{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/kw57d2s28x/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Fitterman, Jennie"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2005-09-28 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Fitterman, Jennie (Interviewee)","Cohen, Kim (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJennie Shamos Fitterman was interviewed by Kim Cohen on September 28, 2005, in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eJennie Shamos Fitterman was born in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1912. She was one of five children born to Jacob and Dvora Freeman Shamos. Her siblings were Mollie Shamos, Abraham Shamos, Rachel Shamos Glazer, and Beatrice Shamos Albert. Her parents were both born in and met in modern-day Ukraine and came to Atlanta, Georgia, where they made their living in the grocery business. Growing up, Jennie was involved in Young Judaea and her family was active with the Workers Circle. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJennie attended Ivy Street School, Walker Street School, and Girls' High School. She graduated from Agnes Scott College and attended Atlanta Law School at night, becoming a lawyer. In 1935, she married Abe Fitterman, and they had three children, Marcia, Harvey, and Rachel. Abe graduated from Emory Law School and worked as a lawyer until 1952, when he had a stroke that prevented him from working. In addition to being the homemaker, Jennie became the breadwinner of their family, working at Security Mortgage Company. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to caring for her family and working, Jennie was active in the Atlanta community. Her family were members of Ahavath Achim Synagogue and she served as chapter president of Hadassah. Jennie passed away in 2011 and is buried with Abe, who died in 2001, at Greenwood Cemetery in Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eIn her interview, Jennie discusses her parents’ background and how they came and settled in Atlanta. She talks about each of her siblings and their careers. She shares an article she wrote for the paper that talks about growing up in Atlanta with her parents and siblings. She details what it was like attending public schools in Atlanta and where her family moved growing up. She recalls what it was like for her parents in the grocery business. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJennie describes her parents’ Jewish affiliation, sharing that her mother was Orthodox and kept a kosher household, but her father was a socialist. She reminisces about the Jewish holidays in her house. She talks about the importance of the newspaper The Forward to her parents and her family’s involvement with the Workers Circle. She reflects on what it was like being Jewish in Atlanta and her involvement with Young Judaea and other Jewish kids. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJennie shares how she met her husband and talks about their family, discussing each of their children. She details her involvement with Hadassah. She discusses the relationship between black and white Atlantans during the early 20th century. She reflects on her career, particularly after her husband’s stroke required her to work to provide for the family. The interview concludes with Jennie discussing her husband and her efforts to provide him with the best medical care in the country.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Albert, Beatrice Shamos (1920-2004) (personal name)","Alterman, Samuel (1913-1997) (personal name)","Balser, Anne (1897-1983) (personal name)","Balser, Meyer (1908-2004) (personal name)","Billig, Marcia Fitterman (b. 1939) (personal name)","Fitterman, Abe (1910-2001) (personal name)","Fitterman, Harvey (b. 1941) (personal name)","Fitterman, Jennie Shamos (1912-2011) (personal name)","Frank, Leo Max (1884-1915) (personal name)","Glazer, Rachel Shamos (1917-2020) (personal name)","Herzl, Theodor (1860-1904) (personal name)","Hirsch, Hattie Gershcow (1908-1995) (personal name)","Holmes, Hamilton E. (1941-1995) (personal name)","Kimerling, Tillie Alterman (1904-1992) (personal name)","Kuniansky Family (personal name)","Kuniansky, Annie Fitterman (1893-1975) (personal name)","Kuniansky, Lewis “Louie” (1882-1937) (personal name)","Massell, Sr, Benjamin Joseph (1886-1962) (personal name)","Raskas, Annette Geffen (1912-2001) (personal name)","Robkin, Ozna Tontak (1912-2009) (personal name)","Shamos, Abraham (1906-1966) (personal name)","Shamos, Dvora \"Dora\" Freeman (1882-1985) (personal name)","Shamos, Jacob (1882-1953) (personal name)","Shamos, Mollie (1904-1992) (personal name)","Sherman, Ida Gershcow (1913-1982) (personal name)","Szold, Henrietta (1860-1945) (personal name)","Agnes Scott College (corporate name)","Ahavath Achim Synagogue (AA) (corporate name)","American Jewish Committee (AJC) (corporate name)","Atlanta Jewish Community Center (corporate name)","Atlanta Jewish Federation (corporate name)","Atlanta Law School (corporate name)","Columbia University (corporate name)","Congregation Anshi S'fard (corporate name)","Emory University (corporate name)","Emory University Hospital (corporate name)","The Forward (formerly known as The Jewish Daily Forward) (corporate name)","Fritz Orr Camp (corporate name)","Girls' High School (corporate name)","Hadassah (corporate name)","Harvard University (corporate name)","The Herman J. Russell West End Academy (formerly Joe Brown Junior High School) (corporate name)","Ivy Street School (corporate name)","Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) (corporate name)","Kennesaw State University (corporate name)","Kroger Company (corporate name)","Mayfair Club (corporate name)","Molly Shamos Advertising Agency (corporate name)","Morris Brown College (corporate name)","National Council of Jewish Women (corporate name)","Piedmont Atlanta Hospital (corporate name)","Progressive Club (corporate name)","Rich's Department Store (corporate name)","Security Mortgage Company (corporate name)","Shearith Israel (corporate name)","University of Georgia (corporate name)","University of Michigan (corporate name)","Walker Street School (corporate name)","The Westminster Schools (corporate name)","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum (corporate name)","William Breman Jewish Home (corporate name)","The Worker’s Circle (formerly Workmen's Circle) or Arbeter Ring (corporate name)","Young Judaea (corporate name)","Segregation (topical term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Boston, Massachusetts (geographic term)","Cobb County (geographic term)","Fulton County (geographic term)","Ternavka, Ukraine (geographic term)","Ternivka, Ukraine (geographic term)","Associated Grocers (other)","Communism (other)","Kosher (other)","​​Orthodox Judaism (other)","The Parent Teacher Association (PTA) (other)","Phi Beta Kappa (other)","Reform Judaism (other)","Rosh HaShanah (other)","Shabbat (other)","Socialism (other)","Sukkot (other)","Yiddish (other)","Yom Kippur (other)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJennie Shamos Fitterman was interviewed by Kim Cohen on September 28, 2005, in Atlanta, Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJennie Shamos Fitterman was born in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1912. She was one of five children born to Jacob and Dvora Freeman Shamos. Her siblings were Mollie Shamos, Abraham Shamos, Rachel Shamos Glazer, and Beatrice Shamos Albert. Her parents were both born in and met in modern-day Ukraine and came to Atlanta, Georgia, where they made their living in the grocery business. Growing up, Jennie was involved in Young Judaea and her family was active with the Workers Circle.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJennie attended Ivy Street School, Walker Street School, and Girls' High School. She graduated from Agnes Scott College and attended Atlanta Law School at night, becoming a lawyer. In 1935, she married Abe Fitterman, and they had three children, Marcia, Harvey, and Rachel. Abe graduated from Emory Law School and worked as a lawyer until 1952, when he had a stroke that prevented him from working. In addition to being the homemaker, Jennie became the breadwinner of their family, working at Security Mortgage Company.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to caring for her family and working, Jennie was active in the Atlanta community. Her family were members of Ahavath Achim Synagogue and she served as chapter president of Hadassah. Jennie passed away in 2011 and is buried with Abe, who died in 2001, at Greenwood Cemetery in Atlanta.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn her interview, Jennie discusses her parents\u0026rsquo; background and how they came and settled in Atlanta. She talks about each of her siblings and their careers. She shares an article she wrote for the paper that talks about growing up in Atlanta with her parents and siblings. She details what it was like attending public schools in Atlanta and where her family moved growing up. She recalls what it was like for her parents in the grocery business.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJennie describes her parents\u0026rsquo; Jewish affiliation, sharing that her mother was Orthodox and kept a kosher household, but her father was a socialist. She reminisces about the Jewish holidays in her house. She talks about the importance of the newspaper The Forward to her parents and her family\u0026rsquo;s involvement with the Workers Circle. She reflects on what it was like being Jewish in Atlanta and her involvement with Young Judaea and other Jewish kids.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJennie shares how she met her husband and talks about their family, discussing each of their children. She details her involvement with Hadassah. She discusses the relationship between black and white Atlantans during the early 20th century. She reflects on her career, particularly after her husband\u0026rsquo;s stroke required her to work to provide for the family. The interview concludes with Jennie discussing her husband and her efforts to provide him with the best medical care in the country.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Fitterman__Jennie_T1_S1.mp3"]},"duration":2291.98367,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/271/052/original/Fitterman__Jennie_T1_S1.mp3?1746026956","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":2291.98367,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Fitterman, Jennie [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . Kim Cohen, I am interviewing Mrs. Jennie Fitterman on September 28, 2005.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1.0,13.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e What? I'm not going . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=13.0,14.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=14.0,16.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=16.0,25.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e On September 28th, 2005, for the Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta, co-sponsored by the American Jewish Committee, the Atlanta Jewish Federation, and the National Council of Jewish Women. Could you tell us where and when you were born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=25.0,43.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I was born in Atlanta, Georgia on West Fair Street in a hot summer, Sunday afternoon on July 28, 1912.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=43.0,58.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you tell me who your parents were?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=58.0,61.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e My parents were Dvora Shamos and Jacob Yaakovsky Shamos.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=61.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Is Jennie your full name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=69.0,71.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=71.0,73.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you have a Hebrew name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=73.0,75.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Not a Hebrew, I have a Jewish name, Shaindel. In Hebrew it means the word, I think, is ‘Yafa,’ which is ‘pretty’ and not indicative of me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=75.0,87.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you tell me when and where your parents were born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=87.0,91.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e My parents were born in Russia, which is now called the Ukraine, in a very small city called Ternavka. We had thought it must have been named after a big city called Ternivka, because Ternavka means a small city. That was a small city and that's where they were born.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=91.0,114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e How did they meet?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=114.0,117.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Through an arranged marriage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=117.0,118.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e How old was your mother when she got married?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=118.0,122.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e She was the same age as my father, but this is interesting. My father said he didn't want to marry an old lady. He said that she was two years younger, they were 20 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=122.0,135.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e How did they happen to come to this country?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=135.0,138.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Mama always wanted to come here. She was a very dynamic person. She said there was no future for her in that small Jewish town, which was inhabited mostly by Jews. She always wanted to come but her father was an older man, and he didn't want her to go. He arranged a marriage for her, and she stayed there. She encouraged her husband to go, to come to America. When some of her cousins came here, and he came here about three years before she did, to make money that she didn't do . . . she and two children came over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=138.0,178.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e What number in the family are you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=178.0,181.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm number three, I'm right in the middle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=181.0,185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e What year did your father come over?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=185.0,187.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e My father came over, as best I know . . . we didn't ask too many questions then, and they didn't want to talk about it. They wanted to become Americanized. Far as I know, he came over three years before mama. Mama came over in 1911, so he came over three year before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=187.0,207.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e What did your father do at that point?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=207.0,209.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e He was like all of the Jews. They gave him a [indistinct: 3:32] and he went around to the farmers who were not able to come to town to buy things and he sold them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=209.0,225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e How did he get to Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=225.0,226.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e We had cousins here, the Kuniansky's, and they came . . . do you know them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=226.0,233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I've actually interviewed them, the two brothers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=233.0,237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e You did? Which two brothers? Because none of the older people are living and I don't know the young generation. They were . . . this is an interesting story, my grandfather married a woman with a child and this child was the mother of the Kuniansky's, of the original Kuniansky's. Mama was very close. Mama was a child of a second marriage, and she was about the same age as the Kuniansky children, although she was an aunt. When they came to America, she found it was good idea to come, and they came straight to Atlanta. The joke is, how did you come South? The man says the horse died. But that's not true in their case, Papa came straight to Atlanta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=237.0,286.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e What are some of your memories of how your mother described coming to Atlanta as a young . . . ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=286.0,293.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e She said that my father told her that . . . there were no black people living in where they were born. She didn't know, had never seen one. My father had told her that there were black people in Atlanta and explained to them. She missed her train to Atlanta, and in the train, station waiting for another train, she saw her first black person. Although she had been warned, she was frightened and she hugged, I can see her, this little woman hugging a little boy and little girl, said that she was afraid of the first black person she'd seen. Then when she came to Atlanta, Papa had a grocery store, as many of the Jewish people had in those days. She lived in a black neighborhood, however in those days it was called negro.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=293.0,344.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the name of your father's grocery store at that point?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=344.0,348.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e It was Mom and Pop Grocery Store, [indistinct: 5:50] Mr. Shamos, although they called him Mr. Shamry [sp] because they didn't know how to pronounce his name. That's where we had the store.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=348.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember where it was located?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=360.0,361.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it was located on West Fair Street, across the street from the Morris Brown College.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=361.0,370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Were there any other Jewish buildings or businesses in the area?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=370.0,375.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, no, it was all black.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=375.0,378.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did you live at that point?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=378.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right next door.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=380.0,383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you tell me the names of your brothers and sisters?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=383.0,387.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Of course. There's not but one of us living, two of us, living now. My oldest sister was named Mollie Shamos, and she grew up to have the first advertising agency owned by a woman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=387.0,402.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the name of that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=402.0,404.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Molly Shamos Advertising Agency. She never married. My brother was two years younger, his name is Abraham Shamos, and he was quite brilliant, but that's another story. Then there's six years difference between us because they lived . . . my father was here in America and my mother didn't mess around. I was born and then there's five years difference, between me and my younger sister Rachel Shamos Glazer, who taught computer programming. Then there's my youngest sister, Beatrice Shamos Albert, who was an artist. I wrote this story of this article in the paper about my parents. Later on you can read it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=404.0,459.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Good, thank you so much. She's handing me an article which I'll include.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=459.0,466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e It tells you something about my family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=466.0,468.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you so much for . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=468.0,469.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I'm not going to read it to you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=469.0,475.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you want me to read it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=475.0,477.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, of course.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=477.0,478.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e It's entitled, \"'My parents, Jacob and Dvora Shamos', Papa was only five feet tall and mother five feet two but to us, their children, no matter how tall we grew, they were giants. They came to America with two children, soon three more followed. Although there were few scholarships and little money, we all went to college producing three Phi Beta Kappa's, two lawyers, the first advertising agency owned by a woman, a teacher of computer programming, a manufacturing of ceramic dishes chosen by the State Department to tour Europe as an example of fine design. My parents knew no English when they came here from the Ukraine, so as many Jews at that time, they opened a small grocery store in a black neighborhood with cold water, living quarters two steps up from the store so mother could run into the kitchen and give the pot roast a quick turn. I remember someone once asked mother, 'Mrs. Shamos, why don't you live on Washington Street?' Where many Jewish families lived then. She answered in her colorful English, 'I cannot raise my children long distance,' and she didn't. We always knew we had loving, watchful, caring, but strict parents who would even close the store to attend a child's graduation when it occurred in the daytime. Father was a vicarious reader who sat at the pot-bellied stove in the store reading a book or his beloved Jewish Daily Forward. The hours in the store were long, from five in the morning until eight at night, because few people had refrigeration and had to buy their groceries as needed, often charging them since they had no money until Saturday, payday. When the supermarket Kroger's opened in Atlanta, and the small independent Jewish grocer could not compete with their low prices, it was Papa who suggested they combine and form the Associated Grocers so they could buy in bulk and sell at matching prices, and Mother? She stayed in the store, cooked, cleaned house, and with her designer's eyes and nimble fingers, made dresses for us girls even a French couture would have envied. She would often attend PTA [parent–teacher association] meetings dressed in her own creations, which showed off her patrician beauty. But at twilight of the day, when my sisters and I sat around the claw-foot-oak table in the kitchen doing our homework, I would see Mother sitting in the corner reading. Papa died young at 70, but Mother lived to 102, still reminding us to take an umbrella on a rainy day. She was a resident of the Jewish Home for her last ten years of life. To paraphrase Rabbi Joshua Tuck [sp], my parents planted their seeds of rich ethical values deep, and the branches grew tall and strong and flowered and flourished.\" This was written November 29, 2004. Thank you so much for sharing that. Where did you go to school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=478.0,693.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I went to the public schools in Atlanta. The first school I went to was the Ivy Street School. There was segregation, so because we all had the white people there. We lived . . . I was the only Jewish person many times, certainly in my grade, many times in my class, and the blacks had their own school. Then we moved, and I went to Walker Street School, and then to, by that time they had a middle school in Atlanta, they called them junior high schools then. I went Joe Brown Junior High School, and from there to Girls' High School. From there, I was ready to go to Agnes Scott. I wrote a story about it, but we didn't have any money. I had to go work, and I went to school at night. I went to Atlanta Law School; I graduated as a lawyer. I went to, at that time they called it the University of . . . Extension School at the University of Georgia. I went five years at night until I was married. Then people thought weren't not supposed to go, so I quit. But I'm sorry that I did quit because I would've only had another few months to have a degree.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=693.0,771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did y'all move to?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=771.0,774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e From West Fair Street, there's a little bit of a story there, we moved to Richardson Street and Iowa Street, and we lived there for two years. As I said in the story, people were charged, didn't have any money during the week. They would charge their groceries. We called it the ledger and we wrote . . . they came down and had to buy what they wanted for breakfast in the morning, and they had to stop by and get what they wanted for supper at night. We charged the groceries. When the stores opened, if they, on Saturday when they got paid, if they felt like getting a drink at the bootlegger, they didn't have any money to come to pay the groceries, or if they decided to go to —and the story said Kroger, they changed it, it was Rogers— and they decided to go to Rogers where the prices were cheaper, they didn't have the money to pay Papa. As a result, his ledger grew, and he didn't have any money to pay his bills. He had to sell the store, and he'd go to another store. He went to Wells Street and from there he went to . . . I forgot the name of it, but at Tatnall and Nelson Street. We stayed there until then I got married. Then they moved to Decatur, and from there they retired.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=774.0,867.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did your parents belong to a synagogue?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=867.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e They belonged to the Anshi S'Fard, the Anshi S'Fard Synagogue is still today. If I remember correctly, it started by a group of landsleit, and they belonged to that. I'm sorry to say that when one of the landsleit became president and Mama didn't have any respect for him, they left the Anshi S'Fard and went to the Shearith Israel. From there they stayed until they died.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=870.0,897.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e What were the holidays like in your home?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=897.0,902.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e My father was a socialist and my mother was Orthodox, but my father was . . . excuse me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=902.0,910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [interview pauses, then resumes] We were talking your father was a socialist and your mother was Orthodox.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=910.0,914.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right, he respected Mama, and Mama kept a kosher house. Most of the large holidays we had. Papa . . . we closed the store, of course. The smaller holidays we didn't, although Mama kept us out of school. I remember the first of the year, there were seven holidays. Two for Rosh Hashanah and for Yom Kippur and for Sukkot. Then you stayed out of school for seven days and we stayed out school. Papa even prepared . . . Papa was very learned, a very learned person. He even prepared a seder for . . . you could only do it for one night though. We had the holidays, but Mama would not bench licht, and the reason she would not, because she said she would be a hypocrite, if she bench licht on Friday and said the shabbos was coming, and then had to go into the store, she was being a hypocrite. She never bench licht. We knew the holidays were then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=914.0,982.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was your father's background becoming a socialist?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=982.0,986.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Many Jews came to this country, came throughout Europe, the Orthodox and came to this country and became socialists. You read the Jewish Forward, which was probably seven days a week, that was his [indistinct: 16:41] and how poor we were. They always had the Forward. I will give the Forward credit; they taught the immigrants how to live. You know that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=986.0,1015.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, tell me about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1015.0,1016.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e They told them there's certain things that they should do and not do. My brother had to graduate Emory. Mama wanted him to go away because the law school had just started, and it was not so good. They wanted to go away to Harvard. Mama read in The Forward, that it was an antisemitism law, and my brother was only 17 years old when he graduated from Emory. She thought he was too young, so he went to Columbia. But things like that, that they sold, they published in the Forward. To this day I take the Forward, although it's published in English, and it's only published once a week. Now one thing you didn't ask me about, and I will tell [indistinct: 17:45], we had a . . . do you know anything about the Workmen's Circle, the Arbeter Ring?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1016.0,1071.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I don't know. I've learned about it, but why don't you tell us about it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1071.0,1075.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e My father was a member of the Arbeter Ring. It was a national socialist group, it was not a communist, people think it's communist just like they think the Forward was a communist paper, it was not. We went there, we, meaning my three younger, my two younger sisters, and we learned . . . Yiddish. We learned to read it and write it. Because Mama said, sometime we're going away to college and she wanted us to be able to write letters home. We went there and it was a very nice place to go. I have a terrible habit, once I start something I have to finish it. I went there and I went there all the way through high school, and I graduated [indistinct: 18:37]. But I will say one thing about the teacher there, they had . . . one of the women who was a member, Mrs. Davis, had a sister who was a pianist, and she taught a song, she came to play the piano. Then they lived across the street from a woman called, Anne Agricola [sp] and she was good dancer. She came and taught us ballet. We came on Saturday mornings and we paid 25 cents. I learned toe dancing and ballet dancing and everything and it was my passion, so that I have very fond memories of the Arbeter Ring. It was also . . . they sent lectures out every week, most every week and Sundays, the stores were not . . . when blue laws were that people do not have to open the stores on Sunday, so they're able to go to these lectures on Sunday night. I will say one thing about the people who belong to the Workmen's Circle or Arbeter Ring, they really were educated. They heard all these lectures, and lecturers, and they came down. They bought a house on Capitol Avenue in Fulton, and they made a playground in the backyard for the children, and they were one of the first people to have a bus to go around and pick up the children. I have very fond memories of going there. Although it took going there three days a week, when I was going to high school, it really took a lot of my time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1075.0,1220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Who were some of your other classmates that were there? Other friends that you had that went to . . . ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1220.0,1229.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I didn't make many friends there, at the Arbeter Ring. I made more friends when I became interested in Young Judea.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1229.0,1233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1233.0,1235.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Young Judaea, I was a very gregarious type of person, and I will give Mama credit, they had an educational alliance, do you know about that on Capital Avenue?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1235.0,1248.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Why don't you tell us about it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1248.0,1250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't know very much about it, except that it had . . . I remember reading in [indistinct: 20:55] that the Reform people were criticized very bitterly for not taking care of the Jewish people when they came to America. They're the ones who started the Educational Alliances for the Russian Jews to go. Whether they started the one in Atlanta, I don't know, but they still had one on Capitol Avenue, and because . . . the Jews were congregated on Washington Street and Capitol Avenue as I wrote in the story, they went to this Educational Alliance, and they had a Sunday school on Sunday because they did not belong to the Ahavath Achim, which was the Orthodox, other Orthodox synagogue in Atlanta. Mama let us go, sent us to the Education Alliance, and it was there that I went. Tillie Alterman was the older sister of the Alterman family, started the Young Judaea Club primarily, I think for her brothers, I'm not quite sure, but I joined. It was very nice, and I became very active in Young Judaea and in Hadassah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1250.0,1340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Who were your other friends in Young Judaea?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1340.0,1343.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I had a friend, Sam Alterman became a friend and Ozna Tontak became a friend, and I don't remember . . . I didn't socialize with them because I only saw them on Sunday morning. I lived in a black neighborhood, and they lived over there, so I didn't have that many friends. I just knew them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1343.0,1366.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me about meeting your husband.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1366.0,1375.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's see now, my husband's aunt married one of the Kuniansky's, Annie Fitterman married Lewis Kuniansky, and Mama liked her very much. At a wedding, at Hattie Gershcow's wedding, I remember that very clearly, she introduced me to Abe. I was only about 16 years old. He called me every day and that was it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1375.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was his education?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1410.0,1412.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e He graduated from Emory Law School, and he was an attorney. But in 1952, he had a massive stroke, and he was sick from then on and I became the Mama and Papa of the family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1412.0,1427.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you have any children?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1427.0,1428.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, we have three.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1428.0,1429.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you tell me about them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1429.0,1432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e The older one . . . there are two girls and one boy, and the older is a sculptor. You may know her work, since you're with Federation, you know the sculptor out in the front?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1432.0,1443.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1443.0,1444.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e She made it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1444.0,1446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e What is her name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1446.0,1447.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Her name is Marcia Fitterman Billig, and you'll see on . . . that is she. We've often thought about where, I have several people in the family who are artistic, and we often wondered where they got their artistic ability from. I also, my first job was in advertising, I was an advertising copywriter for Rich's Department Store. I have a . . . my sister was also, the older one, wrote. In those days, advertising was different than it is today. We had artists and we actually wrote copy. Today they just, I see where they just have pictures or photographs, and they just write what the things are. But anyhow, that's what we did . . . what was the question I forgot?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1447.0,1502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e You were telling me about your children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1502.0,1504.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e We're all fairly artistic. My youngest sister, Beatrice Albert, was a real artist, and she really was very good. Then I have a niece who's a portrait painter, although she's never sold anything. My daughter, who's been called one of the foremost figurative bronze sculptors in America. I recognize the fact . . . in fact, you can see that is a model of the piece over at the Jewish Home. That little one, if you want to get up there and see it, is one of the things that she made when she was 10 years old. Now that dish is what my sister made. It's a copy of . . . it's one of the dishes that she'd made from the ceramics. Of course, when my husband became . . . they used to go to a camp called Fritz Orr in Atlanta, which was a forerunner of Westminster. Now I realize how wonderful the arts and craft teacher was, because she's the one who got Marcia started, and I did give her lessons. Of course, when Abe got sick, I had to stop everything. Then I have a son who's Harvey Fitterman, who went to law school, but didn't want to be a lawyer so he went and opened up a restaurant and now he's . . . he didn't get married until he was late and now, he has four really brilliant little boys beginning at age four to age 15. The nine year old one is a chess champion. He told me the last time he had 26 two-foot trophies on the floor in his room that he's won from playing chess. But they're all very bright.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1504.0,1622.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Are they in Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1622.0,1623.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e They live in Cobb County, and I cringe every time I say it because I still, I can remember when Jews were not allowed to go into Cobb County because of the lynching of Leo Frank, or didn't want to go there. Then my younger daughter graduated Anges Scott with a master's at Emory. The older daughter went to Emory and got a master’s in fine arts, which you know is a four-year course. She is a coordinator of the Education Department at Kennesaw State University. I'm very happy to say that all of them went to college, and all of them are respected.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1623.0,1666.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Once you were married, did you belong to a synagogue in Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1666.0,1669.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, we joined . . . my husband was a member of the AA or Ahavath Achim and we belong to that, and I still belong to it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1669.0,1681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, you said that you had to take care of family. Once you were married, were you a member of any organizations? I think you mentioned Hadassah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1681.0,1691.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Meyer Balser had a sister named Anne, and she was a . . . I don't know if she graduated as a social worker, but today we would call a social worker. I was very active in Young Judaea. One day she called, and they had a Junior Hadassah in Atlanta, but Junior Hadassah was not working very well. One day, she called me and asked me would I organize Junior Hadassah. Of course, I said yes, and I re-organized Junior Hadassah and became president, and was president of Junior Hadassah. I realized at that time that what we did was different than anybody else. We had the program at the beginning of the meeting, rather than the business, because I knew the key was that girls were interested in what the program was going to be. But in those days, the hotel would let us meet in their room with no cost. We used to meet at the hotel in the middle of Atlanta. Of course, Atlanta didn't have districts, the Jews were all more or less concentrated. Then afterwards, we'd have our refreshments and then we'd have our business. We had several dances. Then later on, I became active, and I became president of Hadassah, Senior Hadassah. At that time I noticed that the people who were most active had offices. I'm the one who divided the group up, the chapter up into groups. I'm very upset that they have discarded the two hallowed names of Henrietta Szold and Herzliya, and they have the names of others, but they did not want to change it because if it ain't broke, you don't fix it. But I knew that the moment . . . and in those days we used to have our meetings, we could have our meetings at the Mayfair Club or at the Progressive Club. It was wonderful, when before the president of the chapter and the secretary sat on the stage, this time when we had it, we had 45 people come from all the groups sitting on stage because each one was very active. I take great pride and great pleasure in saying that I'm the one who was the group planner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1691.0,1849.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you have any other memories of early Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1849.0,1852.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, Atlanta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1852.0,1854.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Will you share?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1854.0,1855.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Now when somebody says, \"I'm going to Martin Luther King Boulevard,\" I say, \"Please tell me the name of it before the name was changed.\" Because all the names changed. We didn't have a car; we had to ride the streetcar. Atlanta became . . . I knew Atlanta like the back of my hand. I had to go to school at night for five years, and I rode the streetcar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1855.0,1881.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you have any other Jewish classmates?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1881.0,1887.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1887.0,1888.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did you live once you were married?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1888.0,1891.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e The first place we lived, we lived on . . . right across the street from Piedmont Hospital, what's the name of that side street? Anyway, we lived there, and I understand the apartment is still there. Then we . . . the Kuniansky's were builders, and we built a small little house on Palifox Drive and from there we moved to Noble Drive, and we had that house for over 50 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1891.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [interview pauses, then resumes] . . . thoughts about the white-black relationship?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1920.0,1925.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e There was no black and white relationship, or negro as we called them. I can remember the first time, right after the war, a soldier came, a white soldier, he was in uniform, escorting a black woman. I was at Rich's and everybody stopped, nobody said anything to him, because it was wartime. But it was very eye catching. No such thing. You didn't hear about them . . . you knew it went on, but we'd read in the newspapers about raping people. We lived across the street from a man who was the professor of music, and that's where I first got . . . he would have choral groups sing over there and that's where I got my first taste of really good music. About a block and a half away from me lived Holmes' family, the boy who integrated the University of Georgia and became an orthopedic surgeon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1925.0,1998.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e You knew him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1998.0,1999.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I didn't know him. I didn't know him; however, I did know Mr. . . . We called him Professor Howell. He had a daughter named Josephine and she was really a concert pianist. If I remember correctly, she was the first person, first black person whose picture appeared in a newspaper in Atlanta. Because she had gotten a scholarship to Austria and her mother was going to take her to Austria to study. She moved to Boston, I think, and I don't know what happened to her.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1999.0,2038.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's a fascinating . . . [interview pauses, then resumes] . . . thoughts about being Jewish and growing up in Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2038.0,2043.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Not really, it was just part of me, and I didn't associate with the black people, I didn't associate really with the white people, we just sort of stayed by ourselves. I did have friends who were Jewish, but they didn't live near where I was, where I lived, and so consequently . . . I had a cousin, Ida Gershcow, who was more or less my [indistinct: 34:26] and I was sort of friends with her. I'd go out and stay with them, Mama would let me go and stay with them for about a week. That was my holiday, and she'd come and stay with us for about a week.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2043.0,2077.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e In the social circle of the Workmen's . . . did y'all go on picnics together? Or did they have camps?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2077.0,2085.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e We did. No, we didn't have any camps, but we did go on picnics, and we did go on a few outings, but I was not very active with these people. I was not a very sociable person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2085.0,2104.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you so much for your time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2104.0,2106.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2106.0,2107.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Any other stories you'd like to add?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2107.0,2108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't know. I didn't know what you wanted . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2108.0,2112.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I like just about Atlanta and different people you knew and what Atlanta was like Jewishly. Or is there a rabbi that you have a story about or your holidays in your home?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2112.0,2123.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I didn't have any stories about the rabbis because I didn't know any one of them, no. I was friendly with the Geffen family. Annette was a little older than I was, but I was friendly with them. I knew them, but I more or less, we stayed by ourselves more or less. When I got old . . . when after I got married, of course I had friends. But I worked, I worked before I was married, and I worked . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2123.0,2150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e You said you worked at Rich's?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2150.0,2151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I worked at Rich's in advertising department. Then after Abe got sick, I started to stay home and then I went to work, of course, I had to go to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2151.0,2163.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e What did you do once you went to the work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2163.0,2165.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e As you know, I didn't want to go back into advertising . . . because I had the law degree, a man offered me a job, but I knew I'd have to work at night. I was very fortunate, I had a woman who worked for me, a black woman, who worked for me for 30 years. I could rely on her. The children came home to a clean, warm house. I knew that I'd have to work late at night, so I got a job closing the mortgages for a mortgage department. I worked at that . . . that company was sold about three times, and I was still there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2165.0,2206.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHEN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the name of the company?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2206.0,2209.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/transcript/78993/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFITTERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Security Mortgage Company. Then my son, after I quit working, when I became 65, I was very tired . . . my husband was paralyzed on his right side, but then I, against everybody, I took him to Emory and physical therapy got him up and he did well. Then I took him to the speech school, but then I went to the library and got a lot of books and read all about strokes because I never knew anything about them. They said that the most important thing was to try to get them well during the first year. I wrote away to everybody they said in the book and finally came to a man, Dr. Weber and he said there was a new program at the University of Michigan. I sent him to the University of Michigan for two years, and then I sent him to University of Georgia for one year, and he was getting tired. He had done work for Mr. Massell, you've heard of Ben Massell. I went to . . . Mr. Massell was building the building on the corner of Peachtree and Baker. You remember? Now they've torn the building down . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2209.0,2291.98367"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Committee (AJC) was founded in 1906 to safeguard the welfare and security of Jews worldwide. It is one of the oldest Jewish advocacy organizations in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=25.0,43.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish Federation of Greater Atlanta is a regional branch of Jewish Federations of North America. It is an organization that focuses on serving the Atlanta Jewish community through philanthropic endeavors such as supporting infrastructure, including schools and synagogues. Federation supports the Jewish community but also welcomes people of various backgrounds, including interfaith, LGBT+, and multiracial people and families.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=25.0,43.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Council of Jewish Women is an organization of volunteers and advocates, founded in the 1890's, who turn progressive ideals in advocacy and philanthropy inspired by Jewish values. They strive to improve the quality of life for women, children and families.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=25.0,43.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDvora \"Dora\" Freeman Shamos (1882-1985) was born in modern-day Ukraine and she immigrated to America to join her husband Jacob Shamos, who immigrated before her. He established a grocery business in Atlanta. She was a member of Pioneer Women and Shearith Israel Synagogue. Dvora and Jacob had five children, Mollie, Abraham, Jennie, Rachel, and Beatrice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=61.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacob Shamos (1882-1953) was born in modern-day Ukraine, he immigrated to Atlanta, Georgia where he established himself as a grocer. He was later joined by his wife, together they had five children, Mollie, Abraham, Jennie, Rachel, and Beatrice. He was a member of Shearith Israel Synagogue and the Workers Circle. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=61.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTernavka is a village in Chernivtsi Raion, Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukraine. It belongs to Hertsa urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Until 2020, Ternavka belonged to Hertsa Raion, the raion was abolished as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernivtsi Oblast to three. In 2001, 98.6 percent of the inhabitants spoke Romanian as their native language, with a minority of Ukrainian speakers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=91.0,114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTernivka is a city in Pavlohrad Raion, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Ternivka urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. In 2024, the population was 23,972.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=91.0,114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorris Brown College is a private, coed, liberal arts college located in the Vine City community of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It is a historically Black college affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=361.0,370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMollie Shamos (1904-1992) was the eldest daughter of Dvora and Jacob Shamos. She was the owner of Mollie Shamos Advertising Agency. Before that, she was head of the advertising department at Sears Roebuck, Atlanta, and Malley's Department Store in New Haven, Connecticut. She was president of the Business and Professional Women's group of Hadassah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=387.0,402.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbraham Shamos (1906-1966) was the eldest son of Dvora and Jacob Shamos. He graduated from Emory University and Columbia Law School. He was a senior member of the law firm Guggenheimer \u0026amp; Untermeyer in New York. He was secretary of the American Friends of Hebrew University, of Jerusalem. He was a member of the university's board and the board of the Associated Young Men's and Young Women's Hebrew Associations of Greater New York. He married Gabriella Ellis in 1934, and they had two children, Samuel and Carol.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=404.0,459.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRachel Shamos Glazer (1917-2020) was the third daughter of Dvora and Jacob Shamos. She attended Girls' High and was a double major in chemistry and math at Agnes Scott College. Rachel was an active member of the Jewish community at Ahavath Achim Synagogue and served as local programming chair for Hadassah. She began working in 1966 in the actuarial department at Alexander \u0026amp; Alexander as the firm's only woman programmer. She went on to teach computer programming at Atlanta Technical College from 1968 until her retirement in 1982. She married Isaac Glazer in 1937, and they had two children, Charlotte and Samuel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=404.0,459.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeatrice Shamos Albert (1920-2004) was the youngest daughter of Dvora and Jacob Shamos. She graduated in 1941 from Agnes Scott College and was an elementary school teacher in Atlanta for four years. From 1947 to 1955 she and her husband Joseph Albert operated the Albert Pottery, a nationally-known ceramic dinnerware factory in Chamblee. She was a trustee of Congregation Gates of Heaven for more than 20 years and was the founder of its Art Committee. She received a master’s degree in art from SUNY at Albany in 1972 and taught art at the Milne School of the State University in Albany from 1973 to 1975. She and her husband had two children, Aaron and Jacob.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=404.0,459.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Phi Beta Kappa Society (ΦΒΚ) is the oldest academic honor society in the United States, and is often described as its most prestigious one, owing to its long history and academic selectivity. Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the liberal arts and sciences, and to induct the most outstanding students of arts and sciences at American colleges and universities. It was founded at the College of William and Mary on December 5, 1776 as the first collegiate Greek-letter fraternity and was among the earliest collegiate fraternal societies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=478.0,693.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Forward, formerly known as The Jewish Daily Forward, is a news media organization for a Jewish-American audience. Founded in 1897 as a Yiddish-language daily socialist newspaper, it is now a weekly English-language newspaper with print and web editions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=478.0,693.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Kroger Company or Kroger is an American retail company that operates grocery stores and multi-department stores throughout the United States. The company was founded in 1883 in Cincinnati, Ohio by Bernard Kroger.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=478.0,693.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Parent Teacher Association (PTA) is a national organization with affiliations in local schools throughout the United States composed of parents, teachers and staff, and devoted to the educational success of children and the promotion of parent involvement in schools.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=478.0,693.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe William Breman Jewish Home is a nursing home in Atlanta providing short and long-term dementia, Alzheimer’s, and nursing care. Formerly the Jewish Home, it first opened in 1951 at 260 14th Street, NW, on land that had been donated by real estate developer Ben J. Massell. The Home’s growth called for a larger, updated facility, leading to the construction of a new building at 3150 Howell Mill Road, NW. The second Jewish Home opened on February 16, 1971. In 1991, it was renamed the William Breman Jewish Home to honor and recognize its third president, Bill Breman, as the prime motivator of the modern-day facility.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=478.0,693.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIvy Street School opened on January 31, 1872, and was one of the first Atlanta Public Schools. It was located on Cain Street and Harris Street in Atlanta, Georgia. The school closed or merged with another school in the early 1960’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=693.0,771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUntil the Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially ended what were known as “Jim Crow” laws, racial segregation was mandated in practically every aspect of public life in the South beginning in the 1890's. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. Private businesses, political parties, and unions also created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring Blacks from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=693.0,771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalker Street School was one of the first grammar schools to be included in the newly formed Atlanta Public School system. Walker Street opened its doors one week following the opening of Crew Street School. Its first principal was Professor W.R. Rockwell, and until 1896 Walker Street School was the largest public school in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=693.0,771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Herman J. Russell West End Academy is a middle school in Atlanta, Georgia. The school was founded in 1923 as the Joe Brown Junior High School, named after Joseph E. Brown, who was Georgia’s governor during the Civil War and opposed slavery’s abolition. The name change of the school was changed in 2021 to honor Russell, a prominent local businessman and owner of H.J. Russell \u0026amp; Co.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=693.0,771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGirls’ High School was one of seven schools as part of the original Atlanta public school system. It opened in 1872, and was the only public school in the area exclusively for girls. In 1947, Atlanta high schools became co-educational, and Girls’ High was renamed Roosevelt High School, which in turn closed in 1985 when it merged with Hoke Smith High School to become Southside High School (now Maynard H. Jackson High School). As of 2022, the building formerly housing Girls’ High School in the Grant Park neighborhood is a luxury apartment complex.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=693.0,771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAgnes Scott College is a private women’s liberal arts college in Decatur, Georgia. It was established in 1889 and is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church. It is also considered one of the Seven Sisters of the South, which is the name given to seven colleges located in Georgia, Virginia, and North Carolina. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=693.0,771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Law School was a private, night law school for working professionals and others seeking a legal education. The school's faculty members were practicing lawyers and judges from across the state of Georgia. The school began in 1890 and closed its doors in 1994. It was approved by the Georgia Board of Bar Examiners. Today the school continues as a scholarship fund for students who would not otherwise have the opportunity to practice law.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=693.0,771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Georgia (UGA) is a public land grant university, which was founded in 1785 making it one of the oldest universities in the United States. Its main campus is in Athens, Georgia with two satellite campuses in Atlanta and Lawrenceville. It is the flagship school of the University System of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=693.0,771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBootlegging is the illegal business of smuggling alcoholic beverages where such transportation is forbidden by law. Smuggling circumvents alcohol taxes and outright prohibition of alcohol sales. Bootlegging became popular and lucrative during prohibition in the United States from 1920 to 1933. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=774.0,867.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRogers was a grocery store chain based in Atlanta. L. W. Rogers opened the first of his grocery stores in Atlanta, Georgia in 1892. In the next twenty years, the company expanded to other locations in Georgia and South Carolina. By 1926 Rogers' company was owned by National Food Products Corporation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=774.0,867.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Anshi S'fard is an Orthodox synagogue located in Atlanta. It was founded in 1911 to provide a home for Hasidic worship and fellowship for Jews from Poland, Galicia and the Ukraine who had settled in Atlanta. At first the congregation met in the Red Men’s Hall on Central Avenue, but by the end of 1913 a wooden building at the corner of Woodward Avenue and King Street was secured. A few years later the congregation moved to the corner of Woodward and Capitol Avenues. After 1945, the settlement of Jews where Anshi S’fard was located disappeared, and the congregation moved to its present location on North Highland, in the Morningside area. It is the oldest Orthodox congregation in Atlanta, and as of 2022, it is led by Rabbi Nachi Friedman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=870.0,897.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLandsman (plural: landsleit) is a Yiddish term for a fellow Jew who comes from the same or nearby town, or geographical region, especially in Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=870.0,897.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShearith Israel was established 1891 in Columbus, Georgia. The name was chartered as “Chevro Saris Israel.” In 1950 the name was officially changed to Shearith Israel Synagogue. The original building was on the corner of 7th Street and 1st Avenue in downtown Columbus. In 1951 the congregation moved to a new synagogue on Wynnton Road. In 2007 the building was sold. In 2013 the congregation moved to its current home on River Road. (2021) The rabbi of the Conservative congregation is Brian Glusman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=870.0,897.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSocialism is a political philosophy and movement that encompasses a wide range of economic and social systems that are characterized by the social ownership of the means of production vs. private ownership. It calls for public rather than private ownership or control of property and natural resources.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=902.0,910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=902.0,910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=914.0,982.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh HaShanah [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh HaShanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippur may revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=914.0,982.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur [Hebrew: “day of atonement”] The most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=914.0,982.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSukkot is one of the harvest festivals of Judaism. It is seven days long and comes after the ingathering of the yearly harvest. It celebrates G-d’s bounty in nature and G-d’s protection, symbolized by the fragile booths in which the Israelites dwelt in the wilderness. During Sukkot, Jews eat and live in such booths, which gives the festival its name and character.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=914.0,982.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Yiddish, bench licht means ‘to light and bless candles’, specifically referring to the shabbat candle lighting tradition.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=914.0,982.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos/Shabbes (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=914.0,982.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1016.0,1071.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was found in 1636 and was named for its first benefactor, a Puritan clergyman John Harvard. It is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1016.0,1071.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColumbia University is a private Ivy League university located in New York City. The university was founded in 1754 and was known as King’s College. It is the oldest higher education institution in New York and the fifth oldest in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1016.0,1071.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Worker’s Circle (formerly Workmen's Circle) or Arbeter Ring is a Yiddish language-oriented American-Jewish organization committed to social justice, Jewish community, and Ashkenazi culture. It provides old age homes for its aging members, as well as schools, camps, affordable health insurance and programs of concerts, lectures and holiday celebrations. It was founded in 1900 and was strongly socialist politically. It has moved more to the right on the American political spectrum in modern times.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1016.0,1071.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommunism is a political theory derived from Karl Marx. It advocates for replacing private property and a profit based society with public ownership and communal control of most major means of production and natural resources. It’s an ideology that falls on the far left of the political spectrum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1075.0,1220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1075.0,1220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBlue laws restrict shopping or ban the sale of certain items on specific days, most often on Sundays in United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1075.0,1220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFulton County is a county in northern-central Georgia, it is the most populous county in the state and about 90 percent of Atlanta, Georgia is located within Fulton County. The county was created in 1853 from the western half of DeKalb County, after the American Civil War there was considerable violence against formerly enslaved people, including a high number of lynchings. In the late 20th century, Fulton County became home to many national and international corporate headquarters, allowing the county to become increasingly cosmopolitan and diverse. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1075.0,1220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYoung Judaea is a peer-led Zionist youth movement founded in 1909 for Jewish youth in grades 2–12. Its programs include youth clubs, conventions, summer camps and Israel programs that provide experiential programming through which Jewish youth and young adults build meaningful relationships with their peers, emphasize social action, and develop a lifelong commitment to Jewish life, the Jewish people, and Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1229.0,1233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1250.0,1340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) operated from 1910 to 1948 on the site where the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium was later located. The JEA was once the hub of Jewish life in Atlanta. Families congregated there for social, educational, sports and cultural programs. The JEA ran camps and held classes to help some new residents learn to read and write English. For newcomers, it became a refuge, with programs to help them acclimate to a new home. The JEA stayed at that site until the late 1940s, when it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1250.0,1340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue (often referred to as \"AA\") was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2022, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area and its current Senior Rabbi is Laurence Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1250.0,1340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTillie Alterman Kimerling (1904-1992) was one of seven children born to Pauline Newman and Louis Alterman. She was involved in Hadassah and other Jewish organizations in Atlanta and Birmingham. She married Max Kimerling, and they had two children, Joseph and Solomon. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1250.0,1340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer service organization founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold. It currently has over 300,000 members and supporters worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1250.0,1340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Alterman (1913-1997) was one of five brothers that operated Big Apple and Food Giant grocery chains. The business was started by their father, Louis Alterman in 1923 as a wholesale grocery business. In 1939, Sam and four of his brothers launched the retail grocery business, Alterman Foods Inc. He was a member of Hebrew Academy of Atlanta, William Breman Jewish Home, and Ahavath Achim Synagogue. He and his wife, Chippie had two sons and a daughter.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1343.0,1366.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOzna Tontak Robkin (1912-2009) was born in Atlanta, Georgia to Isaac and Mollie Tontak. She was active in the Jewish community, especially with Na’amat and she was a lifelong member of Ahavath Achim Synagogue. She was married to Max Robkin, and they had three children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1343.0,1366.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnnie Fitterman Kuniansky (1893-1975) was a member of Ahavath Achim Synagogue. She married Lewis \"Louie\" Kuniansky in 1912. Louie passed away in 1937, and she later remarried David Isenberg. Annie and Louie had five children, Isadore \"Sonny”, Max, Frances Alter, Raymond, and Leon. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1375.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLewis “Louie” Kuniansky (1882-1937) was a grocer in Atlanta. He was a member of Ahavath Achim Synagogue. He was instrumental in the founding of the Atlanta Savings Stores and was a member of the board of directors for several terms. He was married to Annie Fitterman, and they had five children, Isadore \"Sonny”, Max, Frances Alter, Raymond, and Leon.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1375.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHattie Gershcow Hirsch (1908-1995) was the daughter of Easai Gershcow and Rebecca Kuniansky Gershcow. She was born in Atlanta, Georgia. She graduated from Agnes Scott College and was an active member of the Alpha Sigma Kappa sorority. In 1929, she married Jake Hirsch, and they had one daughter, Reva. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1375.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbe Fitterman (1910-2001) was born in Russia and immigrated to Atlanta, Georgia. He was a graduate of Emory University and Emory University Law School and worked as a lawyer. He married Jennie Shamos, and they had three children, Marcia, Harvey and Rachael. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1375.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarcia Fitterman Billig (b. 1939) is the eldest daughter of Jennie Shamos and Abe Fitterman. She was born in Atlanta and received a bachelor of arts degree in Education from Emory University, a master’s in education with a major in art from George Washington University, and a master’s of fine arts degree in sculpture from American University. She is a sculptor and her work has been displayed in states including Atlanta and the Washington, D.C. area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1447.0,1502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRich's was a department store retail chain, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, which operated in the southern U.S. from 1867 until March 6, 2005 when the nameplate was eliminated and replaced by Macy's. It was founded by Hungarian Jewish immigrant Morris Rich (born Mauritius Reich) in Atlanta in 1867 as \"M. Rich \u0026amp; Co. Dry Goods\" Many of the former Rich's stores today form the core of Macy's Central, an Atlanta-based division of Macy's, Inc., which formerly operated as Federated Department Stores, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1447.0,1502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFritz Orr Camp was a day camp in Atlanta that operated from the 1930’s to the 1970’s. The camp eventually became the Westminster Schools. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1504.0,1622.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Westminster Schools, founded in 1951, is a co-educational, Christian day school for students in kindergarten through grade 12. The school is widely regarded as one of the top private schools in the Atlanta area. Its campus is located in the Buckhead neighborhood.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1504.0,1622.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarvey Fitterman (b. 1941) is the eldest son of Jennie Shamos and Abe Fitterman. He was born in Atlanta and attended law school. He married Leslie Beringer in 1987, and they have four children. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1504.0,1622.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCobb County is a county located within the Atlanta metropolitan area in the north central part of Georgia. The county seat is Marietta, which is also the county’s largest city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1623.0,1666.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Max Frank (1884-1915) was a Jewish factory superintendent in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1913, he was accused of raping and murdering one of his employees, a 13-year-old girl named Mary Phagan, whose body was found on the premises of the National Pencil Company. Frank was arrested, tried, convicted and sentenced to death for her murder. The trial was the catalyst for a great outburst of antisemitism led by the populist Tom Watson and the center of powerful class and political interests. Frank was sent to Milledgeville State Penitentiary to await his execution. Governor John M. Slaton, believing there had been a miscarriage of justice, commuted Frank’s sentence to life in prison. This enraged a group of men who styled themselves the “Knights of Mary Phagan.” They drove to the prison, kidnapped Frank from his cell and drove him to Marietta, Georgia where they lynched him. Many years later, the murderer was revealed to be Jim Conley, who had lied in the trial, pinning it on Frank instead. Frank was pardoned on March 11, 1986, although they stopped short of exonerating him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1623.0,1666.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKennesaw State University is a public university in Georgia and is part of the University System of Georgia. The university was founded in 1963 and has two campuses in the Atlanta area, one in Kennesaw and the other in Marietta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1623.0,1666.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta native Meyer Balser (1908-2004) was a business and civic leader. He served as chairman of the Red Cross and Community Chest (predecessor to United Way) campaigns. He was twice named \"Man of the Year\" of Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company, where he was a leading insurance agent for many years. He received numerous accolades and awards for his leadership in Atlanta’s Jewish community, including the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and the Atlanta Jewish Federation. The Meyer Balser Naturally Occurring Retirement Community at the William Breman Jewish Home, which offers programs and services to help seniors live independently in their own homes, is named in his honor. A book about his life by Vida Goldgar, A Goal Worth Shooting For: The Biography of Meyer Balser, was published in 1998.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1691.0,1849.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnne Balser (1897-1983) was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. She was the second oldest daughter of Joseph and Mollie Balser. She worked as the Women’s Division Director for the Jewish Federation in New York. She never married and attended Ahavath Achim synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1691.0,1849.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenrietta Szold (1860-1945) founded Hadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, as well as being a Zionist leader. She advocated for a larger role for women in Rabbinic Judaism, most famously by reciting Mourners’ Kaddish for her parents when traditionally only men recited it. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1691.0,1849.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerzliya is an affluent city in the central coast of Israel, at the northern part of the Tel Aviv District, known for its start-up and entrepreneurial culture. The city was named after Theodor Herzl (1860-1904) who was the father of modern political Zionism. In 1896 he published The Jewish State, in which he advocated the establishment of a Jewish state. Its western beachfront area is called Herzliya Pituah and is one of Israel's most affluent neighborhoods and home to numerous embassies, ambassadors' residences, company headquarters, and houses of prominent Israeli business people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1691.0,1849.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mayfair Club opened in 1938 at 1456 Spring Street in Midtown Atlanta and was a focal point of Jewish life in the city for more than 25 years.  The club was founded in 1930 and first met at the Biltmore Hotel. The club was visited by Eleanor Roosevelt, Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir, mayors Ivan Allen and William Berry Hartsfield, senators Herman Talmadge and Richard Russell, and Governor Carl Sanders.  Fire destroyed the Mayfair Club on December 4, 1964.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1691.0,1849.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Progressive Club was a Jewish social organization in Atlanta, Georgia. It was established in 1913 by Russian Jews who felt unwelcome at the Standard Club, where German Jews were predominant. At first the club was located in a rented house until a new club was built on Pryor Street including a swimming pool and a gym. In 1940 the club opened a larger facility at 1050 Techwood Drive in Midtown with three swimming pools, tennis, and softball. In 1976 the club moved north to 1160 Moore’s Mill Road near Interstate 75. The property was eventually sold to the YMCA as the club faced financial challenges. The Carl E. Sanders Family YMCA at Buckhead, which stands on the former site of the Progressive Club, opened in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1691.0,1849.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePiedmont Atlanta Hospital was founded in 1906 as the Piedmont Sanitarium. As of 2021, it is a 643-bed, non-profit hospital located on Peachtree Road in Buckhead.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1891.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHamilton E. Holmes (1941-1995) was an American orthopedic physician. He and Charlayne Hunter-Gault were the first two African-American students admitted to the University of Georgia. Additionally, Holmes was the first African-American student to attend the Emory University School of Medicine, where he earned his M.D. degree in 1967, later becoming a professor of orthopedics and associate dean at the school.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=1925.0,1998.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIda Gershcow Sherman (1913-1982) was the daughter of Easai Gershcow and Rebecca Kuniansky Gershcow. She was born in Atlanta and worked as a bookkeeper. She married Ben Sherman in 1936, and they had two children. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2043.0,2077.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnnette Geffen Raskas (1912-2001) was the daughter of Rabbi Tobias Geffen and Sarah Rabinowitz Geffen. She earned a bachelor's degree in biology in 1934 and a master's degree in biology in 1935 from Emory University in Atlanta. After graduation, she taught biology at an Atlanta high school. In 1939, she married Ralph Raskas, who was the chairman of Raskas Foods Inc., based in St. Louis, Missouri. She moved to St. Louis and became involved in the family business and community activities. She taught high school biology at Atlanta Hebrew Academy and served 10 years as vice president of education for the St. Louis chapter of Hadassah. She also did work with the Women's Division of the Jewish Federation and the Literary Club of St. Louis. Annette and Ralph had three children, Heschel, Stanley, and Judy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2123.0,2150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded by the Sisters of Mercy in 1880, Emory St. Joseph's Hospital (formerly simply St. Joseph's Hospital) is the Atlanta area's oldest hospital. It was founded in downtown Atlanta but today it is located in Sandy Springs, a northern suburb.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2209.0,2291.98367"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Michigan is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan. It’s the oldest university in Michigan. It was founded in 1817 by an act of the Michigan Territory, 20 years before Michigan became a state. It moved to Ann Arbor in 1837.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2209.0,2291.98367"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052/annotation_set/1886/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Joseph Massell, Sr. (1886-1962) was a civic and community leader in both the Jewish and general communities of Atlanta. In the early 1900s, he and his two brothers, Sam and Levi, founded the Massell Realty Company, which had a hand in the development and sale of several landmark properties in Atlanta. Civic leader Ivan Allen, Sr., was known to say, “Sherman burned Atlanta and Ben Massell built it back.” Ben Massell was the uncle of former Atlanta mayor Samuel A. Massell, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/147024/file/271052#t=2209.0,2291.98367"}]}]}]}