{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/kp7tm72p81/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Singer, Sol"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1995-02-11 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives for Southern Jewish History","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eSol Singer interviewed by Lila Beth Young on February 11 and 18, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eSol Singer was born on January 27, 1918 in Atlanta, Georgia. Sol’s father was Phillip Singer, an immigrant from Kosow, Austria-Hungary. Sol’s mother was Ethel Kolodkin Singer, an immigrant from Schatsk, Russia. Phillip and Ethel were married in Atlanta in 1917 by Rabbi Tobias Geffen. Phillip operated a retail dry goods store in Unadilla, Georgia, where Sol lived throughout his childhood. Sol’s brother Marvin was born in 1922.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring his childhood, Sol spent summers in Atlanta with his maternal grandparents, Abe Kolodkin and Pearl Radunsky Kolodkin. In 1934, Sol graduated High School in Unadilla. He enrolled in the University of Georgia (UGA). He joined Tau Epsilon Phi, a Jewish fraternity. Sol graduated from UGA with a law degree in 1939.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter Sol graduated, he married Ruth Kruger, whom he had dated when they were both students at UGA. The wedding took place in Fitzgerald, Georgia, Ruth’s hometown, with Rabbi Edmund A. Landau from Albany, Georgia officiating. After their wedding, Sol and Ruth settled in Columbus, Georgia, where Sol opened a wholesale distribution business in partnership with his uncle, Charles Kolodkin.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol was a member of Shearith Israel Synagogue in Columbus. Sol served as a president of Shearith Israel, as a vice president of the Southeast Region of Conservative Judaism, and as a founding member of the Columbus Jewish Federation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol had three children: Sharon Singer Norry, Alice Singer Shapiro, and Eric Singer. Sol moved his business and family from Columbus to Atlanta in 1962. He joined Ahavath Achim Synagogue (AA) in Atlanta. Sol was very active in Jewish education through the Atlanta Jewish Federation’s Missions, Bureau of Jewish Education, and the Epstein School.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eSol discussed the immigrant origins of his parents Phillip and Ethel Kolodkin Singer. Sol’s father Phillip emigrated alone from Kosow, Austria-Hungary about 1906 at the age of 18. Sol’s mother Ethel emigrated in 1911 from Shatsk, a village near Minsk, Russia, along with his maternal grandmother Pearl Radunsky Kolodkin. Sol’s mother Ethel, her four siblings, and his grandmother Pearl joined his maternal grandfather Abe Kolodkin in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Sol talked about his mother and her family moving to Atlanta when she was 14.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol talked about how his parents met and were married in 1917 in Atlanta, Georgia on Central Avenue by Rabbi Tobias Geffen, the rabbi at Shearith Israel Synagogue. He told how his father decided to open a retail dry goods store in Unadilla, Georgia, a small farm town with a population of 1,100,where Sol spent his childhood years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol discussed growing up in a town with virtually no other Jewish families. He talked about his family’s acceptance by the Unadilla townspeople, the community’s respect for his father as a businessman, and the community’s respect for his family’s Jewish customs. He discussed socializing with other Jewish families in small towns throughout South Georgia like Hawkinsville, Vienna, Cordele, Eastman, and Fitzgerald. Sol discussed his lack of Jewish education and spending time with his maternal grandparents in Atlanta where he prepared for a minimal bar mitzvah ceremony.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol told about life during the Depression years in Unadilla and helping other Jewish families who passed through the small towns in South Georgia. He remembered how they were provided with food and gas by his parents and other Jewish families living in the towns.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol spoke about attending the University of Georgia (UGA) in Athens, Georgia. He discussed the experience of being part of a large group of other Jewish students, joining a Jewish fraternity, and dating his future wife Ruth Kolodkin who was also a student at UGA.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol discussed his wedding in Fitzgerald, Georgia. He told about his father-in-law Elex Kruger who was a charter member of the Hebrew Commercial Alliance, and how it saved the stores of many Jewish businessmen during the Depression. Sol recalled starting his wholesale distribution business in Columbus, Georgia and Jewish life in Columbus. He tells about his commitment to Conservative Judaism, and fundraising and building Shearith Israel Synagogue in Columbus. He discussed incorporating the Columbus Jewish Federation. He described how the Jewish community in Columbus extended hospitality to the Jewish soldiers at Fort Benning during World War II. He told about the huge community seder during World War II in Columbus that was attended by the Jewish troops from Fort Benning and the entire Columbus Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol talked about moving his business and family to Atlanta. Sol told about providing his children with a Jewish education through tutors in Columbus, through Camp Ramah during summertime, and at the Hebrew Academy in Atlanta for his son Eric. Sol explained how his lack of access to Jewish education as a youth in South Georgia influenced his commitment to Jewish education as an adult. He talked about his activities in the Atlanta Jewish Federation’s Missions, Bureau of Jewish Education, and the Epstein School. Sol emphasized the contributions of his three adult children to Jewish life and the even more extensive Jewish education being provided to his grandchildren at the Epstein School.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28514"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Unadilla, GA (geographic term)","Columbus, GA (geographic term)","Atlanta, GA (geographic term)","Jewish education (topical term)","Israel (geographic term)","volunteerism (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eSol Singer interviewed by Lila Beth Young on February 11 and 18, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSol Singer was born on January 27, 1918 in Atlanta, Georgia. Sol’s father was Phillip Singer, an immigrant from Kosow, Austria-Hungary. Sol’s mother was Ethel Kolodkin Singer, an immigrant from Schatsk, Russia. Phillip and Ethel were married in Atlanta in 1917 by Rabbi Tobias Geffen. Phillip operated a retail dry goods store in Unadilla, Georgia, where Sol lived throughout his childhood. Sol’s brother Marvin was born in 1922.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring his childhood, Sol spent summers in Atlanta with his maternal grandparents, Abe Kolodkin and Pearl Radunsky Kolodkin. In 1934, Sol graduated High School in Unadilla. He enrolled in the University of Georgia (UGA). He joined Tau Epsilon Phi, a Jewish fraternity. Sol graduated from UGA with a law degree in 1939.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter Sol graduated, he married Ruth Kruger, whom he had dated when they were both students at UGA. The wedding took place in Fitzgerald, Georgia, Ruth’s hometown, with Rabbi Edmund A. Landau from Albany, Georgia officiating. After their wedding, Sol and Ruth settled in Columbus, Georgia, where Sol opened a wholesale distribution business in partnership with his uncle, Charles Kolodkin.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol was a member of Shearith Israel Synagogue in Columbus. Sol served as a president of Shearith Israel, as a vice president of the Southeast Region of Conservative Judaism, and as a founding member of the Columbus Jewish Federation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol had three children: Sharon Singer Norry, Alice Singer Shapiro, and Eric Singer. Sol moved his business and family from Columbus to Atlanta in 1962. He joined Ahavath Achim Synagogue (AA) in Atlanta. Sol was very active in Jewish education through the Atlanta Jewish Federation’s Missions, Bureau of Jewish Education, and the Epstein School.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSol discussed the immigrant origins of his parents Phillip and Ethel Kolodkin Singer. Sol’s father Phillip emigrated alone from Kosow, Austria-Hungary about 1906 at the age of 18. Sol’s mother Ethel emigrated in 1911 from Shatsk, a village near Minsk, Russia, along with his maternal grandmother Pearl Radunsky Kolodkin. Sol’s mother Ethel, her four siblings, and his grandmother Pearl joined his maternal grandfather Abe Kolodkin in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Sol talked about his mother and her family moving to Atlanta when she was 14.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol talked about how his parents met and were married in 1917 in Atlanta, Georgia on Central Avenue by Rabbi Tobias Geffen, the rabbi at Shearith Israel Synagogue. He told how his father decided to open a retail dry goods store in Unadilla, Georgia, a small farm town with a population of 1,100,where Sol spent his childhood years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol discussed growing up in a town with virtually no other Jewish families. He talked about his family’s acceptance by the Unadilla townspeople, the community’s respect for his father as a businessman, and the community’s respect for his family’s Jewish customs. He discussed socializing with other Jewish families in small towns throughout South Georgia like Hawkinsville, Vienna, Cordele, Eastman, and Fitzgerald. Sol discussed his lack of Jewish education and spending time with his maternal grandparents in Atlanta where he prepared for a minimal bar mitzvah ceremony.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol told about life during the Depression years in Unadilla and helping other Jewish families who passed through the small towns in South Georgia. He remembered how they were provided with food and gas by his parents and other Jewish families living in the towns.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol spoke about attending the University of Georgia (UGA) in Athens, Georgia. He discussed the experience of being part of a large group of other Jewish students, joining a Jewish fraternity, and dating his future wife Ruth Kolodkin who was also a student at UGA.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol discussed his wedding in Fitzgerald, Georgia. He told about his father-in-law Elex Kruger who was a charter member of the Hebrew Commercial Alliance, and how it saved the stores of many Jewish businessmen during the Depression. Sol recalled starting his wholesale distribution business in Columbus, Georgia and Jewish life in Columbus. He tells about his commitment to Conservative Judaism, and fundraising and building Shearith Israel Synagogue in Columbus. He discussed incorporating the Columbus Jewish Federation. He described how the Jewish community in Columbus extended hospitality to the Jewish soldiers at Fort Benning during World War II. He told about the huge community seder during World War II in Columbus that was attended by the Jewish troops from Fort Benning and the entire Columbus Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol talked about moving his business and family to Atlanta. Sol told about providing his children with a Jewish education through tutors in Columbus, through Camp Ramah during summertime, and at the Hebrew Academy in Atlanta for his son Eric. Sol explained how his lack of access to Jewish education as a youth in South Georgia influenced his commitment to Jewish education as an adult. He talked about his activities in the Atlanta Jewish Federation’s Missions, Bureau of Jewish Education, and the Epstein School. Sol emphasized the contributions of his three adult children to Jewish life and the even more extensive Jewish education being provided to his grandchildren at the Epstein School.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/120/387/small/Sol_Singer.png?1627902648","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Singer_Sol.mp3"]},"duration":11892.37551,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/120/387/small/Sol_Singer.png?1627902648","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/120/387/original/Singer_Sol.mp3?1627641006","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mp3","duration":11892.37551,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Singer, Sol [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNG: This is Lila Beth Young on February 11, 1995, for the Jewish Oral\nHistory Project of Atlanta [Georgia], co-sponsored by the American Jewish\nCommittee, Atlanta Jewish Federation, and National Council of Jewish Women,\ninterviewing Sol Singer. Tell me what you recall about your grandparents. Where\ndid they come from?\n\nSINGER: The only grandparents I knew were my maternal grandparents. My\ngrandfather was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abe 'Avrum' Kolodkin. My grandmother was Pearl Radunsky\nKolodkin. They came from a small village in Russia, Shatsk, in the state -- I\nguess you would call it a state -- of Minsk [Russia]. It was called the\n'Minskaya Gubernia,' which was the equivalent of what we would call a state over\nhere. It was about 40 kilometers from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city of Minsk. I remember them very\nwell. Of course, they came to this country. My grandfather came over in 1907. He\ncame to Chattanooga, Tennessee, a community which had been referred to him by a\ncousin of his who had been to the [United] States and had come back to Russia\nand told them it was a good Jewish community. He settled there and worked for\ntwo years at which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time he sent for my uncle -- who was his oldest son -- and\nhis oldest daughter. They came over. The three of them worked for two more\nyears. In 1911, my grandmother and five children -- of which my mother was the\noldest -- came to the United States and came to Chattanooga. In 1912, they moved\nfrom Chattanooga ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Atlanta. My mother entered school in Atlanta... or in\nChattanooga, actually. She entered... she always told us about the story. She\nwas probably about 14 years old at the time and entered in the first grade of\nschool because she didn't know any English. By the end of that year, she was\nback up to where she should have been and entered Atlanta... went to Commercial\nHigh School. She graduated [from] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Commercial High School in Atlanta.\n\nYOUNG: How did she meet your father? How did your grandmother meet your\ngrandfather Singer?\n\nSINGER: How did my...\n\nYOUNG:... how did they meet?\n\nSINGER: My grandparents?\n\nYOUNG: Did they meet in Russia?\n\nSINGER: Yes. They...\n\nYOUNG: . . . they met in Russia?\n\nSINGER: They met and married in Russia. They lived in neighboring cities. Cities\n-- they were small -- were what has always been referred to as the shtetl. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\nwere married there. They had eight children. They lost one child in Russia. They\ncame... the reason they came to... I questioned as a child why they came to the\nUnited States. It was economic reasons, as well as the living conditions in\nRussia. It was primarily living... economic reasons that they came.\n\nYOUNG: When were your parents born and where were they were born?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SINGER: My mother was born in Shatsk [Russia]. She was born in 1895. My father\ncame from Austria, what was at that time Austria-Hungary, in the town known by\nthe name of Kosow... K-O-S-O-W... which was near... the large city near it was\nKolomyia. He was born in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1888 and came to this country -- I'm not sure of the\nexact year -- approximately 1906. Interestingly enough, I asked him why did he\ncome to this country. He was only about 18 [years old] when he came over.\nIncidentally, he was the only one in the family that ever came to the [United]\nStates. The story was that he was the baby in his family. His oldest brother was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taken into the army in Austria-Hungary and died in the army. My grandfather\nvowed that he wouldn't lose another son to that, so he sent my father to the\n[United] States at about the age of 18 years old. He came to this country. I'm\nnot sure how he got over here. He ended up in Ensley, Alabama, which is a suburb\nof Birmingham [Alabama], where he worked for a family... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their name was Seal,\nMr. and Mrs. Charles Seal... S-E-A-L... work[ed] in the store. The reason that\nhe got that good job working there is because of knowing the Austro-Hungarian\nlanguage. There were a lot of steel workers around Birmingham. He was able to\nget the job because he could converse with the customers.\n\nYOUNG: He worked there. Then what did he do?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SINGER: He worked there in that store. Mrs. Seal and my grandmother were first\ncousins. Mrs. Seal had an eligible bachelor in Ensley. My grandmother had an\neligible daughter. That's how they met. They got married here in Atlanta in\n1917. They were married by Rabbi Tobias Geffen, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was the rabbi of Shearith\nIsrael synagogue. They were married on Central Avenue, which is approximately\nwhere the stadium is now in Atlanta [and] which was at that time a big Jewish\narea of the city.\n\nYOUNG: What did they do when they came to Atlanta? What did your father do here?\n\nSINGER: My father came in 1917, which of course was during World War I. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They got\nmarried. He was traveling over the state buying scrap metal for a company here\nin Atlanta. On one of these buying trips, he was in Cochran, Georgia. HHe met a\nJewish family there, and a Jewish man there. As was very traditional in those\nyears, everybody helped everybody else. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He took a liking, evidently, to my\nfather and offered to let him have $300 worth of merchandise on credit so he\ncould open up a store. Then he could come every week and pay him what he had\nsold and buy some more goods from him. He charged him a very small profit on all\nhis goods. My father with an uncle -- my mother's brother... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my uncle lived in a\nlittle town of Unadilla [Georgia], which was very close to Cochran. When they\nwere on the train, the train stopped there. They got off and looked around. It\nlooked like it was busy and full of farmers and working people in town. They\ndecided they were going to try their luck there. They got off and made\narrangements to open.... rent a little store space. That's how he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started his business.\n\nYOUNG: When did you come along?\n\nSINGER: Let me give you a little bit of background before I get to me. They\nmoved there in about the middle of 1917. My mother went with him, of course, and\nthey rented an apartment. It wasn't an apartment. It was rooms upstairs ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a\nfamily there, a Christian family. Their name was Hamrick... H-A-M-R-I-C-K. They\nwere very nice people, wonderful people, very religious. He was a real observant\nBaptist, a person who was a minister on Sundays as well as running a store\nhimself in town. They were very kind to my parents. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They stayed there with them\nfor several months. Then came along the next January. My mother came back to\nAtlanta when it was time for my birth and was with her parents here. We moved\nback to... of course, she went home. Within a few months they opened a store,\nwhich was quite an experience. First with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small amount of capital they\nhad... my mother actually cooked on a potbelly stove -- if you know what a\npotbelly stove is -- in the back of the store. That was their one hot meal that\nthey cooked. Of course, while they didn't keep kosher, they kept kosher-style.\nMy father learned to kill chickens as a shochet. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They ate... they kept\neverything... they didn't eat any outside... meats other than chicken and fish,\nand that sort. She did her cooking in the store. A few months later as...\nrapidly... they were evidently working very hard and doing very well. Within a\nfew months they were able to find a house, move into a house, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and set up\nhousekeeping there.\n\nYOUNG: What do you remember from your childhood?\n\nSINGER: I remember a lot from my childhood. It was a very good experience. I\ntell you, the Jews who lived in South Georgia were very close. The little town\nwe were in, all they had was one other Jewish family in it. They were a very\nnice family.\n\nYOUNG: Who was it?\n\nSINGER: Their name was Jacobs, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Morris Jacobs. They had two\nor three daughters who were reaching the age where they had needed... commanded\na social life. When my parents moved there, they were very nice to my parents\nand my father. Though he didn't have a car, of course. At that time cars were\nvery scarce anyway. This is 1918. They were always very helpful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to him and kind\nof took care of him, even though they were competition to a certain extent.\nShortly after my mother and father moved to Unadilla -- probably within a year\nor year- and-a-half -- the Jacobs sold their store. They wanted to take their\nchildren to the city where they would be exposed -- the girls particularly -- to\nJewish boys. They moved to Atlanta. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A young Jewish bachelor whose family lived\nin South Georgia bought their store. That left the town with three... a Jewish\nfamily and a single Jewish person there. My youth in Unadilla was good. I'm sure\nthat during the many years there was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism somewhere, but I never saw any\nopen antisemitism. I attribute a lot of it to the fact that a lot of the people\nthere recognized, in my parents particularly, they were very much Jewish. They\ndid not try to assimilate. They held themselves up with pride. They became ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good\ncitizens in the community. They were active in the community, and they took an\nactive part. They worked hard. They were honest. They were fair and square to\neverybody that was there. As a result, we had a very good life there.\n\nYOUNG: Do you have siblings?\n\nSINGER: I have a brother who was born... he's four-and-a-half years younger than\nI am. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He lives in Atlanta. He and I were the only two Jewish kids in town,\nexcept for one or two times, a family moved there for a year or two, couldn't\nmake it, and went their way. I still remember the first house we lived in. It\nwas... the whole town had 1,100 people in it, so you could see... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one good\napartment house could...\n\nYOUNG: . . . was there one main store, or was there one main street?\n\nSINGER: No. There were seven or eight stores. Because it was a rural area,\nagricultural area, the big business was on the weekend, on Friday and Saturday.\nThe farmers and all the people who worked on the farms came into town on\nSaturday. We lived within two... never lived farther than two blocks ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from where\nour father's store was. There was a lumber mill there. There was a cottonseed or\ncotton gin, a cottonseed oil mill, and a grist mill. I mean, these were\nthings... and this brought people into town. There was actually about five or\nsix stores besides grocery stores. There were two drug stores, and maybe three\nwhat I call general stores. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They carried all the wearing apparel and all the\nclothing. There were others who carried groceries, hardware, and supplies. It\nwas strictly a farm area.\n\nYOUNG: What did your father's store carry?\n\nSINGER: I told my granddaughter once that he carried dry goods. She thought that\nthere were dry goods versus wet goods. It was clothing, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wearing apparel, work\nclothes. He also carried all the notion items, hosiery, and every... He did not\ncarry any food stuffs at the time. Other than that, it was pretty much a general store.\n\nYOUNG: How did you get a religious education if you were the only two [Jewish] children?\n\nSINGER: How did I get a religious education?\n\nYOUNG: Yes.\n\nSINGER: That, to me, is probably the greatest achievement of our generation. It\nwas done ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by our family. Our parents made Jews out of us, and our grandparents.\nLet me give you a little example. I speak a fairly good Yiddish. The reason I\nlearned Yiddish was because my grandmother -- who could speak very good English\n-- would never speak English. If I would speak to her in English, she would tell\nme she did not understand English. She knew I knew that she did. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She would\nanswer me in Yiddish. I had to talk to her in Yiddish. That was the way I\nlearned my Yiddish. We observed all the holidays. Our parents made it a must\nthat on every weekend -- after we had a car -- that the families in South\nGeorgia visited each other. The children were exposed to other Jewish children\nevery weekend. Every Sunday we went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somewhere, or somebody came to see us.\n\nYOUNG: Give me an example of where you might go and who you might see.\n\nSINGER: You would go... for instance, we lived in Unadilla. There was a\nneighboring town of Hawkinsville, Georgia. There was Vienna; Georgia. There was\nCordele, Georgia. There were just all the little towns around Eastman [Georgia].\nThey would have services on the holidays. In Cordele there was a family there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by\nthe name of Roobin... R-O-O-B-I-N... Roobin. Mr. Roobin had a big family. There\nwere maybe 10 or 12 Jewish families in Cordele. On the High Holy Daysthey would\nbring somebody [a rabbi] in, rent a hall, and have High Holy Day services. The\nsame thing happened in Eastman. They would do the same thing. My wife's family\nwas from Fitzgerald, Georgia. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fitzgerald had, and has to this day, a synagogue\nthat's active. They bring a rabbi there once a month to this day. There are very\nfew Jews left there, but they still bring a rabbi there once a month for a long\nweekend from a seminary in New York. We were given... our families taught us to\nbe Jews. We were always... I think, one of the things we got along so well in\nour community ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was because the people knew that we were Jewish. They respected my\nparents for bringing up the children. The store closed on all Jewish holidays. I\nmean the major holidays.\n\nI'll tell you an interesting story that happened later in the years. There was a\nfamily that moved to Unadilla who had a store. That year, Yom Kippur came on\nSaturday. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course, my parents closed. The other Jewish store in town closed.\nThis man decided he was going to stay open for the Saturday business. The next\nMonday he was visited by a delegation, not in any threatening way. A doctor and\na couple of other people came in to see him. They told him, \"If you're going to\nlive in Unadilla, we don't care whether you're religious or not religious.\" He\nsaid, \"You've got to respect the other Jewish people here.\" There were just two\nfamilies. \"If they're going to close on the holidays, you got to close.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That\nwas just the way they felt, because they admired them for the fact that they\nlived Jewishly. My father was active in the community. He was a member of the\nMasonic order there. My mother was also very active. She was active in the PTA.\nShe was also active in one of the Masonic... the women's Masonic order. In fact,\nshe was the president or -- whatever the word -- the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"matron or the head of the\norganization at one time. They were always respected. We were part and parcel of\nthe family of the community. We were never left out. Yet, they never ... I don't\nrecall any instances where anybody tried to convert us. They possibly invited my\nparents. They did invite us. If they had some kind of speaker coming to the\nchurch, they always invited us, but they knew that we were Jewish. It was\nthrough our parents who diligently ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taught us what we knew about Jewish life. I\nguess one of my... through my years of being concerned with Jewish education,\nit's because of it being not available to me that I was determined that that was\none of the most important things for our kids, and our families. I devoted a\ngreat deal of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time and effort to it.\n\nYOUNG: Were you bar mitzvahed?\n\nSINGER: Yes.\n\nYOUNG: How did you work that out?\n\nSINGER: My grandparents live here in Atlanta. I'd come and study in the\nsummertime, and stay up here with them. My grandfather was a very learned\nperson. It was a minimal bar mitzvah. It was more ceremony than it was\neducation. All you had to do was learn a few words so you could get by. I did\nnot have the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish education that I should... would... nothing like what my\nchildren had. We made sure they had that.\n\nYOUNG: What did you do when you got older for social life?\n\nSINGER: Living there, as a teenager I was very active in school there.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everything that happened there -- proms, dances, whatever parties, whatever -- I\nwent just like everybody else, but everybody knew I was Jewish. Everybody knew\nwhere we stood. On the weekends you just don't... you can't appreciate how\ndevoted our parents were to seeing that nobody sat at home on Sunday unless the\nweather was just something. They got in the car, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they made arrangements. It\nwasn't just that they spontaneously got in the car and drove 20 miles or 30\nmiles. It was nothing to drive 30 or 40 miles. It's no farther, really, than for\nyou coming over here this afternoon, to go visit and be with another family. We\nwould stay there for the day. We would go to Cordele. We would go to\nHawkinsville. The kids would all be together.\n\nYOUNG: Were you involved in any Jewish social groups?\n\nSINGER: Not...\n\nYOUNG: . . . official kind of... ?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SINGER: No official social group.\n\nYOUNG: Were there special dances or anything?\n\nSINGER: Yes, they had dances all over. In fact, I met my wife at... originally,\nwe had not started going together at that time, but I met her in Auburn,\nGeorgia, at a Jewish dance that was put on by a group of Jewish people.\n\nYOUNG: How old were you then?\n\nSINGER: I guess we were both seniors in high school, finishing high school.\nThere were dances held in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Valdosta [Georgia], and surprising... in Macon\n[Georgia], and all of these towns. Surprisingly enough, you would say, how did\nyou get there? Surprisingly enough, for that purpose my father and mother had no\nproblem letting me have the car. I drove by myself, if necessary. Usually two or\nthree people would go. They would come back together from these socials.\n\nYOUNG: When did you go to college?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SINGER: I went off to college when I was 16 years old. That was an interesting\nexperience, too. I graduated high school in Unadilla.\n\nYOUNG: How many were in your [high school] class, just out of curiosity?\n\nSINGER: There were 18.\n\nYOUNG: Do you stay in touch with anyone?\n\nSINGER: Yes, I do. I talk to them every now and then...\n\nYOUNG: Do you still have reunions?\n\nSINGER: We don't have any reunions, but I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk to a number of them. There are\nquite a few of them that have left this world, but it was very... . it has been\nvery interesting. The high school there burned down the year that I graduated.\nIt was an old wooden building that burned down. We graduated in the Baptist\nchurch. They held the graduation services there. One of the doctors here in\nAtlanta, a cardiologist ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who's just retired, [unintelligible]... he was a few\nyears behind me. I saw him just recently. He said, \"I'm going to tell you an\ninteresting story.\" He said, \"I went back to Unadilla to speak at the church.\"\nHe said, \"Your father's name came up.\" He said, \"Somebody said, 'You know, we\nshould...\" Maybe they were asking about me, or something. Anyway, he said that\nmy father's name came up. They said, \"We should. . .\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this is 50 years after\nhe's been gone from there. Miss Singer [unintelligible] ago. He said, \"When\nPhillip Singer lived here...\" He said, \"I don't care whether you're black or\nwhite, or a Jew or what. If they had any kind of project or needed money for\nanything, they always went to him first. They knew he would start it and help\nget the money up.\" I thought that was the greatest compliment I could get for my\nparents. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were loved by black and white. There was never any difference as\nfar as they were concerned, and we came up there, now. The year that I graduated\nhigh school was 1934. This was during [Great] Depression years. This was when\nthe big Depression came along. I know you've read about it if you haven't heard\nabout it from your parents.\n\nWe were [located] on the main highway ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between Florida and going north, on up\ninto Indiana... wherever you wanted to go. There were people migrating, hungry.\nI don't remember, I don't... in that little town nobody ever came there that was\nhungry that didn't get what to eat. It was strange. Every town, practically\nevery town -- Vienna, Unadilla, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Perry [Georgia], Cordele, all of them -- one\nright after the other, all of them -- had a Jewish family or two in them. The\nJewish... economics brought them there. They opened up a business. They were\nable to raise their families there. If a Jewish family came... I've seen my\nparents get a call from Vienna, Georgia, from the sheriff of the county. He knew\nmy father very well. He'd say, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Phillip, we've got some of your folks here. You\nwanted to see them. They're hungry,\" he said to him. My daddy said, \"Buy them\ngas, and send them to me.\" They would feed them. My mother... we had a big porch\non my house. We were never more than a block away from the store, two blocks at\nthe most. They would come. She'd feed anybody and everybody. It was just a\nwonderful. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I look back on it... the way people... you look back, and see it\nin your house. Everybody opened their doors to help them out, buy them gas, feed\nthe children, and send them on their way to the next stop. That's how they got along.\n\nI graduated in 1934. That was the Depression years then. Banks had been closed\nall over the country. Things were tough, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I was going to... my parents... I\nenrolled in the University of Georgia [Athens, Georgia]. My father was going to\ntake me there to school. I got in the car... I choked up on this one myself.\nWhen I got in the car to leave, to tell my parents... to tell my mother\ngood-bye, she started to cry. I said, \"Mother, if you don't want me to go, I\nwon't go.\" She said, \"You don't understand. This is what we worked for all our\nlives. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is what we waited for.\" It was very important. That was the same\nthing that was important about our social life. It was important we were with\nJewish kids. It was important that we were with Jewish families, and that was to\nbe... I went to [the University of] Georgia in 1934. The first... and at that\ntime there were no banks. There wasn't a bank in our little town. The bank had\nclosed. My father took me by the bank in Macon where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he had a bank account, and\ntold me to put my signature on his bank account. He said, \"I don't know what\nit's supposed to cost you to go to college.\" He said, \"You know what we've got.\nI want you to live like you're supposed to live. Don't throw any money away.\"\nFrom that day on, that's how I went to college. I felt very guilty about three\nweeks after I got there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I joined the fraternity, pledged to a fraternity.\n\nYOUNG: Which fraternity?\n\nSINGER: Tau Epsilon Phi. At first they told us, \"You've got to have a tuxedo to\ngo to the dances with.\" I said, \"How about if I go call my daddy and tell him I\nwant a tuxedo.\" I called him up and I said, \"They tell me I ought to have a\ntuxedo.\" He said, \"Buy you[rself] one. Just go out and buy one. Buy it if you\ngot to have it.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I knew I had to have it, but of course I didn't explain it was\nto go to the dances, Jewish yet. Now, that may be kosher. I went off [to\ncollege] in 1934. There were a lot of Jewish kids at the school, surprisingly\nenough. It's always been important for Jewish parents to send their kids there.\n\nYOUNG: Were most of your friends Jewish then? Who was your roommate? Was he Jewish?\n\nSINGER: When, at the school?\n\nYOUNG: Was your roommate Jewish?\n\nSINGER: I stayed at the fraternity house. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was one of the reasons I did it.\nThat was my real first opportunity to live and be with a group of Jewish kids.\n\nYOUNG: Everybody you associated with there was...\n\nSINGER: . . . no, I was very active and always had a big... listen, in Unadilla,\nall the kids, the non-Jewish people that were my friends lived... when we got\nmarried, a year or two later, we lived in Columbus [Georgia]. We had a lot of\nnon-Jewish friends. Even our social life has been Jewish.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNG: What did you study at [the University of] Georgia?\n\nSINGER: I went into... I graduated law school. At that time, they had a combined\ncourse where you took the liberal arts first. You took two years of liberal\narts, then went into law school for three years, and got your law degree.\n\nYOUNG: What did you do after you graduated? Did you go back to Georgia?\n\nSINGER: You're jumping through ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five years of very important time.\n\nYOUNG: Then let's talk about it.\n\nSINGER: I had a great time. College was a great experience for me. I met a lot\nof people. I was introduced to a new world. Coming from Unadilla, you didn't\nhave a broad perception of the social life and the world. It was the first time\nthat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was responsible for myself, my own disciplines, and everything else. It's\nquite a big move, at any rate, from a senior in high school to a freshman in\ncollege. I think it's about the biggest move that you can make. You're at the\ntop of the heap in high school. Then, all of a sudden, you're just a freshman in\ncollege. It was a great experience. I met a lot of wonderful people. By and\nlarge, it was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good experience. I made a lot of valuable friendships. I\nstudied... had to work hard. The schools in Unadilla weren't the best in the\nworld, but I had no problem with that. I graduated and got through that. At the\nend of 1934, in 1937, I had a real stroke of luck. I started ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going with my wife,\nso we...\n\nYOUNG: . . . she was there, too?\n\nSINGER: She was at [the University of] Georgia, too. She graduated in 1938. I\nwas going five years, so I graduated in 1939. It was a wonderful year that we\nwere both in school together. Then she went back to Fitzgerald, and went to work\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with her father in his store, in a retail store there. I finished school in June\nof 1939 and went in business. I did not intend to go practice law. I did at one\ntime, but I wanted to go to [the United States Military Academy at] West Point\n[West Point, New York]. I had the appointment if I could pass the physical. My\nfather was a very good friend of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Senator Walter F. George, who lived just a few\nmiles away from us. I couldn't pass the physical, so that didn't materialize.\nWhen I finished law school... I studied law because I felt that it would give me\nthe kind of education and ability to learn to find whatever I wanted to find in\nthe world in the way of studying and learning. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I intended to go in business when\nI finished college. I graduated in June, went in business July 1, and got\nmarried August 20.\n\nYOUNG: Where did you go into business at that time?\n\nSINGER: We went into the wholesale distributing business, same business I'm in\nnow. I went in with an uncle in Columbus, Georgia, in 1939.\n\nYOUNG: You moved to Columbus?\n\nSINGER: We moved to Columbus ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fresh. We were both fresh out of college and fresh...\n\nYOUNG: Your uncle was fresh...\n\nSINGER: . . . no, my wife and I... were both fresh out of college, and very much\nin love. I went in business there. That was 1939, and it was... and we worked\ntogether for a while. Then he moved.\n\nYOUNG: Who was your uncle?\n\nSINGER: His name was Charles Kolodkin... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"K-O-L-O-D-K-I-N.\n\nYOUNG: Where did you get married?\n\nSINGER: We got married in Fitzgerald, Georgia. Fitzgerald, Georgia, is a town of\nabout 11,000 people. We had a big wedding. Ruth's parents were just wonderful\npeople, anyway, and there was a good Jewish community in Fitzgerald. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was, I\nguess... her father was a very outgoing person. We got married in the high\nschool auditorium in Fitzgerald, Georgia. They brought down a kosher caterer\nfrom Atlanta, a lady who could prepare all the food. There must have been 1,200\npeople at the wedding.\n\nYOUNG: My goodness.\n\nSINGER: Her father... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of course, all the Jews in South Georgia were invited. My\nfather invited... father-in-law invited everybody he saw. It was just a happy\nday, and a happy occasion. We got married there. We were married...\n\nYOUNG: Who performed the ceremony?\n\nSINGER: I'm going to tell you that right now. We were married by Rabbi Edmund A.\nLandau... L-A-N-D-A-U. He lived in and had a pulpit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the synagogue of a Reform\ncongregation in Albany, Georgia. Ruth's parents had gotten married in Tifton,\nGeorgia. He had married them 25 years before that. He performed a traditional\nOrthodox service even though... and that was usual. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You didn't have rabbis in\nevery town then. They couldn't fly in or go in, so we had him. It was a very\nnice, lovely wedding. It was traditional. We got married in the high school\nauditorium. This was 1939. Of course, we moved right then to Columbus.\n\nYOUNG: What was it like being in Columbus?\n\nSINGER: Columbus was...\n\nYOUNG: . . . a little bigger?\n\nSINGER: Columbus was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good town. We came there, I guess, at a good time in\nhistory. These were the days just prior to World War II. Of course there were\nrumbles in Germany and Europe at the time. In 1939, we're pretty close to the\ntime when there was a war. Columbus is the home of the infantry school, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fort\nBenning in Columbus. As a result, there was a lot of activity. It was, and is, a\nvery big fort. We moved there and immediately took an active... both of us were\nactive at college. I was one of these guys who had to be in all of the clubs and\nall the organizations. I was business manager ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Annual, and all those...\n\nYOUNG: What other things?\n\nSINGER: I was in ODK. I was on the... I was also president of Phi Kappa, which\nis a literary society. It was in my tenure of office that we made Franklin\nDelano Roosevelt an honorary member. We went over to visit with him in Warm\nSprings [Georgia].\n\nYOUNG: Wow.\n\nSINGER: We've got pictures of all that stuff and everything. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was active on the\ndebating team and manager of the swimming team. All of these guys tried to be a\nBMOC [Big Man on Campus]. There was a nice group of Jewish kids there, too.\nThere were a lot of parties, dances and inter-fraternity dances. Of course,\nJewish kids stayed... took care of each other, too -- the boys and the girls.\nI've always told this story, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I think it's very interesting that we made\nour social lives very enjoyable there. I remember we had a young man in our\nfraternity who had a sister who came up for the dances. For the fraternity, the\nbig dance was in the spring of the year. She wouldn't win any beauty contest,\nbut she was a sweet girl anyway. We thought she was a queen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when she was there.\nShe just needed their attention, and everybody gave it to her. I mean, that was\njust the way it worked. Those years were good. Life was good. We've still got a\nlot of friends that we went to school with, that we knew at school.\n\nYOUNG: Live here?\n\nSINGER: Live here and other places as you travel around the country. It's kind\nof like a network. You run into them.\n\nYOUNG: Did you have a best friend?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SINGER: Did I have a...\n\nYOUNG:... one particular person?\n\nSINGER: I'm not sure. I had several very close friends. As you get away and you\ndevelop your own family, you can... even within your own family, two first\ncousins or two brothers, sometimes their families get separated [or] get\nmarried. They have different interests and different things. We've stayed very\ngood friends, and see them over the years. I went back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for my... surprisingly\nenough, I told you there were 18 in my high school graduating class. At the time\nI graduated law school, there were only 28 kids. This was the Depression years,\nso it was a pretty good class. I went back for my fiftieth anniversary of my\nfall class. I graduated in 1939. It's been 55 years now, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going on 56. Out of the\n28, there were 14 of us came back. Several of them had died, seven we couldn't\nlocate, couldn't get a hold of or didn't come, one or the other. Out of the 14\nthat were there, five of them were judges.\n\nYOUNG: The rest were...\n\nSINGER: . . . I've tried to keep up with them, not on a day-to-day basis, but we\nkeep in touch with each other.\n\nYOUNG: We started to talk about life in Columbus, Georgia. What was it like when\nyou first went there?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SINGER: We went there in 1939. For me, it was a nice Jewish community. Probably\nhad a total of 200 or 225 Jewish families. There were two congregations there.\nOne was an Orthodox congregation and [one was] a Reform congregation. There were\na lot of young people there, so we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no problem finding a lot of friends and\nmaking friends. We knew people from Columbus, anyway, that we had gone to school\nwith. We had gone to dances there, so we knew them. Ruth had cousins and I had\nmy uncle that I had gone in business with. He had been living there for several\nyears, so it was easy to make a place for ourselves quick.\n\nYOUNG: Which synagogue did you join?\n\nSINGER: I joined the Orthodox congregation which was... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, too, was named\nShearith Israel. I started out in business. I was very ambitious and I worked\nvery hard. I also immediately got involved and was determined to see a\nmodernization. That was really the time when... in joining the synagogue there\nand in the community, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a group of us who felt that it was time for us\nto do something about it. The community itself, while the congregation was\nOrthodox, the majority of the young people there were not Orthodox. We felt that\nthere was a place for Conservative Judaism. We started to move to gradually\nbuild from Orthodox to Conservative, which we did over the next few years as the\ncongregation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"changed to a Conservative congregation.\n\nYOUNG: Did you ever experience any antisemitism there in Columbus?\n\nSINGER: I'll be perfectly honest with you. I can't really say that I've ever\nexperienced any real antisemitism. I've found people that you had to stand up\nto. They'd say something about a Jew or something. I think more of it was out of\nignorance than it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"real antisemitism. I have never had any real problem in\nfacing... I know that they... first place, I think I have... I knew that my\nsocial life was... I wasn't trying to integrate into the social life that\nanybody would say, \"What are you doing here? This is not your place.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I accepted\nthat it's not my place... that I was Jewish, and I lived as a Jew. I can really\nnever say... can say that I never had any real... I had opportunity when I was\nat the University of Georgia and also during my life because I have always\nworked and lived with non-Jews. My business life has been, I'd say, 90 percent\nwith non-Jews. I don't think that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that has been a factor in my life.\n\nYOUNG: Did you belong to a social club there?\n\nSINGER: I belonged to a social club there. There was a social club there. I was\nalso very active and everything in the community.\n\nYOUNG: What were some of your involvements?\n\nSINGER: About that time was when we started having problems. Things were\nbeginning to rumble in Europe. We had formed a [Jewish] Federation there which I\nwas... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was the new kid on the block, really. In 1944, we formally incorporated\nthe first [Columbus] Jewish [Welfare] Federation. We had a group that collected\nmoney up until that time, which I was very active in. I took an active part in\nthe synagogue. They had a social club there which we joined. I took an active\npart in that. Of course, I was working very hard at the time, too.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNG: Were you aware of what was going on in Europe? Were any immigrants coming\nto your community?\n\nSINGER: A lot of them came to Columbus, and more so than that was the fact that\nFort Benning was there. They were bringing in... building the army there. In\nfact, the day of Pearl Harbor was on a Sunday. There must have been eight or ten\nguys at our house. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home hospitality. We... Fort Benning... the first\ntroops they brought in were the National Guard [of the United States] and the\npeople who were drafted. Most of the National Guards who came in were from the\nEast, from New York, Massachusetts, and New England. We had thousands of Jewish\nboys. Actually thousands of Jewish boys.\n\nWe had a huge seder the first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"winter of 1941 or1942 when things really got\nrough. We had a seder that was held in Columbus. It was strictly pesadik kosher\nfood, and everything else. It was done by the good graces of the general at Fort\nBenning. We had a couple of Jewish chaplains there. There were Jewish chaplains,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of course. The Cooks and Bakers School was one of the big schools that was at\nFort Benning. There was the Infantry School and all the different organizations.\nThe chaplains went to the general at Fort Benning. They requisitioned all new\ndishes for Passover and all new pots. They did all the cooking there and brought\nthe food into town where we had a seder for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"several thousand people. The\ncommunity was there and everybody. We were nothing compared to what they had in\ntroops. It was a very busy town. It was extremely busy. Every weekend, the\nJewish troops that would come in from Fort Benning. We knew... all of us knew...\nextended home hospitality. It was nothing... at our house, we could hold just a\nyoung couple. There would be five or six ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guys on a weekend. First place, we\nknew... we ended up knowing a lot of them, because somebody that they knew told\nthem to be sure and call us when they got to Columbus. It was a very busy town\nfor those first few years of our married life. We were very active there. I was\nactive in B'nai B'rith there. I was president of that tenure in Columbus. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\nsynagogue took a lot of time. We were very busy in that social life. Then our\noldest daughter came along in 1941. She brought a new light into our life, too.\n\nYOUNG: How long did you stay in Columbus?\n\nSINGER: We left Columbus in 1961.\n\nYOUNG: You were there a long, long time.\n\nSINGER: Long time. We raised our children there.\n\nYOUNG: What were some of the other effects ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the war that you felt? After the\nwar, were there refugees that came there?\n\nSINGER: There were a lot. There were a lot of Germans who came there. A lot of\npeople from Europe came to Columbus, and they found a place for themselves. Fort\nBenning was probably the biggest experience in taking care of... there were\nliterally thousands. The Infantry School graduated all the lieutenants. All the\nofficers' ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"training and everything was done at the fort. At one time, they had\nprobably 100,000 troops in it. It was a busy town. There was a very big social\nlife built around it. The merchants there were doing extremely well. Everybody\nwas busy. In the meantime, our Federation continued to operate. Our synagogue --\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I took an active role in that. It changed to a Conservative synagogue. I was\ninvolved in the Conservative movement and was the second president of the\nSoutheast Region of the United Synagogue [of Conservative Judaism] and was very\ninstrumental in helping with the guy that was the first president of it. We did\na lot of the organizational work and got the whole ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organization which included\nthe states of the Carolinas, Florida, Alabama, Georgia -- about six states.\nThat's when we started that. We decided our synagogue in Columbus was in the\nwrong part of town from most Jewish areas... as the Jewish community they moved\na little further. Usually -- I think it's traditional -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody moves north.\nEverywhere we've been, nobody ever moves south. They move north of a town. We\nfound the necessity to provide for education for our children and everything\nelse. We didn't have the right facility. We needed... after joining the\nConservative movement, we had to get rabbis that were acceptable. We found that\nwas very difficult to do, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too. You had to work to get those, so we built a new\nsynagogue... one of the first things we did. I was president of the synagogue...\n\nYOUNG: What was the name of that?\n\nSINGER: Shearith Israel.\n\nYOUNG: Same name?\n\nSINGER: Yes. Also I co-chaired the building committee. The same time that I was\npresident of the synagogue, Ruth was president of the Sisterhood. We were both\nvery active in it. We had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice group of children, and we had... it was always\na real chore to get a good rabbi in a community of that size, because that\nwasn't where they wanted to be. It's a small community and a rabbi doesn't like\nto come and have to take care of the children and the old folks and everybody\nelse. We made a decision that what we had to do was... the best method of doing\nthat was to try to find ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a young rabbi, a young couple who was on their way up,\nand bring them in for two or three years. You didn't have a long longevity of\ntime with them... keep them and then let them move on when they outgrew you and\nbring in another one. We did very well doing that. This was really when Sharon\ncame along, and then three years later Alice came along. My real ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concern was\nabout Jewish education. My association with the Southeast Region of United\nSynagogue became very important. We were determined that our children would have\nthe very best Jewish education we could give them. They were able to go to an\nafternoon school with a rabbi there. Usually when you got to a certain point,\nthe kids dropped out anyway. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We didn't like that part of it, either. Through our\nassociation with the Conservative movement, we decided to do several things. We\nwere very fortunate at one step at bringing a rabbi and his wife who were just\ngreat. [unintelligible] he...\n\nYOUNG: Who was that rabbi?\n\nSINGER: Rabbi Kassel Abelson... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"K-A-S-S-E-L A-B-E-L-S-O-N. Rabbi Kassel and\nShirley Abelson were a very committed family. He had just gotten out of the\nchaplaincy when he came to Columbus. Even prior to his getting there, we had\nfound one of the... you have to be inventive and creative when you don't have\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things at your hand. If you are determined and want to do -- particularly\nwith your family and your children -- if you want to do it, there's always a\nway. We were fortunate that there were chaplains at Fort Benning, young, Jewish\nrabbis who were there who were looking for something to do. They wanted an\nopportunity to sit and study with somebody, because this is what they had done\nat school. We engaged them as private tutors for our girls ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after they finished.\nThey both were bat mitzvahed and did everything that the boys do. I mean\neverything. They had good backgrounds. We continued their education by using\nprivate tutors. When Rabbi Kassell Abelson came there, he suggested that our\ngirls go off to Camp Ramah. They both went and continued their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"education. Prior\nto that time, there were Jewish day camps -- I mean Jewish camps in this area\nhere. Blue Star in North Carolina is a good camp. They went there, but it didn't\nhave anything as Jewish learning that you have at Ramah. They went to Ramah.\nBoth of them went there. Our oldest daughter, Sharon, her husband was a camper.\nThey met there, by the way, in camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They've got grandchildren now. It's been a\nlong time ago. That same network, all three of our kids. Eric came along later.\nHe went to Ramah. He's now heading a project to establish -- and they're very\nactive in working on it, and it looks like it's going to happen -- a Camp Ramah\nright in north Georgia within the next year. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish education... At that time I\nrealized that if you wanted to have Jewish grandchildren, we'd better keep our\nchildren Jewish. The kids got a good Jewish education.\n\nYOUNG: How did you move from Columbus to Atlanta?\n\nSINGER: How or why?\n\nYOUNG: Why?\n\nSINGER: We were in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wholesale distributing business. We were servicing a\nlarge group of stores. We were in the wrong place. Our business just grew and\nchanged. Atlanta was the marketplace rather than Columbus. Transportation was\nbetter here. You could travel here... getting here to buy goods. Atlanta was the\nplace and Columbus was just also there. I mean, at the time we started there, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it\nwas a great opportunity. We had outgrown our facility in Columbus. We were going\nto have to move into a larger facility. We made the decision that if we were\ngoing to move, it was no harder to move 100 miles than it was to move two\nblocks. We had to uproot a lot of families. We moved 25 families with us to\nAtlanta. We came to Atlanta. We bought an existing business ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Atlanta. They\nwere finally closing it up just at our entree into the city, and then built our\nbuilding and moved our whole business up here.\n\nYOUNG: How long did your parents stay in South Georgia after you and your...\n\nSINGER: . . . my parents?\n\nYOUNG: Did your brother go to college?\n\nSINGER: After the war, in 1947, my parents retired. My parents... most of the\nJewish families who went to these small towns didn't go there to stay. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\nhungered for Jewish life. They needed a social life for themselves. They didn't\nhave it there except what I've tried to explain to you. They were anxious to get\nout. After the war years, in 1947, my father and mother sold their business and\nmoved to Columbus. My father retired and moved to Columbus. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He retired. He came\ndown and was at our office all the time, hanging around with us. When we moved\nto Atlanta, I didn't want to be in the position... and I wanted it to be their\ndecision to move. They had found many friends in Columbus and were very happy\nthere, but they wanted to be near their children and grandchildren. We said,\n\"We'll move. We understand your position.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had very good communication\nanyway. My parents and I and Ruth, all of us, we had a very good relationship.\nWhen we moved, a few months after we moved, they said, \"We don't like this. We\nwant to be with y'all.\" They moved here, too. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course, my mother had a lot of\nfamily here. That's where her family was from. It was not a difficult move for\nthem to move here.\n\nYOUNG: Do you have any family in South Georgia?\n\nSINGER: Do we?\n\nYOUNG: Yes?\n\nSINGER: Yes, we have a few cousins left. Ruth has all of her relatives, because\nmy family... the only one that came to this country on my father's side was my\nfather. There's nobody there. Most of the family, on my mother's side, was here\nin Atlanta. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We do have some relatives, though, still living in South Georgia, in\nMacon. There's a [unintelligible]. We moved to Atlanta in 1962, I guess it was,\nor 1961. Yes, it was 1962. We moved our business here and opened up our business\nhere. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An interesting thing happened family-wise after the war when my father\nmoved to Columbus in 1947. One of the things that he was doing was watching the\npapers trying to find his family. His family was in Austria-Hungary when he came\nover here. After World War I, it became Poland ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where he was. After World War II,\nit became Russia. That same town.\n\nHe hadn't heard anything from any part of his family. He sat... he would take\nthe Jewish paper that came once a week and it would have a list -- a page -- and\nhave people looking for relatives. He picked that... the first thing he would do\nis grab the paper and sit [and] go from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"word to word on every column. Finally,\none day he found his nephew. It said if you were looking for an Uncle Phillip\nSinger who came to the United States from Kosow, trying to find. He got in touch\nwith him immediately. Now, in the meantime, the Israel thing was happening. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In\n1948, of course, they had their independence and started the state. My mother\nhad a big family there. My grandmother's sister in the early 1920's moved there\nfrom Russia with her family. They all... everybody left to Israel. She had a big\nfamily there. My grandmother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and her family were here, of course. They had\ngotten back in touch with her. In 1951, my parents made a trip when they found\neveryone. It was their first trip to Israel in 1951. Those were very exciting\ntimes. When I say exciting, I don't mean ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good time exciting. It's hard to\nexplain to someone who has not lived through it and experienced it with parents\nand grandparents who were... we're first generation Americans, and so we had...\nwe helped... they helped... Part of that Jewish education I guess, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as children,\nwas seeing things through their eyes -- why they're here and what they're doing\nhere. Those [were] very big days in the life of a Jewish community, and in our\nown family life.\n\nWhen we came to Atlanta... in 1961, the year before we came to Atlanta, Ruth and\nI took an extensive ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trip to Israel and spent time there. It was our first. We've\nbeen there 12 times. They were various times. The first time we went to Israel\nin 1961, I'll cover this at some other time. When we got there, we were met at\nthe airport by 32 people, which was our family.\n\nYOUNG: My goodness.\n\nSINGER: Ruth has family on both sides of her family. I have family on both sides\nof my family there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was quite an experience. We have been involved in Jewish\nlife wherever we've been.\n\nYOUNG: With the formation of Israel, were you involved in that, with fundraising\nand things?\n\nSINGER: Fund raising, yes. In 1944, we incorporated the [Jewish] Federation in\nColumbus. There were eight people, eight of us incorporated. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of them\nwere... all of them were my elders. Most of them were not much my elder, but\nolder than I was. I was 26 years old then. We did an excellent job of\nfundraising there for the size town we were in... business selling the bonds...\nselling bonds and so forth. I've always been involved in Federation with the fundraising.\n\nYOUNG: When you moved to Atlanta, did you find religious life very different\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Columbus?\n\nSINGER: I found it, but again, I was perfectly at home here because I knew\neverybody. [I] knew a lot of people. I stepped right into [the Jewish]\nFederation of Greater Atlanta, religious, synagogue...\n\nYOUNG: When you moved to Atlanta, you had mentioned that you spent time at your\ngrandmother's. How was it different? What can you remember about spending time\nwith your grandmother, and how was Jewish life ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different once you moved here?\n\nSINGER: I remember my days with my grandmother. Let me just mention... I have to\nmake this side comment. I guess the three biggest influences in my life have\nbeen three ladies. One was my grandmother. One was my mother. The third and most\nimportant has been my wife. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandmother was a great lady. She was a real\nmatriarch. She ran the show in the family. I can promise you that. She made sure\nthat everything went right, too. As a child, I would come and spend some very\npleasant times here. This was another opportunity for me to be with Jewish\npeople that my parents saw to. I remember very well... they lived on Washington\nStreet for a while. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then they lived for a short time on Fair Street. The days I\nrecall so well [are] as a young child visiting on Washington Street. I had an\naunt and uncle who also lived about three blocks from them who had a son that\nwas two years younger than I was. I got to spend a lot of time with him. We had\na lot of opportunity to do things. I was really in the big city, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming from\nUnadilla to Atlanta. Little things like the... what they did... I remember the\nschool... transportation, of course. They never drove a car. Transportation was\non the streetcars. We would... on a Sunday, grandmother would get up and fix or\npack two big baskets of food. Everybody got in there. She wasn't by herself.\nEverybody else was doing the same thing. We'd get on a street car, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pay a nickel\ncarfare and go to Piedmont Park. That place was just packed with Jewish families\npicnicking and spending the afternoon swimming in the lake.\n\nYOUNG: Did you all meet in a special part of the park?\n\nSINGER: Yes, they were all there. They all... when you got to Piedmont Park,\nthere was one area where our people were. That's where everybody walked over.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They'd bring a blanket and sit on the ground and everywhere else. It was a very\nwarm Jewish community. Again, most of the people here were... there were a lot\nof landsleit, which means people from your own area of Europe. They would more\nor less stay together. It was... a lot of the families... I talked with a number\nof people now since I've come back to Atlanta. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We recall the instances that our\ngrandmothers and our ... used to sit together. We would know each other through\nthem. As I'm sure you've already recognized, there's been a lot of intermarriage\nin Atlanta in a good way -- and in the South in a good way -- intermarriage\namong the Jewish families. There weren't a whole lot of Jewish people. As a\nresult, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"families would cross-marry. There are a lot of people kin to each other.\nYou have to be very careful in Atlanta now not to talk about anybody. It could\nbe a very close relative of whoever you're talking to. But Atlanta... the Jewish\nlife here was very good. Of course, I found it completely different. Atlanta was\nalready... when we came back here in 1962, it was beginning to be a big city.\nWhen we announced in Columbus that we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moving our business to Atlanta and it\nbecame known, I got a letter from the mayor of Atlanta who sent me a book that\nhis father had written...\n\nYOUNG: . . . who was the mayor then?\n\nSINGER: I'll give it to you in a minute... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ivan Allen Jr.was the mayor. His\nfather had written a book about Atlanta and attributed the success of Atlanta to\ntwo things: it was altitude and attitude. Atlanta does have a wonderful\naltitude. The weather is good here, for the most past. It's a very pleasant\nplace to live. You can live here 12 months a year. Frankly, I think it's great\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because you got seasons. You got wet weather. You got dry weather. You got\nspring. You got summer. You got the beautiful times of the year, the hot times\nof the year. The altitude has been pretty good. We're right at the foot of\nAppalachian [Mountains]. The attitude of the people, I think, has been by and\nlarge very good. When we came to Atlanta, we found that we were moving to a big\nmetropolitan city that was just busting at its seams, ready to become a big\ncity. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think you would recognize in just the short time that you've been here\nthat it is a big city. If you don't believe it, get on the road about 8:00 in\nthe morning.\n\nWe found it very, very interesting. I had no problem, Ruth and I, neither one.\nWe're both very outgoing. We had been active. We were hungry for more Jewish\nlife, more Jewish activity, and more community. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We immediately had found access\nto being active in every way. Ruth and I. Of course, we joined the AA [Ahavath\nAchim] Synagogue. There's been five generations in our family in that synagogue.\n\nYOUNG: My goodness.\n\nSINGER: Rabbi Harry H. Epstein, who's the rabbi that married us, has served...\nbeen at service... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about to say serviced our family... has done life cycle\nevents for five generations of my family. We had no trouble immediately getting\nactive in AA. I knew the officers and people involved there. I got active, Ruth\ngot active. Rabbi Harry H. Epstein and Reva Chashesman Epstein, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're just\nwonderful people. It was no problem at all finding a life there. Of our two\ndaughters, Sharon had already gotten married. She was married in Columbus to her\nhusband who was a childhood sweetheart that [she] had met at Camp Ramah. She was\nmarried and gone. She married at 18 and a half. That's another story. I'll tell\nyou about that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a little while, too. Alice left the year we came up to\nAtlanta. She went off to [Case] Western Reserve [University] in Cleveland [Ohio]\nto college. Eric was in the sixth grade.\n\nYOUNG: Where was he in school?\n\nSINGER: In Atlanta? We came here and he took private tutoring ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until he could get\nhis Hebrew good enough. He entered the Hebrew Academy. He graduated from Hebrew\nSchool at the Hebrew Academy. He went to Camp Ramah. He did it every year, so he\ngot an intensive Jewish education. At that time Ramah had a great deal of Hebrew\nspeaking. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was therefore -- and still is -- very qualified... had a great\nbackground. He went to Camp Ramah and Israel. He was also in the summer school\nat Hebrew University [of Jerusalem] in Israel, so he's had that type of\nbackground. Alice went on to [Case] Western Reserve [University] and graduated\nthere. She taught after she graduated. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Her husband at the time was in dental\nschool at Ohio State [University -- Columbus, Ohio]. She taught one year or two\nyears at the day school in Columbus, Ohio. She later divorced that husband,\nincidentally, but she... they had a good background. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We also got very active in\nFederation and were very active in the Bureau of Jewish Education here. I tried\nto play an active role in both of those. About that same time, there was a move\nafoot to build a new Jewish Home. I got involved in that, too. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My activities in\nAtlanta have been... In [the Atlanta Jewish] Federation. I served as chairman of\nthe first Missions Committee. I helped organize and served as chairman of the\nfirst Missions Committee for approximately three years. A few years after that,\nI was called on to do some work with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Committee on Aging. I chaired a\nCommittee on Aging at the Federation for approximately three years. In the\nmeantime, I had worked with the educational programs at AA Synagogue. I was very\nactive and again, my thrust was Jewish education. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I became chairman the\nEducation Committee at the AA Synagogue, and took care of that for approximately\nthree years. At the same time I was working very intensively for the Bureau of\nJewish Education for the city, and became president of the Bureau of Jewish Education.\n\nYOUNG: For the city [of Atlanta], or the [Atlanta Jewish] Federation?\n\nSINGER: For Federation... it was a separate independent organization.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNG: What were some of your other involvements in Jewish education? We had\nstarted to talk about your role as chairman.\n\nSINGER: Mike Craft was president of the synagogue when I came to Atlanta. He\nasked me to get involved with the synagogue, which I did. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He unfortunately\npassed away at a very early death and was succeeded by Harry Lane Segal who\nbecame... who was president of the synagogue. Harry asked me if I would take\nresponsibility for the Jewish Education Committee of the synagogue, which I did.\nI chaired that. my efforts were... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have always felt that the quality of Jewish\neducation... so many of the people... we were going through a transition, in my\nopinion, that we needed... the quality of our teacher s had to be better. So\nmany people did not give the proper... the parents and the grandparents did not\ngive the proper respect to those people who were responsible for Jewish\neducation through giving ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and transmitting the Jewish education, not the laymen\nlike me. It was my first role. What I was pledged to was to get the quality and\nrespect... to get the quality by getting respect. If the people did not have\nrespect for their teachers, they did not give them a living wage, and see that\nthey were recognized in the community for what they really are -- and they are\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really the ones who are conveying Jewish education to our children -- then it\nwould never be good. That was the thrust of what I tried to do as chairman of\nthat committee. It worked, I think, a lot. We got rid of the people who were\nproblems. I fought for those who were being underpaid and fought for employing\nand finding people. I didn't say we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hired people, because that's a terrible...\nyou don't hire people, you employ them to come. They were people who were really\ninfluencing the whole lives of our kids. We were able to do a lot by just\nattitude. Again, this is a matter of attitude.\n\nAs a result of that, I got involved with the Bureau [of Jewish Education], too.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We needed a Bureau to help furnish us consultation and leadership. If you ever\nvolunteer in Jewish life, all you got to do... if people say that you've got to\n. . a clique runs everything. A clique is the people who want to do the work. If\nyou just want to be a member of the clique, all you got to do is just be willing\nto work. I got involved, and believe me -- I tell you this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I tell it to you\nnow -- I've had a lot of involvement in community work. I have given to the\ncommunity and the community has given to me. That's been my Jewish education.\nThe rabbis that I've known, my rabbis, and my involvement in organizations have\nbeen my Jewish education. I think that you can get one if you're just willing to\nlearn that way.\n\nThe Bureau [of Jewish Education] was also going through... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of these things\nhave been going through transitions. There's been a lot happening. In the last\n50 years there's been so much history happen. The whole Israel thing... being\ninvolved in Israel... being involved in Federation, helping there, being\ninvolved in the meetings, being involved in all the campaigns and all the\norganizations... it's been an opportunity. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People who take advantage of an\nopportunity make it, learn from it, and gain from it. I got involved in the\nBureau of Jewish Education. I got involved on a number of studies we did for\nFederation. I thought... as I have tried to state... I think it's our pride of\nbeing Jewish -- and knowing who we are and what we are -- is what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"makes you\nhappy and makes you accepted by your fellow man, too. If you know what you are\nand who you are, then I think that people that are around you know who you are.\nBy improving Jewish life in our own relation to the community, I think we grow.\nI think everybody will walk a little bit taller than we did before. Bureau of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Education was a good experience.\n\nBeing active in Federation, the first... it was very exciting working on the\nmissions program. We found that the best education. It's been proven. Today,\nthey want everybody to send... .everybody wants to send their... they want them\nto send their family or their children or somebody to Israel for their Israel\nexperience. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The missions program was the first start of this. We had to talk our\nheads off to get allocations for subsidizing missions. Now, we know about the\nreturn on investment because the money we put in sending people to Israel came\nback to the Federation in contributions and people working.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The community supported the Federation idea. The 1967 War I recall distinctly.\nWe had a meeting at the [Atlanta] Americana [Motor] Hotel. The room was packed.\nThere were those of us in there who were giving thousands of dollars that you'd\nhave ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never dreamed any of us had, much less could give. A lot of us went out and\nborrowed that money the next day, because we knew we were at a critical point. I\ncan say this for the community: it rallied. It was supportive. You had a lot of\nvery committed Jews. In my particular case, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my daughter Sharon's father-in-law\nwas a very active participant in Jewish life at that time, too. By even\nexchanging notes, he was active on a national basis. He was one of those who\nbefore 1948 was smuggling dynamite to Palestine.\n\nYOUNG: What was his name?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SINGER: His name was Norry, Irving Norry, N-O-R-R-Y.\n\nYOUNG: Where does he live?\n\nSINGER: Rochester [New York]. He's living in Florida most of the time now. Irv\nwas an ardent Zionist and had been very active. He was in this group, the\nSonneborn Group -- or whatever it was -- in New York. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"About 50 or 60 people were\nsmuggling everything in the world over there, taking refrigerators and packing\nthem full with ammunition, sending them over there, and everything else. This\nwas a feeling all over the country. People everywhere were giving very\ncreatively. The Mission program was another very good experience. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We sent\nplaneload after planeload of people to Israel. It was a remarkable teaching\nthing. Afterwards, we went along with the first... we sent from Atlanta and I\nco-chaired... on the particular Mission at that time, I was chairman of the\nMission Committee, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the second Mission to go into Budapest [Hungary] when they\nopened it up to us. We and a group from Miami went in.\n\nYOUNG: You went to Budapest?\n\nSINGER: We went to Budapest. We stayed there for four days. We were so\nbrainwashed by the community and by the people in the government portion of it,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we thought they were living the life of Riley. It was really... things were\ngood there, but it wasn't near as good as it was painted to us. That was an\nexperience. Those were the learning experiences. We left there, and went to\nIsrael. Now...\n\nYOUNG: How many people were involved in this?\n\nSINGER: There were probably about 50.\n\nYOUNG: Who was the leader ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of that group?\n\nSINGER: Allen Kolodkin -- who is my first cousin -- Elaine [Kolodkin], and Ruth\nand I were the leaders of that particular trip. A few years later, we had a trip\nwhich went to Prague [Czechoslovakia]. We went to Prague. We had a\nscholar-in-residence with us while we were there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and saw what Czechoslovakia...\nand that is mind-boggling what the Nazis had done there to...\n\nYOUNG: What year was this when you went to Prague?\n\nSINGER: I'll have to look that up and give you that later.\n\nYOUNG: Yes.\n\nSINGER: Again, all of this was educational. I'll tell you a short story. I'll\nmix in a story here now, if I have the time for it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A number of years ago, Ruth\nand I saw where the Westminster Synagogue in London [United Kingdom] had been\ngiven the responsibility of about 400 Sefer Torahs which came out of the\nHolocaust out of Czechoslovakia. When they found them, they gave them to the\nWestminster Synagogue ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to distribute them to Jewry in the world on a permanent\nloan basis -- for synagogues, museums, and organizations. Along with the cost of\nit, whoever got them had to make a substantial contribution to the expense of\nthis whole operation of getting them out and getting them in. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ruth and I got one\nfor the AA Synagogue. We wanted to give it to the synagogue. If you have seen it\nin the cabinet there...\n\nYOUNG: Yes.\n\nSINGER: . . . in the museum. It's an old German Torah that was in a synagogue in\nPilsen, Czechoslovakia. About three years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before we went to Czechoslovakia, I\ngot a letter from a rabbi in Pennsylvania who said that he had gone to visit\nthat synagogue -- the synagogue from which that congregation had gotten the\nTorah -- and it was a little town near Pilsen. He went back to Pilsen on his way\nthere. He stopped at the synagogue there because he knew that we had the Sefer\nTorah here in Atlanta that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came from Pilsen. He met a man there named Rudolph\nLowy who spoke very good English [and] who as a young man in his late teens had\nescaped from Czechoslovakia, went to England, enlisted in the English Brigade,\nand then came back to Czechoslovakia ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the underground. When he told him that\nhe knew where their sacred Torah was, he was so excited. He urged me that if we\never had the opportunity to go to Czechoslovakia, we must visit him. When we\nwent to Prague, I called. They sent me his phone number and everything else. I\ncalled him, told him we were in Prague, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I had hoped we could come to visit\nhim. This was on Thursday afternoon. I said, \"I'm not going to be able to do\nit,\" because after looking at the schedule that had been for us, we were going\nto be there four days, the next day was Friday, and Friday morning we were going\nto Theresienstadt, the concentration camp. After the concentration camp, we had\nto come back to Prague. He says, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I will meet you at Theresienstadt. I know\nwhere you're going, because I have been to it. I know where the groups go. I'll\nmeet you there and take you to Pilsen. I must meet you and must show you the synagogue.\"\n\nWe went there the next morning, and as the bus pulled out I could see a... he\nsaid, \"You'll recognize me. I got a Russian car. I'll be there by my car.\" I\nlooked out the window ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the bus. I said, \"Ruth, that's got to be him. He's\npacing.\" Granted, he spoke very good English because he had been in the English\narmy. So we got out. He was just a lovely human being, just a lovely human\nbeing. As soon as we got through there... we got through about 11:00... the\nrest, they were going out to have lunch there. He says, \"No, you come with me.\nWe'll take you to Pilsen. Then after you visit Pilsen, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm going to take you\nback to Prague.\" I got another couple -- the Howards went with us -- and we went\nto Pilsen. I can tell you how happy I am to... the first place he took us was to\nthe Jewish cemetery which they had redone. It was a beautiful cemetery.\nAfterwards, he took us to the synagogue. The synagogue had been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saved because it\nwas right in the middle of downtown. If you would like, I've got some pictures\nand an article I'll be glad to share with you, too. We went down to the\nsynagogue. We walked into this synagogue. It was built to seat 3,200 people. I\ncan tell you... everywhere you go... you stood in the middle of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beautiful\nbuilding with two big gables -- or whatever you call it on either side of it,\ninside there. I could even hear the chazzan singing. I mean, you could just\nimagine what it must have been. He said, \"We're going to have services here\nbecause you're here this afternoon.\" We went into a room. With the four of us,\nthere were 11 people. Now, that was the community. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was the community.\n\nYOUNG: Were they all old?\n\nSINGER: All old. He was the young... he was the baby of the crowd. He passed\naway just a few months ago. It was a great... it was a heartrending experience.\nWe visited there, and then he took us back to Prague. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Prague, we saw all the\ntreasures with Mark E. Talisman. He brought the Precious Legacy, a display... to\nremember all the stuff from Czechoslovakia. [He] brought [it] into this country\nfor a display. It has toured the country. He was there. He's an outstanding\nauthority on it. He took us to all of the warehouses. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The story of Prague is\nthat Hitler was going to make a museum there to the forgotten people, the Jews.\nHe had built warehouses of items over there of Judaica, 20,000 portraits of...\nit blows your mind. That was a great experience going there, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to Prague.\nThese missions -- and being active in these kinds of things -- are, in my\nopinion, where you really learn what your community is about.\n\nYOUNG: What about your involvement with the Epstein School?\n\nSINGER: The Epstein School... of course, right from its very beginning, I knew\nwe had to have a Conservative day school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Atlanta. Rabbi Harry H. Epstein saw\nfit to really head the organization of it. I was involved as one of the people\nwho were for it. They made a... we made a... I won't say \"they\" because that's\nnot fair. We made a terrible mistake in starting the school. Not in the fact\nthat we started it, but with what we tried to do. We opened up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a school from the\nfirst grade to the eleventh grade. Now, you can't open up a school... try and\ntake a bunch of people who tried open up a complete school. The proper way would\nhave been to form the first three or four grades, and keep adding and adding and\nadding. As a result... and the school probably started for many wrong reasons,\nand some right reasons. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The right reason was because of the commitment and\ndedication that Rabbi Harry H. Epstein had. What made it right... had to go\nfrom... it opened up to 11 years. When it came out they were going to open a\nJewish day school, and they knew that AA was behind it, and Rabbi Harry H.\nEpstein was behind it, it was going to be... should be a very good school. The\npublic schools here at the time... this was in the heat and heart of integration\nof the schools, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the segregation issue, and integration of the school systems.\nThe public school system lacked a lot. People were scared to death. Everybody\nclambered for the day school. I believe in public schools, but I also very\nstrongly believe in Jewish day schools, very strongly. I think it serves a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very\nbig part and place in our lives. I don't think it takes... that doesn't mean\nthat we are in any way not doing the American thing by supporting day school\neducation. As a result of that, the school got in trouble about the third or\nfourth year of its existence. I was asked to come in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and take a responsible\nposition in running the school. Not in the operation, but as a layperson. We\nsuffered because where we had eleven grades, we went down... we were lucky if we\nhad five or six grades. The classes... small classes. We went down to about a\nhundred students in the whole school.\n\nYOUNG: What year was this approximately?\n\nSINGER: It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 12 years ago. I can verify the years for you if you want to\nmake a note.\n\nYOUNG: That's all right, 12 years roughly.\n\nSINGER: It's about12 years ago. We brought in a new headmaster. We had a good\nheadmaster. Things didn't go right with him. He left. We brought in another\nheadmaster. That didn't work. We had to make another change. We just had all of\nthe growth problems ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that could be had. We just would not give up. We were very\nfortunate in interviewing a young lady named Cheryl Finkle who was the\nheadmaster -- the head of school today. She was with the Bureau of Jewish\nEducation. She was very committed and very qualified. She wasn't as qualified\nscholastically, as an educational background ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in day school operation. [She was]\nqualified in education, committed to Jewish education, and did know Jewish\neducation, but not to the extent that she knows it today. She had the right\nneshama -- which is heart -- to do the job. She related to the parents. She came\nin and took over her job as the... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and again, we struggled for several years.\nThe school started, though, immediately to build. We were very blessed. From 95\nor 100 students, we grew. We outgrew our facilities at the synagogue. Not only\nwe outgrew the physical facilities there, but so many of our families today --\nyoung families -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can't afford to live that close in to town. As you are\nprobably well-aware, most of them moved out. It's a big trek to bring your\nchildren all the way over here. We were able... what they decided... they were\ngoing to close the Underwood Hills Elementary School, a public school, and they\nwere combining it with a new Heards Ferry [Elementary School]. The property was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"available for rent or lease. We went to the county and struck a very good deal\nwith the county to lease the property. We leased, and we moved the school out\nthere. We moved from the space that we had to a place with 50,000 square feet.\nUp until about that time, we'd have classes of 12 or 13 kids in a class, and we\njust... we were building all along. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We moved out there, and it just flourished.\n\nFirst place, she's a very qualified educator. She's committed. She's got a\ncommitted staff. At the present time, we have 570 children in school ranging\nfrom 18 months -- we have a preschool program that starts at 18 months -- up\nthrough the eighth grade. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We got 570 students and a staff of 100 people. They're\nnot all full-time, but the ratio of staff to students is so great that the\nchildren are getting an amazing education. It's really something to see what's\nhappening. I've got three grandchildren out there at the present time. The\nyoungest one is in the second grade. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Last year, I visited. They're doing an\nexperimental teaching Hebrew. It's a course on the way to teach modern Hebrew.\nIt's designed by a lady in Montreal. We're one of the pilot places for it. They\nteach the first grade. Last year, they started ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teaching the first graders. About\ntwo months after school started, I visited Jackie's class, and I stood at the\nback. For 20 minutes, nobody in that class spoke a word of English. These are\nkids that are six and seven years old, and have been in school taking Hebrew for\ntwo months. It's just amazing what they've been able to do. There are three\nfirst... there are three grades the school... Finally the building and the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"county was ready. We had to do something because the children were sitting on\ntop of each other. We had to build five temporary buildings -- these movable\nbuilding -- out there to take care of the student body. We have three classes,\nthree first grades, and three second grades, all the way up involving three\nclasses. We've got a big seventh and eighth grade. This year, they are\nsending... the first year we are sending ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our seniors, eighth graders, on a trip\nto Israel. The parents are sending them, but it's the school sponsoring the\ntrip. I think there are between 35 and 40 kids going on that trip. It just has\nbeen a terrific experience. We were able to buy the building. We did a\nlong-range plan just after a short range plan several years ago, and we've been\nworking against that plan. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The school's been recognized by the Southern\nAssociation of Colleges and Schools, and the Southern Association of Independent\nSchools. We are qualified in every way. We bought the building. We are in the\nprocess... hope to start on April 2, to break ground for an addition doubling\nthe size. We're putting in all the facilities.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNG: I bet your grandchildren appreciate your efforts.\n\nSINGER: They do. I've been very fortunate. I want to tell you that. I've got a\ngranddaughter who graduated the school who is in graduate school at City College\nof New York [New York, New York]. She graduated from Columbia [University] -\nBarnard [College -- New York, New York] last year. We are at the place now that\nwe've got children of alumni, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a great feeling... to see... I saw a lot\nof graduates that are sending their kids back to the school. It's probably been\nthe most gratifying thing that I've ever done in my life.\n\nYOUNG: This is Lila Beth Young interviewing Sol Singer on February 18 1995. This\nis our second interview for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta,\nco-sponsored by American Jewish Committee, Atlanta Jewish Federation, and\nNational Council of Jewish Women. This is our second interview. I thought it\nwould be worthwhile to go back and talk a little bit more about life in\nUnadilla. What are some of the stories that you remember from your childhood,\nand descriptions?\n\nSINGER: I have a vivid memory going back to starting school. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The public school\nin Unadilla was from first grade through eleventh grade. In those years, there\nwere just 11 years you went to school. I started in first grade when I was five\nand a half years old. I recall all of my teachers. It was a big wooden school\nbuilding. It was... the whole town had... I think I mentioned earlier, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[it] was\nprobably 1200 residents. That's black, white, and everybody there. Probably more\nthan half of the children are in that school. In those years, there was\nsegregation. It was a strictly white school. More than half the children, I'm\nsure, were rural dwellers who came in on the school bus. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were no lunch\nrooms there. We all went home for lunch. Home, if you lived in town, was no\nfurther than three or four blocks away. That was the size of the town.\n\nAs coming up, I remember a very close relation. The teachers knew everybody in\ntown, and I'm reminded of Mrs. Rosalyn Carter when she was interviewed after she\nwent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Washington [District of Columbia]. Somebody asked her, \"How did it feel\nto be a first lady and be in everybody's eyes where everybody saw everything you\ndid?\" She said, \"You didn't have to come to Washington to do that. If you lived\nin a small town like Plains, Georgia,\" -- Unadilla was probably just a little\nbit bigger if anything than Plains -- \"everybody knew what you did all the time\nanyway.\" It was that way there. All the teachers, as I remember them, were very\nfine people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of them... we had some single teachers who came and were\nbrought in, but most of them were residents of the community.\n\nSince our last interview, I've tried to stop and think back of instances that I\ncould bring any real antisemitism up. I don't recall any real antisemitic\nsituations in my life time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Certainly, remarks were made. South Georgia was a\nvery interesting place for Jewish people. You may not understand what I'm going\nto say in explaining this, but there were one or two Jewish stores in the\ncommunity. Both of them serviced the whole community. There were other stores,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"several other stores there, who carried similar merchandise that weren't Jewish.\nA lot of the blacks, particularly, would refer to the stores as \"the Jew store.\"\nThey didn't... they weren't derogatory. As I look back on it, it wasn't being\nderogatory when they said, \"the Jew store.\" They meant that was the store that\nthe Jewish people ran. I don't remember really any real problems ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that my parents\nhad. I give credit to them. I think their being positively Jewish, living a life\nas close to what they could to observe their Jewish background and upbringing,\nand always reaching out to everybody... I think this was the reason that they\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"respected in the community. They were respected for who they were, and what\nthey were. The fact that they were not a Methodist or a Baptist -- which were\nthe only two other faiths there besides the couple of families of Jews -- didn't\nmake any difference. They were all well-accepted in the community.\n\nI remember as a child the first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"houses that my parents lived in. My mother and\nfather moved from living upstairs at Mrs. Hamrick's house to a big wood house\nthat was almost on the railroad track. [It was] about a block away from the\nrailroad tracks and across from a family where the husband was a carpenter, and\nan elderly gentleman... Mr. and Mrs. Moore. They were like a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"second set of\ngrandparents to a little child. I stayed over at their house, I guess, half the\ntime. I gave them credit for my being chubby as a little one. She always fed me\ncold sweet potatoes. They were wonderful. She'd cook them and have them always\nthere when I came in. That was the first thing I had to do was sit down and eat.\nThose were the kind of relationships that you had. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We moved from that big wood\nhouse to another great big wooden house. We progressively moved around until\nmany years later, in 1929, my parents build a home. In fact, [they] built the\nfirst brick house in Unadilla. All of them had been frame or wood frame houses\nthere. That was quite an accomplishment. They were proud. They had found ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\ncommunity in which they were cared for, and they were loved. I'll tell you how\nclose a little town it was.\n\nI'm skipping a little bit. When I went off to college, in those years the\ntelephones weren't like they are at AT\u0026T [American Telephone \u0026 Telegraph] today.\nYou had to ring the phone with a crank. They had an operator in every town. I'd\ncall my parents, and I'd call collect, of course. The operator would answer the\nphone ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it was a collect call for the Singers. The operator would laugh. An\noperator --Mrs. Irving, I remember, I can see her to this day -- she'd answer\nthe phone and says, \"Tell the operator in Athens. Tell Sol that his mother is\nplaying bridge, and his daddy's at the picture show tonight.\" They knew\neverything that went on. This was the kind of a relationship ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you had in a\nsmall community like Unadilla. We lived that life. I came up all the way. [I]\nstarted out in first grade there. I had wonderful teachers all the way through\nschool, some better and some worse. My mother insisted that I take elocution\nwhich is the equivalent today, I guess, of public speaking. I wasn't musically\ninclined, so I took elocution. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were welcomed in all the community. There was\na close bonding between all the families. We had two wonderful physicians there,\na Dr. Redding Hamilton Pate and Dr. Linton Hines Bishop. They were family\npractitioners. They took care of everything and everybody.\n\nThere were a lot of black people in Unadilla. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father did a lot of business\nwith the black families there. It being an agricultural community, the farmers\nworked very hard all year. [They] reaped the benefits of their crops, and had\nmade their money in the Fall of the year when they harvested their crops. They\nwould come in, and he did a fairly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extensive credit business which he extended\ncredit. He knew everybody, black and white. I want to say this, that I don't...\nthere was never any... the treatment of the black community... certainly they\ndid not have the rights, freedoms, and everything that they have today. But as\nfar as when they came in to do business ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with my parents, they were treated just\nexactly like everybody else was. He had a wonderful relationship with them. They\nwould always come to him with their problems, because they knew that he would\nchampion them. If there was anything wrong in the community that they didn't\nthink they had gotten a fair deal on, they'd ask him. He had the -- I guess the\nword would be -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chutzpah to do anything that he thought was right. That was the\nreason he came to America. They wanted to be sure that everything was right.\nThey worked hard. They contributed to everything in the community, both with\neffort and with their limited funds.\n\nI may jump around ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little bit here. As I was coming up, I wanted to tell you\nthat we also visited, and were associated with, the Jewish community all through\nthat area. There was practically no town of any size in South Georgia that I\nknew of that didn't have at least one Jewish family there. Those Jewish families\nhad been there for a number of years. The reason was: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first, they were welcomed.\nIf they hadn't been welcomed, if there had been rampant antisemitism, I'm sure\nthe Jewish people wouldn't have stayed in those towns, but they were welcomed in\nthose towns. They were good citizens. They were able to go there and make\nprogress economically, build a family, build a home, and educate their family\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with very little capital. The competition certainly wasn't as hard as it was\nanywhere in the bigger cities. In fact, they were entrepreneurs. Most of them\nwere entrepreneurs. Most of them had what we would call small department stores,\nor dry goods stores, where they sold wearing apparel. There were some in Cordele\n[Georgia]. There was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish merchant there who had a shoe repair business.\n\nYOUNG: What was his name?\n\nSINGER: The Cohen family. I'm friendly with his children to this day.\n\nYOUNG: Where did they come from? Do you know?\n\nSINGER: Mrs. Cohen came from England. He came from Russia. They married over\nhere. Her family came over from England. She had a decided English brogue. He\nwas a shoemaker. They had a shoe shop there, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shoe repair business there. There\nwas another family there. Their name happened to be Singer. That family was from\nGermany. He lived out from the city, from Cordele -- probably a mile and a half,\ntwo miles away from the main part of town -- and had scuppernong vines, and made\nwine. He was a wine maker. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In addition, he had a grocery business in town. There\nwas a family there who kind of was the leading Jewish family in the community.\n[It] was the Roobin family. They spelled it R-O-O-B-I-N, which is an unusual\nspelling of Rubin. I think most of the Rubins I know spell it differently.\nAnyway, it's the only family I ever knew that spelled it that way. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was a\nleader. He had a big family, a lot of children. It was he that really... he had\na prosperous business, and he made sure that there was a... someone came down\nand held... they held services every Rosh Ha-Shanah and Yom Kippur in a rented\nhall in Cordele. They held services every holiday. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All the other people came in\nfrom around and were invited to come and join in the service.\n\nYOUNG: Did you stay or do you travel back and forth?\n\nSINGER: You travel back and forth 20 miles. Twenty miles wasn't around the\ncorner like it is today. You would stay. I'll tell you... get to it in a minute\nabout the level of the congregation in Fitzgerald. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Roobin, the Roobin family\nwas influential in keeping a lot of Yiddishkeit going there, too. There were a\nnumber of merchants in Cordele, a prosperous little town. Vienna [Georgia] --\nwhich was halfway between Cordele and Unadilla, and was the county seat of the\ncounty that we were living in -- had a family there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was named Freedan, Roy\nFreedan. He was a bachelor. It wasn't a family, really. It was just him. His\nparents had really been a plantation holder. They had been... they probably came\nover in the middle of the nineteenth century, lived in the town called Byron,\nB-Y-R-O-N [Georgia], ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a big farm there, and was quite a farmer. You found\nJews in all areas of business. My folks lived in Unadilla and opened a store\nthere. They were doing very well. Going through school, they were active in the\ncommunity. They participated in the life of the community. They made sure that\nevery weekend that we were exposed to... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"usually we would get in the car and\neither go somewhere or people would come to us. Those plans were made a week or\ntwo in advance. When you came to visit in those days, you drove in around right\nafter lunch, and you stayed until that evening. There were no restaurants. You\ndidn't go out to eat. Everybody ate at home. It was all home hospitality.\n\nYOUNG: Did everyone bring food to make?\n\nSINGER: No, they wouldn't, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because every house had... occasionally they'd bring\nsweets and things of that sort. The food usually was there. In some of the\ncommunities which were a little bigger, as we grew up... we went to Eastman,\nGeorgia, E-A-S-T-M-A-N, which was a little larger town and had probably 10 or 12\nJewish families. There was a Kaplan family ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Eastman who also... there usually\nseemed to be one family who kind of took the responsibility of getting the\nJewish things going in the community. They would hold services there for the\nholidays. You would find 10, 12, or 15 families coming together and holding\nservices there. Macon was the nearest town of any real size to us. We even went\nthere for some of the services. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Primarily, in our family though, for many years\nwe went to Atlanta. My grandparents were here. That was always exciting to look\nforward to. Even the weeks and months that I spent coming here, visiting my\ngrandparents in the summer here, the Jewish community, it was... There was no\nghetto, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the Jewish community lived together on the south side [of Atlanta],\nabout the area now where the stadium is. AA Synagogue was there. [Congregation]\nShearith Israel synagogue was there, and The Temple, before it was moved on\nPeachtree Street. All of them were within four or five blocks of each other\nthere. You got to know a real Jewish community when you got here, too. The\ndelicatessens and the bakeries ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were on Georgia Avenue. It was a very interesting area.\n\nGetting back to South Georgia for a few minutes, I came up in Unadilla. My\nsocial life there during the week was with the boys and girls in Unadilla. On\nthe weekend we would be exposed to visiting the families all around us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later,\nthere came along the Depression. This was an interesting time -- the big crash\nof 1929 when things really got tough. I think that it was tough, but I think in\nmany ways it made... it brought out some things about the Jewish community in\nSouth Georgia that I'd like to really include in this discussion. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One, all of\nthe banks closed. In the small towns, most of the banks closed up. They really\ncame on hard times. You were not even a child in the Depression years, my\npost-Depression person, but I'm sure you've read some of the stories. It was\nreally hard times. Take a town like Unadilla. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prices were absolutely nothing.\nOne of the big agricultural products was watermelons. During the summer time,\nthey'd ship carload, railroad car after railroad car of watermelons out of\nthere. This is the honest-to-God truth. I've seen the time there, about 1929 in\nthe Depression era, where watermelons were sold at 15 to 20 cents apiece. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They'd\nload up a solid carload of watermelons and get $50 for it. I don't know how they\neven paid the freight on it. Yet I don't remember people being... I'm sure they\ndid without, and I'm sure there was some hunger, but it was no... you didn't see\npeople, the homelessness and people lying in the street, because people got\nsomething to eat. Everybody shared. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't remember a time that anybody came in\nthat couldn't get help of some sort. Nobody had much, so they couldn't give you\na lot. I think it brought people together. This is one of the things that\nbrought the Jewish community together.\n\nI want to tell you an interesting story about an interesting organization that\ncame up in Fitzgerald, Georgia. It was called the Hebrew Commercial Alliance.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was the Hebrew Commercial Alliance? There were four or five men --\nprincipally [my wife] Ruth's father, Elex Kruger, her Uncle Abe Kruger, Phillip\nHalperin, Abe Harris of Ocilla, Mr. George Rhoades, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and one or two others --\n[who] organized the Hebrew Commercial Alliance. Each one of them put up -- you\ncould only buy at that time for shares of $500 -- five shares of stock at $100 a\nshare. They put their money together. Then they formed this cooperative or\ncorporation to lend money ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the merchants from all of the towns over South\nGeorgia. How did it operate? The only way you could borrow money was if you were\na stockholder. You had to buy a share of stock. They'd sell you the share of\nstock, and lend you the money to buy the share of stock with. It wasn't designed\nand built for four or five people to make money. It was designed to keep...\nbecause ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were no banks in these towns. A thousand dollars was a lot of\nmoney. You couldn't borrow $1,000. There was nobody to borrow it from, so they\nformed this bank, the Hebrew Commercial Alliance. You could come in and borrow\nmoney. What was the way they'd lend it to you? They would lend you $1,000.\nThey'd give you $950 for the $1,000 and took out $50. That was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cost of the\nloan. You gave them 20 checks for $50 apiece, one for each week. You had two\nweeks' grace [period] before the first check was deposited. You paid it back in\n20 installments. You could borrow in multiples, but then as it went along... at\nfirst they were lending $1,000 tops. They didn't loan anybody after that. It\nworked better. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That saved literally hundreds of Jewish merchants. There were\npeople that came to that bank, as it grew along... it happened that these five\nmen or six men who organized it had a little money, because everybody didn't\nlose everything during the Depression. There were some people who had a little\nmoney. They lent the bank money. They also had credit that they could borrow.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They established a credit line in Atlanta with what was then the First National\nBank of Atlanta for $100,000. That was all the money in the world in anybody's\neyes in those years. They could lend [that] out. They had money coming in every\nweek so they could re-loan it. Nobody drew a salary except they had a\nbookkeeper, a lady who worked there. She ran ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the place, as it were. Although at\nfirst, they didn't even have her. That business...that thing went on during this\nwhole Depression and everything. They lent millions of dollars. What they would\nrequire? First you had to be... if you borrowed money from them, the first thing\nyou understood, you were borrowing money and you had to pay it back. There were\nno jokes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no tricks, no nothing, regardless. They lent people money who couldn't\nborrow anywhere else. That organization lent money in South Carolina, Georgia,\nand Alabama. The Jewish merchants came from everywhere to borrow money. As a\nresult, the one thing they used... did out of the profits there, they helped\nbuild a community there. When I say helped build, they would have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meetings twice\na year. Everybody would come to them. They'd have holiday services in the Odd\nFellows' Hall. They rented that every year. Fitzgerald became something of a\ncommercial center. They extended themselves to help everybody. You would come\nin, you could either... if I wanted to borrow money and I didn't have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any\ncollateral and no reputation, and I'd had some financial difficulties, they\nwould allow one or two other merchants who weren't in as bad shape to guarantee\nthe loan. That's the way they let you have the money.\n\nI married Ruth Kruger. My wife and her father were just... he was just one of\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'princes of all princes.' He never turned anybody down on anything. I recall\nso intimately. At his funeral, a man came to his funeral. I'm not going to\nmention his name, but I know it. I can see him right now. He told me on the\nporch of that home, \"Elex was better to me than my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own parents.\" He said, \"When\nnobody let me have any money, he guaranteed my note at the Alliance [Hebrew\nCommercial Alliance].\" He said, \"That's what got me through.\" He said,\n\"Otherwise, I would have lost my business, and everything else.\" It was that\nkind of relationship in the community. That's how the synagogue got started\nthere. The Alliance didn't pay for the synagogue, but the people were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"able to\nprosper, and they went back. I can tell you this. There were no jokes with those\nguys that ran this thing. If you didn't pay up, or if you started any kind of\nhanky-panky, they came to you and said, \"Listen, we're your neighbors. You're\nnot taking anything from us. You're behind. You've got to pay, and that's it.\" I\nrecall distinctly a family that lived in South Georgia ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who went bankrupt. I\nmean, he was bankrupt. When they put his stock up for sale -- his bankrupt stock\n-- they came in there, they bought the stock, and gave it back to him so he\ncould start over again. There were two or three of them that said, \"We'll\nguarantee to give him a start, and get him back in business.\" This was what\nbuilt a very strong network ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of people in South Georgia, Jewish families and\nJewish connections. It built community. You could go to Fitzgerald on any given\nSunday after Ruth and I got married -- we got married in 1939 -- when I was\ncourting her and afterwards when I got married... you come there on Sunday, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\npeople would drive to Fitzgerald. They'd drive around past the houses and see\nwhere the crowd was gathering. The kids were all together in one place. They\nwere playing poker, setback, or pinochle at another house. All the families were\nbeing visited. There were always a lot of Jewish people in the community. It was\nthrough helping each other. There were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wholesale houses who supplied most of the\nmerchants in South Georgia. There was one big one in Macon, Georgia. There was one...\n\nYOUNG: . . . was it a Jewish firm or . . ?\n\nSINGER: . . . Jewish firm. One Jewish firm in Albany, Georgia. There was a big\none -- several big ones, but particularly one big one -- the Slotins in\nSavannah. Atlanta had numerous ones... had millinery ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"houses, dress houses, and\nregular wholesale houses. [They were] down around where the courthouse area is\nhere in Atlanta today on Pryor Street. That was lined with wholesale houses.\nPractically every weekend, merchants would come in, buy goods and take it back\nin their cars.\n\nYOUNG: Did you come with your father on buying trips?\n\nSINGER: Yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father, and principally my mother, because we sold a lot of\nladies ready-to-wear. There were several ready-to-wear houses here in town. She\nwould come up here and buy. Because my grandparents were here, she'd certainly\ncome. I would go with her many times. Albany had them. Everybody knew everybody.\nYou'd send messages. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The salesman had called on you, and sent messages from one.\nThe other would tell this one, \"I got this.\" The merchants would even swap\nmerchandise. I remember during the Depression, there was a gentleman in Cordele,\nGeorgia, Mr. Joe Arnovitz. He was struggling. He didn't have any credit. There\nwere three or four merchants -- of which my father was one of them -- that he\nwould come to every week ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on Monday or Tuesday and pick up whatever items he felt\nthat he needed. Then he'd come back the next week and pay them for it, but get\nsome more. He did that with four or five of them. He'd work on their\ninventories. It was this kind of help, this kind of cooperation...\n\nAll of these people were first generation Americans. They were important parts\nof their town. The little towns prospered because they had good merchants there.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a very important feeling. There was a family feeling. Most of them were\ntraditional Jews. There was a large German Jewish... a German background\ncommunity in a Reform temple in Albany, Georgia. There was one in Columbus,\nGeorgia. Those two were very old congregations. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of the Jewish families were\ntraditional... especially in the small towns, were traditional families. We made\nit through the Depression. I don't know how. I graduated high school in 1934. I\nwas 16 years old, and going off to the University of Georgia ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the fall of\n1934. That's young to go off for college at 16 years old. In those years, you\ngrew up a lot quicker than you do now. You had responsibility. During those\nDepression years, we all worked. My parents certainly worked hard. We as kids,\nas teenagers, [were] there on Saturday... were the busy days in the store. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'd\ncontribute to the business, too.\n\nI went off to [the University of] Georgia. Most of the kids I met there were\nquite a few kids from Atlanta. There were a lot of Jewish students from up East,\nparticularly New York, who came to Georgia because the... first place, it wasn't\nexpensive. Second place, they had no problems getting in the school. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a\nreal thrill and exciting time for us. Here we were, the first time we had a big\ngroup of Jewish kids. There were 2,800 students at the University of Georgia. I\nthink there is something like 24,000 there now. We probably had a couple of\nhundred Jewish kids there. The community was very nice to us, very hospitable.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was a good exposure, too. I don't remember. We had some instances with\ndifferent fraternities and sororities, but I really don't remember. There always\nhave been instances. I guess there are instances between different cliques and\ndifferent beliefs in the Christian community, if you're a Methodist or a Baptist\nor a Catholic. I know the Catholics, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Methodists, and the Baptists didn't get\nalong too well. I think they had more problems. From my viewpoint, they probably\nhad more differences in their community than we had in ours. I don't remember\ngoing through the University of Georgia running into any blatant antisemitism.\nCertainly there was some. There's no question about that. We had to... we always\nwere on guard. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have often remarked... Ruth and I made our first trip to Israel\nin 1961, and it was ... the big thing that I noticed that we weren't... when we\ngot to Israel and walked down the streets, we didn't have our radar on. We\nweren't listening to see to be sure that everything was all right. But as far as\nblatant, uncomfortable, real uncomfortable ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism, I don't remember\nrunning into it, personally. It existed. During those years we'd go to Florida,\nand there would be nothing, but there'd be a sign on the road [at] such and such\nhotel: \"No Jews Allowed.\" It existed, but by and large, I never ran into a lot\nof it.\n\nYOUNG: Did you have services in Georgia, religious services?\n\nSINGER: Did we?\n\nYOUNG: Yes.\n\nSINGER: Yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fitzgerald... of course, they...\n\nYOUNG: . . . I meant in the University.\n\nSINGER: At the University of Georgia?\n\nYOUNG: Yes.\n\nSINGER: We had what was a Hillel at that time. We had... it was very\ninteresting. The congregation was small. Athens [Georgia] was rather small. It's\nnot a big town today, but it had a lot of good Jewish people there. The Michael\nfamily had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big store there. They were a positive influence on the community.\nMr. Bernstein was there. I recall the Loeb family. These were families who did a\nlot of outreach to the students. The Bush family... let me be sure and mention\nthem because the kids would go... they got friendly with a bunch of kids every\nyear, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there were always 10 or 12 adopted children that would go to their\nhouse and be there. They had a warm congregation there. They had the rabbi. The\nrabbi worked with us, with the Jewish students. They allowed us -- those of us\nwho were more traditional -- to have the kind of services... we could have\nservices in the building and in the premises ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as we wanted to. I guess we would\nkind of form a club based on our religious beliefs and our backgrounds. There\nwere a lot of kids from Savannah, Augusta, and most of the small towns in\nGeorgia like Unadilla and Fitzgerald. There were one or two from a town. The\nbigger towns -- Atlanta, Macon, Cordele, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Savannah, and Augusta -- had a lot of\nJewish kids there. We had services there all the time. [We] sure did. The\nfraternities, while they weren't religious in any way, you lived... it was a\nJewish environment that you lived in there. There were people there who had\nbetter Jewish educations and religious education. They kind of helped things go\nalong. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Jewish fraternity in those years, I think, played a very important\npart for the students. I don't recall any Jewish kids going to any other\nfraternity except a Jewish fraternity. It has changed, I understand,\ntremendously over the years. Today, even the ones who at one time would never\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think a Jew would step foot in them are members of those. They've integrated a\nlot of that.\n\nYOUNG: When we left off, we were talking about fraternity life. Did they keep kosher?\n\nSINGER: No, they didn't keep kosher. We never had, in our fraternity house,\nwhich was Tau Epsilon Phi, we didn't serve ham or milk. That was the extent of\nkeeping kosher. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9000.0,9030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, that was quite an experience, too. Our whole social life\nwas built around the fraternity. In those years, the University had... that was\nthe days of the big-named bands. They would have their fall dances and their\nlittle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"commencement dances at the University. Of course, all of the fraternities\nhad a big social life. We'd get tickets to the... buy tickets to a series of\ndances on a weekend. They'd bring in a big band. There would be a dance on\nFriday night. There'd be one, a tea on Saturday afternoon, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then a big dance\non Saturday night. Everybody made a big thing of that. There were formals. I\nthink the last time we talked I told you the first thing I had to do was have a\ntuxedo. That was a big venture for me. It was an opportunity for most of the\nguys in the house. We're talking about Jewish continuity. When I look back, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in\nthe fraternity life, I don't remember... occasionally, you'd find inter-dating.\nMost of it... the Jewish boys with Jewish girls went together. They didn't have\nto... it didn't have to be a serious love affair. It wasn't a one girl, one boy\nsituation. You could date this girl this time, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9120.0,9150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and somebody else the next time.\nIt worked together. In fact, I'll be perfectly honest with you. When Ruth and I\nwent together, we finally got very serious. We were going steady, and she was\npinned already with my fraternity pin. We were still both on allowances. We had\nonly so much money, because this was 1934. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9150.0,9180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was really Depression. We were\nthere in 1938 and 1939, too. The first half of the month, I was a big sport\nbecause I had my monthly money. When my money ran out, then it was her time to\npick up a show, to go out and get a sandwich and a drink, or an ice cream soda\nafter a date. It was a very nice arrangement. There were a lot of Jewish boys\nand girls there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that had a real good time going to school. I enjoyed it. To look\nback, it was a great experience.\n\nYOUNG: Were the people from the north... you said there were a lot of New\nYorkers. Did they mingle well with the Southerners, or were there separate\nsocial cliques?\n\nSINGER: They formed their own fraternity or group here, but there was a lot of\nthem... that was only a certain number of them were in that. Most of them...\nthere were a lot of guys in our fraternity ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9210.0,9240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from all over. My roommate at college\nwas from Brooklyn [New York], Gene Lipschitz. His father was a high school\nprincipal in Brooklyn. There were several guys in our fraternity from\nConnecticut, and other places. Also, we would visit the fraternities in Athens.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From Athens would come over here to Georgia Tech [Georgia Institute of\nTechnology -- Atlanta, Georgia]. We would also go to the fraternity dances. I\nremember we went to Charleston, South Carolina, to the fraternity dances there.\nThey'd come to Atlanta. We went to Gainesville, Florida, to the University of\nFlorida fraternity dances. We made it a point. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The continuity was there. We went\nwith the Jewish kids, principally. I'm not... as I say, there always have been\nexceptions. I'd say a very high percentage of it, we were with Jewish kids.\nIncidentally, there was a big advantage in going to the University of Georgia,\ntoo, for people who were going to live here in the state. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9300.0,9330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You tended to meet and\nknow people who also ended up living here in the state. For instance, one of\nRuth's classmates from grammar school -- all the way through -- was Morris\nAbram. Morris is quite a national [and] international figure now. He was just\nrecognized as being one of the top ten Jewish leaders in the world. He's an\nambassador at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"present time. He went all the way through school in Fitzgerald\nwith Ruth, and then went through college with Ruth and myself. We were all very\ngood friends, and are still very good friends. Those kinds of friendships you\nmake and you keep forever. People that I went to school with are still here, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not\nonly in the Jewish community, but in the non-Jewish community. You go to school\nand live with them. These are the people that you know throughout life in\nGeorgia. I think there is a lot to be said to going to a good state school\nwithin the state that you're living in. Particularly, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9390.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we weren't so big... . the\nstate wasn't so big. I guess if you went to school in New York, you'd be lucky\nif you ever saw some of the people you went to school with again after you\nfinished school. Here you ran into a lot of them. It was a good experience\nthere. I had decided to go to law school and finish law school, so I went to\nschool for a year longer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9420.0,9450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than Ruth did. At that time, to get her B.S., Bachelor\nof Science in Commerce, took her four years. I went through law school. That was\nthe combined course of five years, two years in pre-law and three years law\nschool. When we got out of school, we immediately got married and went in\nbusiness in Columbus, Georgia.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we moved to Columbus, I already knew eight or ten young couples there who\nhad been at [University of] Georgia. They had finished a year or two ahead of\nus, at the same time we did, or came a year later. It made it very nice to\nfinding friendship and finding friends right here within your state. When we\nwere in Athens, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was very concerned. I formulated my feelings about Jewish\neducation. I realized how important it was, and what I had really missed in my\nlife. I also formulated in my own thinking what kind of... what my affiliation,\nwhat role... whether I was going to right, left or center, as far as my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judaism\nwas concerned. It was at that point, I think, that I made up my mind that I\nwanted to be a Conservative Jew. My grandfather was a very learned man, a goodly\nscholar. He was a poor businessman, but he was a good scholar. My grandparents\nwere a big influence on me. They had a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9540.0,9570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"traditional home. They were\ncertainly Orthodox in their belief. There was either Orthodox or Reform in\nAtlanta. There was nothing else at that time. The AA Synagogue became\nConservative a few years after that.\n\nI had taken an active role in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9570.0,9600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Athens in our little clique of a group who wanted\nConservative services. We got Conservative prayer books. The Jewish community\nthere was very proper. The rabbi was very proper. It was Rabbi [Lawrence] Block.\nI don't know where he went to after he left there. He was very helpful in\nrecognizing... and did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9600.0,9630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything he could to give us the diversity that we\nneeded or asked for. I had pretty well made up my mind where I wanted to go.\nRuth felt the same way, because we were already modern Americans. We occupied,\nas first generation Americans, a very interesting role. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9630.0,9660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You just stop and think\nabout it. I don't know your background and the Youngs, but here's my mother and\nfather who have come up in Europe. Their education is primarily in the Hebrew\nschools with a tutor in Europe. My grandfather, maternal grandfather, was\ncertainly a very liberal man in his thinking. His daughters got the same\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9660.0,9690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"education as his sons. They went to the same teachers, and everything else. That\nwas very unusual at that time. I have since... .when we went to Israel, I got to\nknow my family there. My grandmother had a sister in her family who moved to\nIsrael just a few years after they came to America. Some of that family even\nwent to university. The women went to university ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Russia. They were very\nliberal in their thinking. But here, they were still green. They say 'green.'\nThey had just come to this country. They weren't Americanized. They certainly\nspoke with decided accents. They had to learn the language. They had to learn to\nlive... in particular, there in the small communities... had to learn to live\nwith the Christian community around them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[They] had to learn to be an important\npart and become a part of the community. We were the conduit from them to the\nneighbor, to their non-Jewish neighbors. We represented [them]. They depended on\nus. We helped Americanize them as we came up as Americans. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9750.0,9780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a very\ninteresting relationship. This played a... made a tremendous influence in our life.\n\nOne thing that I understood -- as I matured after getting married and having my\nown family -- they got this sudden freedom when they came to the United States.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They weren't committed to Sabbath. They weren't committed to having all the\nholidays. Yet they found it necessary to have all the holidays and to do as\nmuch... observe as much of Jewish life as they could. They had to work on the\nSabbath, because that was the big day for 90 percent of them who were either in\nthe grocery business, the furniture business, or the dry goods business. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9810.0,9840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of\nthem were merchants. There were very few as it is today. I guess that's why a\nlot of their kids became professionals, took their professional degrees. They\nwent off to college and were able to get those. I think if you look back on it,\nthey came here and worked very hard. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9840.0,9870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The thing they were working for was\nestablishing their own independence and educating their children. That was the\nkey. Nothing else mattered but to get children an education. When they went to\nthese small towns, they had no intent of staying there forever. It was to build\ntheir businesses, be able to make a living, be able to... so that they could\neducate those kids. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9870.0,9900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's why you've got so many doctors, lawyers, and\naccountants today. They got those kids off to school.\n\nI recognized that in my own thinking... to satisfy me... I had to be satisfied,\ntoo, as to what kind of life and influence my family was going to have. I felt\nthat Conservative was the right place for me. I could not be... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9900.0,9930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with Orthodox,\nit was at that time particularly the all or nothing. You couldn't be... if you\ndidn't do but half those required things, you really were Conservative anyway,\nin the eyes of everybody. On the other hand, the Reform had completely at that\nparticular time... this was long before Israel was a question, long before...\nwhen I was a kid, long before Israel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9930.0,9960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was even a dream. The Holocaust, nobody\nthought of that. That appeared on the surface in the 1930's. They had almost\nabandoned Zion. There was no thought of any Zionism, or anything. In fact, the\nHebrew language was almost abandoned in the Reform community. The leading rabbi\nhere in Atlanta, I understand that he was actually ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9960.0,9990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anti-Zionist. I felt that for\nme, for what we wanted in our family... Ruth and I both felt the same way. Both\nof our parents had gotten a good education. Her father had gone and learned to\nbe a shochet, just as mine had. They learned how to kill chickens so that they\ncould do as much as they possibly could to keep Judaism in their home. We\ndecided that we wanted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=9990.0,10020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to see the growth of Conservative. We wanted to practice\nthat, too. We both became very active. Now Ruth was active... about the time\nthat we got married, this congregation in Fitzgerald which just a couple years\nago celebrated 50 years of owning their own synagogue. They were organized, but\nusing a hall ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10020.0,10050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to hold services there. Then about 52 or 53 years ago, they bought\ntheir building. Now, I...\n\nYOUNG: . . . that was the Odd Fellows Hall originally?\n\nSINGER: They bought a church that became available just a couple blocks from\ntheir house. They made a synagogue out of it. They were renting this hall, the\nOdd Fellows' Hall, for years to hold their services when they didn't have their\nown building. We've been married ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"56 years this year. It was about that time that\nall this organization... Ruth was home for a year while I was in college. She\nwas very active there, and helped organize the Sisterhood. The families would\ncome in on Sunday. They'd have Sunday school on Sunday afternoon so that they\nwould be able to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10080.0,10110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bring the kids together. You asked before about traveling. Did\nyou go back and forth for services? What they did when they finally bought the\nsynagogue... I'm jumping around a little bit. It'll all be on the tape. When\nthey finally bought the synagogue, they remodeled it. They built a social hall\nand a big kitchen right next to it. They would have services on Friday night.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10110.0,10140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They adopted the practice of reading the Torah on Friday night. Normally, it's\nnot the practice to read the Torah on Friday night, but they did. Somebody\nquestioned whether it was right or wrong. They went to Rabbi Sanders Tofield in\nJacksonville [Florida] and asked him. They told him what the circumstances were.\nHe said there is a precedent for reading the Torah at night. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10140.0,10170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On some of the\nholidays, they read the Torah. On Simchat Torah they read the Torah at night, so\nit's okay. He said, particularly [because] these people could not come to the\nsynagogue on Saturday to read and study the Torah, but they could come Friday\nnight. If they would come and bring their children on Friday night, it was okay\nfor them to read the Torah on Friday night. That was one of the ways... they\ninvented a new law ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10170.0,10200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that they could get by with it.\n\nOn the holidays, every hotel and every... there was no motels, really, in those\ndays. It was primarily big hotels there... was taken. There were always 150 or\n200 people for the holidays. They brought in a rabbi. Ruth's Uncle Abe [Kruger]\nhad a beautiful voice. He conducted. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10200.0,10230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was the chazzan. All the meals for\neverybody were held in the social hall. They had kosher meals in the social hall\nfor holidays. Even the people who lived in town, so that they wouldn't feel that\nthey had... that the people in town were going home and eating in their own\nhomes. Everybody... and we all ate...\n\nYOUNG: Nice.\n\nSINGER: . . . in the social hall. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10230.0,10260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was real continuity. They were very close\nfriends. When we went back for the fiftieth birthday of that synagogue, there\nwere many of the children who were there for the birthday who started off their\nearly education in that synagogue on Sunday afternoon. They got a rabbi, and had\na full-time rabbi on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10260.0,10290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"several occasions. The families... as the children grew\nup... the biggest majority of them did just as we did. We wanted no part of it.\nWe wanted our children to have... to be able to come up in a bigger town, be\nexposed to the opportunities that they would have in the social life, and\neverything else that they would have. Most of the towns, the Jewish kids have\nleft there. If you take right here... and it's not only from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10290.0,10320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little towns,\ntoo, Columbus... a year or so ago, we got a note in the mail here. We lived in\nColumbus about twenty years. We got two young ladies who had moved to Atlanta\nand organized a 'Good-Bye Columbus Day.' That was the people who had Jewish\nkids... the people who had moved to Atlanta from Columbus. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10320.0,10350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to tell you,\nwe went to it. There were 300 of us. There were more Jews from Columbus in\nAtlanta than there were Jews left in Columbus. It was exciting. This has been\nthe history of what's happened to the Jewish communities in this area, I think.\nThey have progressively moved up and up. You can go right here in town. That's\nwhy you see, and I'm sure... how long have you been living here in Atlanta?\n\nYOUNG: Seven years.\n\nSINGER: Seven years. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10350.0,10380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sure that you have seen how everybody is kin to\neverybody here. That's the reason for it. We've had intermarriage a long time,\nbut it was among the Jews. Everybody is cousins. There wasn't a big community,\nso you... and believe me, there were a lot of shadchans. You know what a\nshadchan is? That's the person that makes marriages... brings two people\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10380.0,10410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together. Jewish mothers were the greatest at that. Especially in South Georgia,\nif they knew a nice Jewish girl and a nice Jewish boy, they didn't leave them\nalone until they got together and started dating each other. That's how they\nended up getting married that way. I think it's a real lesson in history. I\nthink it's real progress. You can go into most of the families and they'll tell\nyou how they had relatives that lived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10410.0,10440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this small town, or that small town.\nThey all branched out, got out, started making a living, and doing that.\n\nWhen we moved to Columbus, it was natural that we take an active role. Both of\nus had been active in college in one thing. I guess a lot of it was the fact\nthat we had missed the opportunity to have as much exposure as we really wanted\nwith ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10440.0,10470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish people. When we got to Columbus, it was natural that we both took an\nactive role in the community and in the synagogue there. We worked very\ndiligently along with... and it was ready. They were ready for a change in the\nsynagogue there. It came from an Orthodox congregation to a Conservative\ncongregation. We had to struggle, but it was a lot of fun. We accomplished a\nlot. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10470.0,10500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our children got good Jewish educations.\n\nYOUNG: Were you influenced by any leaders of Columbus?\n\nSINGER: Yes. I had some elders there, Jewish people who have been there for a\nnumber of years that did influence my life. In the first place, they readily\naccepted me into their fold. We started immediately. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10500.0,10530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the things we...\nthey had a charity fund. They didn't have a Federation. In 1944, there were\neight of us who incorporated the Columbus Jewish Federation. I was probably 25\nyears younger than the next one on the ladder. Because I wanted to, and because\nI was active, they brought me in. They were very good to me. There was Simon\nSchwob, who was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10530.0,10560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a clothing manufacturer there; Morris Rothschild, who was a big\nwholesaler there... many others... Phillip Crafton, who was a merchant there.\nWonderful families. They did influence our lives because they shared, too. They\nshared in the community. Columbus was an old Jewish community. It was on the\nChattahoochee River. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10560.0,10590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It seems like the communities back in the 1800's -- the\nones that were on the river and had river transportation -- seemed to attract\nJewish families because they were merchants. There was trade there, so there\nwere a lot of old families there. It is a good community. There were good people there.\n\nYOUNG: Do you feel you got groomed? Were you put in different spots in the\nJewish community to develop since you were young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10590.0,10620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there were elders that were\non that committee, for instance, that you started?\n\nSINGER: Even with the synagogue, the first thing we had to do... we had a\nbuilding that was in the worst part of town. Most of the Jewish families had\nmoved out of there. We had to do something about getting us a building. We went\nto a lot of work, a young group of us, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10620.0,10650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice people -- Morris Shapiro who still\nlives in Columbus, Isadore Monsky, and Aaron DeFonk. There was just any number\nof people I could name you. We were all ready to do something about a building.\nWe went down to a board meeting. Some of our elders on there, we had to... we\nwent down there with the purpose of raising ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10650.0,10680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$30,000, getting the pledges of\n$30,000 -- ten people who would pledge $30,000, or 15 people who would pledge\n$30,000 -- to get the building campaign started. This, again, was in the 1930's.\nThat night, we all walked out and we couldn't... we got the young group that\nturned out. We were... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10680.0,10710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they said, \"No way.\" We got defeated. I'll tell you a\nstrange story. This is the truth, too. About 3:00 in the morning, one of our\nclosest friends, Isadore Monsky who was a young man about my age and successful,\na successful businessman... about 2:30 or 3:00 in the morning, my phone rings.\nIt was Isadore. He said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10710.0,10740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Are you serious about wanting to build that\nsynagogue?\" I said, \"Isadore, please. I have been worn, pulled to a thread last\nnight at that meeting. You know what happened.\" I said, \"What do you mean, am I\nserious?\" I said, \"I'm sick about the whole thing.\" He said, \"I want you to be\nat my store at 6:00.\" I said, \"6:00 when?\" He said, \"6:00 this morning.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10740.0,10770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said,\n\"Okay. I'll be at your store at 6:00 this morning. Now, let me go back to bed.\"\nI got up and I drove up. As I drove up, I see other cars driving up. He called\ntogether ten... I have to almost cry, because he was such a sweet, wonderful\nguy. He called together ten guys. When we got in there in his store, he locked\nthe door. He said, \"I want to tell you, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10770.0,10800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went to the meeting last night.\" He\nwent over what happened. He said, \"I went home and I went to bed. The angels\ncame to me and they said, 'Isadore, you all have to build that synagogue.'\" He\nsaid, \"The angels told me to get us together here.\" He said, \"The door is\nlocked, and we're not leaving until we all sign the pledge for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10800.0,10830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$3,000.\" He\nput down a piece of tablet paper, and we all signed it. I've got that piece of\npaper in my room.\n\nYOUNG: How wonderful.\n\nSINGER: It was that kind of mensch that built the Jewish community.\n\nYOUNG: You were the youngest?\n\nSINGER: That's right. I was the baby of the crowd. I was really the baby in the\ncrowd. We had some older. We had some guys who were 5, 6, 10, or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10830.0,10860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"15 years older\nthan I was at that meeting. We sat in that store, and had one or two of them\nthat said \"No.\" He says, \"We're not unlocking the door.\" He said, \"I'm telling\nyou we are not leaving here. All of us are going to go through the same thing.\"\nHe said, \"We're all able to do it. We are all in the position to do it.\" He\nsaid, \"We are all going to sign it before I unlock the door.\" That's how we\nstarted. It got a very nice synagogue in a nice building. We raised it, built\nit, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10860.0,10890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and did everything else with it. It was this... these were the things that\nmade me appreciate being Jewish. Being Jewish is a real... you're fortunate if\nyou're Jewish, in my opinion. I don't think we are the chosen people because\nwe're anything special. We are chosen people because we stick with what we're\ndoing. We are still here and it's because of this stubbornness. If the non-Jew\nhad left us alone, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10890.0,10920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we would have dissipated many years ago. We'd have just faded\naway because... we have had to be good Jews and we've had to be Jewish. We've\nhad to get Jewish education because we believed in what we were doing and we had\nto show the world we're right. Evidently we're still here and a lot of them are\ngone, so we must be right.\n\nYOUNG: We were talking about Jewish commitment, and really what it is to be a Jew.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10920.0,10950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SINGER: Living in Columbus, we continued our life there. We built the synagogue.\nWe had an opportunity... it was very difficult. First place, I think World War\nII came along which brought a lot of Jewish kids into Columbus. We had a lot of\nexperiences. It was a busy, busy time. The town had a... the town itself... we\nhad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10950.0,10980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many more soldiers at Fort Benning than we had people in the community.\nThere were probably 150,000 soldiers there at one time. We did have an active\nrelationship. Our USO and the Jewish people had an active relationship with the\nJewish contingency at Fort Benning. A lot of our girls married guys who were\nstationed at Fort Benning. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=10980.0,11010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was an infantry school there and an officer's\ntraining [school] there. There were a lot of Jewish guys there. We also had a\ncontingency almost constantly of chaplains there. The chaplains took an active\npart in bringing the community of Columbus and the community of Fort Benning\ntogether. We were a vehicle for taking care of some of the needs ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11010.0,11040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nrequirements of the people at Fort Benning. Ruth and I, when our daughter Sharon\nwas born in 1941 -- she was just a baby -- we bought our first house. I guess it\nmust have been about 1942. [We] moved into it and it was just a two-bedroom\nhouse, but had a big living room. She was a baby sleeping in a crib. There was a\nbed in there. On the weekends, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11040.0,11070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these guys... it was the greatest thrill in the\nworld for them just to have a place to go, a home to sit down and to be able to\ntake off their shoes, and to be able to see a baby. We weren't the only ones. I\ndon't want to say that we did this. The whole community did it. Every house was\nopen. I doubt if there was a single house in Columbus, Georgia, that didn't have\nanywhere from two to four G.I.'s sleeping in their home ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11070.0,11100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on Saturday night.\nThey'd come in. On holidays, we'd go to... we knew that we were bringing home\nfour to five people for dinner to eat with us. We didn't walk out of the\nsynagogue until everybody who was there as a guest, the soldiers, had a place to\ngo to eat, and be taken care [of] at home.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11100.0,11130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were fortunate in bringing several very good rabbis to Columbus during those\nyears, too. Jewish life has always been very important to us. We came along...\nthis was about 1950, I guess, that we... I'm trying to think. It was about then\nthat the Abelson's... we got a letter... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11130.0,11160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went to New York to interview. I was\nin New York on a business trip, and one of the responsibilities...\n\nSINGER: On this trip to New York, I interviewed a rabbi for the community whose\nname was Kassel, K-A-S-S-E-L, Abelson who had just come back from North Africa\nas chaplain, he and his wife. They had a son, David, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11160.0,11190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with them who was probably\nno more than three or four years old at the time. She was pregnant. We were\nfortunate enough in... I was very impressed with him. I came back and I\nrecommended that we do something about it. We checked the references. His\nreferences were impeccable. In fact, his major reference was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11190.0,11220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"regular\ncongregation in Minneapolis, Minnesota. I called and he said, \"You would be\ndoing the wisest thing you could do to get this man and his wife there.\" He\nsaid, \"But he won't be there over three years.\" I said, \"What do you mean?\" He\nsaid, \"In three years... he was assistant rabbi in Minneapolis, and we're\ncalling him back in three years to take over the main position.\" Those three\nyears ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11220.0,11250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he made such an impact on our community. I guess if there's ever been\nanybody that's influenced mine and my wife's life, it was Rabbi Kassel and\nShirley Abelson. Their values were just the greatest. They were the most honest,\ngiving people I have ever known in my life. She, unfortunately, passed away a\nfew years ago. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11250.0,11280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our friendship with Rabbi Kassel Abramson is still the very\nclosest relationship. All my children... he came back and married two of our\nchildren for us. He was instrumental in them going to Camp Ramah many years ago\nand in their Jewish education. He was just a major influence. He taught me one\nvery important ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11280.0,11310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"principle about Judaism, I think. He taught us that you can't...\nnone of us can do 100 percent, but if you are doing five percent, you can\nincrease it to six or seven, and from seven you can go to eight and ten. You can\nget involved and you do make a difference. You can grow and grow and grow, and\nthere's always room for growth. We're never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11310.0,11340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quite at the top, but we need to\nkeep being Jewish, keep contributing, keep developing, keep getting educated,\nkeep educating, and then... and our people are right. That's why I guess we're\ncalled 'People of the Book.' Without the Book, without knowledge, you are really\nlost. They were a tremendous influence. They taught us how to think through ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11340.0,11370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nreally made the whole thing worthwhile and important to us. They were a great\ninfluence to us. The Jewish community in Columbus prospered and gained from\nthat. He went on to Minneapolis, was very successful there. He later served as\npresident of the Rabbinical Assembly of the Conservative Movement. He retired ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11370.0,11400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\ncouple of years ago, and is living in Bethesda, Maryland now most of the time.\nHe remarried and goes back to Minneapolis for the High Holy Days. He's head of\nthe law committee at the [Jewish Theological] Seminary now. He influenced our\nchildren and us. She did, too, both of them. I give her just as much credit as\nhe. She was just... she was really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11400.0,11430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an angel.\n\nJewish life... it's fun to be Jewish. You can make it a drudgery, or you can\nmake it a hardship. If you work at it, there's a lot to do, and a lot of\nsatisfaction. It was natural that during our time in Columbus, we were active in\neverything. Ruth served as president of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11430.0,11460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sisterhood. I was president of the\nsynagogue. When we left there, it was with regrets, really, but our business\nlife demanded that we make a move. We left a lot of good friends. It was natural\nwhen we came to Atlanta to get involved here again. I had known Rabbi Harry H.\nEpstein for many, many years. I had known most of the people who were very\nactive at AA Synagogue because of my activity with United Synagogue ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11460.0,11490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this\nregion. It was natural. My family came from here. Ruth's family was known in the\nstate. Her father was an outstanding man. She had relatives here, too. We fit\nin. We had a lot of people that we knew from school, and people who we knew\nthrough Jewish organizations. We had done UJA work during the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11490.0,11520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time that we were\nin Columbus. We worked through the Atlanta Jewish Federation. [We] came up with\nseminars and meetings here, bonds, Israel Bond organization, AEL, and B'nai\nB'rith. All of the organizations were in Columbus. They were all spun off or\nwere associated here in Atlanta. It was natural that we fit right in.\n\nWe joined AA Synagogue. My parents ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11520.0,11550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moved up here shortly after that. My brother\nhad moved, I think, just prior to us... this whole group... moved the whole\nfamily up. I took an active role at the synagogue, an active role at the Bureau\nof Jewish Education, and an active role at the Federation. Finally, it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11550.0,11580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked\ninto a position of president of the Bureau of Jewish Education. I served as\nchairman of the Education Committee at the AA Synagogue. I was active in\nFederation, in all areas. I particularly became very active in organizing,\nworking with, and chairing the first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11580.0,11610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Missions Committee at the Federation. I\nserved in that post for about three years. After that, I took the Committee of\nthe Aging.\n\nWorking in education at the synagogue was very rewarding. Our son Eric at the\ntime he came up here, he was six years old. He went on... got tutoring so he\ncould go to the Hebrew Academy, and he went to the Hebrew Academy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11610.0,11640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then when\nRabbi Harry H. Epstein made the move to organize... I served on the Board at the\nHebrew Academy for a number of years and have been involved in supporting it,\ntoo. After that -- when AA through Rabbi Harry H. Epstein's big move to formally\norganize the Epstein School and get it started -- [the Epstein School] was\nstarted. About three years after they started, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11640.0,11670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was asked to come in and take\nover the presidency of [the Epstein School]. We had gotten into some real big\ntrouble. I think it was because of the ambitious program of trying to start\nschool with 11 grades in it. It was impossible to do. It's been a real\nexperience. It has been a very pleasant and growing experience. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11670.0,11700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have been very\nfortunate that all my kids had good Jewish educations. They are positively\nJewish. My oldest daughter and her husband live in Rochester. They are both very\nactive in -- not only on the local scene but nationally and internationally --\nJewish affairs. In fact, they're in Israel right now at a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11700.0,11730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"board meeting of... my\nson-in-law is a member of the Board of the Jewish Agency. He's there for a board\nmeeting right now. They've been very active in UJA. They were on the first trip\nin the organizational group of the young leadership of UJA. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11730.0,11760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They've been active\nand all of their kids have gotten very good Jewish educations. Their youngest is\na graduate in seminary and getting his doctorate right now at the\n[JewishTheological] Seminary, but plans to go into... wants to teach Judaics on\na college level. He's getting his doctorate at the Jewish Theological Seminary\nin New York at the present time. Their boy is involved and got a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11760.0,11790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good education.\nMy daughter's got the same situation with her... my second daughter, and Eric's\nthe... my youngest is Eric. He has three kids. One of them graduated from\nEpstein [School] this year. One will be graduating next year. The other one is\nin the second grade. They have been to Ramah. He went to Ramah. All of them went\nto Ramah. It's been an active ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11790.0,11820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life, and we have put... we have... Ruth has been\nvery active in the community, also. Her big shtick is both the elderly and the\nyoung. We've both been very active at [William Breman] Jewish Home here. She\nserved as Vice President of the Jewish Home. I was on the Building Committee\nthere and responsible for part of the... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11820.0,11850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chaired the committee that took care of\nbuilding the synagogue at the Jewish Home. We were given honorary chair...board\nmembers this past year. I'm a lifetime member of the board of the Federation.\nLife has been good to us. We worked hard to try to give what we can to the\ncommunity, but the community has given an awful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11850.0,11880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/transcript/31609/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot to us.\n\nYOUNG: I appreciate your time. You've given us some wonderful memories and\ncertainly have made wonderful contributions, and I want to thank you.\n\nSINGER: Thank you.\n\nTRANSCRIPT ID: OHC10659","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=11880.0,11910.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Singer, Sol [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommercial High School began as a department of Girls’ High School in 1889 for girls who wanted to learn business skills. They taught bookkeeping, typing, math and history. It expanded to a four-story brick building on Pryor Street, and in 1910 became Atlanta’s first coed high school. It closed in June 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA shtetl is a small town, usually in eastern Europe, with a significant Jewish presence in it.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAustria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was a constitutional union of the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Tobias Geffen (1870-1970) was an Orthodox rabbi and leader of Congregation Shearith Israel in Atlanta from 1910-1970. He is widely known for his 1935 decision that certified Coca-Cola as kosher. He also organized the first Hebrew school in Atlanta, and standardized regulation of kosher supervision in the Atlanta area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960s, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta–Fulton County Stadium was built to attract a Major League Baseball team. In 1966 it succeeded when the Milwaukee Braves relocated from to Atlanta. The stadium was built on the site of the cleared Washington–Rawson neighborhood, which had been a wealthy area and home to much of Atlanta’s Jewish community. The Braves continued to play at Fulton County Stadium until the end of the 1996 season, when they moved into Turner Field, the converted Centennial Olympic Stadium originally built for the 1996 Summer Olympics. The stadium was demolished in 1997. A parking lot for Turner Field now stands on the site.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cast-iron round wood-burning stove with a bulge in the middle. The name is derived from the resemblance of the stove to that of a fat man's pot belly. The flat top of the fireplace allowed for cooking of food, or the heating of water.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/Kashrut is the set of Jewish dietary laws. Food that may be consumed according to halakhah (Jewish law) is termed ‘kosher’ in English. Food that is not in accordance with Jewish law is called treif. The word ‘kosher’ has become English vernacular, a colloquialism meaning proper, legitimate, genuine, fair, or acceptable.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA shochet is an adult male Jew who is trained and accredited by a rabbinic authority in the Jewish dietary laws. Specifically, a shochet slaughters animals in a way prescribed by Jewish dietary laws to avoid pain to the animal as much as possible, and to safeguard the health of the consumer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn American idiomatic expression meaning fair, honest, and straightforward, especially in business dealings.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, allowing for much greater productivity than manual cotton separation. The first modern mechanical cotton gin was invented by American inventory Eli Whitney in 1793\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA grist mill (also: corn mill or flour mill) grinds grain into flour. The term can refer to both the grinding mechanism and the building that holds it.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDry Goods are products such as textiles, clothing, personal care, and toiletry items. In U.S. retailing, a dry-goods store carries consumer goods that are distinct from those carried by hardware stores and grocery stores.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe two High Holy Days are Rosh Ha-Shanah (Jewish New Year) and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe synagogue of the Fitzgerald Hebrew Congregation was originally used by the Methodist Episcopal Church.  The building was converted to a Hebrew synagogue in 1939 when the northern and southern branches of the Methodist Church united. It is one of very few synagogues in South Georgia serving several other communities, in addition to Fitzgerald. In 1947, the Fitzgerald Hebrew Congregation hired its first full-time rabbi, Nathan Kohen who served the congregation for 28 years, until his death in 1975. He remains the only full-time rabbi ever to serve the congregation.  Despite this decline in the number of Jews, the Fitzgerald Hebrew Congregation remains active. Since 1975, the congregation has brought in student rabbis from the Conservative Jewish Theological Seminary in New York. Currently, their JTS student rabbi comes to Fitzgerald once a month to lead services. (2015)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘Day of Atonement.’  The most sacred day of the Jewish year.  Yom Kippur is a 25 hour fast day.  In observance, Jews do not work or engage in business. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFreemasonry is a fraternal organization that arose in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.  It exists in various forms all over the world today, with a membership estimated at around 6,000,000 people.  It is organized into Grand Lodges, each of which governs its own jurisdiction.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA national organization with affiliations in local schools throughout the U.S. composed of parents, teachers and staff, and devoted to the educational success of children and the promotion of parent involvement in schools.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn American idiomatic expression meaning an essential or integral component.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘son of commandment.’  A rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day.  At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes.  He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship.  He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II.  The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930’s or early 1940’s.  It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTau Epsilon Phi (TEΦ, commonly pronounced TEP) is a fraternity founded by ten Jewish men at Columbia University in New York in 1910\\ as a response to the existence of similar organizations which would not admit Jewish members.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalter Franklin George (1878 - 1957 was born on a farm near Preston Georgia. He was a Democratic United States Senator from 1923 to 1957.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e(1898 – 1945) was the first permanent rabbi of Temple B’nai Israel, a reform congregation in Albany in southwest Georgia. He was born in Ontario, Canada and raised in Michigan. His family was originally from East Prussia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA division within Judaism especially in North America and the United Kingdom.  Historically it began in the nineteenth century.   In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture.   While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah and women rabbis), music is allowed in the services and most of the service is in English.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Benning is a United States Army post established in 1918 outside Columbus, Georgia with the capability to deploy combat-ready forces by air, rail, and highway. Much of the growth of Columbus can be attributed to the development of Fort Benning.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOmicron Delta Kappa (ODK) is national leadership honor society founded in 1914.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA collegiate honor society founded in 1897dedicated to the recognition and promotion of academic excellence in all disciplines.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as ‘FDR,’ he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of the war. He was a Democrat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWarm Springs, Georgia first came to prominence in the 19th century as a spa town, because of its mineral springs which flow constantly at nearly 32  C (90  F). In 1921 Franklin Delano Roosevelt contracted polio. One of the few things that seemed to ease his pain was immersion in warm water. He first went to Warm Springs in 1924 hoping to find a cure. Swimming in the spring waters brought him no miracle cure, but it did bring improvement. Roosevelt built a home in Warm Springs in 1932 while he was governor of New York, prior to being inaugurated as president in 1933. He lived in the home during the time he was president and it came to be called the ‘Little White House.’ He died there in 1945. It is now a public museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism.  It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance.   They also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis and bat mitzvahs).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePearl Harbor is located on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on Sunday, December 7, 1941 brought the United States into World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for “order”.  The ritual family meal eaten at home on the first and second nights of Passover, accompanied by the retelling of the story of the Israelites’ exodus from Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher for Passover (or pesadik kosher) foods are made with flour that is specifically prepared for Passover consumption and are usually made under the supervision of a rabbi. Jews are prohibited from eating leavened bread during the entire week of Passover. A number of specific foods are also off limits including foods made with wheat, barley, rye, spelt or oats, unless they are labeled ‘Kosher for Passover.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cooks and Bakers School at Fort Benning, Georgia was constructed in 1939 and operated until 1945.  After World War II, the school closed. The building is now used for offices. (2015)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Army Infantry School is located at Fort Benning, Georgia.  It provides training Basic Combat Training (BCT) and Advanced Individual Training (AIT) to prepare soldiers to accomplish the mission of the infantry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring Passover, many observant Jews will use separate dishes, utensils and pots and pans to be kosher for Passover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB'nai B'rith International (from Hebrew: ‘Children of the Covenant’) is the oldest Jewish service organization in the world. B'nai B'rith states that it is committed to the security and continuity of the Jewish people and the State of Israel and combating antisemitism and bigotry. Its mission is to unite persons of the Jewish faith and to enhance Jewish identity through strengthening Jewish family life, to provide broad-based services for the benefit of senior citizens, and to facilitate advocacy and action on behalf of Jews throughout the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnited Synagogue of Conservative Judaism is an organization that creates the spiritual, intellectual and managerial network that connects all its communities with a common sense of community, shared mission and purpose.  It enables communities to create the conditions for a powerful and vibrant Jewish life, empowering Jews in North America to seek the presence of God, to seek meaning and purpose in Torah and mitzvot, to fully engage with Israel, and to be inspired by Judaism to improve the world and the Jewish people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA group of women in a synagogue congregation who join together to offer social, cultural, educational, and volunteer service opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Kassel Abelson became Assistant Rabbi at Beth El Synagogue in Minneapolis in 1948, immediately after being ordained at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. In 1951, Rabbi Abelson left Beth El when he entered the U.S. Air Corps as a chaplain. Returning from overseas in 1953, Rabbi Abelson went to Shearith Israel Synagogue in Columbus, Georgia, where, during the four years of his tenure, he became recognized as one of the outstanding leaders of Conservative Judaism in the Southeast. Rabbi Abelson returned to Beth El in Minneapolis in 1957 and retired in 1992.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘daughter of commandment.’  A rite of passage for Jewish girls aged 12 years and one day according to her Hebrew birthday. Many girls have their bat mitzvah around age 13, the same as boys who have their bar mitzvah at that age.  She is now duty bound to keep the commandments.  Synagogue ceremonies are held for bat mitzvah girls in Reform and Conservative communities, but it has not won the universal approval of Orthodox rabbis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1940’s, The Jewish Theological Seminary established several programs to reconnect Jewish youth with the synagogue and cultivate leadership. One of these programs was Camp Ramah, a network of Jewish summer camps affiliated with the Conservative Movement.  The mission is to create and sustain summer camps and Israel programs that inspire commitment to and engagement in Jewish life. The camps operate in the U.S., Canada, and Israel. Ramah camps serve kosher food and are Shabbat-observant.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBlue Star Camps is a Jewish summer camp located in the Blue Ridge Mountains of western North Carolina.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRamah Darom (Ramah of the South) is a Jewish overnight camp and retreat center in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains in North Georgia. It opened in 1997. The camp is affiliated with the National Ramah Commission, the national parent organization that oversees all Ramah overnight camps, day camps, and Israel programs. Ramah is sponsored by the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, a main hub for Conservative Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federation of Columbus, Georgia supports local, national and overseas needs of the Jewish people through an annual campaign.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community.  Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, educational opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStreetcars originally operated in Atlanta downtown and into the surrounding areas from 1871 until 1949. The first such transportation began with horse cars in 1871, and electric streetcar service started in the 1880s. The last streetcar service on the old network ended in 1949; the streetcar system was quickly replaced by a trolley bus system and later with buses. A new streetcar system in Atlanta began operating in 2014 and is known as the Atlanta Streetcar project. (2015)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePiedmont Park is a 189-acre park located just north of downtown Atlanta. It was originally designed by Joseph Forsyth Johnson to host the first Piedmont Exhibition in 1887. Swimming in the park’s lake was allowed until 1973, when the city opened a pool in the park.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Yiddish term for fellow Jews; sometimes specifically those from the same town or village in Europe as oneself.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIvan Allen, Jr. (1911 – 2003), was an American businessman who served two terms as the 52nd Mayor of Atlanta during the turbulent civil rights era of the 1960’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIvan Allen, Sr. (1876-1968) (born Isaac Anderson Allen) was born in Dalton Georgia. In 1900 while still in his mid-twenties, Ivan Allen cofounded the Atlanta office supply firm later known as the Ivan Allen Company. The Atlanta Chamber of Commerce tapped him. to head the Forward Atlanta booster campaign from 1926 to 1929 to solidify Atlanta's emerging position as the leading city of the South. Allen wrote the campaign's central document, Atlanta from the Ashes (1928). Twenty years later he wrote another booster booklet called The Atlanta Spirit: Altitude + Attitude (1948).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Appalachian Mountains, often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America. Definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. The range is mostly located in the U.S. but extends into southeastern Canada. The Blue Ridge Mountains are the southernmost province of the Appalachians.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim was founded in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street.  In 1920 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont and Gilmer Street.  Rabbi Abraham Hirmes was the first rabbi of the then Orthodox congregation.  In 1928 Rabbi Harry Epstein became the rabbi and the congregation began to shift to Conservatism, which they joined in 1952.  The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958.  Cantor Isaac Goodfriend, a Holocaust survivor, joined the congregation in 1966 and remained until his retirement.  Rabbi Epstein retired in 1982, becoming Rabbi Emeritus and Rabbi Arnold Goodman assumed the rabbinic post.  He too retired in 2002 and Rabbi Neil Sandler is now (2014) the rabbi.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Epstein (1903 – 2003) served as rabbi of Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia from 1928 to 1982, when he became rabbi emeritus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Katherine and Jacob Greenfield Hebrew Academy was the first Jewish day school in Atlanta, and was founded in 1953.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education (ABJE) was created in 1946 to foster Jewish education in the city. In 1947, it was instrumental in forming a Hebrew High School is Atlanta. Over the course of four decades, the Bureau offered services to schools, the community and individuals including curriculum guides for Atlanta-area public schools, Holocaust education programs, conferences, workshops, programs for teenagers in Israel, festivals, adult education, classes, lectures, and extension classes for Sunday school teachers. The organization also operated a lending library of Jewish books and resources.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA nursing home in Atlanta, Georgia providing short and long term dementia, Alzheimer’s, and nursing care. Formerly The Jewish Home, it was renamed The William Breman Jewish Home in 1991 in honor and recognition of its third president, Bill Breman, as the prime motivator of the modern-day facility.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish Federation missions are for people of all ages interested in a spiritual, historical trip to Israel and to Jewish communities throughout the world with experienced guides and renowned scholars.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Six Day War was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known at the time as the United Arab Republic), Jordan, and Syria. Relations between Israel and its neighbors had never fully normalized following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and in the period leading up to June 1967 tensions became heightened. As a result, Israel launched a series of preemptive airstrikes against Egyptian airfields on June 5 following the mobilization of Egyptian forces along the Israeli border in the Sinai Peninsula. The outcome was swift and decisive. Israel took control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. The Sinai was returned but the other territories were incorporated into Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore Israel became a state in 1948, there was an underground movement by Jewish-American activists to provide ammunition to its then illegal army as the Jewish community prepared for a war of independence.  The group became a secretive, nationwide organization led by New York industrialist Rudolf Sonneborn (1898 – 1986). The group called themselves Materials for Israel, or the Sonneborn Institute .Their story is outlined in the book, The Pledge by Leonard Slater.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn American idiomatic expression referring to an easy and pleasant life. The phrase originated in the Irish/American community of the U.S. in the early part of the 20th century. The expression became the name of a popular American radio situation comedy series in the 1940’s called The Life of Riley that was later adapted into a 1949 movie, a 1950’s television series, and a 1958 comic book.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWestminster Synagogue in London is an independent progressive congregation, with close links both to Reform Judaism and to Liberal Judaism.  It was established in 1957.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Sefer Torah is a handwritten copy of the Torah, the holiest book in Judaism.  t must meet extremely strict standards of production.  When not in use in services, it is stored in the holiest spot in a synagogue, the Aron Kodesh (Holy Ark), which is usually an ornate curtained-off cabinet or section of the synagogue built along the war that most closely faced Jerusalem, the direction Jews face when praying.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePlzeň or Pilsen is a city in the Czech Republic about 90 km (56 miles) west of Prague.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTheresienstadt (Terezín) near Prague was originally designed to hold prominent Jews, persons of special merit and old people and to camouflage the extermination of European Jews by presenting it as a ‘model Jewish settlement.’ The non-Jewish population was completely moved out by June 1942 and thousands of Jews from Germany and Austria were moved in. The first Jews arrived at the end of November 1941 and by the end of May 1942, 28,887 Jews had been deported to the ghetto, about one third of the Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia. The conditions were terrible and the death rate overall neared 50%. The ghetto was filmed by the Germans as a propaganda film about how wonderful Jews were being treated.  The Jews featured in the film, including all the children, were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau and murdered. Theresienstadt was the ghetto visited by the Red Cross where they were carefully escorted around by the Germans to show them the wonderful treatment they were giving the Jews and how happy they all were. The Red Cross duly published a glowing report.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Synagogue in Pilsen (Czech Republic) is the second largest synagogue in Europe.  The synagogue was completed in 1893 and at the time the Jewish community in Pilsen numbered about 2,000. The synagogue was used without interruption until the Nazi occupation of World War II. During the war, it was used as a storage facility and was spared from destruction. The last regular service was held in 1973, when the synagogue was closed and allowed to fall into disrepair under communist rule. Restoration was undertaken in the 1990’s, and the synagogue was reopened in 1998. The building’s central hall used for concerts. The synagogue is still used for worship, but only in what was formerly the winter prayer room. The present number of Pilsen Jews is a little over 70. (2015)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe chazzan (cantor) is the official in charge of music or chants and leads liturgical prayer and chanting in the synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMark E. Talisman served for 18 years as the first Director of the Council of Jewish Federations' Washington Office. He was Founding Vice Chairman of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council from 1980-1986. Talisman is President of Project Judaica Foundation, Inc., a foundation committed to the conservation, preservation, and dissemination of Judaica.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Precious Legacy: Judaic Treasures From the Czechoslovak State Collection\" traveled to cities in the U.S. and Canada over three years. The collection of Judaica of the Jewish Museum in Prague (formerly the Czechoslovak State Jewish Museum) includes historic artifacts, artistic rarities, and cultural memories documenting the vitality and significance of Czech Jewry, the oldest continuous Jewish community in Europe. More than 150 Jewish communities in Bohemia and Moravia were devastated during the Holocaust, and thus the Prague Museum bears testimony to a world virtually snuffed out. The Precious Legacy exhibit was drawn from this special collection in Prague.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolph Hitler ordered that a collection some 200,000 Jewish artifacts confiscated by the Nazi’s in Bohemia and Moravia be catalogued and photographed. The plan was to display them at the end of World War II as a collection of archaeological remains, a Museum of an Extinct Race.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Epstein School is a private Jewish day school in the Atlanta area located in the City of Sandy Springs. In 1973, Rabbi Harry H. Epstein and the leaders of Ahavath Achim Synagogue wanted to create a Conservative Jewish day school. The first campus was housed at the Synagogue. In 1987 the school moved to Sandy Springs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNeshama is a Hebrew word which can mean soul or spirit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) is one of the six regional accreditation organizations recognized by the United States Department of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation. This agency accredits over 13,000 public and private educational institutions ranging from preschool to college level in the Southern U. 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(2015)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46988/file/120387/annotation_set/554/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBridge, is a trick-taking card game using a standard 52-card deck. It is played by four players in two competing partnerships, with partners sitting opposite each other around a table. 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