eva talks about reaching Theresienstadt, where they were liberated. Eva recalls her journey back to health and searching for family. She talks about life in Bucharest after the war. Eva shares the stories of other family who survived and those who did not. She recounts her escape from Hungary into the American occupied zone of Germany and Austria. Eva explains how she immigrated to the United States. She discusses her adjustment to a so-called normal life in Miami Beach. Eva describes enrolling in a nursing school, meeting her husband, and starting a family. She recalls her family, her childhood and her exposure to religion. Eva considers the cruelty of guards and other prisoners as well as the kindnesses she encountered. She talks about the emotional impact of her experiences. Eva details the process of claiming reparations. She shares how talking about her experiences has changed over time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEva Chajmovitz Baron was born in 1935 in Huszt, Hungary to Piroska \u0026ldquo;Piri\u0026rdquo; Rozner and Ignac Chajmovitz. She was raised in Huszt, Hungary, where her father was a prosperous businessman and a respected member of the Jewish community. She also had two brothers: an older brother, Maxim, and a younger brother, Vladislav.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eWhen Germany invaded Hungary near the end of the war in 1944, they pushed most of the Jews into ghettos. Eva was deported with her family from a ghetto to Auschwitz-Birkenau at the age of 12, where she was separated from her family. Her mother and Vladislav were sent to the gas chambers. Her father and Maxim were sent to work on the men\u0026rsquo;s side, where they eventually died as well. Eva\u0026rsquo;s health declined in the camp but nevertheless she survived and remained in the camp until 1944 when she was sent on a death march to a labor camp in Germany and eventually Theresienstadt.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eAfter Theresienstadt was liberated by the Red Army, Eva, along with a small group, struck out from the ghetto to make her way home to find any remaining family. She returned to Budapest and found her mother\u0026rsquo;s sister still alive. She moved in with her aunt\u0026rsquo;s family, which soon fled Hungary for the American DP camps of Germany. In the DP camps, Eva made plans to leave with a group to live in Palestine, but her aunt wouldn\u0026rsquo;t allow her to go.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eIn 1947, Eva was taken to the United States by a refugee committee specializing in the relocation of displaced children. She arrived in New York in January of 1947. She was held on Ellis Island before being shipped down to Miami Beach, Florida, where her mother\u0026rsquo;s brother lived.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eShe lived with her uncle\u0026rsquo;s family and went through school. She attended the University of Miami before moving to New York to study nursing at the Mount Sinai School of Nursing. She became an R.N. and then returned to Columbia's Teacher's College, working and going to school simultaneously.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eIn 1948, Eva married Murray Baron (1928-2018) in 1948 and they had two daughters, Andrea and Pamela. In 1982, the Baron family moved to Atlanta, Georgia. After retirement, the couple moved to Palo Alto, California. Eva passed away on August 15, 2015.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Baron__Eva_Chajmovitz_2006.mp3"]},"duration":15800.76408,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/185/604/original/Baron__Eva_Chajmovitz_2006.mp3?1682115381","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":15800.76408,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Eva Baron Chajmovitz [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghitis: Today is July 24, 2006. We are in Atlanta, Georgia, the United\nStates. My name is Sara Ghitis. I am conducting an interview with Mrs. Eva\nBaron, B-a-r-o-n. The language is English. Mrs. Baron, could you please tell me\nthe story of your life?\n\nBaron: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was born on the western side of the Carpathian Mountains. At birth, we\nwere Czechoslovakia. In 1939, that area became Hungary. By that time, I started\nschool, so my schooling was in Hungarian. I lived there with my mother and\nfather in a place called Huszt. I had two brothers; one older and one younger\nthan I. My father was in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lumber business. We had a sawmill, mountains from\nwhich the lumber was taken. A lot of it went for furniture; other wood went for\nrailroad ties. It was particularly good for railroad ties because my father also\nexported that to other countries for railroad ties. He also owned a furniture\nfactory so that he had the complete cycle. It went from the forest to the\nfurniture ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cycle through the sawmill. That place [was] a big business. In 1944,\nHungary was the last country that was sort of invaded by the Nazi Germany\ngovernment. They proceeded to eliminate the Hungarian Jewish population. In the\nspring of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1944, they came into our city and established a ghetto, part of the\ncity, and put everybody from the city into that area. Five weeks, later they\nstarted to deport us. We found [ourselves] on a train, rather cattle wagons. We\nwere on that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train with very little belongings, some suitcases and rucksacks. We\nset out on a three-day journey, which ended up in Auschwitz-Birkenau. In\nAuschwitz-Birkenau, my mother and younger brother, who was eight years old at\nthat time, went straight to the gas chamber. For some reason, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father, just\nbefore they took us off these wagons, told me to put on three dresses, my winter\nshoes, which were leather ski-boot-like shoes, and told us, me and my older\nbrother, to wear that, thinking that we will need that. We got off that wagon.\nMy older brother, who was fifteen at the time, and my father went straight ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\nthe men's side. I did not know what all those things meant at the time, but we\nwere separated. When we got to the German officers, headed by [Josef] Mengele,\nhe separated me from my mother. He asked me -- I ran after my mother. Twice he\nsent a soldier to get me back, and he finally asked me how old I was. I said I\nwas seventeen, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which my father told me to say prior to our coming off the train.\nHe then threw me off to the so-called 'good' side, and pretty soon we were lined\nup in fives and marching towards a building. I looked back several times. I saw\nmy mother walk with my little brother's hand in her hand, and that's the last\ntime I saw my mother. As a matter of fact, it's the last ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time I saw any member\nof my family. We got to this other building. By that time, my Aunt Ida--who\nhappened to be at home with her mother because her husband was taken into forced\nlabor camp two years before that; she had no children, so she came home to stay\nwith her mother--we ended up together. Had we gone in one line--I'm sort of\njumping back and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forth--had we gone in one line, my little brother, mother and\nI, and my Aunt Ida and grandmother-- they would have taken my little brother and\ngrandmother to the so-called 'bad,' left side. My Aunt Ida and grandmother were\nbehind us, so they only saw the three of us, and they separated us. Then, a\nminute later, when my Aunt Ida ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and grandmother came up, they separated them,\nbecause my mother was young. They didn't want to cause chaos, because thousands\nof Hungarian Jews arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau at that time on a daily basis.\nThey just made it a rule not to separate mothers--because the chaos resulting\nfrom the separation was not efficient, so they decided as long as you're holding\na baby or a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"young child, you might as well go. It didn't matter how old the\nmother was, even if they were young mothers. I had a cousin of my mother's; she\nwas twenty-eight. In the last minute, she turned around. Somebody screamed,\n\"Give your child to your mother.\" She turned around. Her mother was behind her.\nShe handed her baby there. She is alive today. It was that kind of crazy and it\nall went very fast. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After we got separated, we were put into this building.\nFirst of all, before we entered the building, they told us to get undressed,\ntotally, completely naked except hold onto your shoes. We got into the building\nnaked. We sat on some benches. Dozens of women, who were prisoners, started to\nshave us, shaved us completely. I was totally bald. They shaved off any hair,\nany body hair. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I did not even have pubic hair at the time, but they shaved off\npubic hair. Quickly after that, we looked at each other; people didn't recognize\neach other suddenly, without hair. We then moved to the other end. This building\nhad a door to enter on one side. It was long. You exited on the other side. As\nyou exited, they threw a dress at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you randomly and a pair of panties. I got a\nvery long wool dress. It almost came to my ankles. Obviously it was an adult's\ndress. I held onto my shoes, which were my own. We were sprayed before that with\nsome kind of--we were not showered. People keep on talking about the showers. We\nwere not showered at that time. I got a pair of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"panties which were like woolen,\nlike knitted panties.Off we went, lined up in fives again, and we were marching\nagain. Of course, by the time we got to Auschwitz-Birkenau it must have been one\no'clock in the afternoon. By the time you were selected, hours went by, the\nshaving, so when we were marching toward our barrack, it was twilight. It just\nstarted to get dark. We then were taken to a barrack. We marched for a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. I\ndid not know where I was or where I was marching to, but I know we were\nmarching. Doors opened. We were put in this barrack. The barrack had nothing in\nit, had no beds. We were just sitting on the floor. By this time, it was pitch\ndark and it was pitch dark in the barrack. My head got very cold. I kept on\nsaying, \"My head is cold.\" My aunt said, \"Take off your panties and put them on\nyour head.\" That's why I remember the consistency ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of those panties. It was like\na knitted, heavy panties. I made a turban out of that. The night was long.\nNobody slept. We were sitting up. It was not lying down. I don't know how many\nof us -- over a thousand women were in this barrack. From time to time, you\nheard a painful, horrible scream here and there in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dark. It was so --\ngoose-fleshy kind of a painful scream, possibly a mother thinking of her child\nor whatever. Daylight came, the doors opened, and we were let out on the street.\nIt was actually a street. We then learned that we are in Camp C in\nAuschwitz-Birkenau. We were not in striped clothes. We were just this\nbedraggled, shaven group with all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kinds of sizes. My aunt, who was [a] tall\nblonde woman, had a small dress. We exchanged dresses. It was a little bit\nbetter for me. Luckily, everybody was skinny and the dress was sort of hanging.\nI was very skinny. When we came out, we realized we were on the even side of\nnumbered barracks, that the odd side numbered barracks are full of men. We came\n[as] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such a huge group, they rushed us through the selection so fast and the\nshaving, that night came and they didn't sort us out completely. The other side\nof the Camp C were men. Immediately, we realized that our men are there. I\ndidn't know whether my father and brother were there. I was running up and down,\nscreaming his name. Apparently--which I didn't find out till a year later--my\nfather was running up and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down, looking for us, me, my mother. We did not see\neach other. We missed each other, but I saw other people that I recognized from\nmy hometown and I yelled, \"Tell my father I am here.\" As I said, I didn't know\nat the time, because this lasted for less than a few hours, and they marched\nthese men out. It was very early in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"morning, soon after daybreak. Then, of\ncourse, I didn't -- I later found the person to whom I screamed, \"I'm here.\" In\nfact, my best friend's brother, whose name was Mike. I said, \"Mike?\" He says, \"I\ndid. I said it. Your father -- I had to say it over\"--they were together till my\nfather died in Dachau later on--\"over and over again,\" because I was so skinny\nand so young, and he knew by that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time what happened to the children. He would\nfrom time to time just turn to Mike and his father, Mr. Haber--their name was\nHaber, best friends-- and say, \"Are you sure you saw Eva?\" He would answer,\n\"Yes, Eva was alive on the other side.\" It was such confusion because all these\nwomen on the one side were then, when the men were gone, sorted out to both\nsides. Then, we realized we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a thousand in each, so you can imagine how many\nwere on one side. When the men left, that's when they sorted us out into a\nthousand into each barrack. There were thirty barracks in one of these camps. It\nwas like a street flanked by barracks. One side was even; one side was odd. The\nlast [barracks]--thirty-one and thirty-two--one was toilets, and the other one\nwas wash--taps--and holes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I ended up in Block 27 with my Aunt Ida, with my\nmother's cousin, Bertha Mueller [sp], and her daughter, Lilly Mueller--Lilly was\ntwo years older than I, but was very tiny, very petite--and our maid. We had a\nJewish maid who came to Auschwitz-Birkenau with us. She was [a] tall, blonde,\nblue-eyed person. We made up -- The reason I'm mentioning that is that we\nimmediately had to make ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up five, because most of the time in Auschwitz-Birkenau\nin Camp C we were lined up in fives for Zahlappell, which meant counting. This\nwas our five: Bertha, and Lilly, and Ida, and Fanny, the maid. This went on for\nthree, maybe four weeks, because they started to have selections. Camp C was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like a holding camp. They did not tattoo us. Nobody was tattooed in Camp C. When\nthe camp was full and sort of settled, weeks later, they started to have\nselections. These beginning selections, early selections were for the purpose of\ntaking the very good-looking, in body, people to send them off to work in\nGermany in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factories. If you got out at that time, you were lucky. Some of\nthem--I don't know whether all of them--at that point, when they were selected\nout to work, they were tattooed and sent out. Those that were left behind were\nleft behind, exposed, at first maybe on a weekly basis, to selections. Needless\nto say, because we had no food to speak of, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plus the with the good ones being\nselected out, that the remnants started to look worse and worse. Now, a day in\nAuschwitz-Birkenau was getting out in the dark, maybe three, four o'clock, in\nthe morning, lining up in fives. Between the barracks there was enough room for\na line of fives. Then there was a ditch and then enough room for a line of five\nfrom the other barrack. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had these columns of fives between barracks. Once we\nwere lined up, the Blockaltester, which means the head of the block, which was a\nJewish girl who was from Slovakia, who was well dressed--comparatively well\ndressed, with hair--and had a room at the beginning of the barrack. When you\nwalked in, there was a room with a door, furnished, whichever way, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know.\nI have never been in that room, but that's where she lived. She had an\nassistant. She was in charge of us. She is the one that started to count us in\nthe morning. I don't know, but this was her -- She counted us at least four,\nfive times. By that time, it was day. It was seven o'clock. We were standing for\nhours. At seven thirty or eight o'clock, an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SS came and counted us. Then, it had\nto jibe with the number she gave to him and what he counted. It was an exact\nrecord of how many people are in the block, because deportation continued and\nother people were coming in. If we emptied a little bit because people were\ntaken out from our camp, other people came in, but usually they kept that quota\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of 30,000 per camp. [In] Auschwitz-Birkenau, I personally--and people in Camp C\nfor as long as they were in Camp C--did not work. Our major horror was this\nmental anguish, and fear, and whatever you want to call it of selections which\nincreased and increased in frequency. I was in Auschwitz-Birkenau for five\nmonths. During the five months, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"faced countless selections, but the main ones,\nmaybe a dozen, were personally conducted by Mengele. After four months or so, my\nAunt Ida, who was the one sister--my father had only one sister; they were only\ntwo of them--she was a younger sister. Her main object in life at that moment\nwas to somehow save my life for her brother, so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she stopped eating, essentially.\nShe made--I don't know how--she had a little cloth sack that was on a string and\nshe wore it on the shoulder. There was always two, three pieces of bread\nthere--bread that was barely edible, but she was holding that bread for\nme--which kept on drying out and she kept on forcing it to me. This was our\nlife. I have to add that Fanny, our maid, was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"selected out for work after three\nor four weeks. We then found a fifth person. A few things that stand out that\nare just routinely of what could have happened. After Fanny left, there was\nsomebody there. We were fairly new yet. We were standing and standing in line,\nand I said, \"I have to go to the bathroom.\" There was no German yet or anything.\nWe were just standing. We were already counted by Eitou [sp]. Her name ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\nEitou. I will never forget her. Prior to this, we found out that Eitou came from\na place in Slovakia called Humenne, Homonna in Hungarian. My uncle was the\ndentist in Humenne, so my Aunt Bertha went up. She wanted to establish some sort\nof a connection with this woman, which was a big mistake, and said that, \"This\nis the niece of Dr. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rozner and this is the cousin of Dr. Rozner.\" She sort of\njust started at us and walked away. The reason that I'm mentioning it is that a\nweek later, she -- I had to go to the bathroom. Aunt Bertha says to me, \"Go\nthere. There's no final count yet,\" so I went to the bathroom. On the way back\nfrom the bathroom, another Blockaltester caught ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. She was short in her\nbarrack. She just grabbed from the street somebody. I thought nothing of it. So\nI'll stand in line in another place. Then, when Zahlappell is over, I am walking\nback to my barrack. I come in and the four of them--Ida, Lilly, Aunt Bertha and\nthis other person, who then didn't stay with us--were black, and blue, and\nbleeding. What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened is that Eitou came back to count and found four. Aunt\nBertha made a mistake, saying, \"The child went to the bathroom.\" She started\nbeating them, but beating them that I cannot even describe. It hit us somehow\nthat these Jewish women that are in charge of us are not our friends. I can't\neven explain it. They are to be feared. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"retrospect, when you think about it,\nthey were afraid of the SS that is coming to count, but we did not see it at\nthat time. As a matter of fact, this Eitou was so bad that I understand that a\ngroup of women recognized her walking on the street in Prague. They just came\ndown on her and practically killed her after the war, walking in the street in\nPrague. Anyway, I was with this Eitou for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five months. Lilly and I used to stand\ntogether. Pretty soon, it was obvious that we are looking very bad and very\nskinny. Aunt Bertha said, \"We cannot stand together. You stand out.\" We were\nafraid, because I was masquerading as an adult. I was not with the children's\ntransport. I was not with the children's group. I was supposed to be an adult.\nIf you were too skinny and obviously young, you were taken out. So, she and\nLilly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left into another barrack. I would see her from time to time, but they\nwere in another barrack. Then, my five consisted [of]--I have to mention this\nbecause--Mrs. Haber, her daughter Ollie, who was my best friend, Ida, and I, and\na lady called Mrs. Mermelstein. Mrs. Mermelstein was Mrs. Haber's aunt. She was\na little older, but she was there. Now, mind you, in Huszt, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Mermelstein was\nalso in some lumber business. He was my father's very good friend. We were\nneighbors with these people. I had known them all my life and we were together.\nThat was our five. We stayed like that for four months or so. We had what they\ncall a big selection. Big selection was a rumor ahead of time [that], \"Mengele\nis coming.\" To make it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"short, my Aunt Ida say, \"You go three, four people ahead\nof me,\" because during selection we were stripped naked. [In your] left hand,\nyou just held out your arm and your dress was folded over the arm. That was the\nget-up. The right hand held the shoes. That's all we had and that's all. We\nwalked naked. It was done in the barrack. This particular selection was done ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in\nthe barrack, and we were all put on one side, because the center [of] the\nbarrack was divided by a chimney-like structure which ran the length of the\nbarrack, so they could put everybody on one side. You started marching. Mengele\nstood at the head, in the beginning. My aunt said to me, \"You go,\" because I was\nin pretty bad shape physically at that time. I wasn't sick, but I was very\nskinny. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was skinny to start with. My aunt said to me, \"You go ahead and\nwhichever way they -- \"We were sure that they'll take me to the so-called --\nBecause by that time, the selections meant you're going to the gas chamber.\nThere was nobody in great shape, so what they selected out periodically--it was\nsort of weeding, because they had to make room for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more, and some people were\ntoo skinny, or too sick looking, or whatever--they just selected them out and\nsent them to the gas chamber. My Aunt Ida said, \"You go four or five people\nahead of me. I will just go whichever way they take you,\" which meant 'you're\ngoing to go to the left side to die.' We were sure. Mengele was coming. Two\npeople flanked him, two other officers. One stood on the chimney so nobody would\njump over. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were so sure that I was going that she just decided that's it for\nher. I was watching these people in front of me, going by. At one point, I saw\nthat Mengele -- I'm coming close, and Mengele is talking, and laughing, with the\nguy next to him, the other SS officer. They were chatting. It was so not\nimportant to this man that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes he would go like this with his arm without\nlooking at the person. I mean, not really, but not closely. I said, Oh, they're\ntalking and I am upon it. I'll zoom by. I zoomed by, but I didn't make it. I\nfelt the arm on my shoulder. Mrs. Haber was already on the good side. She was\nselected. Aunt Ida was yet to be selected. They were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking at me, because\nselections went fast. He stopped me. I don't know--sometimes I say to myself my\nmother looked down on me or something--but as he stopped me, I straightened out\nso stiff and straight, he felt it. Not only that, I looked up into his face. I\ndon't know what made me do it, but I will never forget it. He was not a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very\ntall man, but I was a little girl. I remember my face up and his face down,\nlooking at me, at the face. I don't know, but it appealed to him. He then took\nboth hands on my shoulder and turned me this way and turned me that way, and me,\nlike a robot, and straight. It appealed to him because he smiled and he pushed\nme to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the good side. I was so surprised that I actually dove into the people\nthat were already there, saying, He's going to change his mind. It wasn't the\nfirst time that I stood in front of him, but I never stood in front of him; I\nsort of went by him. I dove in, and once I dove in, I looked back, just my face\nshowing, just in time to see my Aunt Ida being selected to the bad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"side. That\nwas Ida gone. I was there with Mrs. Haber and Mrs. Mermelstein. I don't remember\nwho was our fifth. We continued and Ida was gone in a second. Later on, we found\nout that that day, anybody who had an appendectomy scar, a hysterectomy scar,\nyou name it -- It was 'scar day.' That's why Ida was taken out. Ida was\nthirty-five years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old. I thought she was old because she was old; she was my\naunt; she was tall. She was thirty-five. She had a hysterectomy two, three years\nprior to whatever. Why, I don't know, but she had a hysterectomy scar of those\ndays. That's why she went to the gas chamber. Another three weeks, we then had\nother selections. Then came the big selection. By this time, it's November and\nit's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cold, at night especially. They screamed, \"Blocksperre\" which means\n\"closing down each block.\" I said, What is coming? They closed each block early\nin the morning. No bathroom, no nothing. I don't know how you--I don't remember\nthose things. What happened? How? Didn't anybody have to go to the bathroom? I\nknow they didn't let you out. We were Block 27. They started in the very\nbeginning with Block 1. They then opened the doors on the even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"side blocks and\nthe corresponding. Block 27 went into 28. They emptied all of the odd blocks\ninto the even ones. They closed the doors and there we were. They started with\none or two, whichever one, the lowest number, in the beginning. They opened the\ntwo doors, and they formed a human chain of SS soldiers from one end of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the door\nof the open block into the empty one, two. Then they told us to run from the\neven into our odd one. Randomly--I can't use any other word; I don't know--they\npicked out people as they ran, into the gas chamber. I mean, they put them\naside. What I remember about it is that by the time it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"27, it was very late\nin the day, late in the afternoon that I ran. It truly was running for your\nlife. I flew across that street. I made it; so did Ollie; so did Mrs. Haber; and\nso did Mrs. Mermelstein. She was in her forties. She was somehow older than --\n\nAnyway, we then went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to -- The selection was over and we were on the odd side.\nEverybody was on the odd side of the barracks. The doors were still closed. We\nwere sitting at the end of the barrack on the ground. We're sitting there and\nwe're just starting at each other. It was such a horrendous day. Every single\nperson who made it thought they would not make it. There was no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discussion.\nThere was no joy. There was sitting with this total exhaustion that I feel it\neven now. It was so depressing. It weighed down on me. I said to Mrs. Haber, \"I\nam very thirsty. I hear they are giving\"--which was true; they were coming\nback--\"at the other end of the barrack, somebody is giving, with a ladle,\nwater.\" I don't understand this. Why? I keep on going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to my mother, of\nsomebody looking over my shoulder or something, because I was never thirsty. I\nreally just wanted to do something. I wanted to get up from the floor. I went to\nthe other end of the barrack to get water. As I am literally -- She's giving me\nthe ladle and I'm drinking. The woman who did knew me because she was from the\ntown, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from another end--[that is] another story--but she smiled. [She] didn't --\nShe was one of the assistants to the Blockaltester in that barrack. I'm drinking\nthe water and I said, \"I'm going back.\" At that moment, the doors opened--these\nwere huge doors. [They yelled,] \"Raus! Raus!\" German [for] \"Out! Out!\" I'm\nfrozen. I'm there. I'm right there where the doors opened. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This woman who gave\nme water says, \"Go. It's a good transport.\" \"Oh,\" I said, \"I'm going to tell\nMrs. Haber,\" but that required to -- As I'm turning around, this SS soldier\ngrabs me. \"Out! Out! Out!\" There I am, outside, lined up in five immediately,\nwith not a single soul that I know around me. It was purely by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accident that I\nwas in that spot at that moment. We were then taken out of Camp C and lined up\nin front of a building, in fives, totally naked except for our shoes. I still\nhad my shoes. It was dark. It was so cold that we hugged each other and rotated.\nThe person who was inside went outside because it was that cold. All ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night we\ndidn't know why we were standing there or what's going to be. Don't forget, by\nthis time we had hair--I mean, five months' worth of hair, whichever way it\ngrew. I never saw myself in a mirror, so I can't tell you how I looked or\nanything, but I had curly hair. Daybreak came. They took us into this building.\nYet another selection. This time they looked for any pimple, kraetze they called\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. I don't know what it is called. Usually poor people have it. I don't know.\nIt's something that is contagious and it's a rash. They looked for that. If you\npass that, then you went to a shower, truly a shower. Passed that. They gave me\na dress that was more or less my size. I actually looked a little human. Lined\nup in five, put on a train, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a cattle wagon again, but not -- I mean, when we\nleft Hustz, there were ninety of us in one of those and they were--I don't\nknow-- enough to stretch out on the ground. We got out of Auschwitz-Birkenau.\nBefore I say anything further, I have to go back to one thing that I wanted to\nmention. Camp B was right next to Camp C. We were separated by electric wires.\nWhen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we came to Camp C in daylight and we looked around, we saw [in] Camp B\nchildren and people dressed nicely. We were yelling, \"Who are you?\" [They said,]\n\"We are Czechs.\" A lot of us spoke Czech, on this side. They were Czech women\nand children brought there from Theresienstadt into Camp B. It gave us such a\nlift, in the beginning, to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see that. We kept on saying to each other, \"You see?\nThere are children here and mothers here. They didn't kill the children. What\nare they talking about?\" We just -- We kept on seeing these people. We couldn't\ncome close. These were electrified wires. There they were. I think that we saw\nthem for about two months. Then came a night -- Maybe [it was] three [months].\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Time -- I don't know, but for a short while. Not more than two months, I don't\nthink. We had a big Blocksperre, which mean nobody's going to go out; close the\ndoor. As soon as it got a little dark. What could that be? June? July? It was\nmaybe August. We immediately -- When we were in the block, we had to be on our\nbunk because the bunks took up the whole barrack. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were lying on those bunks,\nwhich, of course, there were twelve people to a bunk. [There were] six heads\nhere; opposite six heads. The legs overlapped. That's how we slept. There was\nsuch silence, you couldn't hear anybody breathe, because trucks were coming into\nCamp B, which we heard clearly. It was feet away from us. Pretty soon we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heard\n-- no screaming, no yelling, but pretty soon we heard the trucks moving out, and\npeople singing the \"Hatikvah,\" and going out. Trucks coming and going out.\nTrucks and trucks. We knew it's not good. We listened to this. There were a\nthousand people they had to evacuate and they were alternating with the \"Hatikvah.\"\n\nBaron: As I said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that night, the silence on our block, knowing what's going on\non the other side of us, which was just feet away, and listening to the roar of\nthe trucks -- I don't know how many, but you constantly heard trucks coming and\ngoing--more than one, or two, or three. They were evacuating Camp B. We never\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called Camp B \"Camp B,\" although that was officially Camp B. We called it the\nCseh Lager in Hungarian. It was the Czech Lager, because they were Czech women.\nThese women came there from Theresienstadt. This was perhaps August 1944. They\nwere already in Theresienstadt for two, three, four years prior to that. I don't\nknow when exactly Theresienstadt opened to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these people, but they were among the\nfirst to be taken to Theresienstadt. After all, Theresienstadt is sixty\nkilometers north of Prague. That's where they went and that's where they lived.\nFrom there, they started to select them out to Auschwitz-Birkenau and they ended\nup in this block next to us. That night, we didn't know why, but overnight they\nvacated that camp. When ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the sun rose and we were finally permitted to go out,\nwhich was later than usually, we faced a totally empty camp, not a living soul\nthere. All day it was empty. Then, we had our day. We went to sleep or we went\nback into our barracks. We heard noise there. Not trucks, but more people.\nPeople noise. Again, nobody went out. In the morning, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the doors opened and\nwe were allowed out, the camp was full. Immediately, [they asked] \"Which city?,\"\nscreaming to each other. They were coming from Krakow [Poland] to\nAuschwitz-Birkenau. They were cleanshaven. They just arrived. They went through\nthe whatever. Many of them had striped tops with the solid skirts on. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were\nthere for about three, four days. We were just coming in from a morning\nZahlappell. I was always on the top bunk because I was always afraid that those\nbunks are going to crash and somebody is going to fall on me. Wherever, I went\nto the top. What you did is you took off your shoes, and you had them in your\nhand, and you went up. There were twelve of us in a bunk. We were just sitting.\nWe didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lie down. I hear this voice, \"Chajmovitz Eva.\" In Hungarian, you say\nthe last name first. My maiden name is Chajmovitz. In Hungarian, it was\nChajmovitz. \"Chajmovitz, Eva, [unintelligible Hungarian],\" which means, \"Eva\nChajmovitz, to the wire.\" We knew what that meant. It meant, \"Go out to where\nthe wires are.\" My Aunt Ida got so excited. She grabbed the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shoes. She handed it\nto me and stepped on, \"Run, run! Maybe it's your mother!\" I didn't even put on\nthe shoes. I held my shoes. I ran out barefooted, with my shoes in my hand. You\nstuck to those shoes. I have to emphasize those shoes. [I] ran to the wires. I'm\nlooking. Somebody from there is looking for me. That's what it meant. I'm\nlooking up and down. I'm running up and down. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, what can I say? Ten feet\naway from me, on the other side of this double-tiered wire, sits my cousin,\nHelen Singer. She's sitting down. She was so overcome by the fact that she is\nseeing me that she couldn't open her mouth. My cousin, Moncie, her sister, is\nsitting next to her. Now, I had--I have to mention, three cousins, three\nsisters. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called them the Singer girls. Their last name was Singer. They were\ndaughters of my mother's sister, Bertha. We were glued-together close as far as\nthe mothers. The sisters visited. They didn't come from my town, but they\nvisited each other. It was very close knit. There sits Moncie and Helen. They\nwere dusty. You see, Auschwitz-Birkenau always had yellow dust. I never saw\ngreen grass ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there where we were, never; just yellow dust. In the heat, when\nthere was no rain, nothing, the dust just kept on coming up. Her face was dusty\nbecause there were tears running down her face. There were lines made in the\ndust of her face from the tears. They were such silent tears, just pouring down.\nShe couldn't talk. Moncie said, \"Eva.\" I said, \"Moncie.\" The first thing I said:\n\"Where is\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lilly?\" That's the third sister. She said, \"Lilly is very sick. She is in the\nbunk.\" I said, \"Lilly is sick?\" [She said,] \"Yes.\" Then, we had nothing to say.\nI mean, it was just, \"Where is Bertha Neni?\" [I answered,] \"Not here. Here we\nare, here you are.\" That's it. For the next four weeks, we saw each other. After\neach Zahlappell, we came and we looked at each other. Lilly was sick. I never\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw Lilly in that time, maybe three or four weeks. They found out that from\ntheir hometown, a girl is a Blockaltester's helper in one of the blocks in my\ncamp. Somehow, they got in touch. They were very influential, the Singers. Their\nfather was the banker. He had the bank. They somehow got in touch, because they\ntold me, \"Go to such-and-such a block.\" The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reason that a newcomer like us was\nan assistant to the Blockaltester is because they found each other. The\nBlockaltester was Slovakian, but this was a cousin. They found each other, and\nshe made [the girl] her assistant. Otherwise, they were all Slovakian girls.\nDuring one of these meetings across the wire with my cousin, Helen said to me,\n\"Go to such-and-such a block. The Grunberger girl\"--I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think it was the\nGrunberger girl--\"is there, and she will give you soup for Lilly. Lilly is very\nsick.\" I did. Sure enough, [she] gave me a little pot, about one serving [of]\nhot soup, whatever was in it. It wasn't the kind that we got, because they\ncooked for themselves separately. Now, to get this over this electric wire. At a\ncertain time, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shut off electricity periodically. That was electrified, but\nwe never knew when it's going to be shut off. The wires were one row and then\nthe other row, but stacked, so you had to take this pot over the wire and then\nunder the other one, and not to touch the wire. I did this every single day for\nweeks. She gave me something for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lilly. This was a big production, great\ndifficulty. I never saw Lilly. Just as a postscript, one day I came out. No\nSinger girls. They were gone. No goodbye. There was no hello, and there was no\ngoodbye. You turned away and you went your way. You didn't mourn that these\npeople that I adored, these three sisters, are not there anymore. They were\ngone. Years later, I found out Lilly had scarlet fever. Those two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sisters\npropped her up for Zahlappell. The minute Zahlappell, was over, they dragged her\nin and laid her down. I brought that little pot of soup and Lilly survived. All\nthree of them survived. I just wanted to say about a couple of weeks in\nAuschwitz-Birkenau because of the Czech people who were there, and as I stated\nbefore, I finally got out of Auschwitz-Birkenau, into a good transport. After a\ncouple of days on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train--of course, we didn't know where we are going, but\nwe ended up someplace near Leipzig. I believe--and I have so many times wanted\nto check; I didn't know with whom--that the place was a small town called\nHainichen. The reason that we were marched there, ended up there is there was an\nammunition factory on the outskirts of this Hainichen, which I said might have\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been a suburb of Leipzig, for all I know. I don't know. I know it was near\nLeipzig. We arrived there. We were given three-tiered bunks, but individual\nbunks that had some kind of a straw something on the bottom. First time in five\nmonths, because in Auschwitz-Birkenau we had nothing; there was nothing on the\nbottom. We got a cup into our hands, an individual cup. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was the ultimate of\nluxury that we arrived into after Auschwitz-Birkenau. In Auschwitz-Birkenau, you\ngot a pot for twelve people, and you just drank from it--round and round it\nwent--but here, they gave you a cup. Then a German SS person--I don't know what\nrank he held, but he was in charge of the camp. He was elderly. I don't know how\nold, but gray-haired and elderly. To me, he looked old. He was in charge ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the\ncamp. He received us with some akin to kindness. I can't quite explain it. He\nsmiled. He welcomed us as a group. There were, by the way, 150 Hungarian women\ncoming there, but what we found there was 350 Polish women were there already,\nahead of us, so this camp consisted of 500 women. In the course of time and when\nwe looked around--because when I first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came out there, I didn't know anybody. I\nfound three people, two sisters and a daughter of one, from my hometown, so\nthere were those people. Their name was Lichtenstein. Ella Lichtenstein was a\nclassmate of mine in school, but they were very religious people, and so outside\nof school, we really did not socialize, I guess because of that. We were not\nreligious. We were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox, kosher, but we did not look like that--bearded,\nvery religious people. Anyway, they were the Lichtensteins. They were there, but\nI hardly knew them, really. I knew Ella. We were there for about five, six days\nwhen a woman came in, an SS woman, and yelled that she needs eight people,\nvolunteers. We didn't really go to work right away. We were just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. She\nneeded eight people, volunteers, to work, but she would like for them to speak\nGerman, eight people who speak German. My German was a mixture of German and\nYiddish. In my stupid young mind, I said to myself, If they need to speak\nGerman, it's probably not hard work. I don't know how these thoughts came to me,\nbut I was the first one who put up my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hand. I volunteered and I was right. We\nwere taken to work into -- I don't know. It was an ammunition factory, but\nmostly they made parts for things, or fixed parts for tanks, for -- It was a\nhuge place. They put me in front of a machine. The machine was in an area that\nwas glass. It was a huge place, with all kinds of machines, and each one had a\nman ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working or a woman working from. A lot of them were welding things. I\nremember the hoods in front of their eyes, and the glasses, and sparks flying.\nMy area was enclosed by a glass wall, like [a] cubicle, huge. There were about\nfive machines in there, or so. I was put to a machine and showed how to work it.\nWhat I did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was -- people from those big machines outside had these -- I called\nthem knives, but they're not knives. They were a tube with a head, the teeth all\naround it, that rotated like a screwdriver makes a hole. These were in the\nmachine, making big holes in others. Apparently this was tremendously important\nfor precision of whatever they were making. Different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sizes. Some of them were\nthis big; some of this big. My job was to sharpen these cogs that go around, but\nit had to be so accurate that once I sharpened it, there was a certain skill, I\nthink, to measure, to the tenth of a millimeter, that each one is exactly the\nsame, these cogs--I don't know what they call these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things. I had the patience\nfor that. I started to get involved in it. Sometimes my conscience bothered me\nafterwards, really, that I was so involved in this. I became so good at this\nthat they took me out. For two weeks every afternoon, an SS woman came and took\nme to a school within the compound of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this factory, not a room, where there were\nschool desks and a teacher, and with men around me, and me sitting there with\nthis SS woman, taking notes. The reason was, it's to learn how to read a\nblueprint, because these things that came in to be sharpened came with a\nblueprint so that the person who brought ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it to me could show me on the blueprint\nwhat he wants to be done to the thing. They made me, after two weeks, a foreman.\n\nBaron: After two weeks of taking this course in reading blueprints, I became a\nforeman. They put a yellow band on my arm with an 'E' on it. I remember the\nwomen were laughing because they said, \"Well, E stands for Eva,\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but E stood for\nEinsteinerin. The only way I can translate that is foreman; whether it's the\nfemale version of foreman. Einsteiner might be male, and Einsteinerin is the\nwoman. I became a foreman, and before you know it, I saw this crane come,\nlifting-- because, as I said, my area was glass enclosed, so a crane came\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"carrying a machine. They had to lift it over the glass enclosure and plopped it\ndown. A machine that was sitting by someplace, that nobody knew how to work,\nthey brought it for me. I started to work on that machine. There were only, I\ndon't know, very few people in this little Abteilung, in this little division\nthat I was in. On the other [side of the] glass wall from me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a Russian\nsoldier, too far for chatting. There was this glass in between. In front of me,\nacross from the glass was a Czech forced laborer. Those were different. They\nwere free in the town, but they were to be working there. The Russian soldier\nwas a prisoner of war. Where they lived, or who took care of them, or where they\nbelonged, I have no idea. Now, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked from six in the morning to six in the\nevening, and alternating weekly with French women, who worked from six in the\nevening to six in the morning. This factory was on twenty-four hours a day.\nSometimes, I was working all night, and sometimes all day. The French women were\nnot Jewish women. I don't know who they were, French forced laborers. They had\nvery little--they never left a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"note anyplace for me to find or anything, but\nthey were French. That was in that camp. That was my job. Food in the beginning,\nwhen we got there, consisted of a soup that was edible, but soon after -- I\nmean, this was towards the end of the war. I don't know if the Germans were\neating. I mean, we got a slice of bread when we came back from the factory at\nsix o'clock. Lined up, and we got a slice of bread. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The bread was -- already\nthere was some mold on it. I remember always eating the mold firs -- because we\nwere not going to throw it out. We ate the mold first and then we ate very\nslowly the rest of the bread. The conversation was, \"How did you fare today,\"\nwhich meant, \"Was your slice a little thicker, or was it thin,\" because it\nwasn't that evenly sliced, although it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sliced by a machine. But if you got\nthe heel of the bread, you really fared very well that day, so that's why this\nthing--in Hungarian, [unintelligible], which means, \"How did it go today?\" The\nonly reference was to the bread. \"What kind of a slice did you get?\" Once, there\nwas an SS woman high up in a -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the factory, they built it like a little\ntower, glass enclosed. She had to step up and go there. She supposedly watched\nus. She was very close to my little thing. Once, in the four months that I was\nin that camp, she sent down a leftover of her little soup that she had. I\nremember maybe three, four spoonsful she gave to me. She gave ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the supervisor,\nforeman, whatever the man who was in charge, to give to me. I remember eating\nthose four spoonsful and saying to myself, Ah, this is how soup should taste. I\nfinally -- There was a taste to it. That's the only thing that -- Also, the two\nmen that were sort of my bosses -- One came over to me and said, \"How old are\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you?\" For a moment I hesitated because that seventeen that my father told me\nbefore was so in my mind that I wanted to say, \"Seventeen.\" Then, I said to\nmyself, There is no crematorium here. I said I was thirteen. He went away like\nthis. I see that man's face. He was gray haired. The other one had\nsalt-and-pepper hair and he came over to me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"once. He didn't come over to me,\nover that slot that I received the merchandise, so to speak, for sharpening. He\nsaid to me, \"You know, we are not all Nazis here. There are Communists among\nus.\" I don't know why he said it. The word \"Communist\" meant nothing to me. I\nmean, I was young, but he tried. Those two men, they were human. I said our SS\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"man, who was in charge of the camp was nice, but his assistant was an SS woman.\nWe called her \"the Devil.\" She had black curly hair. She was bad. I mean, she\ncounted us. We were counted when we came back from the factory work. We were\ncounted when we went out to the factory. She had one of these police sticks,\nlike policemen wear. She would count with that. She would walk in front of us,\nbecause we walked in fives, and then we turned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around, to face this way, in a\nlong row. She would go this way and then come in the back, because the back, for\nher, had to be totally straight, just like the front. She once hit me in the\nback of my head that I still feel. It's so funny what -- psychologically, your\nsense for survival. I remember that out of no place--I didn't know it was coming\nbecause I was not looking back at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her; we were facing this way, and she was\nwalking back of us--she just smacked me, the back of my head. Maybe I stood out\na little bit further. I don't know why, but I flew to the front. Within seconds,\nI straightened myself. My ears were ringing. My eyes were tearing. I wanted to\nscream, but I straightened myself out, and stepped back into line, and just\nstood there. It was her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"favorite thing to do. She was the assistant to the other\nguy. This other guy was an older man. I don't know what he was. They made him in\ncharge of this camp, but she ran it, this woman. She was young, thick, black\ncurly hair, and a baby face, a small mouth, and big eyes, dark eyes. I see her,\ntoo. Sometimes it just drives me crazy that I can't conjure up my father's face\nand I see these people. My father's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"face that I saw for twelve years, I can't\nbring into my mind. I see her face clearly. I see that man in the factory\nclearly. 1 only saw them on a daily basis for four months out of my life and I\nstill see them. That's how my days went there. The camp -- I don't know. When\nyou're out doing whatever you're doing for twelve hours, you're up at four\nalready to line up and get your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cup of black liquid, whatever it was. You come\nhome and you ate your bread, you want to lie down. I don't remember interacting\ntoo much. Slowly, the lady below me, Margit Neni--I called her 'Aunt\nMargit'--[was] from Transylvania, from Kolozsvar, which is Cluj now. She was a\nprofessor at the university there, of French literature. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She became my mother.\nShe could be my mother; she couldn't help me in anything, but she would look\nafter [me]. She liked the fact that I'm still walking straight. She liked the\nfact that I tore from the seams of my dress -- The weave of the fabric was sort\nof loose, and from the seams, I took strings out from the dress and made darns\non the holes of my dress from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strings--and beautifully, because I loved to\ndo that. I was always good with my hands. I had this dress, which they gave me\nin Auschwitz-Birkenau yet, with these little squares, but exactly the same color\nbecause those strings were from the fabric of the dress. She just marveled at\nthat. She said, \"This is something. You know what we are going to do? We are\ngoing to start taking French lessons.\" Now, I had no paper, and no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pencil, or\nanything, and neither did she, but she ran around -- I don't know where. She\nwent around to other women, [asking,] \"Aren't you near some place that -- \"\nSomebody stole paper, and somebody got a pencil, because I started to learn\nFrench, a little bit every night and on weekends. Otherwise, the extracurricular\nactivity in this camp was the women sat around--and some of them worked terrible\nmachines, the hard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"labor--and they were exchanging recipes. They were arguing\n[about] how to make certain things. It was so odd to me. I was listening only\nbecause I didn't know how to cook. I didn't know even what they were talking\nabout. I later said this to somebody else, and they said, \"What's the big deal?\nWe did the same thing.\" Apparently, being so starved, it was some kind of a\ncomfort to talk about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food and that's what they were talking about. You have to\nremember that after Auschwitz-Birkenau, after that emotional strain, where you\nbarely made it through the day, there was a relaxation here because no matter\nhow bad it got, you didn't go to the crematorium. They let a little bit their\nguard that constantly was within you down and they were chatting. I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that\nparticular camp, considering what it could have been -- Now, there was a big\nrift because we were Hungarian and there were the Polish. The Polish -- They\nwere Polish Jews, but the Polish Jews all spoke Yiddish. I mean, knew how to.\nThey spoke Polish, but knew how to speak Yiddish, but not all Hungarians spoke\nYiddish, and that bothered them, because we continued to speak Hungarian. It was\neasier to speak Hungarian. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were there first, so all the good jobs, they\nhad: supervising the barrack, cooking in the kitchen. I mean, all of these big\npositions were set up and manned by them by the time we got there, so they were\nbetter off. Really they weren't, but this is what I think. We were not enemies.\nWe would mingle. We were together. We slept in the same place, but there was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this definite rift. I found that very interesting. I never met Polish people\nbefore. They were Polish Jewish women. They were worse off than we were in terms\nof background because their misery started way before ours, so in that camp they\nwere very well off because they came from miserable other camps. Maybe like the\nSlovak girls in Auschwitz-Birkenau, they resented the Hungarians only because in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1943 we were living the life of Riley while they were already decimated, and in\ndifferent camps, and different losses, and family, and each country had their\nown story. There was a natural resentment, a natural one, which I understood\nonly later on. We were just slave labor there in that camp, but towards\nChristmas -- I remember that clearly, that it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Christmas time, because when\nthere was bombings nearby and when Leipzig was bombed, we saw fires at night,\nvery much in the distance, but we saw it. There was strafing going around.\nAround Christmas time, when the siren went on, they took us down to the bomb\nshelter. Before that, they didn't take us down. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They started to treat us like\nprisoners with some rights. I don't know, because at the same time, we started\nto clock in. You know the card that you clock in for a factory? We did not clock\nin before. Suddenly, they started to explain that when you come in, you have\nyour card, you clock in. We started to clock in. The reason that I remember that\nit was Christmas is because we came into the shelter -- I always went to a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"corner far away, sat down on the ground. The SS woman came down with us. It was\nvery dark. She lit a candle, but it was far away from me. She asked somebody if\nthey know how to sing \"Silent Night,\" which I didn't hear. I was sitting in the\ncorner. This magnificent voice came in the dark, singing, \"Stille Nacht, heilige\nNacht.\" After all, it's a German song, not an English ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"song, \"Stille Nacht,\nheilige Nacht.\" I thought it was the most beautiful thing I ever heard. I never\nheard the song before. This was not part of our culture, where I came from,\nalthough there were Schwabs in our town, but I never heard it. To this day --\nNow, how can you go through Christmas without hearing \"Silent Night?\" I can only\nhear it in that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cellar, that bomb shelter, in German, where I heard it first. I\nknow that they started to get scared. They have prisoners. They have to go to\nthe shelter; they're clocking in. I don't know. Some semblance of -- As I said,\nit was hard work. It was starvation diet. I mean, really people were getting\nsick. My Margit Neni, my \"Aunt Margit,\" during one of this woman's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tirades with\nher stick, hit her. She fell down and couldn't get up. She kicked her and she\ncouldn't get up. What I didn't know till later [was that] she broke her hip, so\nMargit Neni went into the Lazarett, went into the sick bay. They had a sick bay.\nI went to see her every day. She was there. It was already towards the end of\nour being there. Our French lessons continued, to a point ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where I felt I'm\nlearning another language. It was somehow good for the soul--I can't even\nexplain it--among the misery. One morning -- It must have been March. Still\ncold. It wasn't very cold there. Mind you, I never had more than this one dress\nthat I'm talking about and this one pair of shoes. I wore out the soles. There\nwas a woman there whose husband was a shoemaker, and they gave her--I don't know\nwhere from--she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had cardboard, paper, thick cardboard. She resoled my shoes with\ncardboard. I continued to wear these shoes that were made for me a year and a\nhalf before. One day, we got up, we lined up, and we were given three times the\namount of the usual ration, or whatever, just more. Everybody's looking down.\nFirst of all, I don't think we ever got bread in the morning, but we were given\nbread. [We were] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking at all this bread compared to what we usually get.\nThen, the announcement comes from the man who's in charge, \"We are leaving.\" I\ndon't know where women got these things from, because rumors start flying.\n\"You're leaving. They're taking you back to Auschwitz-Birkenau. You're leaving.\nThey're running away. Didn't you see the bombings? They're losing the war.\" I\nwas so not part of it. I don't know whether I was stupid, or too young, or just\nso within ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself. I don't know. I heard. I did what I was supposed to do, but I\ndidn't absorb things. I became an onlooker. I was watching my own self. I\nremember being lined up, and the rumors came. We are going out of the gates and\nthe rumors came down. The Polish women started at first, \"Mit deinem rechten\nfuss.\" I said, \"What does that mean?\" It meant that as you step ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the gate,\nmake sure you're stepping out with your right foot. It was for good luck. I\ndon't know. It was just -- But I remember as we were -- There's 500 people\nmarching out and as we were approaching this gate, I remember saying, Oh, my\nGod, suppose by the time I get to the gate it'll be the left foot? I remember\npracticing to hop, to change feet if necessary. We marched out. The \"devil\"\nGerman woman was with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us, two more SS women, the old man, and they got a horse\nwith -- not a carriage--you see it in old movies of soldiers come back, wounded\nsoldiers--and they put my Margit Neni on it. It had two wheels and then attached\nto a horse. They didn't leave her behind. They didn't kill her. She was at the\nend of the line [in] bad shape, but she came along. Nobody had to carry ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her. I\ndon't know how long, but that horse disappeared. We were on this march for three\nweeks. We were marching from morning to night. I don't know where we were. We\nate up the bread that we got very fast. After that, we got nothing, literally\nnothing. We slept in the fields. We were on a death march. We were marching. We\nnamed it later on the \"death march\" because it happened so frequently in so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many\ncamps. We knew while we were marching that we are not making it. They ate up the\nbread. We used to come to a field, and there was always somebody, a woman, who\nwould say, \"I found a certain grass. The blade of the grass is shaped\nsuch-and-such. It's edible.\" All these people were down on their hands and\nknees, eating grass. That was our intake. I don't know where we were, because at\none ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"point they put us on these open cattle cars, and we were riding around in\nthe cars. In the morning a woman says, \"I think we were here before.\" I thought\nwe were going around in a circle, so I heard. Anyway, then we were marching\nagain. At one time, I remember one morning--because we started early in the\nmorning--we had to march through a town--not a village; it was a town. There\nwere two-, three-storied houses there and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cobbled streets, which villages didn't\nhave. They had hut-like things. This was a town. I have no idea what the name of\nthe town was, but I remember marching on the street and looked up, and there\nwere faces looking down at us from windows in the houses. I often thought about\nthat because after the war, I never found a German who ever saw a concentration\ncamp. I said to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself, There were so many of these little camps like mine, who\nwere evacuated and taken someplace. They were marching all over Germany, because\nthey had to take them someplace. They were not invisible. If anything, people\ncould see them. One morning, we marched through a city like that; otherwise we\nwere in the fields. What happened to that march is that grass--that I ate with\nrelish--gave me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dysentery. Almost the day after eating a lot of grass, I was\nmarching. I was the first one. I mean, I was on the outside and I had to go to\nthe bathroom. I just had to go to the bathroom, and I couldn't control it, and I\nsoiled myself terribly. There was a woman in the middle of my line; in other\nwords, center. She reached out like this. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She reached out to me and grabbed me\nby the neck and switched places with me, because I was on the edge where the SS\nwould go up and down. We were at a point where they would shoot you. She\nswitched places with me because I smelled. She didn't want the SS should walk by\nme possibly. I don't know who the woman was. I simply don't know. I remember\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that day after all of Auschwitz-Birkenau and after beatings that I got, that it\nwas the worst day of my life. I was so humiliated. Why humiliation -- would be\nthe first time in my life a -- Why would that be a problem? I am sure that it\nhappened to other people. You couldn't step out of line. You couldn't stop. You\nstopped when they wanted you to stop, but I couldn't survive that day. Yet, I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't remember how I cleaned myself up that evening. We were near some water. We\nwere always stopping near some water. That was one day, a march that was\nindelible. Then there was -- During the day we were in the fields. We were near\na place called Usti nad Labem. Usti is a name. I don't know. It's Czech. I\nreally don't know how to spell it, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Usti is the name of the city; and nad\nLabem is near the Elbe, so we were near the Elbe River. We were just sitting. We\nwere not marching, because the Germans heard, our Germans, our SS, sirens. We\ncould hardly hear it. Across the river, we could see it. It wasn't too far from\nus--maybe it was a factory; I don't know. There was one of those suspicious\nlooking big buildings. They said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Scatter. Lie down.\" We lay down in the grass.\nWe looked up in the sky, and the sky was almost black from the planes coming.\nThey were American, because, you see, the Americans bombed during the day; the\nRussians bombed during the night. I don't know why, but they used the Molotov\ncandles and they bombed during the night. I looked up, and it seemed to me that\nthe planes were very high because they looked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very small. Then, as we were\nwatching and as they were literally, it seemed to me, above my nose, bombs\nstarted to fall just like rain, tumbling out of planes, and planes flying, bombs\nfalling. Not for a second do I remember thinking that I'm afraid that this bomb\nis going to kill me. How could an American bomb ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kill a person, a\n[unintelligible] person? We looked up, and we were smiling and silently\ncheering. There is one thing I can tell you about bombs that I learned that one\nday: that bombs fall out, and they sort of tumble, then straighten out, and they\ncome straight down. When you actually see the bomb, they veer off, which I did\nnot know. Just when I thought ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're coming off just on top of me, they veer\noff. What they were doing was bombing that building that we saw across that\nriver. It was maybe an hour to remember, lying in that field and cheering these\nbombs on that were coming seemingly at us! But we were not hurt. By the time\nthey landed, they were way across the river, in those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"buildings that we saw from\nfar away. We continued our march. I got sicker and sicker, but soon after this\nincident with my day, we arrived at these walls, in the morning. We were lined\nup against the wall, all around. It was almost round. Before you know it, rumor\nwent. There was always somebody started something, and positive. It was always\npositive ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"news that came down. Every fourth person is going to be shot. We are\nlined up against the wall, because especially these Polish women had experience\nof such things. When you lined up against the wall, that's what's going to\nhappen. I remember saying to myself, I can still switch places, or shall I just\nstay put? I remember speculating ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where to stand. There was no way of knowing\nwhere to stand, but for a minute I thought, I should change places, but then I\ndecided to just stay put. We were standing there, resigned to the fact that\nsomebody is coming out there; every person is going to be shot. Instead, around\nnoon, around the corner from me--of course, you know, there are hundreds of\nwomen lined up that was along, skirting whole walls. Gates ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opened and on\nhorseback, came out an SS and on horseback came out this girl with a star. [She\nwas] beautiful, combed, dressed. People were speechless. We were speechless. We\nwere staring at these people, the kind that we haven't seen. The German looks up\nand down. [He] didn't go, didn't do anything. Sort of looked up and down, said\nsomething to the girl, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rode off. Then, two other people come out. We don't\nknow where we are. We were outside the gates of Theresienstadt. All these little\ncamps -- Germany was dotted with camps like mine, or one factory, another\nfactory. Many of these little camps ended up at Theresienstadt, because they\ndidn't know where to take us. They were running away, because the Allies were at\ntheir back. Pretty soon this woman says, gates open, \"In.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Five hundred women.\nWe come in, and there are buildings and streets and people yelling from\nbalconies, welcoming, throwing things at us. We were grabbing. We thought they\nwere throwing candy or bread. Little pieces of paper. It was starvation in\nTheresienstadt. We were assigned to a place. It wasn't a barrack; it was like a\nbuilding. While I remember all of this, I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting very weak. In this\nbuilding, there was bathrooms, toilets. It came that--I was counting--I was\ngoing to the bathroom twenty times a day, day and night. Towards the end, I was\non my knees. I was crawling on my knees to the bathroom. I was labeled as having\nBauch Typhus. Actually, it's dysentery, but typhus of the stomach, to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be\ntranslated. We did not have typhoid fever; it was a typhus of stomach,\nintestines. It was dysentery, but it was a killer, because you constantly lost\nyour fluids. We did not eat yet. We were worse off than in camp, in\nTheresienstadt, because all these people were pouring in. They had no food. We\nwere there -- I don't know how long we were there, weeks--the war was over;\nliterally, the war was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over--for a short while--but we were liberated by the\nRussians. We saw Russians come in. Unfortunately, the Russians, because they did\nnot do anything with these sick people. A doctor was set up, and they weighed\nyou or they did this, but, you know, I heard later on [about] Americans\nliberating camps. They took them out, they cleaned them up, they gave them some\nfood. We ate kasha. They gave us a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kasha--I never had kasha since--just\nkasha. But I continued to be very, very sick, and we continued to stay there. We\ndidn't know where to go. We were liberated, and we didn't know where to go.\nMargit Neni was taken away from me because she got there on a -- not walking.\nThey put her someplace. [I] didn't see her again. It was just a simple as that.\nWe never said goodbye. I saw her again, but not then. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was with the\nLichtensteins. By this time, I'm with the Lichtensteins, from my hometown. I\nremember Mrs. Lichtenstein got a hold of a raw potato. I don't know how, but a\nraw potato. She was slicing that raw potato, putting a little salt on it, and\ngive it to me. I saying to myself, I don't know why they cook potatoes. This raw\npotato is so delicious, like I've never had it before, it was so delicious. I\ndidn't think it was necessary to cook it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's how starved we were. Then, one\nmorning, Mrs. Lichtenstein said, \"Ella and you\"--Ella was in bad shape, too, her\ndaughter, my age, a few months difference--\"Go out. Go for a walk. Try to walk.\"\nShe said, \"Help Eva.\" We did. We went out of the gates, and we walked. It was a\nbeautiful, sunny day, warm, clear, grass, and we were walking, the two of us,\nand I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see steam coming from someplace, but it was gentle hills. We were on top\nof a hill, and steam. I said, \"Ella, somebody is cooking something.\" We walked\ntowards the steam. We came to this hill. We looked down, and there is an old\nRussian soldier. I don't know how old, but he had a huge moustache, and he is\ncleaning up a field kitchen. [unintelligible]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Obviously, the way we looked, he\nknew we are looking for food. He went like this. Of course me, with my stupid\nlanguages, speak enough Russian to say, \"Please, we are very hungry,\" which\nappealed to him. He's looking. There were cauldrons. He goes like this. You\nknow, \"Wait a second.\" He went to another corner. He brought out a huge white\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"damask napkin, the kind my mom -- I mean, big. Went to another cauldron, filled\nit with rice. Boiled, but dry rice. [He] took the four corners and made a little\nknot and gave it to us. Ella was afraid to run down to get it. I said, \"I'm\ngetting it.\" I went down the hill. I took it. Then we went up the little hill,\njust an incline, just far away enough from him that he wouldn't see us anymore,\nbecause everybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was afraid of the Russian soldiers. There was somehow in our\nhead to be afraid of the Russian soldiers. We went far away, enough far away,\nand we sat down on the ground. We opened the napkin, and with the two hands, as\nfast as we could, we stuffed, and stuffed, and stuffed ourselves with that rice.\nI was cured overnight of my dysentery. It saved my life, that walk and that\nRussian soldier with his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rice. [It] literally stopped the diarrhea. Ever since\nthen, whenever somebody -- I always want to boil rice for them, as a cure,\nbecause I see it in front of my eyes. Soon after that, Mrs. Lichtenstein says,\n\"We can't stay here.\" We were quarantined. The Russians quarantined certain\nbuildings and things because people were sick and catching diseases from one\nanother. She said \"We have to get out of here.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Early, before dawn, the two\nLichtensteins, and Ella, and I, and maybe three or four other women simply\nmarched out of the gates. We started towards Prague, but I didn't know it was\nPrague. \"You're going? I'm going, too.\" I mean, that was my -- By the time it\nwas good and bright outside, we were on the road, walking. We didn't know how\nfar we will have to walk, but we knew we were going to die in Theresienstadt. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A\ntruck went by. I don't know who-- whether it was military or--but they stopped,\nand they let us get on, and took us into Prague. In Prague--I don't know if\nanybody ever told you about Prague immediately after the war. There were Red\nCross setups all over the city. There were soup kitchens. There were volunteers\nat train stations, waiting because it was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"central to come from the\ndifferent camps, going east and east to west, everybody came to Prague. They\nemptied several hotels of furniture and just put mattresses in rooms, five, six,\nseven, depending on the size of the room, to house us. Then, they had doctors\nwith nurses set up [who said], \"Go, have yourself examined.\" Then, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cannot tell\nyou, the whole city--all you needed was to show your tattooed number. We did not\nhave a tattooed number, but we had a tattooed number sewed on our clothes, which\nis what I was wearing. That's all you needed to get on a trolley. You didn't\nneed a penny to go anyplace. I went to a place where they gave me summer\nclothes. I had this one dress. Finally, they made a little package for me of my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shoes, which--I survived in my shoes, in the shoes my father bought me, had it\nmade for me. There was a city called [unintelligible] and there was a man called\nIzsak, which translates into Isaac. He was a master shoemaker. If you wore an\nIzsak shoe, you had the best. That was the shoe that my father made a paper mold\nout of my foot, to take it to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this man for my brother and me. It saved my life.\nIt killed my brother, the shoes. I still have the shoes. The Czechs made me a\nlittle package, gave me a summer dress to wear, a sandal kind of shoe, one set\nof clothing, just to wear. I was sitting in the room with some other people, in\nthe Hotel Inka, I-n-k-a. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This man came in. We were on the floor, on the\nmattresses. He sat on a chair facing us. He was a person from Huszt. I vaguely\nknew his face; I didn't know him. He sat down. He already was in Huszt and was\ncoming back. He sat down and started to name the people that he knew definitely\ndied. He said, \"And, you know, Chajmovitz.\" All ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this time, I'm thinking I'm\nmeeting my father someplace. I'm sitting on my mattress, and somebody behind me\nwent like this to him quickly. He didn't know me. If he knew me, he never would\nrecognize me; I didn't look like I looked the year before. He said, \"You know,\nthe Chajmovitz brothers\"--but I caught it. I caught the interplay between that\nwoman and his face, and they didn't want me to hear it, not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right there, not\nright then. He said, \"You know, the Chajmovitz brothers.\" I said to myself, Were\nthere Chajmovitz brothers? I don't remember Chajmovitz brothers. But I pretended\nthat I went along with it. When he left and people left the room, I remember\nsitting and looking out the window, and I said, My father is not alive, but my\nbrother is. Fifteen. Twice as big as I. Surely he made it. Okay, I can go on\nliving. I'm going to find my brother. I went downstairs. Every hotel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the\nInka had bulletin boards set up, and you registered on those boards. I can't\nexplain it to you. People were coming and going and putting their name up: \"Eva\nChajmovitz, Huszt, Hungary. I'm alive. So-and-so, tell So-and-so. Look for --\"\nmessages. Very short, because there were many. There was a rule. It was planned.\nYou registered on those walls, and you checked every wall you came to, to see\nwhether you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recognize somebody. I see nothing and I see nothing. Pretty soon,\nsomebody else from my hometown shows up, and it's Otto Mermelstein, who was my\nclassmate. He said, \"They're not alive, Eva. They died in front of me.\" See,\nthey were together like I was with the Mermelsteins--with Mrs. Mermelstein and\nthe Habers. My father was with Mr. Haber, Mike Haber, and Mr. Mermelstein\n[unintelligible], and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tibie [sp]. Tibie had a limp, and he survived. Very\ninteresting. Anyway, Itzu [sp]--we called him Itzu, but Otto was -- He survived\nhell. We talked about that later. I used to see him. He said, \"I didn't want you\ngo to around looking for somebody.\" He says, \"You were the strongest at that\ntime.\" He says, \"After looking for two months and not finding, you were weaker\nand weaker.\" He had such a -- I can't even explain it. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were the same height.\nI want you to know that Otto is six-two [six feet two inches tall] now, but we\nwere the same height at the time. [Chuckles.] He said, \"They died,\" but didn't\ntell me how and when. We were ships crossing each other in the night. He was\nhere; next day, Otto was gone. A couple of years later, when I met with the\nHabers, they told me exactly how it happened and what happened and how and why.\nThat was later on. Then, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't even know what to do. I had nobody in this\nworld. Then it hit me. Somebody said that Budapest--there are Jews in Budapest.\nThey never went anyplace--some did, but -- [I thought,] Sarah! Sarah's in\nBudapest. I'm going to Budapest.. The Lichtensteins wanted to go home. They\nwanted to go all the way, but I'm just going to Budapest. We decided we are off.\nWe went to the station. We got on a train. Let me tell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you, I think it's a\n300-kilometer distance, one from the other. It took us eight days to go from\nPrague to Budapest. We went as far as the train would take us. Then, we would\nget off and just sit at the station until something showed up and we moved on.\nWe never went into town or wherever we were; we just went from station to\nstation, but sometimes we stayed in one station for twenty-four hours before we\nmoved for another seven, eight -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slow-moving stations. We were totally\nexhausted. Every night, we just slept. On the tracks there was always some\nflatbeds. That's where we slept. One morning I got up, and I have no -- My\nlittle package is gone! My shoes! During the night, some Russian soldiers came\nand said, \"Day eto,\" which means \"Give it to me.\" The women never woke me. I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never woke up. Sara -- The women said, \"Please we are prisoner, released\nprisoners. We have nothing,\" but each one of us carried something, so they took\nit. I almost made it with the shoes. Then, I didn't make it. The last leg of\nthis trip, from morning till late afternoon, from dark to late afternoon, was on\nthe roof of the train. That's how the trains were packed. We were on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the roof,\nand there were some Romanian soldiers, and some of them seemed like officers.\nWhat was interesting about it is some of the officers wore makeup. Not makeup\nthe way we are made up today, but there was some rouge on their cheeks,\npowdered. They were very dandified, their clothing beautifully thick. They were\nunbuttoned and everything. I think they wore corsets. They were that -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where\nthey were going, where they were coming from--we couldn't communicate. The train\nwas going so slowly that soldiers, the Romanian soldiers--some were officers,\nwho looked like that-- but the soldiers would jump off, pick fruit, and jump on\nthe train. That's how I arrived in Budapest. I was in Budapest many times before\nthat with my mother. I knew exactly where my aunt was living. I don't know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how\n-- How did I have the energy? Although the Czechs, six weeks in Prague fixed me\nup pretty good--Let me just run back to Prague for a second. I was on a trolley,\ncrossing the river, on the trolley, on the bridge, and the trolley was also\nmoving fairly slowly. I was at the end, almost on top of the steps, and I was\nlooking out, and there walks Lilly Mueller. Without thinking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything--I'm on a\nmoving vehicle--I just jumped off, and almost rolled under the trolley. \"Lilly!\"\nI'm screaming. Lilly is walking down the street, dressed to kill. Because once\nwe were separated in Auschwitz-Birkenau in the barracks, we really didn't see\neach other very much, and then I left. I never knew what happened to Lilly.\nLilly was so skinny, a head shorter than I. There she is. We had a huge reunion.\nShe took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me home to her--she was with a Czech family that my mother's cousin,\nwho later ended up in Netanya [Israel]--he was a Czech soldier, and he got this\nfamily to look after Lilly because he was still in the army. I went there. I ate\nwith them, dinner, and we parted. Without any emotion, I said, \"Lilly, goodbye.\nI'm going to look for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aunt Sara.\" She said, \"Goodbye.\" I'm trying to say how\nwithout sentiment we were. I can't quite explain it. We used to be glued to each\nother, Lilly and I. We had these months in Auschwitz-Birkenau as an experience,\nbut we were not feeling anything. This is what I used to mull over in my mind.\nYears ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later I said to her, \"What happened to you, Lilly?\" She said, \"You want to\nknow why I'm alive?\" she said to me. \"I'm alive because my mother died.\" I said,\n\"What happened?\" She was very cute. Lilly was very pretty. She was with her\nmother in another barrack, and I don't know at which point in the\nAuschwitz-Birkenau time she woke up in the morning, and the mother was dead next\nto her. She got uncontrollably hysterical screaming and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crying, but to such a\npoint that the Blockaltester came. They tried to quiet her down and they tried\nto help. She just couldn't -- and screamed. There was the Lageraltester, whose\nname-- we nicknamed her Piroshka because she had red hair. She was a devil, a\nSlovak girl. Somehow it got to her ears that this kid is hysterical; the mother\nis dead ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"next to her. Then they just took the body, and they dumped her in the\nditch, because that's what they did with the bodies. Every afternoon, a man came\nwith a cart and picked up these dead bodies. That was no news to us. They\ndumped--and they always undressed them--so they dumped this naked body into the\nditch. This Piroshka, with the Blockaltester, got together, and they let her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lie\nin her bunk and didn't get her out for Zahlappell. They could finagle the\nnumber. I said, \"What did you do?\" She says, \"Eva, there was a knot.\" There was\njust wooden planks, and these planks had knots in the wood, and many of these\nknots were missing. That's why it was so cold there, because it was just holes.\n\"I glued my eye to the knot and stared at my mother's body all day, till they\ntook her away. The next selection, they smuggled me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into -- \" She was in such\npoor shape and that devil, Piroshka smuggled her into an outgoing transport, and\nthat's why she was alive. She never told the story to anybody because I was the\nonly one there who could understand what she was saying. When we met in Prague,\nwhen she was all dressed, and I was going one way and she was going the other\nway, we felt nothing. We were very happy we were both alive, but at the same\ntime, we were not even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happy that we were alive. I can't even explain it.\nAnyway, that was Lilly, how I met [her] after the war. I then, as I said before,\narrived in Budapest on the [unintelligible], and got off that train, barely said\ngoodbye to the Lichtensteins, and started running. Now, that is a taxi ride, and\nI know it, but I ran from the station straight to my aunt's house, apartment. I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got to the apartment, and it was, I don't know, a three-, four-story high\nbuilding, five-, I don't know. There was a courtyard, and then another arch and\nthen another courtyard, and that's where her apartment was, on the first floor.\nI'm coming, and I'm running, and I see her as I enter the second courtyard.\nShe's standing in front of her apartment, holding a baby. Now, I knew she had a\nbaby, because she came to visit with a baby, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that baby was now three years\nor four years old. She's holding a baby. I am running, and she realized who was\nrunning towards her. She put the baby, Tom, [who] was eight and a half months\nold, on the ground because she started to shake so, and she thought she was\ngoing to faint or something and kill the baby. She put it on the ground. The\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sisters--Sara, and my mother, and the Singer girls' mother--they were such\nsisters for each other. Then, from that moment on, she said, \"I'm not letting\nyou out of my sight.\" The apartment was small, and she had Tom. I didn't even\nknow she had another baby in between. She got pregnant, she had Tom. She was\nsaved by -- They had a huge restaurant. That restaurant, during the\nfighting--there was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"street fighting in Budapest, the Russians. During that\nperiod of bombing and fighting, the restaurant was closed. The bodies from the\nstreet, from the fighting were dumped into the restaurant because it was a big\nplace. Other places, too, but this was street level. After it was all over, my\naunt says, \"I am not staying in this country. I'm not staying in this continent.\nThey ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"killed my sisters. I am leaving,\" but it wasn't so easy to leave. I lived\nwith them. Immediately, she put me to school. I mean, I was as ready to go to\nschool as the man in the moon. She put me to school. She even came to school\nwhen there was a little something going on. I don't know how she managed it,\nbecause her husband--his restaurant [was] gone. He didn't know what to do. He\nwas one of those--I don't know. He started to work for the UNRRA [United Nations\nRelief and Rehabilitation Administration] and that didn't pay. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The inflation was\n-- My aunt and I went with two satchels like that, full of money, to buy two\nchickens and some vegetables. I mean, that's the kind of inflation it was. Then\nshe says, \"We'll be leaving. We'll register. We'll go. We'll go. It's not so\neasy.\" In the meantime, she started to cook in her apartment for people. There\nwas a lot of black marketeering going on, and there were people looking for food\nand some people were kosher. [She] started ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to cook. The dining room -- opened\nthe big table. People would come in, eat. I waited on the table. Her husband\nwasn't making any money in the UNRRA, but he was dressed up with a tie and a\nsuit, and it suited him. She did everything. I never forgave him for that. Then\nwe started to settle down a little bit, talk a little bit, and she said, \"What\nare you\"--I said, \"Well, you know, my father put away a lot of stuff. I know\nwhere it is.\" She said to me, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"You're sure of where it is?\" I said, \"Yes.\" My\nmother had a lot of jewelry [unintelligible]. I said, \"I know.\" She said,\n\"You're so young. Your father talked to you?\" I said, \"It was put away, and my\nfather said, even to my eight-year-old brother, 'Underneath here is this, and\nthis, and here is this, and this.'\" [He] figured somebody will come back. By\nthis time Lilly--all three Singer girls made it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were already in Budapest,\nand they went back to their home. Uncle Joe made it in Humenne. He was hidden by\nthe local priest. He was never anyplace. He was the dentist, and he was hidden,\nand his wife, by the local priest for two years, in hiding. Lilly, one of the\nSinger girls came --\n\nBaron: I came to Budapest in the summer of 1945 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and went straight to my aunt's\nhouse. I knew where she lived. [I] just stayed there. She started me in school\nthat fall. Life seemed to be halfway normal, but there was tremendous inflation\nin Hungary at the time. It took two bags full of paper money to buy a dozen eggs\nand one chicken. I remember going to the market with my aunt. My uncle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moritz\nworked at the UNRRA, which was really not enough to sustain us, so my aunt\nstarted to cook lunches. Of course, in Europe at that time, at lunchtime was the\nbig meal. People would come in and I would serve them. I remember saying to my\naunt, \"They want to tip me.\" I said, \"I can't take money. I'm just helping.\"\nSomehow, I found that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of humiliating, because I was helping my aunt. There\nwas a woman who was in the kitchen with her, because sometimes ten people came\nfor dinner, lunch. My aunt said, \"Don't be silly. Take the money. We'll go to\nthe movies.\" Really, money was short at the time. She and my uncle were in the\nrestaurant business prior to the war, huge, which was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very well-known\nrestaurant. She did not want to -- It was closed during the fighting, and my\naunt did not want to reopen in because she said she is planning to leave; she\njust wants to leave. My uncle was actually against it. He wanted to continue\nwith life. My aunt, by the way, during the war, during the fighting, when they\nstarted to come into Budapest and continue with the elimination of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews, she\nwas directly saved by [Raoul] Wallenberg and lived in a Swedish house, which was\nprotected. They had several of these buildings. In fact, her younger son, Tom,\nwas born in the basement of one of those houses during an air raid. She sort of\nhad enough, but they all survived and my uncle thought he would just continue\nwith his life ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. My aunt refused. She registered someplace--I don't know, I\nwas not part of it because she was taking care of it, but some kind of a group\nwho was helping--because it was already hard to leave Hungary. It was not easy,\nand many people wanted to leave, so you sort of registered, and then you were\ncalled. Months went by. In fact, I was in school all through the fall, and, I\ndon't know, next spring, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when they said, \"It's okay, you're going.\" What would\nhappen is really what happened before, enough stuff just to carry, and out of\nthe house and leave. At that time, Tom was a year and a half old, and then there\nwas Jules, and he was four years old, and my aunt, and uncle, and I. We went to\nsome sort of an assemblage, and we stayed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there a day. They said, \"No, it's not\nworking. Go back to your apartments.\" We came back. Three days later they said,\n\"It's okay now,\" and we left, and it was already an underground movement. It\nwasn't very strict. I guess they could have stopped a lot of people were\nleaving, but it was not a legal thing. We somehow got to Vienna. In Vienna, we\nstayed in the -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a hospital called the Rothschild Hospital. That was\ntaken over by these people in transit. They were coming from Hungary, perhaps\nfrom other countries too. I don't know. They were coming from Hungary, and they\nput us into this hospital, which was not a hospital at the time, with a lot of\nbeds. It was big, so they could accommodate all these people. In fact, in Vienna\nmy aunt was busy with these two little children, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and she didn't want to tie me\ndown. She would find young people, everybody older than I, who would do\nsomething in Vienna, go someplace. She said, \"You go with them.\" She would get\nto know them. That's how I went to the opera in Vienna, with a small group of\npeople. They were in their twenties. I was fourteen. They took me along. We went\nto see Madame Butterfly. We were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sitting in -- The opera house was bombed and it\nwas still not rebuilt. It was 1946, in spring. We were sitting -- It was like an\nopen theater, and it started to rain, and so all of us pushed into the area\nwhich was not bombed; in other words, covered, and that's what I remember about\nit, is that we had to move our seats because half of the opera was open ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"air. We\nwere in Vienna till they told us, \"Your next leg is coming up.\" I don't know how\nthat worked because I just went along. I left it all to my aunt. One day, picked\nup -- They had to vacate this hospital, this building, because others were\ncoming, and so the people were taking care of this movement got us together, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\ndon't know, in groups of a hundred, in groups of fifty. We went to a place in\nthe evening. There, we were put on trucks. From there, I don't know where we\nwere going, into Germany, but we had to go during the night and sneak in, like,\nbecause we had to tape the children's mouth[s], [that] they shouldn't cry. I\nremember that because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was sort of in charge of Tommy. Tommy was eighteen\nmonths old. I was holding Tom. [We] taped their mouth, taped Jules' mouth\nbecause he was older and he was very smart, but he wanted to know everything\nconstantly, so he was talking, and we taped his mouth. I know there was a\ntremendous anxiety at a certain point in our trip, saying, \"Here, we must be\nvery quiet.\" We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entered Germany, someplace along -- I don't know the way. I\nreally don't. I just remember a fear that I did not have even long before,\nbecause I was now gambling more. I can't quite explain it. I was now with my\naunt, and now maybe her whole family and I will be done away with. I mean, it\nwas just a new anxiety to reach our destination, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was near Munich. It was a\nDP [displaced persons] camp. We were assigned--this was all done through--I\ndon't know, it may be even Israelis were involved, because I know in this DP\ncamp they started to sort us out. Like, they had classes for children. I was\nattending a class. I was trying to learn Hebrew. The idea of mine was that I was\ngoing to Palestine. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meantime, somehow my aunt was in touch with her brother in\nthe United States. That became a difficult, complicated thing, but the only\nthing that she learned is that the youngest brother, Jay, who originally ran\nfrom Hungary and ended up in Palestine, was coming to the United States. I was\nregistered in a kibbutz within that DP camp near Munich. It started with an 'H.'\nThe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name of it I don't remember. I was with that group. My other had other Weiss\nfamily members there. I was going to go to Israel, at that time Palestine, and\nwe were singing songs. I was totally detached from my aunt. I was with that\ngroup. I made up my mind. There was just no question. They started to take those\ngroups, as groups. I think that people from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine came and organized. They\nstarted to take these groups of children. My aunt said, \"Jay did not stay in\nPalestine. There is nobody that you know in Palestine. I have brothers in the\nUnited States.\" She sat on me. I'll never forget it. It was time to go. She sat\non me, I shouldn't move. She cried and begged, and that's how I stayed behind. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\ncouldn't go against her. I wasn't afraid. I mean, I was with this group. This\nwas the thing for me. I was positive that it was the thing for me to do, but she\nwouldn't let me. My uncle and -- All the other [unintelligible], they all went\nto Palestine. Most of that -- not kibbutz, DP camp, they were very young there.\nMy aunt and uncle, they were older people as far as -- We were DP ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"youngsters, in\nlate teens, twenties. They were going to Palestine and I was going to go with\nthem. It didn't work out that way. My aunt got upset with this, and she said,\n\"We're moving from here. They'll get her.\" We went from Munich to Griesheim,\nwhich is a suburb of Frankfurt. I know that if you took a trolley in Frankfurt,\none particular trolley in Frankfurt, you went to the last stop ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on that trolley,\nyou got to Griesheim. There, we lived--I actually have pictures of this; I don't\nknow where--we lived in Griesheim. These German families rented--took us in.\nThey didn't take us in. I mean, we paid rent money, and we lived there, and we\nstarted to congregate there. The Singer girls reconnected; they were in three\ndifferent places. One was in Prague, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trying to continue with studies. One was in\nHumenne with my uncle. I don't know where one was. They said, \"We're finished\nwith this. We are going.\" Everybody wanted to join my Aunt Sara. That's who we\nwere closest to. In Griesheim, they appeared, and we were all together. I have\npictures of the four of us, the three Singer girls and I. By this time we were\nall fat. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among us -- We registered to come to the United States, but\nwe were not legitimate, so to speak, because the first wave that they took into\nthis registration had to be in the American zone in December of 1945. None of us\nwere in the American zone in Germany in December of 1945. They started to get\nthese papers for money, to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say, yes, we were in the American zone. We missed it\nonly by a couple of months, but we were not there before the turn of the year. I\nremember when we got there, a relative said, \"It will cost a hundred and fifty\ndollars per person to get these papers.\" It's sort of interesting because I had\nsix hundred dollars. I said, \"Okay, we're taken care of, the three Singer girls\nand I. I have six hundred dollars. Here it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is.\" Years later, I found out -- I\nmean, who had six hundred dollars in the DP camp? They just didn't. I had\nbecause I sold some of the stuff that we found, and also they bought me a\ndiamond because what else was I going to be able to carry? Years later, I found\nout that he made a lot of papers for the six hundred dollars, which I didn't\neven know. I was in very close touch with that man in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States, and I\nloved him till the day he died. That's what he did. In retrospect, I don't know\nif I can blame him. There were a lot of relatives coming, and they were not\nthere before 1945. I always think back about that because he always considered\nhimself very honest, and a very good friend of my father's, and whatever.\nAnyway, we were there in Griesheim, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and just waiting to be called. Whatever\nmoney we had or my aunt had, we ran out of that money because we were not\ncalled, and we were sitting there and sitting there. Months went by, and we had\nto move. We went from Griesheim to Bad Salzschirf, which is near Fulda. It's a\nspa. I mean, the whole town of \"Bad,\" meaning \"spa,\" Salzschirf. That was set up\nas a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DP thing. In other words, we did not need money for living space. They had\nlittle, like, boarding houses there, small hotels, like a spa Europe would have\nat that time. We also had a lot of German soldiers who were injured severely in\nthe war and were in post-rehabilitation without ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arms, or legs, or whatever, in\nthat area. We were in Bad Salzschlirf until we were called. My aunt had priority\nbecause of the small children. I had priority because I was under sixteen. The\nrest were just waiting regularly. My aunt was called first and went through the\nAmerican consulate and left from Frankfurt. There ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a small suburb of\nFrankfurt called Zeilsheim. In Zeilsheim, they got together these people and put\nthem on a train, and off to Bremerhaven. I was called sort of next, by myself,\nbut I think it was almost, like, six weeks later. I said goodbye to the Singer\ngirls. Everybody stayed in Bad Salzschlirf. I was called [and] went to\nFrankfurt. They went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through these papers. There was another anxiety. I felt I\nhad these bogus papers and somebody is going to notice something. I didn't know\nwhat I had. I passed. By the way, I have to mention the one person who did not\npass, who had the same paper--she and two other second cousins--we were called\ntogether, and we were sitting outside in sort of a waiting room. There were\nthree doors, each one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"manned by a person inside with desks. Randomly, we were\ncalled, and they said, \"You go in here,\" \"You go in here,\" and \"You go in here.\"\nTwo of us passed. The caught Irma, the third one, who ended up in Palestine and\nwho said, \"It was meant to be. I always wanted to go.\" She went to Palestine.\nWith whom I am in touch to this day. [She] went on a kibbutz and did the whole\nthing from the beginning. Married ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, saw her husband in conflict, saw one\nson in the Yom Kippur War. Ten years later, the other son was running--his\nmilitary assignment was to run in and get injured people out, so he was\n[unintelligible]. I saw my cousin, Irma, who was an extremely talented artist,\ndevelop ulcers, heart trouble. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How she's still alive, I really don't know\nbecause her two sons are ten years apart. Her husband died some time ago. She\nspent her life teaching kibbutz children drawing, cutting out papers. She was in\ncharge of the kibbutz kids. I was with her when there was a wedding. I was in\nthe kibbutz during a wedding. She is the one that made that wedding ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beautiful.\nHer son inherited the talent. He is a cartoonist. He is very well known, Amos\nBiderman. He is a political cartoonist. He works with a main newspaper in Tel\nAviv [Israel], a Hebrew newspaper. Do you know the name?\n\nGhitis: Haaretz?\n\nBaron: Haaretz is one of the papers he works for. By now, if I mention ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his name\nto somebody, they know who I'm talking about. The other one became a\npsychologist and works for the police. But they are my Israeli connection. I\nhave sent my children to their kibbutz. My children worked there, later on in\nlife. Anyway, going back -- I just had to mention it because she was such an\nimportant part of my life later on. I knew her in Europe. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were always in\ntouch. When I passed, on my way, they put me on a train, I ended up in\nBremerhaven [a port city in northern Germany]. I met my aunt there. We didn't\neven know. Bremerhaven was in the British Zone. Once we left, we were just not\ncorresponding because that's how things were. There was the American Zone and\nthe British Zone. It was almost like two different countries. What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened was\nthat someplace in the fall of 1946, ships went on strike and people got stuck in\nBremerhaven. When my transport got to Bremerhaven, my aunt's transport was still\nthere, so we overlapped and were together in Bremerhaven till January. No, my\naunt left sometime late in December of 1946, but I didn't leave till January,\nand that's because the ships were on strike for three months. What the situation\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about that, I have no idea. This camp in Bremerhaven got very crowded\nbecause in Zeilsheim, in Frankfurt, they kept on processing these people,\nputting them on the train, sending them to Bremerhaven, and nobody was taking\nthem out of Bremerhaven. Finally, I left in January, on the Ernie Pyle. Ernie\nPyle was a very famous newspaperman, who was killed as a reporter ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the\nwar. They named this battleship-like--it wasn't a ship-ship, a liner or\nanything--after him. I came. Because I was a child -- Although, I must say, in\nmy group, I still was the youngest. These people, they were nineteen and twenty\nand registered themselves as sixteen and fifteen, just to get on. There were\nvery few people my age. Not that I was unusually ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"young, because there were\ninfants and forty year olds who were somehow left alive in Auschwitz-Birkenau\nbecause they were part of experiments. Those who were masquerading as adults, I\nwas on the very young edge of those. Among the survivors, the group that really\nsurvived was born in 1927, 1928, 1929 maybe; very few 1930, very few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1931. Here\nand there you saw somebody young, whose job was a Lauferin, which is a gofer,\nbecause she was blonde and because she was -- They knew her age. They killed her\non the end. Among the people in Auschwitz-Birkenau that were selected to the\nworking side as adults, few people were under that age. Those born--as I said,\ntwenty--older ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too, but those were the young people that somehow made it. Elie\nWiesel describes himself -- He was born in 1928. I think he said he was sixteen.\nYes, he was born in 1928, and he was very skinny, and somehow survived. It isn't\nthat I'm making this exclusive, but when I looked around, those were the people,\nthe group that were the strongest somehow. They were not quite ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mature enough.\nAdults somehow didn't make it sometimes psychologically. The young people were\njust better equipped mentally, I think. The horrors were not only physical. If\nyou stopped to think about it, you went downhill. That was the group I was\ncoming with to the United States -- all kinds, but that was the group that got\nso-called first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"class. I had a first-class cabin, which means there were about\ntwelve of us in two-decker beds. The minute we moved out--and G-d knows how many\npeople down in so-called steerage--I don't know, huge. It was January. The sea\nwas choppy. The minute we moved out, people were seasick. I mean, I also had a\nvery bad experience. Somehow, you're in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the ship -- It took us fourteen days to\ncross that ocean and people were just sick. Somebody down on the bottom found\nout that I am on the ship. It happened to be a Dr. Weiss from my hometown. We\nmet and he started to tell me that he was in camp with my father, and just bent\non telling me how terribly he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died and how -- It was just a terrible experience.\nWhat I didn't really -- Although my father never used him as a physician--he\nalways resented that--my mother was a candidate to be courted and married. She\nwas eligible. My mother never had anything to do -- There was a lot of\nresentment. I couldn't help but feel that he was reveling in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something because\nwhy -- I mean, for days he was telling me stories about what he went through in\nthe camp where my father and brother were. That was my experience on the ship\ncoming over. We then docked and here we are in the United States. I'm alone. I\ndon't know where I'm going, but the United States Committee for Displaced\nChildren--under which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'flag,' so to speak, we were coming--they got in touch\nwith my uncle in Miami Beach [Florida]. I didn't know about that. When I\nregistered and I said, \"This --\" and I had names, they got in touch. A social\nworker went to see the family and wanted to know if they have room for me, like\nthey do for foster children or whatever. It was a very legitimate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing. I came\nand everybody started to disembark. I mean, that ship was packed. Nobody is\ncalling and they call my name, and they say, \"Sit over there and wait.\" Pretty\nsoon the ship is empty. I am in a comer, waiting, I, alone. By now people come\nup to me and they're talking to me. They're talking in English and I don't\nunderstand what they're saying. They are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice. They're smiling, but they're not\nletting me get off the ship. Nobody was waiting for me, although these kids, as\nI described them before, went to a certain house in the Bronx [New York City,\nNew York], which I found out later, that they were not just coming off the ship\nat random. This group of so-called sixteen and under went to a certain house in\nthe Bronx, which was vacated for this purpose, but I was sitting on the ship.\nLate afternoon came. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was wintertime. It was still early, but it was dark\noutside. I'm put in a cab with a woman sitting next to me and I'm driving\nsomeplace. I'm coming to a place, and they said, \"You must be tired.\" They gave\nme something to eat. I look at the room. They put me in this room, where I\ndidn't know before. Before, I have never seen a room like that, but it turns out\nto be a hospital room. I'm in a hospital. Suddenly, I see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a nurse. Nobody is\nspeaking--no German or Hungarian, or anything; only English. They make a point\nnowadays that they have a translator someplace. Nobody could speak to me. They\ncome in and [said], \"Get undressed.\" They gave me a pair of striped pajamas.\" I\nkept on looking at the back because in camp, you had a stripe going down the\nback, and on one side there was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a 'K,' and on the other side was a 'Z,' which\nmeant ka-set. I'm looking for that, but it was a prisoner -- I didn't have that,\nbut it was a prisoner outfit. I didn't know where I was. I went in the room and\nI'm looking. There were bars on the window. I was so tired, and because I was\nafraid of nothing, really. I was afraid of nothing. I just went to bed. I woke\nup in the middle of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night, because I heard crying. I mean, after then,\nnobody -- They gave me food, I got undressed, I went to bed and fell asleep. I\nwoke up in the middle of the night, and there was crying. I got out of bed, and\nI remember I said, Boy, this bed is so high. I didn't know. In bare feet, I\nremember following the voice. I was looking for the voice. I found a room, and\nis a hall, and there are rooms on each side, and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doors are numbered. I'm\nfollowing this child, a baby's voice, crying. I come into this darkened room.\nTwo people, a man and a woman, are sitting near a crib. I go in. Obviously the\ncrying is coming from the crib. I look down, and there is a baby with a huge\nhead. It was a hydrocephalic, a word I learned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much later, but it was a\nhydrocephalic [an abnormal buildup up fluid in the brain]. It was so horrible to\nme--I've never seen anything like that--that I just sort of pulled back and\nquickly went back to my room and said to myself, Where am I that they have such\n-- To me, it looked like a monster. Finally, daybreak came. I am trying to find\nout what's wrong with me. I look out the window. There were bars, as I said\nbefore. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I go all the way to the side and, as I look, I saw the arm of the Statue\nof Liberty. I saw the Statue of Liberty from the ship because everybody was out\nthere. Everybody said, \"Here is a penny. Throw it in. It's for luck.\" I knew how\nit looked. I realized I see the arm, not too far but not close to me. I'm\nwalking around and this woman is mopping the floor. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This woman spoke sort of\nGerman. I asked her, \"Where am I? Please find out.\" [She said,] \"Oh, you are on\nEllis Island.\" [I asked,] \"Why am I on Ellis Island? Everybody got off the ship\nexcept I.\" [She said,] \"Oh, you have to have blood tests, X-rays.\" I said, \"Why?\nI had all of that when I was processed.\" It was my luck--make a long story\nshort--my records were left in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany. How? What? I came without my medical\nrecords and they wouldn't let me in. I went through the -- not much, but a few\ndays because they didn't -- They could have done it in one day, in a few hours,\nbut they didn't. One day, they took blood, and then they took me for X-rays.\nNothing. Urinalysis, X-rays, blood -- what tests were there. They weighed me,\nand they measured me, and they went through the whole ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing that they did in\nGermany. Finally, they let me out, and they took me to this house in the Bronx.\nI joined the group. By that time, I found out that my uncle -- They spoke to me.\nSomebody spoke to me that I could understand, \"You will be going to Miami\nBeach.\" I was not interested. I was just interested to find where my Aunt Sara\nis.\" I found out my Aunt Sara was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Atlantic City [New Jersey]. In Atlantic\nCity, we had a great-aunt. I [had] a great-aunt and uncle, which was an aunt and\nuncle for Sara. Somehow they guaranteed her family, whatever they had to, and\nshe's in Atlantic City. I had another relative who came six months before me,\nwho used to constantly visit this house because he was, like, eighteen years old\nat the time. I knew him. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came to visit all the time. He said to me -- and he\nalready spoke English. I mean, he was here six months. He lived with a family.\nHe spoke English. He said, \"Listen, Surika is in Atlantic City. There is a bus\nyou can take. I'll take you to the bus station. I'll give you pieces of paper.\"\nI said, \"Great!\" I didn't know I wasn't supposed to leave the building. Julius\nSchreiber was the guy's name. My cousin, Julius Schreiber, took me to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bus\nstation, gave me the address of Suri, gave me money, and put me on a bus. I went\nto Atlantic City. It was a long ride. It was four hours to go to Atlantic City,\nso I just stayed. I came. I got off the bus. I went [to] whoever would look at\nthe piece of paper, and Julius told me, \"You show the paper, and you'll take a\ncab, and here is money.\" I made it. I made it without speaking a word of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English. I saw Suri. I stayed there overnight and they really had a fit in this\nhouse. They were looking for me, because you were supposed to sign out and sign\nin, and they couldn't find me, and I didn't know. I just -- I came back the next\nday. I got a good tongue lashing for doing that. Three days later, a woman came,\nand Jules came along to see me off. We went to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"airport and we got on a\nplane. I never flew before. We got on a plane, a woman with me, at midnight. I\nwas so excited because I was going to fly! I was sitting near the window. I was\na kid, after all. We got on. It was past midnight. I fell asleep. I didn't wake\nup till we got to Miami Beach. Seven o'clock in the morning. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seven hours\nto fly to Miami at that time. I got there, and there was my uncle at the airport\nwith Jay, whom I saw the last time when I was, like, five and a half years old,\nwho saw me when I was five and a half years old. He was already there from\nPalestine. He came, thinking he will recognize me. He didn't recognize me. By\nthis time, I was I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"160 pounds. I was wearing American Army clothing.\nSomething I didn't mention, an important thing, that a cousin, who was a soldier\nin the American Army, who parachuted into Berlin because he was multilingual, to\nsecure headquarters for the Army, and who was in Normandy -- He went from DP\ncamp to DP camp ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to DP camp till he found relatives. He then got a girlfriend. He\nalways had girlfriends all over. He was very attractive, very outgoing, very\ndaring. All these girlfriends came to us. Once they brought food from the PXs\n[post exchanges]. They brought us blankets and clothing, all green. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had it\ndyed all brown and went to a very fine tailor in Frankfurt. I had a winter coat\nout of an army blanket. I had pants -- army. This is how I arrived in Miami\nBeach. My aunt was there already before me. She just went to see the brothers\nand then back to Atlantic City, by herself. She said, \"Piri's little girl is\ncoming!\" They were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"waiting for some little girl. I was a house, because I gained\nclose to a hundred pounds in those two years, because all we ate is\n[carbohydrates]. I ate all the time. I used to weigh myself. If I didn't gain\nweight, I was very upset. We just ate whatever was available: potatoes, no candy\nor anything like that. It was just not available, but we ate all the time,\nwhenever we could. I once sat with my cousin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lilly, each one of us with a\nteaspoon in our hand, eating butter. I mean, if I think about it, I just don't\nknow, but that's what we did. Somebody brought us fresh butter, and we were\neating the butter. I was pretty fat. When I got off that plane and my two uncles\nsaw me -- I also had -- My hair grew in wild and curly, and so much that I\ndidn't know how to comb it. They looked at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, and they said, \"Oh, is this\nPiri's little girl?\" My uncle put up the lady. He gave her a week's vacation. He\nwas in the hotel business. He put her up in the hotel for a week, so she was\nvery happy. She handed me over to the two uncles. I got into the car and I\nremember driving from the airport across the 5th Street Causeway, which was --\nYou cannot even describe it if you see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Miami now. I looked out the window. I had\nnever seen a palm tree before. I looked out the window. The weather was very bad\nin New York. It was a very bad crossing. It was January. [In Miami,] the sun was\nshining, and the sky was blue, and the water was blue because the causeway--you\nhad nothing around it, nothing--and the red hibiscus -- I thought it was\nparadise. I just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thought, I've never seen anything like this before. This is how\nI drove across the causeway, speaking Hungarian. Both uncles spoke Hungarian, so\nthere was no problem. [We] got to his house and there I was. I remember a\ncousin, the son of this uncle, was still sleeping when we got into the house.\nThey woke him up. [They said,] \"She is here.\" He did not speak ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian or\nanything. He spoke a very broken Yiddish. I mean -- That was my reception, very\nwelcoming. [They] showed me my room, which I was going to share with a cousin. I\nwas well received. I couldn't communicate with the younger people. My aunts and\nuncle, they spoke English. They're all congregated in the house later ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on because\nthey wanted to see this oddity of me arriving. It was a Thursday. I don't know\nthe date, but it was a Thursday. Next Monday, my aunt took me to school and\nregistered me, and there I was. They didn't know what to do with me. They didn't\nknow how to examine me, what do I know, so it was a random decision on their\npart ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I was fifteen, and I didn't go to school for, like, three years\nalready, prior to that. They just put me into the ninth grade. Most of them were\nfourteen, because I was going to turn sixteen. Anyway, I was a year -- Most\neverybody was younger than I. That didn't bother me. The fact that I was sitting\nthere and didn't understand anybody was very bothersome. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one cousin, who\nspoke even though broken Yiddish, he was assigned to drive me to school and pick\nme up from school. Coming home, we could say, \"How was it today?\" I would say,\n\"Terrible.\" Then, when I came home, I said to my aunt, \"It's pointless for me to\ngo to school because I will never learn this language. They talk so fast.\" I was\nthe only one in that -- It wasn't New York. I arrived. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They wrote me up in the\nMiami Herald, in the school paper, in the Jewish Floridian, articles about my\narrival. I was the first one in Miami Beach. Miami Beach was a small town,\nreally, and they all knew each other. The high school -- I was a sensation.\nNobody really asked me, \"Where are you from?\" as far as what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened to you,\nalthough they sort of skipped over and mentioned that. Mostly it was, \"somebody\nfrom Europe, a refugee.\" I kept the clippings from these papers for a long time,\nbut I have no idea now where they are. The kids were very nice. They were\ntrying. I would come home, and [I was] rooming with my cousin, who didn't speak\nYiddish, or didn't speak Hungarian, nothing, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"roommate at home--she would try\nso hard. She was in the tenth grade at that time, and she took out her\nliterature book. She showed me her tenth grade book. I said, Oh, my G-d, never.\nI will never learn this. [It had] small printing. You're thrown into a\nsituation, you're trying very hard, you're listening all the time. Pretty soon,\nI was picking up the language. I think within weeks, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my aunt would say--there\nwere people in the house--\"Go outside,\" I was in the kitchen with my aunt, \"and\nsay, 'This, this and this,'\" which I knew how to say, but I was too embarrassed\nto say it. [To] Pinky's friends or Sam's' friends, I wouldn't do it. I started\nto understand assignments. [They told me,] \"You have to do this and this.\"\nSchool was very serious to me, because school in Europe was a serious business.\nI ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thought whatever the teacher says, you have to do. I took a course, among\nother things, a civics course, which I don't even think they have now, which\nthey had all the time. They gave it in the ninth grade. The assignment was to\nmemorize the Preamble to the Constitution. I remember I came home and my cousin\nPinky said, \"Okay, we'll work on this.\" She said, \"You know, nobody expects you\nto do this.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Oh,\" I said, \"it's an assignment and I have a week.\" She was\nreading three words and I was repeating. She was reading and I was repeating. I\nmemorized phonetically. When it was due and the teacher said, \"So-and-so, stand\nup and recite it,\" [the student] didn't have it. She asked for a show of hands,\n\"Who knows the Preamble? Who has it?\" I put up my hand. I was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only one in\nthe class. That gave me -- She was amazed. She didn't really realize that I\ndidn't understand what I was saying. I was just mouthing the whole -- I still\nknow it [because] it was so ingrained in me that this has to be done. It gave me\na tremendous boost, the fact that I knew it. Also, I saw, Oh, it's not so\nstrict. Nobody memorized this. They will eventually, but not on time and that\nit's not as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9000.0,9030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hard as I think it is. I started slowly. I don't know, I had a great\nnext -- I was going to say four years because I became such a good student and\nbecause I was elected class president. I was on the -- I still have a picture of\nmy class with me sitting in the middle, class president. I was doing A-plus\nwork. I was also amazed how ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much further along kids in European schools were,\nbecause, although I missed so much school, when it came to math and stuff, when\nI took Algebra I, things were not as strange to me as 1 thought they would be. I\njust thought that things were not as hard. High school was not gymnasium. Let's\nput it that way. It went extremely well. I made a lot of friends. I had just a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"great time. In the eleventh grade, I was elected to National Honor Society. I\nwas just elected to everything. I was elected to be the prom queen's\nlady-in-waiting or something, stuff like that. Underneath it, I was -- There\nremained a sadness within me that periodically -- I was so busy to become an\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American, to speak the language. By the way, the football coach spoke German.\nFrom time to time, I would get together with him, the only person I could speak\nto. I did it in the beginning. Then, I didn't need him. His name was Mr.\nLivermore. I remember him so well. There remained a sadness because I said, I\ndon't belong among these children who are laughing all the time, who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9120.0,9150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know\nnothing. Nobody asked me. I wasn't going to tell, anyway. There was no one to\ntalk to. I do remember an undercurrent kind of a sadness. I think I remained\nwith that the rest of my life. Exposed to lah-di-dah or not, there remained\nwithin me a sadness that I could not express, and that I knew that it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9150.0,9180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"existed,\nand I knew that that hole will never be filled. When I think back on my high\nschool years, yes -- My uncle was -- They took me to a doctor, just to see how I\nam. He was sort of amazed I didn't menstruate yet. I started to sort of in\nghetto and never again. The doctor was amazed at this. I had no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hair under my\narm. My secondary sexual features were -- There was a hormonal something that he\ncouldn't explain. I was healthy. I was fine, but something happened to me. All\nmy teeth were loose. I went to the dentist. He said, \"My goodness, a child,\" and\nI will have to have upper and lower plates. I went to the dentist. From school,\nI walked to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9210.0,9240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dentist for four months three times a week, because at that\ntime, they didn't have yet the homecare gums, flossing--I don't know--tooth\nbrushing like I did from childhood on. That was it, because what I remember this\ndentist doing is massaging the gums, and the patience. I remember coming home\nand saying, \"I can't go to the dentist ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because\"--at that time, the dental chair\n-- He had to put his arm around me. Somehow my ear was against his stomach, and\nthe stomach was gurgling. That annoyed me. I said, \"I can't go.\" He was Dr.\nFarver [sp]. [They said,] \"Dr. Farver is the best dentist in Miami Beach. You\nhave to go.\" He saved my teeth. I still have all my teeth, except for one\nmistakenly taken out in camp. It's a story. He fixed my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teeth by treating my\ngums, understanding that I went through total deprivation of nourishments and\nthat the teeth suffered from that terribly, and they were loose. I had cavities\nand stuff like that. I don't know how many. Essentially, I was going to lose my\nteeth. He saved them. I had this care that was proper from my aunt and uncle,\nbut as the time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9300.0,9330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went by, I don't know how welcome I was. I was very good, and\nespecially on my aunt's side, she said yes, I'm smart, but her daughter was just\nas smart. The fact that I didn't speak English two years before and got into\nNational Honor Society somehow didn't matter to her. Her daughter was no longer\nat home. The daughter was at the University of Pennsylvania. I must ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say what she\ndid with me. My cousin Ruth, when she was at Penn, she would write me that I\nshould write to her. I started to correspond. She would then correct my letter\nand send it back. That was her duty towards me--without warmth, really, but\nthere was that age difference. She was in college and I sort of didn't pay\nattention. Once you're gone -- My cousin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sam was very nice to me. Pinky was also\na niece, who happened to live there because her mother was living in a hotel.\nShe was there and she and I were inseparable friends, so I did have a good time.\nI graduated a semester earlier than the rest of my class because I had the\ncredits; I was going to be older, so instead of graduating ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9390.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in February--I\nstarted school in February. Instead of waiting for the next year, they graduated\nme in June, a semester ahead of my class, so I finished with that class. I\nfinished high school in three and a half years. I graduated number four in [my]\nclass. I don't know how, and who applied for it--I never applied for but was\nhanded a scholarship to the University of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9420.0,9450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Miami from Rabbi -- I forget his name.\nHe was the Conservative synagogue's rabbi, who was also a friend, who at that\ntime, at each graduation they have either a priest, a rabbi or whatever. That\nyear they happened to have a rabbi. He is the one that handed me the\nscholarship. This became a problem at home. My aunt wanted me to go to a\nsecretarial ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school, and didn't want me to use the scholarship. I remember\narguments between the son and mother. [He said,] \"What is this community going\nto say, that Eva did not take the scholarship and is going to typing school?\" I\nheard these things. I lived at home, and I started university, and two blocks\naway from me lived a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family, a girl whose father died. She was at Syracuse. She\ncame home because her father died, and continued at the University of Miami, so\nher younger sister, who was my classmate, should go away from home. She had a\ncar. She stopped by. She and I drove to school every morning, from Miami Beach\nto Coral Gables, where the University of Miami was. In the course of these days\n[while] driving, she said, \"You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know, my cousin Gloria\"--that's another girl\nthat I knew--\"is in nursing,\" and told me about it. [I said,] \"What is nursing?\"\nI said, \"What is it?\" She started -- She said, \"Well, I'll find out more.\" We\ndidn't know anything about it. She found out all she could. She said to me, \"She\nis at Mt. Sinai [Hospital] in New York.\" I just thought the circumstances were\nnot great at home and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9540.0,9570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have to continue with school. I just knew I wanted\nsomething in order to be able to support myself, because I felt had my mother\nsurvived, what would she have done, and that somehow, you have to be able to\nrely on yourself. The only way you can rely on yourself [is] if you know\nsomething in your head. I was going to go on. Somehow this nursing school--I\ndidn't know what nursing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9570.0,9600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was--it appealed to me because they housed you, they\nfed you and you learned something. I started to inquire how to apply. You have\nto apply to more than one school. This Edith and I were talking about this all\nthe time. I applied. I said, \"Mt. Sinai, New York. That's all.\" She said, \"There\nis a Mt. Sinai in Philadelphia, and there is a Mt. --\" I just wrote Mt. Sinai,\nNew York; Mt. Sinai, Philadelphia [Pennsylvania]; Mt. Sinai, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9600.0,9630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chicago [Illinois].\nI just wrote Mt. Sinai in big cities. I gave the return address of a girlfriend\nof mine so nobody would know it at home. [To] make a long story short, Mt. Sinai\nin New York -- I was at the University of Miami and I was doing very well. I was\ngoing to apply for the following September. It was Christmas time and Mt. Sinai\nin New York wrote a letter to me. [They said,] \"You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9630.0,9660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sound excellent.\" They\ndidn't have my credentials yet; they just had a description. [They said,] \"You\nsound like a good candidate for our school, and may we suggest: We have two\nadmissions. We admit a February class and a September class. You still have time\nto enter the February class, but you have to go out [from] the University of\nMiami to such-and-such a place, take such-and-such exams, and show the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9660.0,9690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"records.\"\nMt. Sinai in New York only took from the top three percent of a high school\n[graduating class], as far as grades. I ran. All of this correspondence was done\nthrough my girlfriend. Then, I just sprung it on my uncle, because they accepted\nme in February. I left Miami Beach. Nobody came to see me off. They sent me to\nthe train station ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the doorman from the hotel, because my aunt wanted me to\ngo; my uncle didn't know how he was going to explain this, that I just left. It\nwas a brouhaha. Nobody came to my -- Anyway, I left. My girlfriend and her nanny\nat the time--it was raining, and they were standing under an umbrella--and I was\nsaying goodbye. I left by train. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrived in New York twenty-eight hours later\nand took a cab from the train station to Mt. Sinai Hospital School of Nursing.\nIt was ten o'clock in the morning. Nobody was there yet from the new class,\nbecause we were supposed to be there at five o'clock. Nobody came from that\ndistance. I came in with my suitcase. We were kosher at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9750.0,9780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home. I was going up in\nthe elevator and the elevator man said -- By the way, they had a beautiful setup\nat the School of Nursing, just beautiful. The elevator man said, \"Ah, marvelous\ndinner today in honor of the new class admission. We are having roast pork and\n--\" I never ate pork. I said, What a place did I come to? Now I'm going to have\nto eat pork? That was my first day. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At five o'clock I came down and met the rest\nof--the February class was very small. The September class was the big one. I\nwas enrolled. I started the next day. For the next year, I was quitting every\nsingle morning. It was so difficult that I used to fall asleep at night in\nuniform, sitting up in bed. It was a tough ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9810.0,9840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. What I didn't realize is how\nmuch I was learning. That's all we did. Curfew, ten thirty in the evening. I had\nspecial permission to stay overnight once in a blue moon, with letters from the\nschool -- I had an Uncle Joe in Brooklyn, to visit him. Twelve thirty curfew on\nweekends. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9840.0,9870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Study, study, study, and do the practical studying. We were put in\nuniforms, special uniforms. It was woven for the school in Scotland, that\nparticular plaid. [We had] excellent food [and] our own dining room. Daily\ninspection of how short your hair can be and off the collar, just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9870.0,9900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so. Laundry\ndone by the laundry. I didn't need clothing. The Singer girls arrived the next\nday. I had no winter things. They found some old coat of my cousin's from the\nUniversity of Pennsylvania days. I had that and the girls came with boots. Every\nday -- I couldn't walk out on the street. I had summer clothes. Everybody\ncrying, I called up my Aunt Sara that day. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9900.0,9930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was saying, \"What happened to\nDavid? Has he lost his mind, to send out a kid?\" I wasn't a kid anymore. I\nwanted to go. It was better that way. As I said, I just didn't know it was so\ndifficult, but I kept my mouth shut. At that time, you had to have typhoid\nimmunizations, three shots. Your arm falls off from pain from that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9930.0,9960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They all had\nit at home before, the rest of the class, but I didn't have time for it. I have\nto have it. I remember doing something in the laboratory with a bed--you know,\nwe had our labs with beds, not in the hospital, learning. Somebody said--Miss\nDillon was instructing--\"Miss Dillon, Miss Chajmovitz\"--we only used our last\nnames--\"had her typhoid shot yesterday.\" I never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9960.0,9990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even complained. I had 104\nfever when they took me. I was really working hard. This became easier. I ended\nup three years later graduating with a medal, and turning around and enrolling\nat Teacher's College [New York City, New York]. Soon after that, I was offered\nan assistant teaching position, which I took happily because it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9990.0,10020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was no weekends.\nI mean, I didn't have to work weekends, and I didn't work nights, and I could go\nto school. It was more or less a very regular schedule, and go to school at the\nsame time. I finished. I took an exam again. I got credit. Sixty points was the\nmaximum I could get, but they also sent me a transcript from the University of\nMiami, so I had a head start on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10020.0,10050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other people. I had seventy-four credits. I\nfinished that. At that point, they offered me to be in charge of the Nursing\nArts Department, in teaching. Meantime, I met my husband, who was a resident. He\nwas in the army for two years, stationed in Germany, and had a great time, in\nFulda, by the way. We ended up with pictures of the same place, only he was\nthere years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later. We met and dated and, I don't know, he decided to change\nspecialties. He was in internal medicine. He decided to go into radiology and he\nwent to Ann Arbor, Michigan, for that. We corresponded. Then, in the meantime,\ngot engaged and got married. My uncle gave me the wedding in Miami Beach, in the\nhotel. Everybody knew me. The guests knew me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10080.0,10110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are people in my wedding\npictures who were -- Because at that time, my friends from New York just didn't\ncome in droves to Miami Beach. I mean, it was a big trip. Two girlfriends came.\nMy uncle put them all up. Relatives of my husband's came and friends. There were\nsome guests who were ready to leave, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10110.0,10140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we got married in April, and the\nhotel was going to close soon because the hotel closed for the summer in those\ndays. They stayed on for the wedding because they knew me since I came to the\nStates. We had our wedding. We went on our honeymoon to Jamaica. Then I moved to\n-- At this point -- I before that already was in correspondence with a mother\nsuperior in Ann Arbor, Michigan, who was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10140.0,10170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"charge of St. Joseph Hospital, which\nwas the private hospital of the University of Michigan. They had a three-year\nnursing school program. The University of Michigan had a bachelor's program of\nfour years. It was fairly new. They started to introduce those programs, because\nat that time Yale had one program where you had to have a college degree to\nenter nursing, but when you finished nursing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10170.0,10200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you ended up with a master's\n[degree]. Nursing education was in flux. I had a job waiting for me by the time\nI got to Ann Arbor. I just started to -- I made up the curriculum. I had\nabsolutely the best time in Ann Arbor, Michigan. That nun became my best friend.\nI was the only Jewish person in the hospital--that includes doctors, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10200.0,10230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nurses, and\nwhatever. I cannot tell you how beautifully I was treated there. We were there\nfor three years. By that time, my husband finished. It was three years married,\nfour-year residency. He had an offer from Mt. Sinai in New York and an offer\nfrom Stanford in Palo Alto [California]. We thought and thought about it. Part\nof us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10230.0,10260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted to go to Stanford, but part of -- Everybody was in New York as far\nas my husband's relatives and my relatives, and so we came to New York. We\nsettled--I had the baby--settled in Riverdale for two years. No, three years --\nIn 1964 we bought a house, with great difficulty, borrowing money, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10260.0,10290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Englewood,\nNew Jersey, where the kids, my children, grew up and where I became very much\npart of that community. My husband continued at Mt. Sinai, then was offered to\nbe chairman of the Department of Radiology at Long Island Jewish. Things started\nto get complicated commuting for him. He at times spent three hours going to\nwork and three hours coming back. He was always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10290.0,10320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interested only in academic\nmedicine, so we ended up taking an offer from Emory University [Atlanta,\nGeorgia]. At that time, my husband wanted to get into MRI. They had the second\nMRI in the country at that time. We came to Atlanta.\n\nGhitis: How long did your family live in the area where you were born?\n\nBaron: I cannot tell you in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10320.0,10350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years. I know we go back to\ngreat-great-great-grandfather. That's within the family lore of my mother's\nfamily. Everybody talks about my great-grandfather.\n\nGhitis: Czechoslovakia became a part of Hungary.\n\nBaron: No, after the First World War, the Trianon peace treaty occurred. During\nthat time, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10350.0,10380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austria-Hungary, which included a lot of areas--Romania, part of\nSlovenia--all of these areas were then carved up. Austro-Hungary, it became\nAustria, period. Prior to that, the emperor of Austria-Hungary was the king of\nHungary. When this was divided after the First World War, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10380.0,10410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"area became\nCzechoslovakia. Then, there was created -- Romania got a piece; Slovenia got a\npiece. It was carved up. Later on, in the Hungarian school, there were some\nverses that we had to say out loud that, \"We are living in a -- \"I don't quite\nknow how to translate it. Essentially, \"the crippled Hungary,\" we called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10410.0,10440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. The\nreal Hungarians were very much praying for the time when all these areas will\nbecome big Hungary again, because these people continued to speak Hungarian and\nthen later on had problems in Romania. When [Adolf] Hitler came into being, and\nbecame a big entity, and the Anschluss came, and he took -- Austria joined him.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10440.0,10470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, he made a pact with [Miklos] Horthy, who was the Admiral Horthy, in charge\nof Hungary at that time. He didn't want that. The idea was Czechoslovakia will\npractically cease to exist; they are occupying it. There was Silesia with a\nbunch of Germans living [there], and all of this will be a big, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10470.0,10500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happy family,\nand you will become a bigger Hungary. In 1939, we became Hungary.\n\nGhitis: The question I wanted to ask was did your parents feel an allegiance to\nCzechoslovakia? Did they feel more Czech than Hungarian?\n\nBaron: My mother always felt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10500.0,10530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian. It's interesting because my mother [was]\none of ten children. The oldest ones were Hungarian educated and the youngest\nones were Czech educated. My Uncle Jay, the youngest one, was totally Czech.\nThat was just an aside. My mother felt comfortable in the language. She studied.\nShe read books, novels--all of that was in Hungarian. My father, who should\nhave, who also had the same Hungarian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10530.0,10560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experience, never liked Hungary. He\nremained Czech because Czech was a true republic, the only one under [Tomas]\nMasaryk in central Europe. He remained that. I remember. I remember the time\nwhen the Czechs thought they would put up a fight, and my father brought his own\nhorses, from the mountains, from the lumber business, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10560.0,10590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to give to the army. Of\ncourse, it was no use. The Hungarian -- There was a time there where we were\nhiding two flags. We were thinking, maybe we'll become Germans, because the\nGermans will come, or maybe Hungarians, but the Czechs were defeated and we were\noccupied by the Hungarians. We weren't really occupied. Nothing changed in our\nlife. The regime changed. The language, we always spoke. I didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10590.0,10620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so much\nbecause I already started kindergarten, was going to first grade. It was all\nCzech. Suddenly, school was Hungarian, but it was no problem because my mother\nwas Hungarian. Both my parents were Hungarian speaking. My father was never part\nof it. He didn't like it.\n\nGhitis: What was your father's name?\n\nBaron: Ignac.\n\nGhitis: And your mother's?\n\nBaron: She was registered on the birth certificate as Piroska, but nobody ever\ncalled ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10620.0,10650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her anything but Piri, P-i-r-i.\n\nGhitis: What was her maiden name?\n\nBaron: Rozner.\n\nGhitis: Do you know the names of your grandparents?\n\nBaron: My grandfather on my mother's side was Lazar, L-a-z-a-r. My grandmother\nwas Hanna, Hannah in German. On my father's side, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10650.0,10680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandfather was Litmann\n[sp]. His first name was Litmann. My grandmother was Pessie [sp]. They were\nChajmovitz on my father's side and Rozner on my mother's side.\n\nGhitis: You said your father was in the lumber business?\n\nBaron: Yes.\n\nGhitis: What kind of standard of living was he able to provide for the family?\n\nBaron: For the time and the place, it was elite, strictly upper-upper ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10680.0,10710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"class, for\nthe time and the place, which meant a house with a bathroom, which was not a\ncommon thing. Phone lines started. We didn't have phones [but there were] phone\nlines coming into the house. Radio was always in the house. Maids. Extra maids\nduring linen washing time. Excellent clothing. Handmade ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10710.0,10740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shoes, handmade\nclothing. The best of food. I can't compare it to anything today. I can only\ncompare it to the place, where sometimes my mother would send me with two\npieces--because we didn't have lunchtime, because we came home at one o'clock\nand ate our meal at that time, but you had a ten o'clock ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10740.0,10770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"break, they called it,\nin which you had a piece of bread and jam or something, or an apple or something\nlike that. My mother always gave me two pieces, because there was always a child\nto give it to. What I'm trying to say [is that] there were a lot of poor people\nin the area, especially in the outlying villages. Our place, Huszt, was a\ncity--It wasn't a city; it was a town--but it was a city for that place. There\nwere a lot of small, small villages ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10770.0,10800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with very poor Jews, very poor Jews. My\nfather's biggest contribution was that these people in Huszt who were living in\nthe outlying areas when they were poor, had heat all winter because that was his\njob. I mean, he undertook upon himself to give wood because everything was\nheated with wooden stoves. I don't know. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10800.0,10830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember very cold weather, very cold\nwinters, foothills of the Carpathian Mountains. Snow. My uncles were skiers.\n\nGhitis: Do you remember the address of your house?\n\nBaron: The name of the street was [unintelligible] utca. I think it was [number]\neleven -- I had to ask somebody once. I met somebody--I remember foutca Main\nStreet. I remember this. I remember that I said, \"What was the name?\"--and you\nknow why it was hard? Because the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10830.0,10860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first person who built a house on that street\nwas the name Dunkel [sp]. That Dunkel was in partnership with my father in the\nfurniture factory. That's the only place where he had a partner. Because he was\nthe first one on that street to build a house, the house remained Dunkel Street,\nbut it wasn't the official [name]. That's why I had to ask. I said, \"We lived on\nDunkel Street, but what was the --\" This guy, older than I, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10860.0,10890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"Your street\nwas [unintelligible] utca.\" That's why I know it. In this Dunkel, there are\npeople living in Australia from that family.\n\nGhitis: You said you were three children in the family. What were the names of\nthe other children and in what place were you in the order of children?\n\nBaron: My older brother--his birth certificate: Maxim, Max. We were all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10890.0,10920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"born as\nCzechs, so our birth certificates had more Russian and Slavic names. Eva was\nEva. It's pronounced differently in each language, but it was E-V-A. My older\nbrother became Moses because his Hebrew name is Moshe. It became Moses because\nMaxim was not good for the Hungarians. It was not good. My little brother, who\nwas--I was the middle child, so my older brother was two years old than ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10920.0,10950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I, and\nthen was I, and my little brother was five years younger than I. He was\nregistered as Vladislav by the Czechs, which translated into Laszlo in\nHungarian, but he was never called anything but Litu, L-I-T-U, because he was\nnamed after my grandfather, Litmann, and that became Litu. Litu, who was a\nblonde, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10950.0,10980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blue-eyed little boy, always looked like an angel with lots of blonde\nhair, became Lituka to the whole town. Everybody said Litu. Nobody ever knew his\nother name, but he was Lazlo. Even now, when I donate money or anything and they\nwant names, I say, \"Litu Chajmovitz.\"\n\nGhitis: What can you tell me about Jewish life in Huszt?\n\nBaron: In Huszt, we had three big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10980.0,11010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogues. One was actually called the 'Big\nSynagogue.' It was bigger than others. In order to explain, you can say\nOrthodox, Conservative, Reform, but that really does not describe it, because\nthe so-called very religious, to which we did not belong, was black hat,\nshtreimel, Hasidic, very religious people. I didn't even know them. They were\nnot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11010.0,11040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"segregated in a certain area because they lived among them. In other words,\nthere were poor people among them and rich people among them; it was just very\nreligious. Then, there was the so-called Reform, but most of those people -- I\nthink everybody was kosher. Let's just start that way. It wasn't Reform the way\nwe see it now. We were in the middle. We were Conservative. My father did not\nhave a beard. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11040.0,11070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He looked like everybody else. He did not go around without a hat,\nalthough he would take off his hat, let's say, in Budapest, among strangers if\nit was required. He was kosher, even when he traveled. [We had a] strictly\nOrthodox house in terms of food and everything. I went to Hebrew school, Bet\nJacob after school. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11070.0,11100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father simply didn't emphasize Jewish education for\ngirls, but my brother had it. I mean, he really had to go to the cheder and\nstudy. He came bar mitzvahed. Big event, but not today's kind. That mean for the\nfirst time he had a suit with long pants, which he wore to the synagogue that\nday and never again, and open house all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11100.0,11130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day, and that's it. After that, he\ndidn't want to continue to go. My father hired a -- they call him a bucher,\nmeaning a boy who studied. He came to the house to further study with my\nbrother, who really did not want to continue. My little brother was too young. I\nlearned to daven [pray] and that's about all. Don't forget, everything stopped\nfor me not then, the year before--I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11130.0,11160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eleven years old when things stopped for\nme, really, when things got bad and they stopped, so my education was then--I\ncontinued some in Miami Beach. When I was in Miami Beach, there were very few Jewish.\n\nGhitis: What school did you go to, and how much schooling did you get before the war?\n\nBaron: I started out in Czech kindergarten and I think somehow first grade.\nThen, it was Hungarian, so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11160.0,11190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went. Hungarian, I had second grade, third grade,\nfourth grade. The summer of 1943, I was sick. I was very skinny, and the doctor\nsaid, \"She must gain weight\" and all of that. I had pleurisy. My father was\nbeside [himself] and my mother cried. My aunt came and took over the household,\nand my parents took me to Budapest. I went to this doctor and [unintelligible].\nThey took me to the chief of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11190.0,11220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Budapest TB [tuberculosis] sanitarium. He said,\n\"No, she doesn't have TB, and she cannot stay here because this is a TB\nsanatorium. But she should gain weight.\" My mother said, \"She's not eating\nanything and she had to be bribed.\" There was a big discussion and they took me\nto a sanatorium in another-- In Budapest, the Buda side has hills. Each hill has\na name, and I was on Svábhegy, meaning ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11220.0,11250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Swabian Hill, in a sanatorium, Dr.\nBela's [Gyorki] sanatorium, for the purpose of gaining weight, which saved my\nlife. I was there. My father was so happy, by the way. First, my mother stayed\nthere with me, but she wasn't allowed to. They stayed and they visited. Then, I\nwas doing so well, and I was having such a great time -- There was a Polish\nprincess there, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11250.0,11280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daughter, and people like that, and they came to\nvisit--women that I never saw in my life before the way they were dressed. I had\na great time. My father kept me there. They closed in late -- I know it was\ncoming to the High Holidays. They kept me there and then I had to leave. I came\nhome, and my father said, \"No school. You'll get tutors. You will do this.\" By\nthis time, it's December 1943--I mean, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11280.0,11310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just think about it--November. It was\nlate. I remember saying, It's not so had to stay home and I'm not going to\nschool. People were still going to school, but no longer public school. The\nJewish kids went to the so-called Hebrew school, which it wasn't Hebrew\nreligious [but] Hebrew Zionist. No religion, but you took an hour of Hebrew. It\nwas just a private school, because you were no longer allowed to go to school as\na Jew. That was in the last year ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11310.0,11340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before -- That's November 1943. In March 1944,\neverything stopped, finished. I had very little Hungarian. I spoke it fluently,\nwell, all that, simply from relatives. That's all they spoke around me, but I\nalso spoke Yiddish. A group of relatives of mine, who lived thirty, forty miles\naway from us, did not speak Yiddish. They prided themselves that they only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11340.0,11370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"speak\nHungarian. My father insisted that we speak Yiddish.\n\nGhitis: What was the language you spoke at home?\n\nBaron: We spoke Czech at one point, Hungarian, Yiddish, and Ruthenian. We all\nspoke Ruthenian because where my grandmother on my father's side lived, the\npeasants in that area were Ruthenian. It's a form of Russian. They had their own\nschools and they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11370.0,11400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used the Cyrillic alphabet. Because that was the indigenous\npopulation, we had to take Cyrillic in school, so I read and spoke perfect\nRussian, [a] dialect of Russian. There was always a day maid coming in who was\nRuthenian. We just all spoke all of these languages. My father insisted that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11400.0,11430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we\nspeak Yiddish. My grandmother on my father's side spoke Yiddish to us. My\ngrandfather on my mother's side spoke Hungarian and he also spoke German, but we\ndidn't use that much. It was -- There's no point saying that. Go ahead.\n\nGhitis: You mentioned on your arrival in Auschwitz-Birkenau meeting and finding\nMengele there and being close to him. How do you know it was Mengele?\n\nBaron: I don't know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11430.0,11460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how we knew. Mengele stood in front--not always. He didn't\ngreet every transport that came. It happened that he was there when we came. At\nthat point, I had no idea that it was Mengele. Later on, when the Blockaltester\nsaid, \"Mengele's coming!\" because that was always--I said, This was the man who\nwas there at that lime, but we all knew. I still see him in front of my eyes,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11460.0,11490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from that one encounter. He was on many selections. He enjoyed it. It was an\nouting for him to come to Camp C, because Camp C existed [for] selections. In\nmost of these selections he decided, as I mentioned before, that he needs to\nmake room for more. He will send them with scars, he will send them with this,\nhe will find that.\n\nGhitis: How old were you --\n\nBaron: Thirteen.\n\nGhitis: when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11490.0,11520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you were sent to the ghetto?\n\nBaron: I was before my thirteenth birthday. I was really twelve, if you want to\ngo according to Hoyle [according to the rules], because I was twelve years old\nwhen the major things started happening.\n\nGhitis: You also talked about the brutality that your own Jewish people, who\nwere appointed as the Blockaltesters could exhibit towards ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11520.0,11550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you and the other\ninmates. How do you feel about that?\n\nBaron: These Slovak girls -- Mind you, I'm talking about 1944 when I came to\nAuschwitz-Birkenau. They came to Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1942, when\nAuschwitz-Birkenau was not Auschwitz-Birkenau. These are the women, and men, I\nsuppose, who built Auschwitz-Birkenau. From the thousands that came there,\nhundreds died on a daily basis there. They were so badly treated. Those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11550.0,11580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that\nremained became these women that I talk about. With today's brain and\nunderstanding, I can say they were seasoned survivors who already went through\nhell. They somehow couldn't understand that while they were doing that, there\nwas a country where people were just living like nothing is happening in this\nworld. I think of it now ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11580.0,11610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as natural to be punished for that. I didn't see it at\nthat time. We couldn't understand that a Jewish person could beat up another\nJewish person like I witnessed.\n\nGhitis: At the same time, you have talked about kindness coming from the enemy\nat some times, someone who gave you some food, a German who gave you some food.\nHow do you look at that?\n\nBaron: At that time, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11610.0,11640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was, as I mentioned, an Einsteinerin. I was praised by my\ntwo bosses. I don't know, but these two men were the ones that I had. I felt\nthat they might have said something [like], \"She's a good worker.\" I felt I was\nrewarded for this fantastic job I was doing. It happened only once, from this\none SS woman who was a guard. She was a guard. I don't know where these SS women\n-- They were present, a few of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11640.0,11670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them, in the factory where we worked. I did not\nsee these same SS women in the camp. The camp was a different SS woman. I got a\nbeating from her, as I said, one hit, so severe on the head that if I would be a\nmumbling idiot now I would say that's why. I mean, I thought the head was going\nto split. In that camp, I don't think I was grateful. I'm trying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11670.0,11700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to remember the\nfeeling. All I said to myself is, This soup tastes delicious, but there was so\nlittle. I don't -- The two men were very kind, those two civilians.\n\nGhitis: They were of what nationality?\n\nBaron: They were Germans. They were very kind.\n\nGhitis: What did you think about that?\n\nBaron: I thought I have a friend in them.\n\nGhitis: What do you think about it now?\n\nBaron: I still think that way. I mean, that gray-haired man, he was trying to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11700.0,11730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do\nhis job in this factory. He had no food. He told me that they have very little.\nIt isn't that he brought in something, even a scrap or a piece of potato. It\nwould have occurred to him. I guess it just didn't occur to him. As person to\nperson, he treated me like an equal, not like a plague, which they did.\n\nGhitis: Do you think there was kindness in the heart of some people?\n\nBaron: I have never thought about it. I just -- In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11730.0,11760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"retrospect, I came across so\nmany people who claimed, not knowing anything about anything, that--I don't know\nat which point--I said to myself, The heck with you all, because I know that\nthey knew. Only a few years ago, I met a German woman here. [She] became a good\nfriend. I liked her very much. Her husband was a famous physician, and that's\nhow we first met; he knew my husband. She is older than I. She knew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11760.0,11790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing.\nThen she had got me to join her group of women. I realized -- I found myself\nwith a whole group of German women, who married Americans or one way or another\ncame here. Once, we were sitting around talking. They didn't know my history.\nThey were talking about a little place, what a quaint village it is. She got\nlost driving. She took her children and wanted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11790.0,11820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"show her children Germany,\nsome such story. I am sitting there, and suddenly I realize, I know that name.\nThere was a camp in that place. I said, I don't want to be among these women. I\ndon't belong here. That was only a few years ago. Germany remained Germany. On\nan individual basis, after the war, in Griesheim, there was a lady. I still have\na picture of her. She wanted me to stay there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11820.0,11850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She wanted to adopt me. She\nwanted to do anything [for me to] just stay there. [She was a] very kind German\nwoman, living all her life in Frankfurt. I can't tell you. It has to be individual.\n\nGhitis: While you were at Auschwitz-Birkenau, did you know about the gas chambers?\n\nBaron: I did not know how they killed the people. I knew they were burning the\npeople because you couldn't get away from that. I didn't know how they got into\nthat oven, if you'll pardon me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11850.0,11880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You smelled burned flesh. When the Hungarians\ncame, by that time the gas chamber held 2,000 people at one time. The crematoria\nchimneys not only smoked, but flames were coming out of them. I was not near it,\nas far as -- but I could see the flames. But I didn't know how they got there.\nWe found ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11880.0,11910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out sometime during the Auschwitz-Birkenau time that they are gas\nchambers, because a person who was in the Sonderkommando got in touch with\nsomebody to say goodbye because his term of three months was up. That person was\n-- My grandfather on my mother's side married a second time when his wife died.\nHe married a woman who had a son, a teenager, and then had another child who was\nmy age, so I had an uncle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11910.0,11940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my age. Anyway, that teenager went to\nAuschwitz-Birkenau a few years later. I don't know, he must have been twenty-one\nor twenty-two. I have a picture of him. He was in the Sonderkommando. He was\nvery close to the Singer girls. He got a note saying goodbye. I listened. I\ndidn't want to hear, but you were in the middle of it. As I said, the\nHungarians, logistically they think about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11940.0,11970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, that you had to get rid of so many\npeople so fast. They worked twenty-four hours at it, day and night.\n\nGhitis: You talked about a group of people that came from Theresienstadt and\nthey were later taken away. Did you ever find out what happened with them?\n\nBaron: From Theresienstadt, they came to Camp B, which is what I saw. I didn't\nknow at that time about Theresienstadt. They were killed that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11970.0,12000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one night. They\nall went to the gas chamber. That, we found out. They simply cleaned that out.\nEach camp, I want you to know, held 30,000 people. I don't know if there were\n30,000, because there were a lot of children among them, and they were not as\nclosely put in together, but in the thousands for sure. They killed them that\nnight and they knew it. That's why they sang.\n\nGhitis: You were a child. Were there other people, other youngsters that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12000.0,12030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seemed\nto be your age or close to your age at that time?\n\nBaron: I mentioned my cousin, Lilly, but she was two years older, only she was\nsmaller than I, so I always considered her my -- There was Ollie, Olga Haber,\nwho was six months older than I. They I saw. By the way, I never mentioned it,\nthat Mr. Haber survived. Mike survived, the son, who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12030.0,12060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a year older than my\nolder brother. Mrs. Haber survived. After liberation, on the way home, Olga died\non the train. They made her get off the train and buried her on the roadside.\nThen, she continued home. Olga never made it. I don't know how many of us there\nwere in the women my age. I know that we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12060.0,12090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became a problem. Keep on separating\nus. That's why Lilly and her mother left so that you won't stand out as too\nyoung, because it was a problem. I don't know. I just see women around.\n\nGhitis: I want to go back to your experience at the ammunitions factory. Do you\nknow whether there was an entity that ran the factory, if it was a company ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12090.0,12120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or\ngovernment run? Did you get any sense of that?\n\nBaron: I see what you mean. I don't know, because as I said, there were forced\nlaborers there. Could any civilian owner put in a requisition, \"Give me 500\nslaves?\" I don't know, but I know that there was a Russian prisoner working. He\nwas in his Russian uniform, with buttons missing and stuff, but it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12120.0,12150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\ndefinitely a Russian uniform, and a civilian clothing, a Czech [sic; a Czech in\ncivilian clothing]. In that factory, we were alternating with French women. I\ndon't know anything about them. Now, who was entitled to get laborers like that\nfor nothing? I don't know. They didn't feed us. They didn't pay us.\n\nGhitis: Were there any signs ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12150.0,12180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anywhere that would give you a hint on the name of\na company?\n\nBaron: Probably were, but I don't remember anything.\n\nGhitis: Do you know who was in charge of the operation?\n\nBaron: One head. I don't know. There was a person in charge of us, where we\nlived, and individually, like, the two men that I mentioned in that huge room\nwhere I was. From time to time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12180.0,12210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitlerjugends marched by. I think they were\nyounger than I. I mean, we were there when the war was ending and they were\nstill --\n\nGhitis: When did you arrive there at that town?\n\nBaron: The fall of 1944 sometime. I know it was cold in Auschwitz-Birkenau. The\nfall of 1944, I left Auschwitz-Birkenau. Those that stayed, and stayed behind,\nand stayed behind, and they never got to -- got liberated in January because\nAuschwitz-Birkenau was liberated in January. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12210.0,12240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left a couple of months before.\n\nGhitis: What was the name of the person in charge of your particular group,\nwhere you lived?\n\nBaron: Where we lived? I don't know, Hauptmann. We were just saying, \"The\nChief,\" and ranks. I don't know names. I don't know if anybody knew those names.\n\nGhitis: Do you know how many people worked there?\n\nBaron: In the factory? Our camp --\n\nGhitis: How many?\n\nBaron: Five hundred. Not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12240.0,12270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"500, because first there were jobs in the camp, and\nthose women never left the camp, cleaning the place, at the kitchen, probably\nthe officers' living quarters, so all of that was taken care of. The rest of us\nwent to work in different shifts, in different groups, in different areas. As I\nsaid, we were not the only workers there, so the total manpower, I don't know.\n\nGhitis: Your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12270.0,12300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp, where you lived, was it all women?\n\nBaron: All women. [It was] small.\n\nGhitis: What nationalities?\n\nBaron: Three hundred and fifty Polish, 150 Hungarian Jews, women. We never saw\nany men. We never saw any other prisoners. That's it. It was one big building\nthat housed us. There was some kind of a washroom in the basement, but there was\nno windows. When I went down, it was cold. We were really -- The worst part of\nit there [was that] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12300.0,12330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was hard labor at the factory--not for me that much--but\nwe were on a starvation diet. We simply -- The energy was just oozing out of us there.\n\nGhitis: What exactly did you do?\n\nBaron: We'd get up, out of our beds, bunks, and dressed. I only had one dress. I\ndon't know if I slept in it or I took it off; maybe I took it off. [We] lined\nup, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12330.0,12360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got my little pot full of black liquid, and we were at work at six A.M.\nI don't know how long that took because we had to march from this compound to\nthe factory.\n\nGhitis: How long did you march?\n\nBaron: For quite a while, because I remember as things -- The days got longer,\nand the weather was better, and I felt so good, although I was so hungry, I\nsaid, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12360.0,12390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boy, if they would let us, I bet we could march back home. I remember\nthinking that it wasn't so hard to march. I could really make it all the way\nback to Huszt, I felt. It was marching back and marching coming. We worked for\ntwelve-hour shifts, six to six.\n\nGhitis: In your job, what did you do?\n\nBaron: I had these machines. I worked more than one. I supervised a couple once\nI became ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12390.0,12420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the foreman, where a person working on a machine, some other\npart--making let's say an inch-diameter hole or a ten-inch-diameter hole into\niron--needed something that went round and round very fast, which was attached\nto another machine in order to make that hole. I don't know what it's called,\nthat piece. That piece came out of the machine because making the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12420.0,12450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"holes, it\nburrowed it. It had these teeth, like cogs, all around. Those needed sharpening.\nMy machines--different machines took different sizes--sharpened these and\nmeasured them for precision to the tenth millimeter. That's what I became good at.\n\nGhitis: Do you know what this was for, what the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12450.0,12480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"final --\n\nBaron: The final result was making some parts, whether it was for a tank or\nsomething bigger. Actually, the person that brought me that thing was making\nholes into parts for other things to fit in. These holes were made by this\nelectric--I'm not saying it's electric--like a screwdriver, let's say, goes in,\nonly this was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12480.0,12510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"huge piece of thing.\n\nGhitis: You said you found out or you think you know the name of that particular camp\n\nnear Leipzig?\n\nBaron: Hainichen, if l recall. It was just a town. There was nothing in that\ntown remotely connected with prisoners, with our kind of Auschwitz-Birkenau\npeople. That must have existed for some time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12510.0,12540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we were brought in there\nthe fall of 1944. That factory, with maybe the French women, and that Russian,\nand that Czech -- I'm sure they were not the only ones. That's the only ones\nthat were near me that I saw. Who know how long they existed and what happened\nto them? Or maybe they were Germans who were called into the army when they\ncouldn't have more able-bodied people before. They needed more workers and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12540.0,12570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put\nin the requisition to Auschwitz-Birkenau [for] 7,500 women. That's exactly what\nthese people did, all over Germany. There are so many little camps, the names\nnobody knows of, who were like mine.\n\nGhitis: Do you remember the moment of liberation, finding out that it was over?\n\nBaron: Yes, and I remember it as not caring. I was so sick that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12570.0,12600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lah-dah just\ndidn't happen for me. I did go to get -- Don't forget, we didn't see anything\nbecause Theresienstadt was like a city in itself, with walls, so we had to get\nout of the gate, which we did. We saw German soldiers half crippled, coming\nback, bedraggled, supervised by the Russians on two sides. Whether they were\nprisoners or -- they're coming back and the Russians were not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12600.0,12630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind. They were --\nOne hooked around the arm of the other one. I found myself feeling sorry for\nthem. I have often thought about that. I never said that to anybody. My God,\nlook at them. Maybe that Judaism's ethic, whatever we are born with, does it, or\nthe way you were raised is to help the underdog. I can't explain ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12630.0,12660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, but the\nRussians were rough. They were dragging and they were in such bad shape. They\nwere walking some of them without the shoes, some of them with the shoes. I\ncan't -- It was brief. They were marching by. They were marching them by. I\ndon't know where they were taking them. It was the end of the war. We were so\nafraid. We knew the Russians -- I only [knew] what I heard from others. I have\nno opinion, but the women were afraid of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12660.0,12690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Russian soldiers. There was a\nreputation that they raped, they this -- these were violent --\n\nGhitis: Did you ever feel threatened that way?\n\nBaron: Never.\n\nGhitis: As a female?\n\nBaron: Never. The only person that I actually say really saved my life [was]\nthat Russian soldier who gave me the rice. I mean, really. [I was] never\nthreatened by a Russian.\n\nGhitis: Do you feel your war experiences have had a long-term ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12690.0,12720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"effect on you\nphysically, emotionally?\n\nBaron: Absolutely. Physically, I don't know. I know that my years during this\nperiod were very important years. It's when you develop. It's hormonal. You need\nnourishment. All of that was deprivation. I don't know. My father was six feet\ntall. My mother was tall--not very tall, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12720.0,12750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but tall for the times. I always feel\nthat maybe I didn't grow taller because of it. I don't know. Maybe not. There\nare plenty of short people in our family, so physically, I don't know.\nEmotionally, I think I was crippled for life. There remained within me a lack of\nenthusiasm for anything. There remained a lack of passion for things. Things\nbecame ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12750.0,12780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neutral, not very important. I never really got close to anybody. Yes, I\nhad great relatives and great friends, but never really close. I never worried\nabout them in terms of closeness, losing until I had children. I felt cool, and\nnot in the modern sense of the word. I felt neutral. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12780.0,12810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feel that's a great loss\nin a person, not to be overjoyed in anything. I remember receiving a beautiful\ndress and my aunt saying, \"She doesn't care.\" I mean, I cared. I was always very\nneat. I never had clothes again the way my mother dressed me, so it was\nimportant to me. I remembered what good was; it's just that I did not exhibit\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12810.0,12840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"obviously, because I was criticized for it, and eventually it was interpreted as\ningratitude. [They said,] \"You're not grateful enough, and, you know, you're not\nlying down and kissing hands for getting all of these marvelous things.\" I\ndidn't care if I got them or not. I can't explain this. I was very young when\nI'm talking about this. Without verbalizing it, I was missing something ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12840.0,12870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was\nnever fulfilled. I could see all kinds of movies that were sentimental and not\nshed a tear, but when 1 saw a movie where one person is running towards another\none because they're meeting accidentally after a long time, I was crying. At any\nmeeting that I saw on the screen, that's what made me cry. Yes, the answer is I\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12870.0,12900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crippled as a human being. I felt, emotionally--I felt, even with my\nchildren, I was so afraid of losing that I don't know if I was hugging enough. I\nwas so -- I wanted them to be able to stand without me. Do you realize what I'm\nsaying? Because it was just -- I saw a movie called The Pawnbroker a long time\nago. The Pawnbroker was about a man [that] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12900.0,12930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a survivor. Have you seen the\nmovie? I saw The Pawnbroker. It affected me. It was among the first that I saw a\ngood movie without trying to -- That night, I went to sleep and had a dream. My\nchildren were teenagers when this happened. I dreamt that I was standing in line\nwith my mother. My mother was holding my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12930.0,12960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hand, and we both knew that we are\nfacing selection and separation, and we're marching slowly ahead. We're going\nahead. Suddenly, like in a dream, it's not my mother and I, it's I and my\nchildren. I looked down, and I only have Andrea with me and not Pamela. I knew\nthat they took Pamela. I started to scream, \"But Pamela ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12960.0,12990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can't dance!\" because\nthey were selecting for dancers and Andrea could dance. I knew where we were\ngoing, and I was screaming, and I couldn't wake up. I kept on dreaming it. All\nof a sudden, my husband is shaking me and shaking me. I kept on with this dream\nand finally woke up, sweating--which I never do. The desperation that dream, I\ncannot even explain to you. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12990.0,13020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jumped out of bed, ran to the girls. They were in\ntwo different bedrooms. [I] ran to the bedrooms. It was the only time I had a\ndream like that. It stayed with me for days and days and days. Not what I saw--I\nsaw nothing in the dream. I just knew where I was going in the dream and I knew\nwhat was going to happen to my children. I reversed the fact. I grew up. The\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13020.0,13050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children -- I started out with my mother in the dream.\n\nBaron: When I was in nursing, at Mt. Sinai the philosophy, which was coming into\nbeing -- Prior to that, a patient -- There was no visiting hours, maybe twice a\nweek, and the patient was owned by the hospital. Even mothers were not allowed\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13050.0,13080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"visit. We had a big psychiatric department. Although I did my psychiatric\ntraining in Creedmoor [Psychiatric Center; Glen Oaks, Queens, New York City, New\nYork], which was a huge state hospital and snake pit, like the movie, they had\nthis Dr. Kaufman, who started to say that the patient in bed is a person. It was\na concept, that doctors who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13080.0,13110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were famous surgeons at Sinai was -- Dr. Garlock,\nworld-famous surgeon, who always made grand rounds and talked in front of the\npatient--I remember it to this day--like the patient doesn't exist. It truly was\nthe gall bladder, and it truly was the heart, and the different parts; it was\nnever the whole person. Then, we took classes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13110.0,13140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was teaching also. I thought I\nbecame very smart. I also went away for three months. I was in a psychiatric\nhospital, where we were not allowed -- because Mt. Sinai was responsible for us,\nand that was actually a dangerous place. It was before these medications came\ninto being that patients were calm. Thorazine was the first medication coming\nout that the overactive floors got. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13140.0,13170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was studying. We were not allowed to\nreally take care of patients. We spent three months of studying, observing,\ngoing to lectures, et cetera, eight hours a day. I thought, I'm smart, and I\nwill raise my children this way, and that way, and not talk about this. It\ndoesn't work. The sadness that I talked about, the lack of emotionality, if you\nwish, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13170.0,13200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comes through to the children, because my children are extremely verbal.\nThey're very intelligent. We talked about that later on, when they could\narticulate it. They would say to me, \"Mommy, you were depressed many times.\nMommy, you didn't -- \"I was trying to raise whole ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13200.0,13230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, but they just turned\nout to be survivor's children, in spite of it all.\n\nGhitis: What do you mean by that?\n\nBaron: I don't know if I can say that it's a syndrome, but you inherit from your\nmother a certain sadness, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13230.0,13260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concern about things, fears. Whether you are smart\nenough or not smart enough, you transfer something of yourself. They are not\ntotally survivors' children and the fact that their father was not a survivor,\nand they had grandparents, but they were girls ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13260.0,13290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the mother was very\nimportant. When my younger one was five years old -- The way her birthday comes\nout, they didn't take her in. She was in preschool for two years instead of one\nbecause she's a February child, so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13290.0,13320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she was, like, five. I was picking her up at\nthe Jewish Community Center. They had some program in the afternoon for her age\ngroup. I come in to pick her up one day and the teacher looked at me, \"You're\nPamela's mother?\" [I said,] \"Yes.\" She says, \"You're not so old.\" I didn't know\nwhat she was talking about. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13320.0,13350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"Why do you say that? I mean, what did you\nexpect?\" She said, \"Well, Pamela was telling the class that you were an\nanti-Nazi worker; you were fighting underground someplace the Nazis.\" I mean, a\nwhole story. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13350.0,13380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She figured if was a grown-up in those years, I'm much older. I\nsaid, \"Well, I was in Germany, but I was never fighting the Nazis personally.\"\nWhat I want to bring out is that she somehow heard something and she made me\ninto a heroine ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13380.0,13410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fighting. She made up a whole story around me at age five. No\nmatter how you plan to do this with your children, this was such a huge part of\nyour life that you can't shove it aside and not carry it over, I guess. They\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13410.0,13440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"become different people. They're wonderful people. One is a physician and one is\na lawyer. They didn't give me any problems. I gave them freedom. They went to\n[a] very good private school. I let them do whatever they wanted to do in those\ndays. It wasn't difficult as far as being exposed to anything. There were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13440.0,13470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already drug problems in our school. There were too many absent parents on their\nyachts someplace, and the kids were alone, and they lived on estates, so there\nwere drugs. There were actually two suicides during the time that the kids were\nin school, because it was that kind of an atmosphere. At one point in high\nschool, one or the other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13470.0,13500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wrote a paper about me and the family and Murray helped\nthem. My husband helped to make a cover page for this. They decided to put the\nfamily tree on the cover page, as much as they could, as much as I could tell\nthem. I mean, big. On the line, it read, \"Those that are no longer alive.\" Why\nthey -- This is what they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13500.0,13530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did. The child looked down and saw that nobody's left.\nI'm talking about the extended family. This affects you. This is your mother.\nThen my other daughter decided, in her teens, that I survived because I was\nbetter than the next person in terms of wanting to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13530.0,13560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live, in terms of fighting to\nlive. Totally made it up. Never had such a discussion with her. This is what she\nwanted. Then, there were people who told me I didn't tell them enough; I didn't\ntell them the story. I didn't. I felt, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13560.0,13590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in what way will they be enriched knowing\nsuch details, especially about their mother? I didn't tell them. Other people\nsaid, \"They know too much. They shouldn't know.\" Everybody was trying to figure\nthis out. The result is that there is an entity called survivors' children. I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13590.0,13620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went to a reading by an author. He was selling his book. He spoke to us. He was\nfrom Australia. He was talking about the third generation of survivors. When I\nsaid that to my daughter, who figures a lot of her whatever is the fact because\nshe is a [second generation] survivor, she said to me, \"Mom, don't tell me this,\nplease.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13620.0,13650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because her older son is very sensitive and very -- She's always, like,\nbleeding for him. She says to herself, is this endless? That's what they did to\nus. They didn't only starve you to death. They killed your soul. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13650.0,13680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They just\nkilled your soul. It's a hard thing. Money, I honestly thought, and I remember\nthinking this, that I will never need money again, because of what use is it? I\nthought, wherever I'll go, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13680.0,13710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nobody will need money, because didn't they learn the\nlesson? Money doesn't help. A good thing about that was that I never worried\nabout money. I never felt poor. Yet, I have a second cousin, Lilly, who made\nsuch a big career at Lord \u0026 Taylor [department store] and died ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13710.0,13740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"young, was\nterrified that she will be poor. That was the effect on her. I don't know. She\njust was terrified [of being] poor and she was forever -- The night before she\ndied, she told her husband, \"Give Eva my diamond ring.\" It was not in her will;\nit was a verbal thing that he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13740.0,13770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"honored. That's why I have a diamond ring. I mean,\nthis was [from] when my grandmother was born. She was terrified. She was always\ndressed just so. I never worried about money.\n\nGhitis: How has it affected your world view?\n\nBaron: It's very difficult to answer that now because I feel like I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13770.0,13800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming\nfull circle. It's a terrible thing. Not just right now because of the terrible\nthings that are going [on] right now, but a few years already, because I thought\nthat anti-Semitism -- The whole world will know about this, because there are\nthose that survived and they're going to tell them, and there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13800.0,13830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are soldiers who\nliberated camps, and everybody will know. There are records, so finally there is\ngoing to be no antisemitism. It was a shock, literally a shock that it remained.\nLiving in the United States, I, like many other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13830.0,13860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people -- they congregated in\nthe same place. I went to high school in Miami Beach. Most of the people were\nJewish there. Came to New York, plunged into a school were Jewish girls were a\nminority, although it was Mt. Sinai. Out in the workforce, out in school, I was\nas much exposed to non-Jewish people as to Jewish. In fact, the other way\naround, more so to non-Jewish people. I never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13860.0,13890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"felt anti-Semitism among this\nclose thing. I had a tremendously good experience in a Catholic hospital, with\nnuns. They gave me a baby shower that I didn't have to pay to buy anything for\nthe baby for two years. I mean, it was that kind of kindness. I started to look\nout further into the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13890.0,13920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world. Your world is very small when you're in school.\nYou're self-involved, you're school involved. The people that you know are doing\nthe same thing. I had no problems there. Then, I started to look out, and I\nsaid, if G-d exists -- It exists in Europe, but it doesn't exist here. Yes,\nthen, slowly you go on. Then, it became not only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13920.0,13950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it exists, but it's\nflourishing. It's very difficult to say now about anti-Semitism, because they're\nkilling Jews again simply because they're Jews. I thought I would never see that.\n\nGhitis: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13950.0,13980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eva, did you ever apply for compensation for what you went through?\n\nBaron: Yes, I did, under duress, more or less. When it was time to do it, my\nchildren -- It was in the sixties sometime. It was very humiliating. First, they\njust sent you -- They sent me four hundred ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=13980.0,14010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dollars. They sent fifty dollars for\nthe loss of your father, fifty dollars for the loss of your mother, and three\nhundred dollars for being there and working and slave labor--Then, it started\nwhere there will be compensation, and you have to go to a doctor, and get the\npapers. I went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14010.0,14040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this. I could not claim anything physical. I had to assemble a\ndossier from the time, everything. I had this school grades, everything in it up\nto that moment. They sent me to this German psychiatrist for an evaluation. I\ndidn't know that I did not need to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14040.0,14070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do any of that. All I needed to do is really\napply and them my dossier and not even go to a doctor, because of my age, but\nthey did send me. I can tell you, the experience -- He was German. There were a\nlot of Jewish German psychiatrists that people were sent to. I happened to go\n[to] Hans ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14070.0,14100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Werner, on the East Side, in the sixties someplace. I know I parked\nthe car on Madison Avenue. I went in. He was supposed to spend an hour with me.\nHe spent twenty minutes. He was tall [and] not bald, but shaven head. He looked\nlike a Kapo, very German. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14100.0,14130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He had my papers in front of him. Essentially what he\nsaid [was], \"You were a spoiled, rich man's child, and look what you have\naccomplished. They made ein Mensch out of you.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14130.0,14160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I walked out of there. It was\nhot. It was the summertime. I walked for twenty blocks opposite to where my car\nwas, because I was blind. I didn't know what it was. Then, he gave me a five\npercent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14160.0,14190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disability. In order for me to get the minimum amount of money, I think\nI needed 35 percent. I don't know, it was a small percentage. But five percent?\nWhat kind of disability [is that]? He had to do something, so he gave me five\npercent. My husband said, \"Did you need this?\" Because I was like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14190.0,14220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this, just\ntalking to him for twenty minutes. Then, I got angry. I said, \"I'm living in the\nUnited States. I'm a person. I am contributing to this world. How dare he tell\nme these things?\" I appealed. It went back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14220.0,14250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Germany. Then, another year went\nby, and they sent me to a German-Jewish doctor. No, the appeal had to be part --\nI had to go to a psychiatrist and pay for it, to be examined to add to the\nappeal. That guy said, \"I only want to see you once or twice, but please write\ndown everything, and I'll read it.\" It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14250.0,14280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became a chore. I didn't want to write it\ndown. Then, I wrote down certain things that occurred to me that I thought I had\nforgotten. The whole experience was not good. My kids were very little. Dr.\nNiederland [sp], who was a psychiatrist, German-Jewish, he looked down and he\nsaw -- He lived in Englewood. He actually called me up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14280.0,14310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and said, \"I have your\npapers on my desk. Why don't you just come over to my house?\" I think it was\nlike an office. His office was in Manhattan, but he must have seen patients in\nhis house, too, because it was, like, on the side. So, I did. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14310.0,14340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chatted. He\nknew a great deal. He had maps on -- He knew if you came from this area in\nHungary, it was a little different than here; if you're Polish, it was -- He was\nimmersed in it. What he couldn't do -- He really wanted to nullify the opinion\nof the other doctor and somehow he couldn't. There was some kind of a rule that\nthis is on an appeal, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14340.0,14370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that guy couldn't have been that wrong with his five\npercent. He gave me the minimum to get something, the minimum to get the\nminimum, and apologized for it. Then, called me because he became a speaker to\ngroups about -- He called me to come around with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14370.0,14400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him to speak. I refused. I\nfelt, he's putting me on exhibition. Don't ask me why. I refused and he got very\nangry. I ended up getting the minimum, which was, like, thirty dollars a month,\nwhich increased because that's German precision: cost of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14400.0,14430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"living, blah, blah,\nblah, whatever. He got angry. He just thought that he doesn't have that many\npeople who speak English, who, dah, dah, dah, and we could sit there together\nand speak. I said no.\n\nGhitis: Are you currently involved with any Holocaust related organizations?\n\nBaron: Right now, after many years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14430.0,14460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of not talking, right now I seem like I can't\nstop talking, in a sense. I just was never involved. My friends were American. I\nnever made -- Outside the family, I don't know survivors. It was geographical.\nIt just worked out that way. I had super ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14460.0,14490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends, who knew my story after long\nyears. Here and there, they pieced it together. I never belonged to anything. I\nalso never belonged to a Hungarian society or Hungarian groups. Outside the\nfamily, I didn't know anybody who spoke Hungarian. Since the Shoah [Foundation\nInstitute for Visual History and Education] interview, I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14490.0,14520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know--age,\ntime--I suddenly felt, Maybe you should speak. I now, very late, started to\nspeak, go to the Jewish Museum, be part of it, and see the necessity of it. For\nso many years, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14520.0,14550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I did not see a necessity. I guess I was just angry, because I\nlived with a family. They took care of me physically and whatever. Nobody ever\nasked me, \"What happened to you?\" I thought, That's a terrible thing. Aren't\nthey interested? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14550.0,14580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have a cousin who actually I corresponded with when she was\nin college, and she used to correct my papers. She was the daughter of the uncle\nI lived with. [She was] very bright, very intelligent. [She] called me up about\nsix, seven years ago--because she died five years ago--this was about seven,\neight years ago, let's say. [She] told me about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14580.0,14610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the trip. She traveled a great\ndeal. She belonged to an art group and they went. She said, \"I have to tell you\nthis,\" she said, \"This woman -- We were in Prague and she decided to go to\nTheresien. You know, her mother and father --\" to tell me about -- I said,\n\"Ruth, don't you know that I was in Theresien?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14610.0,14640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"No.\" Fifty years after, she\nsaid, \"You were in Theresien? I never knew that.\" I said to myself, With all the\nconversations in our lives, she never knew I was in camp? What was the point in\ntalking? That's what I'm trying to say. I could have contributed long ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14640.0,14670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ago, not\njust by talking--this is my story, so there is nothing to it other than my\nstory--but differently, which I feel was a missed opportunity.\n\nGhitis: Do you have something you would like to tell the generations that will\nfollow ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14670.0,14700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us?\n\nBaron: I don't know what I can tell people. Those that didn't know camp would\nask me what was the revelation for me at that time. I wish I could say that at\nsome point or another there was this epiphany and I now became, because of that\n-- but there wasn't. You were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14700.0,14730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not taught anything at that time, I feel. I once\nread a review of a book. I never read the book, just a review of a book written\nby a Polish woman, a survivor. She was an adult, though. She was in her twenties\nwhen she arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau. The first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14730.0,14760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paragraph of that book is\nquoted in the review of the book, in which she says that she consciously, upon\narrival in Auschwitz-Birkenau and looking around, decided to become only a\nspectator, to be removed, to not to feel. I wish I could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14760.0,14790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember the words.\nWhen I read that, as an adult, years and years later, I said, That's what I did,\nonly I didn't know I was doing it. I couldn't have verbalized it to save my life\nat that time. That's why -- That was -- It didn't teach me a lesson in terms ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14790.0,14820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of\ntransferring something, because I internalized so much and I suffered so much\nthat I packed it away. As the years went by and I tried to draw from it, I only\nsaw the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14820.0,14850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tremendous inhumanity that can be in existence to humanity. I thought\nthat as we become more civilized, this will not be. All I can say is to try\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14850.0,14880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it didn't happen, because terrible things happened afterwards, one after\nanother. Apparently we just did not learn from the past. If you don't learn from\nthe past, you are bound to repeat it, as the man [the philosopher, George\nSantayana] said. I wish I could verbalize some words of wisdom. I only taught my\nchildren to be good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14880.0,14910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, and they are, to be honest to the core, but that was\nalso my husband. I married a man like that. I thought that we'll be living in a\nbetter world. I don't know what I can say now for the future, because I think I\nam quite -- a little bit in despair as to the future right ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14910.0,14940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now. I have to\npersonalize that, because they're trying to do away with a country [Israel].\nThis is very much on a personal basis. As an American, I think we need the\ncountry--forget Judaism. As a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14940.0,14970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish-American, I love that country. On a very\npersonal basis, let me just say something. I was in Israel, and the siren came,\nand the car stopped, and we got out. I didn't know what was happening. There was\ntotal silence. There was a minute. Then, I was told, \"It's a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=14970.0,15000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"minute of\nremembrance.\" I knew it existed, but it didn't exist in my mind. I said to\nmyself -- The rest of the day, I couldn't get over it. I said, There exists a\nnation that stops for a minute a year, a minute, and remembers my mother. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=15000.0,15030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/transcript/43580/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now\nthey want to do away with that nation. What words of wisdom can I have?\n\nGhitis: Thank you for doing this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=15030.0,15060.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. The roughly 1,500 kilometers (932 miles) long arc stretches through the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine, Romania, and Serbia. The region is dense with forested hills and fast-flowing rivers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzechoslovakia is the common reference for the Czechoslovak Republic, a state that was established by the Versailles Treaty in 1918 from several provinces after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian state at the end of World War I. After the Nazi Party came to power in 1933, Germany demanded the “return” of the Sudetenland—a border area of Czechoslovakia where 3 million ethnic Germans lived, which had been taken away from Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I. In late summer 1938, Hitler threatened war unless the area was ceded to Germany. At the same time, Hungary annexed territory in southern Slovakia and Poland annexed part of Silesia. In an effort to ensure peace, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, French Premier Edouard Daladier, and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain signed the Munich Pact on September 30, 1938, which gave the Sudetenland to Hitler. In the wake of the Munich Pact, the leaders of the democratic government in Czechoslovakia resigned. The state restructured itself into an authoritarian regime and was renamed Czecho-Slovakia. External demands on its territory continued to plague the state, however. Encouraged by Germany, Hungary annexed territory in southern Slovakia in the autumn of 1938 and Poland annexed the Tešin District of Czech Silesia. Then, on March 15, 1939, Germany invaded and occupied the Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia. The Germans split what remained of Czechoslovakia into Slovakia (an independent state with a fascist, authoritarian regime that allied with Germany) and the rest was merged into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in the Greater German Reich. Two months later, in May, Hungary seized and annexed Subcarpathian Rus. In just two decades, Czechoslovakia had disappeared from the map.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHuszt [Hungarian] is in Ukraine today and called Khust. There were about 6,000 Jews in the city (one-third of the population) on the eve of the war. The Hungarians occupied the city in March 1939 and began to persecute the Jews. Many male Jews were drafted into labor battalions and sent away to the east where most perished. In late July 1941, hundreds of Jewish families lacking Hungarian citizenship were expelled to Ukraine and murdered. When the Germans took over the city in March 1944, there were 5,351 Jews left. A ghetto was set up and the Jews of Khust as well as another 5,000 Jews from the surrounding area were pushed in it. In late May and early June, the Jews of Khust were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau in four transports, where most perished.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePressured by domestic radical nationalists and fascists, the Hungarian government began to build an alliance with Nazi Germany soon after Hitler came to power in 1933. In November 1940, Hungary officially aligned itself with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Hungarian troops participated alongside German troops in the 1941 invasions of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, but Germany did not directly control the internal activities of Hungary until 1944. Hungarian units suffered tremendous losses during the German defeat at Stalingrad on the eastern front in 1942–1943. When it became clear that the Nazis would not emerge from the war victorious, the Hungarian government attempted to pull out of the alliance with Germany, and sought an armistice with the Allies. To prevent these efforts, German forces invaded and occupied Hungary on March 19, 1944. The Nazis set up a new government loyal to Germany, which cooperated with the Germans in their efforts to deport the Hungarian Jews\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInitially, the Hungarian government had refused to deport the Jews of Hungary. However, following the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944, Hungarian authorities in coordination with the German Security Police, police, gendarmerie, and local administrators began to systematically deport the Hungarian Jews. In May, deportations began. In just eight weeks, more than 420,000 Jews were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Most were murdered on arrival\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn April 1944, Hungarian authorities ordered Hungarian Jews living outside Budapest (roughly 500,000) to concentrate in certain cities, usually regional government seats. Hungarian gendarmes were sent into the rural regions to round up the Jews and dispatch them to the cities, where makeshift ghettos were established. None of these ghettos existed for more than a few weeks and many were liquidated within days\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, was about 2-1/2 miles away from the main camp. It had the largest total prisoner population. This is the camp with the big brick gate and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp and where the four gas chambers and crematoria came to be located. The Monowitz camp also known as Auschwitz III or Buna, was about 4 miles east of the Auschwitz Main Camp. It was a complex built to house slave laborers for the German chemical firm IG Farben\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Mengele (1911-1979) was a German SS officer and physician during World War II. He was notorious for being one of the physicians who sorted newly arrived prisoners on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, picking out those he wanted for his medical experiments—especially twins—thus earning him the nickname the “Angel of Death.” Many survivors recall being selected by Mengele, but caution should be used because Mengele only arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau on May 24, 1943. He fled the camp before the Russians arrived and turned up in Gross-Rosen for a while and a few others camps until he assumed the guise of a Wehrmacht soldier and tried to flee west undetected. However, the Americans, who did not know who he was or what he had done, captured him. He was released in June 1945 under the name “Fritz Hollman.” From July 1945 until May 1949 he worked on a farm in Bavaria and then fled to Argentina. He moved through several countries in South America, always being pursued to be brought to justice. He died in Brazil on February 7, 1979.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1939, the Hungarian government, having forbidden Jews to serve in the armed forces, established a forced-labor service for young men of arms-bearing age. By 1940, the obligation to perform forced labor was extended to all able-bodied male Jews. After Hungary entered the war, the forced laborers, organized in labor battalions under the command of Hungarian military officers, were deployed on war-related construction work, often under brutal conditions. They worked clearing trees, laying railroad track and fixing broken track, digging defensive ditches and anti-tank trenches, clearing minefields, and the like. The Jews worked in these battalions both within Hungary and beyond her borders, on the Ukrainian and Serbian fronts, until the Germans conquered Hungary in March 1944. Initially, the Labor Service System was not set up to be an instrument of torture and murder. During the first two years of its operation, the Jewish recruits of military age, though subjected to many discriminatory measures, fared relatively well. After Hungary’s involvement in the war against Yugoslavia in April 1941, however, the system acquired a punitive character. Shortly after Hungary joined the Third Reich in the war against the Soviet Union (June 27, 1941), the labor service system was also used as a means to “solve” the Jewish question. Rampant antisemitism among non-Jewish Hungarian guards combined with brutal conditions made forced labor for Jews lethal for the great majority. Subjected to extreme cold, without adequate shelter, food, or medical care, an estimated 80 percent of Hungarian Jewish forced laborers died. Scores of forced laborers at the Eastern Front were also taken as prisoners of war by the Soviets.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe barracks at Birkenau were divided into three main sections by roads and a railroad track which intersected it. Each of the sections themselves were divided into smaller sections, with special functions that changed several times during the camp’s existence. In the summer of 1944, one section housed the men's camp, ‘Gypsy family camp,’ and men's hospital camp. Another section housed the men's quarantine camp, Theresienstadt family camp, and Hungarian women's camp. A third section housed the women's quarantine camp and women's labor camp. An unfinished fourth section called “Mexiko” also housed some Hungarian women at that time.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman: Roll Call\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Holocaust, concentration camp prisoners received tattoos only at one location: the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp complex. Tattooing was introduced at Auschwitz in the autumn of 1941 for Soviet prisoners of war. In March 1942, tattoos were used to identify prisoners at Auschwitz II (Birkenau). By the spring of 1943, the SS authorities throughout the entire Auschwitz complex adopted the practice of tattooing almost all previously registered and newly arrived prisoners, including female prisoners. Prisoners were given tattoos on their forearms of their camp serial number, which was also sewn onto their uniforms. Only prisoners selected for work were registered and given serial numbers; those that were sent directly to the gas chambers were not registered or given tattoos\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo assist in managing the large communities within concentration or labor camps, German authorities installed a hierarchy of prisoner functionaries under their control. At the head the prisoner hierarchy was the Lagerälteste [German: camp elder], who was responsible to the SS for maintaining order throughout the camp. Under him were the Blockälteste [German: block elders], who controlled the barracks. The Lagerschreiber [German: camp clerks] preformed administrative tasks for the SS and the so-called Kapos guarded the prisoners at work. At first, most of the prisoner functionaries were Germans and Austrians who had been imprisoned as criminals. Later these positions were increasingly filled by political and sometimes non-German prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHumenne [Slovak: Humenné; Hungarian: Homonna) is a town in eastern Slovakia. Until 1992, it was in the Czechoslovak Republic, then the Slovak Republic. In 1940, over 2,100 Jews lived in the town. In March 1942, they were deported.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman: Scabies\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHatikvah [Hebrew: hope] is the national anthem of Israel. It was the unofficial national anthem of Israel from its founding in 1948, and was adopted officially in 2004.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCseh is Hungarian for Czech and Lager is German for Camp. Czech Camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Theresienstadt [Czech: Terezín] \"camp-ghetto\" near Prague in the present-day Czech Republic was opened in late 1941 and existed until May 1945. It served as a ghetto, an assembly camp, and a concentration camp. In the course of its existence, approximately 140,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and about one third of the Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia were sent to Theresienstadt. Roughly 33,000 died in Theresienstadt itself due to starvation and disease. Nearly 90,000 Jews were deported from Thereseinstadt to other ghettos, concentration camps, and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHungarian: Aunt Bertha\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHainichen is a town in eastern Germany, midway between Leipzig and Dresden. A subcamp of the Flossenburg Concentration camp was opened there in September 1944. In two transports, 150 Polish Jewish women arrived at the camp, followed by 350 Hungarian Jewish women, along with a few Czech and stateless women. The women worked for the Framo-Werke GmbH, grinding and milling metal for machine guns, launchers, and mortars. The prisoners were housed in a former needle factory nearby, where they were guarded by 12 SS guards and 17 female overseers. After an air raid in April 1945, the camp was evacuated. The prisoners were taken to the Leitmeritz camp and then to Theresienstadt, where they were liberated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\").\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman: Department\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis subjected millions of people (both Jews and other victim groups) to forced, or slave labor, both inside and outside concentration camps, often under brutal conditions. Forced labor was often pointless and humiliating, and imposed without proper equipment, clothing, nourishment, or rest. Within the German Reich, prisoners of the early concentration camps were recruited for forced labor as early as 1933. From the end of 1938 on, Jews in Germany and Austria were deployed as forced laborers at a variety of municipal projects, in agriculture, mining, and industry, as well as to enlarge military infrastructure. Forced labor was part of the systematic persecution of Jews but also served as a method for economic gain and to meet the increasingly desperate labor shortages necessary for the war effort.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman policy on the treatment of Soviet prisoners of war (POWs) was determined by Nazi ideology that regarded Soviets as racially less valuable. Since the Soviet Union had not ratified the 1929 Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War, the Nazi regime also claimed it was under no obligation to humanely care for them. Soviet POWs were the first victims of the Nazi policy of mass starvation in the east. Little provision was made to shelter most of the Soviet POWs. Prisoners often had to dig holes in the ground as makeshift shelter from the elements. The abysmal conditions combined with starvation and disease resulted in mass death of unimaginable proportions. In addition to neglect, a large number of Soviet POWs died in mass shootings. By February 1942, 2,000,000 of the 3,300,000 Soviet soldiers in German custody up to that point had died from starvation, exposure, disease or shooting.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe head female overseer in Hainichen was Gertrud Becker. Becker was notoriously brutal and beat to death at least one woman. Wilhelm Loh was in charge of the camp and refrained from taking any action against her.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCluj [Romanian; Hungarian: Kolozsvar; German: Klausenburg] is a city in northwestern Romania and is traditionally considered to be the capital of Transylvania. Today, the official name of the city is Cluj-Napoca. Prior to World War II, Cluj had a vibrant Jewish community with a population of 16,148. Between the end of World War I and 1940, Cluj was part of Romania. Between 1940 and 1945, Cluj was part of Hungary. The Hungarians occupied the city on September 11, 1940 having received the area as the spoils of war for allying with Nazi Germany. The Germans occupied Hungary in March 1944 and by May, a makeshift ghetto was set up in Cluj. From May 25, 1944 to June 9, 1944 six transports took the majority of the ghetto inhabitants to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where most were killed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman: silent night, holy night\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSchwäbisch or Swabian is both a German dialect and a historic region in Southwestern Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman: military hospital\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the Russian army drew near the extermination and slave labor camps in the East, the Germans marched the prisoners on foot out of the camps to the West, often back into Germany where they were often abandoned in camps. These marches could last for weeks, without food or water, during which time many of the prisoners died and were left along the side of the road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUsti nad Labem [Czech: Ústí nad Labem] is a city on the Elbe River in northern Czech Republic.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 13,500 and 15,000 concentration camp prisoners flowed into Theresienstadt from late April to early May 1945, when the camp came under the protection of the International Red Cross. The war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. However, the remnants of German forces around Prague continued to fight with Soviet forces until May 8. Finally, Soviet forces entered the camp on May 9. By the end of August, most of the former prisoners had left the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Committee of the Red Cross (“Red Cross”) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland. At the end of World War II, the Red Cross worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected by the war and set up a registration and tracing service for missing persons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was founded in 1943. Its mission was to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II and to repatriate and assist the refugees who would come under Allied control. UNRRA managed hundreds of displaced persons camps in Germany, Italy, and Austria and played a major role in repatriating survivors to their home countries in 1946-1947. It largely shut down operations in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe US War Refugee Board (WRB) recruited Swedish businessman Raoul Wallenberg (1912-1945) in June 1944 to travel to Hungary. Given status as a diplomat by the Swedish legation, Wallenberg's task was to do what he could to assist and save Hungarian Jews. Wallenberg led one of the most extensive and successful rescue efforts during the Nazi era, saving thousands of Hungarian Jews. With authorization from the Swedish government, Wallenberg began distributing certificates of protection [German: Schutzpass] issued by the Swedish legation to Jews in Budapest. Wallenberg began to distribute certificates of protection indiscriminately. He used WRB and Swedish funds to establish hospitals, nurseries and a soup kitchen, and establish more than 30 “safe houses” on the Pest side of Budapest. Swedish flags hung from the front of each, and Wallenberg declared the houses Swedish territory. The safe houses were at the core of the \"international ghetto\" in Budapest, an area reserved for Jews and their families holding certificates of protection from a neutral country. Wallenberg's colleagues in the Swedish legation and diplomats from other neutral countries, such as Spain, also participated in rescue operations. Nearly 50,000 Jews in Budapest were placed under diplomatic protection. In October 1944, the situation in Budapest took a turn for the worse. Although the Soviet army was already approaching, the fascist \"Arrow Cross\" seized power and established a reign of terror, disregarding the certificates of protection. As Soviet troops had already cut off rail transport routes to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Hungarian authorities forced tens of thousands of Budapest Jews to march west toward the border of Austria. Wallenberg repeatedly—and often personally—intervened to secure the release of those with certificates of protection or forged papers, saving as many people as he could. Wallenberg and representatives of other neutral countries followed the marchers in their vehicles, and distributed food, clothing, and medications. He was disappeared by the KGB of the Soviet Union in January 1945. He was posthumously named one of the Righteous Among the Nations in 1986, and also given honorary citizenship to the United States, Israel, Canada, and Australia, among other countries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II, Hungary—a former ally of Nazi Germany—was a defeated country, economically and socially in ruins. Additionally, many Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In 1946, a surge of Jewish survivors and refugees from the Soviet Union flooded into the western Allies’ zones, hoping to escape the anti-Jewish violence and further persecution from Stalin’s regime. By that time, escalating tensions between the Soviet Union and the western European countries that were allied to the United States had created a political, military, and ideological barrier that divided Europe. In order to curb a concentration of anti-communist political expatriates in the West, the Soviet Union began closing borders. With two major waves of emigration—between 1945 and 1948 and then again in 1956 and 1957—some 60,000–75,000 Jews left Hungary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Rothschild Hospital, named after its founder Baron Anselm von Rothschild, was the hospital of the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde in Vienna, Austria. First opened in 1873, Nazi authorities closed it in 1943. From 1946 to 1949, it served as an emergency transient center for Jewish refugees flooding into Vienna from Poland, Romania, Hungary and other areas en route to the American zone of occupation and Palestine. The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (also known as the ‘Joint’ or JDC) provided food, clothing, bedding, medical care, and a nurse training program. The building was demolished in 1960\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Vienna State Opera [German: Weiner Staatsoper] is an opera house and opera company in Vienna, Austria. The 1,709-seat Renaissance Revival venue opened on May 25, 1869. On March 12, 1945, the opera house was devastated during an Allied bombing raid. Only the main façade and grand staircase survived. Reconstruction began immediately after the war, but for the next ten years, the Vienna State Opera operated in two venues, at the Theater an der Wein and the Vienna Volkoper. In November 1955, the Vienna State Opera reopened\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSome 35 training farms were established in post-war Germany. The kibbutzim/ kibbutzes were agricultural training communities meant to prepare them for eventual immigration. A large majority of the survivors in Germany and Austria were under the age of 25 and, in many cases, had been active in Zionist movements before the war. For others, immigrating to Palestine was simply the most attractive option available to them. As Britain's stance of restricting Jewish immigration to Palestine under the British Mandate was a contentious issue for the DPs, some of the kibbutz began training for conflict as well. One of the first kibbutz in Germany was established on a farm near Buchenwald in June 1945. Other kibbutzes were established in areas under American control near DP camps like Feldafing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGriesheim is a town 19 miles (31 kilometers) southwest of Frankfurt, Germany\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 to 1949, Germany was occupied by the Allied forces and divided into four administrative zones by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. The American occupied zone was in the southern portion of Germany and included the cities of Munich, Frankfurt am Main, Stuttgart, Nürnberg, and the southern part of the city of Berlin. The British zone was in northeastern Germany and included the cities of Hannover, Bremen, and Hamburg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBad Salzschlirf is a small town about 10 miles (16 kilometers) northwest of the city of Fulda, in central Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZeilsheim was a DP camp that was opened in 1945 about 12 miles west of Frankfurt in the American-occupied zone. It was originally set up in what had been a camp for Russian forced laborers. By October 1946, approximately 3,570 Jews lived in the camp. Despite crowded conditions, Zeilsheim was viewed as one of the preferable DP camps. Zeilsheim maintained a Jewish theatrical group, a synagogue, a jazz orchestra, and a sports club. The camp had a number of schools, including an ORT school and nurse training school. Two Yiddish newspapers circulated and there was a library with approximately 500 books. Zeilsheim was the site of many protests against British policy on Jewish immigration to Palestine. The camp closed on November 15, 1948, after Israel had become a state\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Yom Kippur War was fought by the coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel from October 6 to 25, 1973. The Arabs launched a surprise attack on Yom Kippur, the holiest day in Judaism. Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed ceasefire lines to enter the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights, which had been captured by Israel in the 1967 Six­Day War. The Israelis managed to halt the Egyptian offensive and then forced them back to the pre­war lines. After the cease fire the Israelis withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eErnest “Ernie” Pyle (1900-1945) was a well-known Pulitzer Prize winning American journalist. During World War II, he reported from the home front and from both the European and Pacific theaters. His columns ran in over 300 newspapers. He was killed in combat during the Battle of Okinawa in April 1945. Later that month, a Merchant Marine C-4 military-type cargo ship was named after him. After World War II, the SS Ernie Pyle was used to carry displaced persons (DPs) and refugees from Europe to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman: runner\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEliezer \"Elie\" Wiesel (1928-2016) was a Jewish writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Laureate, and Holocaust survivor. He was born in Sighet, Transylvania, which is now part of Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEva likely means the United States Committee for the Care of European Children (USCOM), which was founded in the summer of 1940 by Clarence Pickett to help evacuate children from the German bombing of English cities. The US government responded to lobbying by humanitarians who argued that British children should be temporarily relocated to the safety of the United States. In June 1940, President Roosevelt asked Eleanor Roosevelt to establish USCOM to help transport these children across the Atlantic; however, by the autumn of 1940, its evacuation efforts were temporarily suspended after having successfully relocated just over 800 children. The Committee subsequently resumed its work and in 1942 and 1943, attempted to relocate several hundred Jewish refugee children from Western Europe. The Committee continued to function after the war's conclusion, but disbanded completely in 1953\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman pronunciation for ‘K’ and ‘Z’ from the German word for concentration camp, Konzentrationslager\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Ellis Island in New York Harbor was the gateway for millions of immigrants to the United States. It was the nation’s busiest immigrant inspection station from 1892 until 1954. Today it is a museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnother name for her Aunt Sara\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Honor Society is a nationwide organization for high school students in the United States and outlying territories, which was founded in 1921. Selection is based on four criteria: scholarship, leadership, service, and character\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1902 as Beth Israel School of Nursing, the Phillips School of Nursing at Mount Sinai Beth Israel is the school of nursing at the Mount Sinai Health System in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=9540.0,9570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHillside Medical Center in New York\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10290.0,10320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTreaty of Trianon was signed on June 4, 1920 at the Trianon Palace at Versailles, France. It was  a treaty concluding World War I and signed by Hungary on one side and the Allied Powers on the other. The terms of the treaty removed at least two-thirds of Hungary’ former territory (including Czechoslovakia) and two-thirds of its inhabitants.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10350.0,10380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10440.0,10470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter a succession of threats and the pressure of military feints by Hitler, Austria was forcibly annexed into the German Third Reich on 12 March 1938. The Austrian chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg was deposed and the Nazi puppet Arthur Seyss-Inquart was put in charge.  German troops marched into Austria, Hitler did a triumphant entry parade into Vienna and Austria ceased to be its own country. After World War II, it became its own country again\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10440.0,10470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiklós (often rendered in English as \"Nicholas\" or \"Nikolaus\") Horthy de Nagybánya was a Hungarian admiral and statesman. He served as Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary between World Wars I and II and throughout most of World War II, from March 1920 until October 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10470.0,10500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTomas Garrigue Masaryk (1850—1937) was a Czech politician and sociologist. Masaryk was appointed head of the Provisional Czechoslovak government after World War I ended. He was reelected three times, serving as president from 1918 until health problems forced him to resign in 1935.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10560.0,10590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHungarian: Street\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=10830.0,10860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidic Judaism [also sometimes called Chasidim (from the Hebrew word \"Chasid\" meaning \"pious”)] is a Jewish mystical movement that was founded in eighteenth century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith. Hasidic Judaism refers to a branch of Orthodox Judaism that maintains a lifestyle separate from the non-Jewish world\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11010.0,11040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA shtreimel is a fur hat worn by many married Orthodox Jewish men, particularly (although not exclusively) members of Hasidic groups, on Shabbat and Jewish holidays and other festive occasions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11010.0,11040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11010.0,11040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11010.0,11040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11010.0,11040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cheder is a traditional elementary school teaching the basics of Judaism and the Hebrew language.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11100.0,11130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: b’nai mitzvah] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11100.0,11130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBudapest is the capital of Hungary. The city is divided by the Danube River, with Pest on the eastern side and Buda on the west. Pest is mostly flat, while Buda is very hilly\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11220.0,11250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Svábhegy Sanatorium was a four-story building that opened in the hills outside Budapest in 1927. Eventually the sanatorium, which was popular with among the upper strata of society, also included mud baths, electric and oxygen baths, and an outdoor swimming pool with a beach. The chief physician of the institution was Dr Béla Györki. After World War II, the sanatorium was nationalized and became a hospital specializing in pulmonary tuberculosis until 1979, when an internal medicine clinic took over the property. It operated until 1998. It stood empty until residential developer took over the property.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11250.0,11280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe High Holy Days are the two holiest times of the Jewish calendar: Rosh Hashanah (new year) and Yom Kippur (days of atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11280.0,11310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the period between World War I and World War II, Hungarian Jews were violently persecuted. Anti-Jewish legislation began in 1920, when Hungary had passed one of the first antisemitic laws in Europe. Persecution continued in the 1930s with a series of “Jewish Laws” that restricted the number of Jews in universities, liberal professions, administration, and commerce. Hungarian racial laws passed between 1938 and 1941 were modeled on Germany’s Nuremberg Laws. The new laws reversed the equal citizenship granted to Jews in Hungary in 1867. Among other provisions, the laws defined “Jews” in so-called racial terms, forbade intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews, and excluded Jews from full participation in various professions. The laws also barred employment of Jews in the civil service and restricted their opportunities in economic life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11310.0,11340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRuthenian refers to Rusyn, any of several East Slavic peoples (modern-day Belarusians, Ukrainians and Carpatho-Rusyns) and their languages. In the late 18th century, historic Rusyn-inhabited lands were divided between the Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires. After World War I, these areas became parts of Belorussia, Ukraine, Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11370.0,11400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThough nominally independent, Slovakia was highly dependent on Nazi Germany after the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia. With Germany’s support, the Slovakian parliament proclaimed Slovakia independent on March 14, 1939. The Slovak Republic fell under the leadership of a Catholic priest, Jozef Tiso. His right-wing party (called the Hlinka [Slovak: People’s] party) established a fascist, authoritarian, one-party dictatorship, strongly influenced by the separatist Catholic clerical hierarchy in internal policy and closely allied with Nazi Germany. Under increasing pressure from Germany, the Slovakian government adopted “The Jewish Code” in 1941, which established labor camps for Jews. Then, in March 1942, Slovakia signed an agreement with Germany that permitted the deportation of the Slovak Jews. Between March and October 1942, the Slovak authorities concentrated 58,645 Slovak Jews in labor and concentration camps. The Slovak authorities then transported the Jews to the border of German territories, believing they would be sent to Germany as laborers. Instead, German authorities killed virtually all of the Slovakian Jews in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Lublin/Majdanek, Sobibor and other locations in German-occupied Poland. Contact was established at a very early stage between the deportees and the Jews left behind in Slovakia. As a result, the Jewish organizations in Slovakia and other neutral countries soon learned that the German authorities were actually murdering the Slovak Jews in German-occupied Poland. The Slovakian government, who was increasingly under pressure from the Vatican and others who had heard the reports, halted deportations in the autumn of 1942. By then, nearly three-fourths of the entire Slovakian Jewish population had already been killed. In all, between 70,000 and 75,000 Slovakian Jews (over 80 percent of Slovakia’s total Jewish population) are estimated to have died during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11550.0,11580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSonderkommando [German: special command or detail] refers to several types of special units during World War II. The name was assigned to groups of Jewish slave labor units that were employed in the gas chambers and crematoria of extermination camps. Charged with removing the bodies of those gassed for cremation or burial, they were forced to participate in the extermination process. Jewish Sonderkommando units often were rewarded with better food and physical conditions than other inmates, but were also typically executed after a few weeks or months, only to be replaced by a new group of prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=11910.0,11940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hitler Youth [German: Hitlerjugend] was a youth organization of the Nazi Party in Germany. It existed from 1922 to 1945. It was modeled after its adult counterpart, the Sturmabteilung (SA), and was paramilitary in organization. It was for males 14 to 18 years of age. There was another section for young boys called Deutsches Jungvolk and a girls’ section called Bund Deutscher Madel [German: Association of German Girls]. The Hitler Youth were viewed as future “Aryan supermen” and were indoctrinated as such. The Hitler Youth put emphasis on physical and military training. The organization emphasized sports as a means of preparing boys for service as soldiers in the armed forces or, later, in the SS. They had uniforms like the SA with similar ranks and insignia. It also served to indoctrinate students with the National Socialist worldview.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12210.0,12240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Soviet army liberated Auschwitz-Birkenau on January 27, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12210.0,12240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman: Captain\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12240.0,12270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pawnbroker is a 1964 American film based on the novel by Edward Lewis Wallant. It tells the story of former professor Sol Nazerman, a Holocaust survivor who runs a pawn shop in East Harlem. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604#t=12900.0,12930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89644/file/185604/annotation_set/1046/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1945 and 1947, the Allied governments enacted various legislation dealing with reparations to be paid to the victims of Nazi oppression. The Jewish Agency presented the first official claim to the Allied governments in September 1945. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference) was established in October 1951 to help with individual claims against Germany arising from the Holocaust. The Claims Conference initially recovered $100 million from West Germany, with direct compensation to Holocaust survivors paid in installments. In 1952, the government of West Germany reached an agreement with the state of Israel and the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany to pay reparations for material losses and injuries incurred during the Holocaust. Three separate German laws, known as the West German Federal Indemnification Laws, were adopted in 1953, 1956, and 1965. They further provided for compensation in the form of one-time payments and monthly pensions to survivors. 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