{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/kp7tm72m2m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Wind, Josef"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1989-11-10 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJosef Wind interviewed by Erna Dziewinski Martino on November 10, 1989 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eJosef introduces his family and explains his educational and religious background. Josef recounts the abuse he endured from the Germans and their Ukrainian auxiliaries after World War II began. He outlines how he was taken for slave labor before being sent to the Lvov ghetto, where his family and friends all perished. Josef details the mass murders he witnessed in the Janowska labor camp as part of a special unit known as the Sonderkommando 1005. He describes how his unit was forced to remove and burn thousands of bodies from a nearby ravine and from other mass graves in the area. He shares how he escaped multiple times before always being recaptured and once only narrowly escaping execution. Josef shares how he was working as an electrician in a concentration camp at the end of the war. When the camp was evacuated, he recalls how he escaped and hid in the woods until the Russians liberated the area. Josef describes the antisemitism he encountered in Poland after the war, which prompted him to flee to Austria. Josef recounts marrying another survivor, living in DP camps, and working in an ORT school. He explains why he then chose to immigrate to the United States after reconnecting with and visiting two surviving his brothers in Israel. Josef explains how he has tried to come to terms with Polish antisemitism and share his experiences with his children.   \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28442"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJosef Wind interviewed by Erna Dziewinski Martino on November 10, 1989 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJosef introduces his family and explains his educational and religious background. Josef recounts the abuse he endured from the Germans and their Ukrainian auxiliaries after World War II began. He outlines how he was taken for slave labor before being sent to the Lvov ghetto, where his family and friends all perished. Josef details the mass murders he witnessed in the Janowska labor camp as part of a special unit known as the Sonderkommando 1005. He describes how his unit was forced to remove and burn thousands of bodies from a nearby ravine and from other mass graves in the area. He shares how he escaped multiple times before always being recaptured and once only narrowly escaping execution. Josef shares how he was working as an electrician in a concentration camp at the end of the war. When the camp was evacuated, he recalls how he escaped and hid in the woods until the Russians liberated the area. Josef describes the antisemitism he encountered in Poland after the war, which prompted him to flee to Austria. Josef recounts marrying another survivor, living in DP camps, and working in an ORT school. He explains why he then chose to immigrate to the United States after reconnecting with and visiting two surviving his brothers in Israel. Josef explains how he has tried to come to terms with Polish antisemitism and share his experiences with his children.   \u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/551/small/Josef_Wind.png?1619304846","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Wind_Josef.mp4"]},"duration":5830.803,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/551/small/Josef_Wind.png?1619304846","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/111/551/original/Wind_Josef.mp4?1618685367","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":5830.803,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Josef Wind [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: This is Erna Dziewinski Martino in Atlanta, Georgia. We are about to\ntape Holocaust survivor [Josef Wind]--this is November 10, 1989--for the Atlanta\nChildren of Holocaust Survivors' Fred Roberts Crawford Witness to the Holocaust\nProject. Can you please give me your name and where you lived?\n\nWIND: My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name is Josef Wind. I live 1855 Wildwood Place in Atlanta, Georgia.\n\nMARTINO: When were you born, Mr. Wind?\n\nWIND: I was born August [3], 1912.\n\nMARTINO: Where were you born?\n\nWIND: I was born in the suburbs of Lvov, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland.\n\nMARTINO: Please tell me about your family--how many brothers and sisters you had\nand their names.\n\nWIND: I have just five brothers--four brothers and I'm the fifth. The oldest one\nis Itzchak Wind; the second one is Herman; the third one [is] Yehoshu'a; me,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Josef; and the fifth one is Manes.\n\nMARTINO: Who else lived in the house with you?\n\nWIND: With me, lived just myself and my wife.\n\nMARTINO: No, when you were a child.\n\nWIND: We lived all of us [together].\n\nMARTINO: And your mother?\n\nWIND: My mother [Cila] . . .\n\nMARTINO: Tell us about your father [Mikhael].\n\nWIND: My father went to World War ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I and he died in a Russian prison as a\nprisoner of war.\n\nMARTINO: Your mother raised all of you by herself?\n\nWIND: Raised all of [us] by herself.\n\nMARTINO: When you were growing up in Poland as a child, what type of school did\nyou go to?\n\nWIND: I went to the public school. Then, because I was special ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"student in\ntechnical, in drawing and painting, I had permission to go to a Technikum\n[Polish: technical school].\n\nMARTINO: Technical school?\n\nWIND: Yes. I finished the technical school. After that, I couldn't [continue]\nbecause of my Jewish background. I had to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work privately. I worked privately\nin a printing shop. I did printing a little while. Of course, it was a Jewish\nprinting shop. My education was as an electro mechanic. It was close to machine\nwork. I'd been working over there probably two or three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years.\n\nMARTINO: Now tell me, when you were a child, what were Shabbos, Yontif , and the\nholidays like? How did your family observe the religion?\n\nWIND: In the regular manner.\n\nMARTINO: Tell me a little bit. Where you very religious?\n\nWIND: No. My mother forced me to go. I wasn't religious.\n\nMARTINO: You didn't go to a Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school at all? Did you go to cheder [Hebrew:\nroom] at all?\n\nWIND: Maybe went to cheder probably when I was about five or six or seven years\n[old]. I didn't go that long. I used to go for a while to Hebrew school. Just I\ndidn't . . . I'm not too religious now either.\n\nMARTINO: Did you observe the Sabbath? Did you go to synagogue?\n\nWIND: When my momma forced me, I would go.\n\nMARTINO: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you have Jewish and non-Jewish friends?\n\nWIND: Just Jewish friends.\n\nMARTINO: Only Jewish friends? You did not socialize with any of the Polish people?\n\nWIND: They didn't want to socialize with me.\n\nMARTINO: How old were you when the war broke out? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"About 27?\n\nWIND: I believe maybe more. It broke out in 1939?\n\nMARTINO: Right, 1939. You were about 27.\n\nWIND: That's right.\n\nMARTINO: How did life begin to change for you when the Nazis came to Poland?\n\nWIND: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first day when they came in . . . the first thing, we had some . . .\nYou want to know about the Nazis. First came in the Russians. I was with the\nRussians a year. The Nazis came in 1941.\n\nMARTINO: To Lvov?\n\nWIND: Yes. When they came in, there was a sign in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"street, \"ostrzeżenie o\nśmierci\" [Polish: death warning] . . .\n\nMARTINO: A death warning?\n\nWIND: On the death sentence, everybody is supposed to go back to work. I'd been\nliving in town and I'd been working printing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"books, and other things, and color\nbooks. I went out in the morning--my shift was from six o'clock [in the morning]\nto four o'clock [in the afternoon]. I went out and the [Germans or Ukrainian]\nmilitia picked me up and took me to where used to be the [Soviet secret police]\n. . . the [Germans or Ukrainians] took out some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bodies what the Russians had\nexecuted. It was maybe 500 feet from where I'd been living. I cannot say\nexactly. I could draw a map. It was about three blocks. On the way there, they\nbeat me up so much, my head was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"swollen like a watermelon. They then took me to\nwork in the city over there in the jail yard and . . . some Germans take some\npictures of how I did a good job. At six o'clock in the night, nobody supposed\nto be in street. I just walked into the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city just a few blocks. They led me\nhome. Each hundred meter or something like that, was standing a policeman or a\nGerman. This was the Ukrainian militia. They helped out too. They led me home. I\nbeen living very close to their headquarters. When I come home, I hardly could\nsee to go home because my eyes were swollen up. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then I stayed over there. I\ndidn't go out at all . . . After that, they used to stop and take people to work.\n\nMARTINO: The Germans?\n\nWIND: Yes. They took me to work on the airport.\n\nMARTINO: Where?\n\nWIND: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the airfield . . . We were digging some ditches for special planes and\nthings like that. Then they brought us home. I was keeping . . . Later on, they\nfinished the job. They gave us in a transport. They got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me . . . I mean, they\ngot some people from somewhere else. I still was in my home--not where I'd been\nliving . . .\n\nMARTINO: You were still living at home with your brothers?\n\nWIND: No. I'd been living with another family.\n\nMARTINO: With another family? What happened to your family?\n\nWIND: They perished.\n\nMARTINO: How?\n\nWIND: I wasn't there. They got perished. They took them away. They start\nbuilding the ghetto. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us in the ghetto. Was in the city. Was just in the\nbeginning. Then they took me and put me in . . . a place where they'd been\nsending materials to the front. Did I tell you how long I was with the Russians\nand how ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"long with the Germans? It was a year later when the Germans occupied Poland.\n\nMARTINO: Right.\n\nWIND: They took me from over there. They asked to go in the ghetto . . .\n\nMARTINO: They made everybody go in the ghetto?\n\nWIND: From the ghetto, they took me to a field ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where all nations were working.\nThere was over there Russian prisoners, Russian volunteers, French people,\nJewish, Ukrainers, prisoners, whatever it is . . . We were just a brigade to . .\n. over there to terrify people, terrify Jewish. They took us in the ghetto. I\nhave a little room- just half the size like that [indicates the room the\ninterview take places in]. [I was] living with one of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brothers. I don't know\n. . . maybe he didn't live anymore [at that time]. I believe I been living\nmyself . . . in just half this room. They took us everyday to work. We had to\nhelp with their houses and things like that. We were thirty-six . . .\nthirty-eight people. We were living over there sometime I believe in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1942 . . .\nWe were living over there and working. I was . . . They treat me very nice\nbecause they brought in some broken tanks. From Germany, they were shipping them\nto the front. The Germans were working or whatever with all the different kind\nof nations. They didn't speak German. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They put me to work in a shop.\n\nMARTINO: Did you speak German?\n\nWIND: Of course. I was born in Austria. [Lvov] wasn't in Poland when I was born.\nIt was Austria. In the schools, they teach us German, Ukrainian, and Polish till\nthe fifth grade, and from Yiddish, you learn pretty good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German. I got a little\naccent probably. One day, I'd been helping the Germans. They had some\nmechanics--not Jewish. [They were] Polish. They didn't understand German. They\ntook me out from the shop to go out. I fixed them up one of the tanks to be able\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pull the rest of the tanks back because they freezed up. They sent them over\nwater. It's cold over there, freezing in Europe. They freezed up. It didn't take\nlong. We had to carry over there regular trucks. They put some guys three times\nas big as me. They pulled me for that too. They come home sick. I wasn't. I was\nstrong enough because I was fed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enough. The Lagerleiter [German: camp\ncommander], the Kommandant [German: commander], the Director went on vacation.\nWas over there first day. He put us . . . They took the thirty people who was us\nand put us in concentration camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was the day where I said . . . I was in\nconcentration camp. Comes the Schutzpolizei [German: protection or security\npolice], the Luftwaffe [German: air force] . . . all of them takes out laborers.\nWe didn't have no assignment. Was a Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lagerführer [German: camp leader].\nWe come in and stay over there . . . It was a Volksdeutsche [German: German folk].\n\nMARTINO: A German?\n\nWIND: Not a German. He's a German . . .\n\nMARTINO: He lived in German territory.\n\nWIND: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He comes from Germany, a civilian. They put us in concentration camp--all\nthirty something of us. We was in concentration camp. They didn't have assignment.\n\nMARTINO: Which concentration camp was this?\n\nWIND: It was Janowska. One thousand five hundred, I believe they called it. No,\nit was Janowska. One thousand five was the brigade. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Janoskwa. They took\nus over there . . .\n\nMARTINO: Janowska was were?\n\nWIND: In Lvov.\n\nMARTINO: On the outskirts?\n\nWIND: Was like in the periphery, in the outskirts . . . not far. We was over\nthere. It was a holiday and they promised over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there . . . the Jewish\nLagerführer asked us to disperse because if not, they take us all away . . .\nshoot, clean us up. We went picked up some bricks and other things, walking\naround. They knew was something leftover. The next day they said they going to\nsend us to working . . . in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"street. They put us in two trucks, two\nSchutzpolizei in one truck . . . Gestapo . . . We went up a half a block and\nturned to the street. I know it was the way to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cemetery. I jumped the car\nand I got shot. I got shot in the middle of the finger. I got a strife shot in\nmy leg. The guy who was supposed to be our . . .\n\nMARTINO: Your supervisor?\n\nWIND: No. A Jewish who takes care of Jews.\n\nMARTINO: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A Jewish supervisor.\n\nWIND: Yes. He was a boxer. I knew him from before. I knew he was a rough fellow.\nHe was a prizefighter. I ran off the truck. This is the reason I got shot. He\nwas running after me. If he wasn't able to catch me, they'd shoot him. They'd\nkill him. They brought us over there to take care of the ghetto, what they liquidated.\n\nMARTINO: You were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"caught after that or what happened after you ran away?\n\nWIND: No, they caught me and put me in the truck and brought us over there. They\nwere looking for me. They know it was . . . somebody else was . . . I kept quiet\n. . . I am a quiet man anyway. They took us over there where they had liquidated\nthe ghetto. If you want to know how they liquidate the ghetto, was a little\nlake--just as big as my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house. They shoot it out. I got a little piece of tape\nwhat I made. I tried to give my son to explain it. He didn't know. I couldn't\nexplain it much. They took us to the Frauenlager [German: women's camp] in the night.\n\nMARTINO: To the women's camp?\n\nWIND: To the women's camp. Over there, we were working. First thing, we were\nworking in the . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took away the fresh bodies. They killed them on the front\nof a lake, where all the blood accumulates.\n\nMARTINO: This is when they liquidated the ghetto?\n\nWIND: They liquidated the ghetto? No. They liquidated the ghetto and they\nliquidate some from the [Janowska labor] camp too.\n\nMARTINO: At the edge of the lake? They would just shoot people?\n\nWIND: It was not a lake. It was a . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pond. We fished out . . . We went over\nthere where they kill the people. We put them up on a place and stacked them up\non the sides a little bigger than the living room here [indicates the room the\ninterview is taking place in], just higher, a couple thousand.\n\nMARTINO: Bodies?\n\nWIND: Bodies. We stacked them up and put into fire. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They got some wood\nunderneath with some kerosene and they were burning two or three days. We\nstacked up stack after stack. When we finished that, we start to dig out some\ngraves--mass graves. With the mass graves . . . this was already the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sonderkommando [German: special command or detail]. They took us in Sonderkommando.\n\nMARTINO: Sonderkommando was a special group of people who were selected . . .\n\nWIND: Yes. Not selected--caught for crime doing. They found them in not Jewish\nsections or where Juden Frauen [German: Jewish women] was. They brought them\nover there to kill them. Some of them they left to work. We was a brigade. We\nstarted with 87. We finished with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"120.\n\nMARTINO: If you tried to run away or you tried to save yourself, then they would\nput you in the Sonderkommando?\n\nWIND: Some of them. Some of them they killed.\n\nMARTINO: The Sonderkommando was what?\n\nWIND: We were doing just like a crematorium. Instead of a crematorium that was\ngoing with twenty or thirty people, we did it in thousands.\n\nMARTINO: They made you do that everyday?\n\nWIND: Everyday. If the fire was out, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they brought in some more people. Each time\nthey brought in a Kommando, they asked us if we know what's happening. They\nasked us to stay between the wires. They shoot it out. They had to go one on top\nof the other. You are jumping from one place to another. Later, when they shoot,\nof course they got to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"naked.\n\nMARTINO: Can you tell us in order how . . . usually this was called an Aktion\n[German: action] when they decided to kill a group of people . . .\n\nWIND: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: Can you take us through from beginning to end how it went exactly?\n\nWIND: The most Aktionen [German: actions] there was from the ghetto to the\nconcentration camp or to that camp . . . the Aktion was to catch people. The\nAktion was in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning. Later on, after the ghetto, they just took it out.\nThey liquidated the ghetto.\n\nMARTINO: Tell us how it would happen, how they killed the people.\n\nWIND: How they killed the people? Just round them up, five or six . . . this is\n. . . when I was [there], they brought them out from concentration camp, brought\nout about 15 [hundred] to 2,000 people. We had to stay behind barbed wires, not\nto go out. When they shoot them out, they made some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chain holes. Like half this\ntable [indicates a table off camera]. From here was the beginning, then go back\nto the beginning. From here, about ten squares, about two feet, three feet, four\nfeet deep, five feet deep, six feet deep . . . When the blood flushed\ndown--because it was a lot of trouble with blood ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get rid of it--flushed down\ngoing from the two feet to the three feet, from the three feet to where there\nwas just a foot left. We covered it up. This was the blood.\n\nMARTINO: The blood was where? I do not understand exactly.\n\nWIND: The blood was from after executions. The blood was flooding . . .\n\nMARTINO: They brought the people out. How did they execute them? They put them\non the edge of a ditch?\n\nWIND: The edge of the fire place or the edge of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little . . . when they got\nshot in the ditches, I haven't seen it. When they were shooting later on, I was\nseeing it.\n\nMARTINO: Tell me what they did there. You said you were behind the wires and you\nwatched when they were killing the people?\n\nWIND: Yes. It was like from here to across the street. Maybe closer.\n\nMARTINO: So they brought them out. What did they do? Did they make them get\nundressed? Tell me what they did.\n\nWIND: Undressed completely. Naked.\n\nMARTINO: They brought them out naked?\n\nWIND: No, they come and then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"undressed. The last time I was work . . . the last\ntwo or three months I was working inside, behind a desk because I'd been making\nfor the Gestapo special . . . where you take off the boots.\n\nMARTINO: Right. Tell me how one of those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"executions worked when they brought\npeople out, from beginning to end what happened, if you can describe it.\n\nWIND: Sure. They brought them in. They asked them to undress completely. They\nput them one to the other one how far they could go and shoot five or six at one\ntime. They way they come in. They shoot them here [indicates the base of skull\nat neckline].\n\nMARTINO: In the back of the neck?\n\nWIND: At the back of the neck. One shot. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was complete naked.\n\nMARTINO: This was men and women?\n\nWIND: Men and women. No matter. The only thing was we had to put the bodies on\nthe stack, the men was clean and the women was discharged 99 percent. I mean,\nthe men was discharged and the women was clean. Later it comes to my mind\nbecause what it is . . . when a lady goes to death she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[is vocally distraught].\nA man went quiet. When you in trouble, you start to have stomachache. You dead,\nyou don't hold. You discharge. Most of the men--99 percent--was discharged.\nWomen was clean. I was working this thing for a lot of months.\n\nMARTINO: How about children? Where there any children there?\n\nWIND: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know. I haven't seen any because I wasn't there in the beginning.\nIn the beginning, they took away children with old people. They put them on\ntrains. They put me away on trains too. I ran away from a train. The put some .\n. . I didn't know but they put the old people to [the Belzec extermination\ncamp]. I was in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train. The train made a round curve. I jumped here [shows off\ncamera] and hid under some train logs. That's how I came back in the ghetto.\n\nMARTINO: Okay. We were talking about when they shot the people. Then what happened?\n\nWIND: They stacked them up about fifteen feet ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high.\n\nMARTINO: You had to lift the bodies that were shot?\n\nWIND: They didn't. We did it. We had to do the job.\n\nMARTINO: I'm saying you had to lift the bodies?\n\nWIND: Yes, pick them up and put them on the . . .\n\nMARTINO: Stack them up?\n\nWIND: Stack them up. In the beginning, they had just wood on the top. Later on,\nthey brought railroad tracks and put like in a stove so it was air ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"underneath.\n\nMARTINO: So it would burn faster?\n\nWIND: We had to stack. We had some drains around here. We didn't need more\ngasoline, just the fat from the people. With long sticks, we got a container and\njust poured on the [stacks]. The smallest parts that came out was just like this\npencil. Of course, we took out the gold from gold teeth, diamonds, whatever it\nwas over there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They packed it and shipped it away. Talking about that . . . I\nstole about 300 parcels when I was working in the mass graves. I seen them go\n[through] things. I tell the truth. I just knocked them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. I put it in the\nwall. We had to scrub off the slush. I put it in the wall. The bodies. One time\nI said, \"Let's see . . .\" I put in a sack. We didn't have no toilet over there\nthe first six months. I make a hole to go out. I put in a little sack by a bush,\na nice little . . . and covered it up. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After I survived . . . It's a long story,\ntoo. After I survived, I went with a friend that I was with in concentration\ncamp the last three months. I was caught a few times. I went over there three or\nfour times. I couldn't find it. I give up. Later on, I said, \"It must be at this\nplace. I'll find it.\" I stole shoes and a pair of slacks. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The rest, some of it,\nI gave it away to the Jewish . . . I kept it for souvenirs for the Jewish . . .\nHolocaust Center.\n\nMARTINO: This burning of the bodies was outside in the fields. Were there any\nfarmers or anything in the surrounding areas?\n\nWIND: They was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surrounded about two miles around. Nobody could be . . . The only\nthing, the population could smell . . . the burning flesh.\n\nMARTINO: So they knew what happening?\n\nWIND: I don't know if they knew. Probably they knew because the Ukrainers were\nthere. [The local civilians] wasn't there. No civilian or person could go\n[there]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a . . . They gave out a record . . . Nobody--when it comes to\ngeneral inspection--could say no more than he was eight days, seven days, or two\ndays, or three days. We was [there for] months. We [were witnesses and\ntherefore] had to be destroyed.\n\nMARTINO: The Sonderkommando? The people who worked . . .\n\nWIND: The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sonderkommando. That's right. We was caught up. We was six survivors.\nOne lives in New Jersey. I went in . . . I was caught again twice.\n\nMARTINO: You're saying they killed the Sonderkommando so that you couldn't . . .\n\nWIND: The Sonderkommando ran away. The whole group. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"caught me in 1943.\n\nMARTINO: Let's try to stay in order of what you were doing. How long did you\nwork there in this camp in the Sonderkommando in Janowska? Do you know how long\nyou were there?\n\nWIND: About twelve months.\n\nMARTINO: About twelve months?\n\nWIND: In Janowska. We moved from Janowska [after] six months. We were living on\nthe ground. You had to . . . If you wanted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"catch how we were living . . .\n\nMARTINO: I'm trying to understand the order of what happened.\n\nWIND: Okay. They took us in another place.\n\nMARTINO: How long were you in Janowska where you were working on the Sonderkommando?\n\nWIND: Six months. A year and a half we working altogether probably.\n\nMARTINO: You worked the Sonderkommando this whole time?\n\nWIND: All the time, yes.\n\nMARTINO: When they asked you, you just told them you were just there a week or so?\n\nWIND: No, I was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leader. If the general comes for inspection . . . the\nHauptscharführer [German: head squad leader], he be running that. The Gestapo,\nthe SS, they were running that, and the Schutzpolizei. They were running this\ncamp--the Schutzpolizei. We were living . . . we were 160 people, for example.\nIn the last one, they was 60 people. We were living in two cells. A Russian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big\n. . . Later on, we were living in better conditions. The first six months, we\nwere living on the floor on straw. The second one, we had some living places. We\ndidn't have no toilets or nothing. They brought us in water, food. They feed us\npretty good.\n\nMARTINO: What kind of food?\n\nWIND: We had some meat on Friday, when the Germans didn't have any. It was\nFleischfrei ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[German: meat free].\n\nMARTINO: Yes, on Friday the Catholics didn't eat meat.\n\nWIND: They are not Catholics. Anyway, they give us good [food] to eat.\n\nMARTINO: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What were they? You said they were not Catholics. What were they?\n\nWIND: They are Protestants, I believe--the Germans.\n\nMARTINO: No, the ones that don't eat meat on Friday are Catholics.\n\nWIND: I don't know. They didn't deliver meat. We got good [food] to eat.\n\nMARTINO: When you worked the Sonderkommando, you did this the whole day long,\nthe same thing?\n\nWIND: The last time I didn't because when they moved in the other place, after a\nfew weeks . . . my profession, I'm an electro mechanic. That's what I'd been\nstudying. I'd been working as a machine operator in a printing shop. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because I'm\nan electrician, they had to put some electricity over there. We was here from\nend of street [indicates a long expanse]. They couldn't take no time with\nelectricians. I make the electricity. In this place, they gave me an easier job,\nto do some carpentry. We were living not on the ground . . . We were living in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cells.\n\nWIND: . . . big camps, Russian camps. Was 60 people in one camp. We escaped. We\nescaped in . . . November 11 . . . a Polish independence holiday. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have the one\nguy [Leon Weliczker Wells] that lives. I am in touch with him. Six of us\nsurvived. They caught them. I was back in a concentration camp--it was not a\nJewish one--with other people. Some guys were in the woods with the partisans. I\ndon't know. This guy wrote a book. I believe he was . . . I gave it to Jewish\nCommunity Center. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Death Brigade.\n\nMARTINO: Death Brigade, yes.\n\nWIND: You seen it? He sings the [unintelligible Hebrew, sounds like\n\"Vanetchka\"]. Later on, the last three months they caught me and took me to the\nconcentration camp. First, I hide myself in prison because I was afraid they\nrecognize me from the Sonderkommando and then they'd take me to shoot at. When I\ncome to the camp, the camp lager, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Führer, wasn't there. They sent me with\nfive ladies--a lady from 75 years old--and a man. We were in a bunker four by\nfour [feet]. They were asking . . . We had to wait till next day to be executed.\nThey asked me. I said, \"Don't worry. It doesn't hurt. Take off your pants.\nThat's it.\" I wanted to die ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in clothing. The watchman asked us who we was. I\nsaid I'm an electrician. They got some anti-aircraft sirens and they got\nengineers that could make it. He said, \"Can you fix it?\" I said, \"Yeah.\" They\ntook us out behind the kitchen where usually they execute the people. I didn't\nwant to take off my clothes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"Let them kill me.\" You had to take off\nyour shoes. I didn't take them off. I said, \"Let them kill me with my clothes,\"\nand I ran to another side. It was a small space. He said to me, \"[unintelligible\nGerman, sounds like \"hasse\" (hated) or \"hose\" (pants) . . . \"fahre\" (ride or\nrace)], come on.\" He killed the other six people and called me up. He asked me,\n\"You are an electrician? Come. You fix it.\" I come. In camp, they took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off our\nhats and boots. I had some good clothing. I ran away with good clothing because\npeople left their clothing. I took. Everyday, I had a new shirt. I washed it\nbecause of all the lice. I washed it and dried clothes . . .\n\nWIND: . . . like a Kommandant, keep us legal to do jobs for him--carpenter,\nshoemaker, whatever it is. I was an electrician.\n\nMARTINO: Right. I want you to say all of this. Right ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then he said to you what?\n\nWIND: \"Come do work.\"\n\nMARTINO: In other words, he wanted you to go with him to do some electrical work?\n\nWIND: I already did the electrical work. He let me live. We went to live in the\nprivate little houses.\n\nMARTINO: What happened right there when he said to you, \"Come, you'll do the\nelectrical work,\" right ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after they killed your friends?\n\nWIND: They were not my friends. They were just people they caught somewhere in\nthe streets, brought them in, and put them in the bunker to kill them--just like\nmyself. Got to have permission from that high authority, so we were waiting. We\nwere standing. We couldn't sleep in there. It was not enough space. It was four\nby four [feet]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Each bunker was four by four [feet]. There were two of them and\nwe was in one of them. It was five or six people, standing overnight. Then they\nput us behind where they execute behind the kitchen. I didn't want to take off\nmy clothes. I give them advice. Take off the clothes you won't get a beating. It\ndoesn't take . . . It was mighty easy. You get shot [in the back of the head]. A\nshot [from a doctor in the arm] hurts more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than a bullet [to the back of the\nhead]. They put it in your neck and you're gone. That's what it is. I been\nrunning. I didn't want to take off my clothes. He called me out with a nasty\nword. I came out. I fixed the sirens. He put me to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brigade over there. We\nwent for eleven o'clock for lunch. They'd been cleaning potatoes. We went over\nthere. Somebody recognized me.\n\nMARTINO: That saved your life that you were an electrician?\n\nWIND: It saved my life probably. I came into the shop over there. One of our\nescapees recognized me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He asked me, \"What are you doing here . . . been alive?\"\nHe was not even a smart fellow, an older guy. I said, \"My name is Pasternik.\" He\nkept his mouth . . . Nobody was around. He start asking me where I been and\nabout everybody, so I told him.\n\nMARTINO: The reason for this was because if you told anybody you were from the\nSonderkommando, the Germans would . . .\n\nWIND: I didn't know about it. I don't know. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"About three or four months later,\nwhen they had to evacuate the camp . . .\n\nMARTINO: Why were you evacuating the camp?\n\nWIND: Because the Russians were about 50 miles from the city.\n\nMARTINO: They were approaching?\n\nWIND: That's right. They were on their way.\n\nMARTINO: The Germans decided to liquidate the camp?\n\nWIND: No, I didn't believe them. They said that they are going to evacuate. The\nPoles and the rest of them, they let out. The Jewish--we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was about 80 or 90\npeople--they going to evacuate. I took him to the . . . We were supposed to go\nto the air shelter. They were going to the air shelter and I had some tools. I\nhad to break the barbed wires. One boy got killed, so I went on a couple hundred\nfeet and broke out. I went between bushes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I cut away from other bushes and\nmatched myself up. The next day . . . They said the truth. They took away\neverybody. It was just what I told you. We was alive because we was a coward to\ngo in. It was not allowed to go, Jewish in the air shelter. Then I went in the\nwoods. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was in July [1944]. I been sitting over there seven and a half days.\n\nMARTINO: Hiding?\n\nWIND: Hiding. Because the front was right where the lager--the camp--was. I been\nhiding over there. I had a jacket. I took off my jacket and took off the shoes.\nWe had one rain. I been eating . . . from the wheat . . .\n\nMARTINO: The grains?\n\nWIND: The grains.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: From the field?\n\nWIND: In the field. It was a terrible thing because it goes in a little bit in\nyour throat. I don't know. Maybe as a child you been eating it.\n\nMARTINO: You choked on it?\n\nWIND: Yes, it cuts you. After that, I could not go out. They . . . earlier, I\ncouldn't go . . . know who was over there because the next point where the\nGermans were fighting the Russians. The Russians already were [close], probably\nthe end of the street. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went out of the [woods]. I went to an empty house.\nUsually in the city, they got the ghetto. In the ghetto, they got some\nrainwater. You wash your clothes with it.\n\nMARTINO: From the gutters?\n\nWIND: From the gutters. It stayed in the wooded barrels a long time. I tried to\ndrink something. I was thirsty. I had one rain ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and been drinking from the shoes\nor soaked off the jacket. Seven and a half days without food, without water. It\nwas in July. I stick my head in it and was drinking from the barrel. When I\nraised it, I had to spit out.\n\nMARTINO: It was no good.\n\nWIND: The worst thing . . . I will never forget it. I went out to the city and\nwent over there. The Poles ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seen I still I had the yellow . . .\n\nMARTINO: A star?\n\nWIND: I didn't have a star. I had a triangle in yellow paint on the pants. They\nknew I am a Jew. They asked, \"Where this survive?\" [They said] 'this,' not 'he.'\n[They said,] \"Where this survive?\" So I was free.\n\nMARTINO: In other words, you're saying the Pollacks were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still antisemitic?\n\nWIND: Not still. They helped--the Ukrainers and the Pollacks. They was . . . I\nread the papers everyday what's going on everywhere in the world. When it comes\nto Poland, what's over there, they rescued the other people . . . I didn't even\nwant to look at it.\n\nMARTINO: They did not help you at all? Nobody helped you?\n\nWIND: My goodness! They been hunting [us]. They took away everything. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\nemptied the homes.\n\nMARTINO: Of the Jews?\n\nWIND: Of course. They took the apartments. Not the Germans. [The Poles] took it.\nThey emptied it . . . Anyway, I came out and where I used to live, she [a\nneighbor] recognized me. She brought me out--it was summertime--a nice ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soup.\nDidn't let me in the home.\n\nMARTINO: Didn't let you in the house?\n\nWIND: No. I been eating on the steps. I hated Polish people. I loved the\nRussians. They were very hospitable. Maybe nice things they don't want to listen\nabout it. They are nice people, the Russians.\n\nMARTINO: The Russians treated you well?\n\nWIND: I'd been working for the Russians. I'd been working [for them] before the\nwar and after the war.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: This was really your liberation, the way you got out of there?\n\nWIND: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: Was the war already over at that time?\n\nWIND: No. I'd been working in a warehouse from July until May . . . I can't\nremember . . . end of May. Was it May the war was over?\n\nMARTINO: Right.\n\nWIND: Maybe half a year later I departed . . . maybe the next summer. I don't\nthink it was the same summer because the fifth of May [1945] was the end of the\nwar. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"departed a year later because I'd been working again in a warehouse for\nthe Russians. I had a little trouble to leave.\n\nMARTINO: That area was liberated by the Russians?\n\nWIND: By the Russians.\n\nMARTINO: How did the Russians act toward you? They knew you were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish, right?\nWhat did you do?\n\nWIND: I'd been working in an office.\n\nMARTINO: For the Russians?\n\nWIND: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: You had no family there that survived, that came back?\n\nWIND: No.\n\nMARTINO: Your parents were killed and your brothers?\n\nWIND: My daddy was killed in World War I. The whole family got killed where I\nwas. I had two brothers [Itzchak and Yehoshu'a] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Israel. I got one of them\n[Yehoshu'a] now here in the United States. I brought him over. [Itzchak] died\ntwo or three years ago.\n\nMARTINO: The two brothers in Israel left before the war to go to [Palestine]?\n\nWIND: Yes. I was supposed to leave. I didn't want to go. I'd been making good money.\n\nMARTINO: What about any friends or other relatives? Was there anybody left from\nyour hometown?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WIND: No.\n\nMARTINO: No one?\n\nWIND: Whoever left . . . that's what I heard. I didn't see them. After the war,\n[some survivors] was in the woods, was partisans . . . fighting the Russians.\n[The Russians] killed them after the war. Just two or three of them survived. I\ncan't remember nobody from before the war. No, I can't remember nobody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was left\nover from before the war.\n\nMARTINO: What did you do then? You said you worked for the Russians.\n\nWIND: Then I departed myself for Austria and worked for the ORT. I worked for\nthe ORT about four or five years. I'd been working in Salzburg [Austria]. I was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"director of the Salzburg school. I been working over there. I believe this is\nthe book from it. [begins flipping through a book off camera] Yes, this is the\nbook from the ORT. I was director of ORT School.\n\nMARTINO: Just pick it up like that and hold it in front of yourself, we'll be\nable to see it. [Wind holds a book up and begins to turn pages in front of\ncamera] It was a professional school?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WIND: Yes. It was teaching different kinds of professions. The first time, I was\na half a year an electrical instructor. They couldn't find a director that knew\nmore than one job. Because I am qualified in a lot of different kind of skills,\nI was director over there for four years, three and a half years.\n\nMARTINO: Right. Then what did you do?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WIND: I had to go. I sent everything away to Israel. Then I changed my mind. I\ncame to United States. I had two brothers over there it took me two years to\nfind. It took them two years to find me. I knew I had some of them. They didn't\nknow I'm still alive. I had a friend . . . You want to see some more? [continues\nflipping pages in book] It's in English and Yiddish. I want to show you my\nschool. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's from England or United States. It's caricatures . . .\n\nMARTINO: [The book] just describes what the organization did?\n\nWIND: Yes. We had seven or eight different courses for immigration. These are\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all directors. [Hands book to interviewer to look at an image on a page] See\nfrom that what you can find on Salzburg, too.\n\nMARTINO: Then you decided . . . You got a visa to come to the United States?\n\nWIND: I got a visa. I didn't have no problem to get it because I'm a survivor.\nWhoever come from Russians, they have a little bit of a problem to come here.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Where did you come?\n\nWIND: Here. Straight here.\n\nMARTINO: Straight to Atlanta?\n\nWIND: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: When was this?\n\nWIND: In 1952, I believe.\n\nMARTINO: Nineteen fifty-two. You were still single?\n\nWIND: No, I came with my wife [Bronia Mendel] and with my older son [Michael].\nHe was born in Austria [in 1947].\n\nMARTINO: You met your wife in Austria?\n\nWIND: No, I met my wife, took her out from a [Polish] home. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Took her out of . .\n. A friend of mine--it was two girls--took them out . . . We didn't have nowhere\nto sleep. We was sleeping . . . There was maybe twenty or thirty big synagogues\nor temples. They burned up everything. In my neighborhood, there was across the\nstreet a temple--a beautiful one.\n\nMARTINO: This is in Lvov?\n\nWIND: In Lvov. She was with non-Jewish people. She'd been hiding. The Germans\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kept her in other places. I find a guy. I was with him in concentration camp. He\nsaid, \"Take out some . . .\" I took over six or seven rooms where the Gestapo was\n. . . a big place. We put some straw sacks around. Whoever showed up, I took\nthem home because I'd been working for the Russians in a warehouse and I had\nfood. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I used to bring home food. We got meat and bread. We didn't get everyday\nbread. I feed them. He told me, \"I got two girls. They can't stay . . .\n[Polish]. Take them. You got enough space.\" So I took her and another girl.\nWhoever disappeared, went to the west . . . If she was wants to wait for me . .\n. I said, \"You go to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"station. I'll find you in [Poland].\" It was another\ncity in Poland. I had a lot of girls who ran back to whoever saved them. Whoever\ncame back . . . She was a few months with me. I didn't think to get married. She\nhanged out with me. She stayed. Then I moved to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Breslau.\n\nMARTINO: Vratislav?\n\nWIND: Yes. I bought . . . was working . . . in Vratislav a business. People\nstart to run away from over there because there was a city--Katowice [Poland].\nMaybe you've heard about it. They killed a lot of Jews. I left ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the business.\nEverybody ran away from Poland. It's the reason I cannot read the papers about\nPoland. I sold my business. I don't remember even to whom. I had a friend. He\ndied too in Israel. We came to Austria. In Austria, I find a few guys over there\nthat I knew before the war. The reason that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew them before the war was that\nI was with them in camp. From Vienna [Austria] to Linz [Austria]. From Linz, we\nwent to a camp. We had to move over there. [conversation about noises made by\nWind fidgeting off camera] I am nervous, I'm telling you.\n\nMARTINO: It's no wonder that you are nervous. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am sorry I interrupted you. You\nwere at the camp in Linz . . .\n\nWIND: Then I went to Salzburg, where I was in camp when I start to work for the ORT.\n\nMARTINO: You're talking about the DP [displaced persons] camps where they were\nholding people after the war?\n\nWIND: Yes. My son was born over there--the oldest one. I have some pictures over\nthere. I used to wash the diapers . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You were in the DP camp yourself in Linz?\n\nWIND: In Salzburg and in Linz, too. Then they give us a [former] Gestapo villa.\nWe were six. I was with four or five teachers. We had a villa from the ORT. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\nwere working over there four years or whatever it was. I wasn't prepared to have\nsome of the dates [to tell you] exactly. I might not remember them anyway. This\nis kind of fifty or sixty years back.\n\nMARTINO: Right. Then you said you came to the United States in 1952?\n\nWIND: Yes. I been here working. They give me two weeks. They give me a job in a\nprinting shop. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I make some envelopes. If you wanted to see my paychecks, I can\nshow you from the whole time. They liked me very much. We'd been talking through\na translator. They had some lady. She'd been talking German. I didn't speak not\na word of English. I didn't expect to be here. They gave me some overtime work .\n. . time and a half ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and full-time--Sunday and Saturday. I was working a year.\nThen qualification, they gave me a bump for $50. I believe maybe cash or\nsomething. They closed till after New Year. I went to somebody working with him.\nI met him in Europe. I worked with him in the [unintelligible German, sounds\nlike \"grosse helfen\" (great help)]. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been with him two years in my home. I\ndidn't want to go to Israel. I don't know why. You see, I was closed in a\ncountry where you cannot go nowhere. If I go to Israel, I would sit over there\nand not be able to go nowhere. I want to be a free man. So I went here ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to United\nStates. One of my brothers--they both was here--they want to see me. No, I went\nthere before I came over here. A week before, I was over there by plane. Then I\ncame here and settled down. I'm still here.\n\nMARTINO: You have two sons, right?\n\nWIND: I've got two sons and one grandson.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Have you talked about your experience with your family?\n\nWIND: Not exactly. I tried to make one of them . . . I have somebody here tape.\nI tried to say something. I said one day, they killed off . . . I tried to start\n[telling about my experiences] from everything--what we were doing with the\nblood, for example, when they liquidated the ghetto. We had to . . . in the pond\nover there close to the place where they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"execute them. All the blood went in a\nlittle pond--not a lake; a pond just as big as this house, maybe a little\nbigger. They put us . . . Then I fall into this kind of job. They tried to take\nus out. We couldn't share . . . They brought us a barrel of kerosene. We put the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kerosene on the water and put the water on fire. The blood . . . you don't\nliving but it's blood. The blood gets clotted up, like cooked pieces. We took\nsome nets, took it out, put it on the fire, and burn it up. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The second place, we\nhad to so much blood. [they] bring in 2,000 [bodies]. From each person, at least\ntwo liters of blood goes. A person's got about four liters, I believe. We make\nsome chain holes . . . about four by four [feet]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the top, we make one foot\ndeep. The blood would go down to one foot deep. The second one had two feet. The\nthird [hole] had three feet. We make a chain of holes. [The blood] would flow\none to the other . . . so the blood was just one feet deep. We covered it up.\n\nMARTINO: To make the blood ran off from the bodies?\n\nWIND: From the bodies, yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This way . . . they find out . . . in the beginning,\nwe used to cut up the bones we was burning. We was like from here to across the\nstreet from the Jewish cemetery. We took the tombstones. We took a piece of wood\nand a can in the bottom. We had a two pieces of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wood, we would . . . [indicates\npounding up and down on the tombstone]\n\nMARTINO: To grind the bones?\n\nWIND: To grind the bones to dust.\n\nMARTINO: After the bodies were burned?\n\nWIND: Yes. Of course, we'd taken out all the gold or metal.\n\nMARTINO: To leave no evidence?\n\nWIND: Yes. Then we spread it over the fields. In the other place, they had a\nmachine for that. We still had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take out the metals, and the gold, and things\nlike that. They shipped it away. I believe I told you I stole some of it,\ntoo--the gold things.\n\nMARTINO: Yes. That's not easy to forget.\n\nWIND: I go back and forth and back and forth. They've got no schedule to say how\nit goes.\n\nMARTINO: No. You were singled ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out just for being a Jew. How do you feel about that?\n\nWIND: I come from a country where they singled out a Jew, too. They called it\nnumerous clausus [Latin: closed number; a fixed maximum number of entrants\nadmitted to an academic institution] . . . I was fortunate I came from my public\nschool and went into--not a Jewish school--a technical school. I can show you\nwhat I been doing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I finished, I was very good . . . not in spelling, or\nreading, or writing. I was very good in mathematics. I was the best in school in\nhand work. It was a nice technical school. There was maybe five or six Jewish\n[students] over there . . . numerous clausus . . . Other Jewish people had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been\nstudying overseas because the Poles didn't take them into the\nuniversities--doctors, engineers . . . My family's friend had been living in\nArgentina. He studied in France. His daddy was a doctor. He was a doctor. He\ndied a few weeks back.\n\nMARTINO: Because the Poles wouldn't let the Jews go to Universities?\n\nWIND: No.\n\nMARTINO: So you grew up with antisemitism?\n\nWIND: Yes. Polish people are the biggest antisemites. Over there, it's created.\nGermany created ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism. Over there [in Poland], they are born antisemites.\n\nMARTINO: Why do you think so? Why are they such antisemites?\n\nWIND: Who knows? They used to say . . .\n\nWIND: Polskie ulice i żydowskie budowle [Polish] . . . polish streets and the\nJewish buildings. Poles. The Ukrainers--they didn't like not the Poles or not\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews.\n\nMARTINO: They resented the Jews?\n\nWIND: Yes. The biggest amount of Jews got killed [came] from Poland. Was three\nand a half million Jews over there.\n\nMARTINO: Did you ever receive war reparations . . . Wiedergutmachung [German: reparations]?\n\nWIND: Yes. I receive this way . . . I didn't apply at all. I said . . . They're\nsupposed to . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't want it from them. They cannot pay me [for] what I\nwent through. The German government sent to me . . . to the Consulate sent to me\n. . . costs; forgiving the positions . . . I got something from the federal\ngovernment left over. Even the federal government wanted to know about it. I\nsaid, \"I'm not going nowhere.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They came to me.\n\nMARTINO: How do you feel about taking that money?\n\nWIND: I didn't want to take it. They sat in the whole court, with picture and\nthings . . . they had pictures from the people . . . First, they called me to\nthe Consulate, whom I didn't know . . . to give a description from the people. I\ndon't know how they found out [who the witnesses and perpetrators were] and I\ndon't know to now either. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"Give me the names and I can tell you how they\nlooks.\" He gave me [the names]. Then he said, \"You can swear?\" I said, \"Yeah.\"\nThen he said, \"You will have to swear.\" They let me go. In a few years--I don't\nknow how many years . . . comes the whole court. They called me back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to come to\nStuttgart [Germany]. I didn't want to go. I didn't go for the gut macht [German:\nmake good] either. They applied here. They sent me about $10,000 or maybe more.\nI don't know how much. I've got to ask my wife. Maybe she'll remember. Then they\nstarted to send me some checks. They called me back to raise . . . They paid me\n25 percent. I'm over 70 years old. I never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been going. They can send it.\n\nMARTINO: Did you ever go back to Europe since the war?\n\nWIND: Yes. [My wife] got an uncle . . . He was in Paris. He was in Belgium. She\nhad an uncle over there. When I'd been living in Salzburg, he found out through\nthe United States that she's alive and came to see us. He wasn't in jail. He ran\naway from Belgium through ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Switzerland. He died now . . .\n\nMARTINO: When you go to an event, or a particular place, or when you sleep, are\nyou ever reminded of your war experiences?\n\nWIND: I don't want it. I don't go . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if they make some . . . Eternal\nLife-Hemshech or whatever . . . I never show up. I never go.\n\nMARTINO: Why?\n\nWIND: I cannot go.\n\nMARTINO: It is too difficult?\n\nWIND: I don't go.\n\nMARTINO: Do you think another Holocaust is possible?\n\nWIND: You never know. It don't supposed to be exact on Jewish . . . Holocaust\ngoes on all over the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world. There's a Holocaust . . .\n\nMARTINO: Why do you think it's possible?\n\nWIND: I just say it's not special for Jews. I mean, Holocaust goes on everywhere.\n\nMARTINO: You mean people being murdered?\n\nWIND: That's right. Murdered, exterminated . . .\n\nMARTINO: How important is the existence of the state of Israel today?\n\nWIND: To me, very important.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Why?\n\nWIND: Why? Just . . . My son lives in North Carolina. If he gets in trouble,\nhe's got his Daddy here. Or if my son lives over there [in Israel], he got\nnowhere to go. It's the same thing with us. I didn't want to go [to Israel after\nthe war] because I didn't want to be closed off. I was enough in jail. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There\n[were] days you couldn't go out. They took by force when the fighting was\nstarted over there between the Arabs and Israelis. They took from our [DP] camps\nthe young people by force. They comes in the night in trucks, went through the\nAlps, through Italy, from Italy to . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nicosia . . .\n\nMARTINO: Greece?\n\nWIND: No, Nicosia is not Greece.\n\nMARTINO: Pakistan? Cyprus?\n\nWIND: Cyprus. I forgot. See, you get old, you forget a lot of things.\n\nMARTINO: That's okay. I am young and I forget a lot of things.\n\nWIND: It's okay. I'm really . . . sometimes names I am forgetting. I have a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother. He brought here from Israel. He just don't remember almost . . . He\ndon't have Alzheimer's disease. Just he's forgetting.\n\nMARTINO: Yes. You feel very strongly about the existence of the state of Israel?\n\nWIND: I feel the existence . . . must have their own country. I'd let them have\nit. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a lot of antisemites, too.\n\nMARTINO: I want to thank you very much for your time in making this tape. We\nunderstand how difficult it is for you to talk about it.\n\nWIND: It is more than two hours of talk. To tell you the truth, it's a lot. Each\nday is a year. Each day got no end.\n\nMARTINO: If you lived in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps, you mean?\n\nWIND: Especially in the Sonderkommando. It's what I went through. It happened.\nWe never talked about it.\n\nMARTINO: We appreciate you letting us record you.\n\nWIND: I didn't even talk to my brother. He used to help me out three or four\nyears ago. He got sick or whatever. I got a tape from him. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used to . . . he\ntreated me just . . . I don't know . . . just how it would be if I was a\ncriminal. [He would say,] \"You killed so many Jews--thousands of Jews,\" and\nthings like that. He just . . . It hurt me.\n\nMARTINO: But you didn't do that.\n\nWIND: I didn't do nothing. I just been working over there. I killed the Jews? I\nwas a victim myself.\n\nMARTINO: That is right.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WIND: I couldn't tell him. I don't know. Usually I very seldom talked about it\nat home at all. I never did. Maybe once in a while I said something and he comes\nin over there . . . I made a tape from him to show his wife what's the matter\nwith him.\n\nMARTINO: That is very difficult, I know. I am sorry that you had to go through\nthis tragic period in your life.\n\nWIND: I'm not sorry now. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's over.\n\nMARTINO: We appreciate that you would share it with us.\n\nWIND: You're welcome.\n\nMARTINO: Thank you for letting us into your home.\n\nWIND: I tried to leave for my kids things I did. When they growed up, they start\nto ask me questions. [My son] brought the camera. I make a half a tape. He start\nto ask me back to back the same thing. He just don't understand whatever\nhappened. He was born here and raised here.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: It is hard for anyone to understand what happened because those are not\nusual things to happen.\n\nWIND: I've been watching two films of the Holocaust. One film I been watching .\n. . I never watched it. They were somewhere in Ukraine. They broke out from a\ncamp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It looked exactly what happened to us.\n\nMARTINO: I think it was called Escape From Sobibor. Maybe that was it?\n\nWIND: I don't know. People been survived here in the United States, they come .\n. . They was in the Russian territory, I believe. You know about it? You have\nseen it?\n\nMARTINO: I'm not sure if it's the same one I thought you meant.\n\nWIND: Then there was the four or five series from the war . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: The miniseries, Holocaust?\n\nWIND: No.\n\nMARTINO: War and Remembrance?\n\nWIND: War and Remembrance. I been seeing that one where they brought the empty\nbodies and put them out from the truck. Over there, they got it easier--the\nbodies with the clothes . . . They asked them to take it off and then shoot them\nout. This one was somewhere . . . I'd never heard about this camp, but it was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exactly the way . . . in a way, the same thing. They was organized, too. I\norganized . . . on the last . . . on the second place--I gave this the man for\nthe book how we escaped--it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"November 11. [For] two days, there was a Polish\nholiday. We planned to escape. I didn't work by the dead. Since I'm an\nelectrician and they put a new place on it, they let me do it inside with a\npartner, doing carpenter work. I make him something. It was an invention. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\nbeen wearing boots. To take off the boots so I can keep it in the pocket and\nhave to have feet. The feet was placed on half of another guy. I make some . . .\nto go through . . . Because I been working with wood, I make to get through the\nbarbed wires. We planned that. Just not everybody [could escape with us]. It was\nfour people. The rest of them wasn't supposed to know. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had a piece of board\ntwo of them like [gestures off camera] . . . nailed down with four piece wood,\njust with one nail. One nail here [gestures off camera], one nail at the bottom.\nYou put a piece of table over there, take the top one, and it rested against the\nbarbed wires. We planned to go through the channel. It was shorter, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like half\nthat [gestures off camera]. Just wide about that much [gestures off camera, but\nseems to be indicating approximately two feet wide]. This was double.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WIND: We had some music, the orchestra. The Hungarians wasn't too hospitable to\nthe people. In a way over there, they'd been eating almost to the last minute\nuntil they went to them. They were burning some lamps, candles, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make a Shabbos,\nand everything. They crossed the border. They went over there and the Jews threw\nthem out.\n\nWIND: Because was November, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was cold. They were living sixty police. We was\n120 in the same . . . not the room. We didn't have . . . not a room, just\nmaterial [a tent] . . . a Russian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"campus. We had two campus and they had one campus.\n\nWIND: In the barbed wires was two openings [gates]. We had some fire inside to\nkeep warm. It was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"November. In Poland, November is pretty cold. [The guards\nalso] get them some fires. Is not the same people that planned to run away, to\nmake the hole. Other ones, they used to call him burn meister [German: master].\nHe took care of the fire. [He and other prisoners] shoveled [hot coals] from the\nfire [onto the guards at] both sides, [at the] same time, put on the Shutzwaffe,\non the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people whoever been . . . The people ran out. We all ran out, just nobody\nknew where to go. You couldn't see from here to the bushes [indicates a very\nshort distance]. Some of them survived. I don't know--maybe ten. Some come . . .\nthey brought them back [were captured]. [Unintelligible] under the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city.\nAfter the war, some of them died. One of them I know is alive. We are in\ntouch--the guy [Leon Wells] who sent me the book, The Death Brigade. Everybody\ntook some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other jobs--like [Simon] Wiesenthal. He do something else. He got the\nprofession. The Germans sent him to school. He is younger than I am. He was with\nme from the beginning. He survived. A few more survived. I know two of them\ndied. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I see them alive. I know they died. I talk to him sometimes. He calls me\nup. He says in Australia is somebody. We survived--just three or four. I know\none of them. I gave him some money when we ran away. He's supposed to be alive.\nSomebody told me he's in Mexico. When I took out the clothes [from the pits\nafter the executions], I took out the money--dollar bills, gold, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever it is.\nBecause I was working, I took a piece of lumber and make a hole a big piece and\ncovered it up so it looks like one piece. I'd been planning to run away. I told\nthe helper next to me, I said, \"You get you one of them sticks.\" I got a stick\nand he got a stick. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Somebody told me he's alive. I don't know. I never seen him.\nI was sitting in a well for two or three months. I went over there. I had a\nbrother, a child. She was a Ukrainer and he was a Pole. They had two small\nchildren. A child was left over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they killed my sister-in-law, my\nbrother, and another child. I took a two and half year [old] baby and put her\nwhere I been working, not far from the camp. I didn't have nowhere to go. It\ntook me two days to go over there because you couldn't go in the daytime; just\nin the night. I went over there. We was in a well, hidden for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"3 months. Then\nwhen the Russians was all in the Polish territory, I had to leave the place.\nCome spring, they was afraid the well will get deeper and I will drown there and\nthey wouldn't have any [clean, safe drinking] water. It was my roughest time I\nbelieve. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was covered up complete. Food they gave me . . . You know what a well\nis? Country wells, they got concrete and wood around in a square. They take away\na piece of lumber and give me the food [and then would replace] the lumber. All\nthe time I been asking . . . In spring, the water comes higher, and higher, and\nhigher. I been asking them to give me some bricks to make . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That much space\n[indicates two to three feet] I had leftover. He threw me out. He said, \"You got\nto go out.\" Then I went in to jail. From there I came in the concentration camp.\nIn jail, I [tried to] hang myself. They cut me [down]. I was afraid they'd\nrecognized me because we broke out. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you go in the jail, on the wall, there\nwas names of others. I found some names from my brigade, too. Everybody wrote\ntheir name [on the cell walls]. When they caught them, they killed them. I was\njust 24 hours in jail because they took me out of there to execute . . . even\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soldiers--Polish soldiers, Russian soldiers, probably [some] was Jewish. It is\nunbelievable. Boys 15 or 14 years [old] used to come in with . . . riding whip.\nThey used to beat us over the face until blood covered the skin and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything.\nFifteen years old! Maybe not yet 15. They sure was rude.\n\nMARTINO: Mean.\n\nWIND: Yes. They used to say, \"Gnadenschuss\" [German: mercy shot].\n\nMARTINO: Mercy.\n\nWIND: Mercy, that's right. \"Gnade.\" [German: mercy]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was not too pleasant.\nYou can sit a whole night every day is [like] a year. These are not soldiers.\nIt's impossible. I never did want to go . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I never did want to talk . . . You\nwant to know something else?\n\nMARTINO: Only if you want to tell us.\n\nWIND: [It is] hard to tell. I'm glad that somebody lived.\n\nMARTINO: Somebody had to live to tell the story; otherwise ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they wouldn't know\nwhat happened.\n\nWIND: It's a lot of people . . . especially in our place now because it was the\nlast point they broke from Holland . . . Of all the things I remember from the\nwar, what make me sad . . . I couldn't forget it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I been working in the\ncamp . . . before, when they put me in the concentration camp--just in the camp\n. . . [unintelligible] Commander . . . where they sent everything to the\nfront. It was a special base.\n\nMARTINO: A supply . . .\n\nWIND: Supply small engines, and tanks, and different kind of stuff. We were\nworking over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there--different nations: French war prisoners, volunteers, Russian\nwas prisoners, Jewish, Ukrainers, Poles, Germans, all kinds. It was a big place.\nIt was [unintelligible]. In the morning, every nation, every group ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stayed\n. . . there was the next to me was the whole people everywhere . . . what's\nhappened next to me. Why I remember that . . . [next to where I was housed]\nstayed two Russian [groups]. One part of the Russians was prisoners of war. The\nother one was volunteers, [unintelligible; sounds like \"Talmaci\"]. I\ndon't know what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"state it is. Anyway, we get in the morning a loaf of bread. We\nwere in . . . The other ones, how they feed the Russians I don't know. We had a\nseparate kitchen. Once in a while, they cooked some ox tails and put in some\npotatoes and made some soup. We stayed out before everybody goes to his place of\nwork. It was a huge place. One ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian took a loaf of bread. The Russian\nvolunteers-- Talmaci--took a piece of bread and threw to the Russian war\nprisoners. How hungry we was and they was! They picked up the bread and\neverybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started to take out a part of it. [One of the Russian prisoners of\nwar] picked up the bread and threw it back, [calling the Russian volunteers],\n\"[unintelligible Russian phrase] Get chalked, doc!\" I swear, I could\nnever this forget. Nobody knows what means hunger. [The prisoner] resisted the\nhunger because he [felt the volunteer] was a traitor and threw the bread ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back. I\nwill never forget it. I've mentioned it many times--all the time--how people\nare. Ich lebst, stirbst du. [German: I live, you die.] You understand?\n\nMARTINO: You're saying that people are . . .\n\nWIND: They didn't care!\n\nMARTINO: In English, they call it, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Dog eat dog,\" that people come to the level\n. . .\n\nWIND: No, it's not the same expression. I want you to understand. If I live, you\ndie. If you die, I live. You just . . . Everybody could take the guts out of his\nneighbor if he will survive . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everybody just wants to survive.\n\nMARTINO: That is human nature.\n\nWIND: They didn't care what price. It was not all the time. They brought one\ntime to us a friend of a brother I knew very well. He was injured just like I\nwas injured. He was injured or something. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They asked him to work. He said, \"I'm\nnot to work. I want to be killed.\" They killed him. He was shot somewhere. He\nwas in bandages. They very seldom brought something . . . they killed somebody\nfrom our . . . They got some gangrene. It was . . . your whole body get red. It\nis an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infection. Whoever got gangrene, they had to have a replacement. They\nbrought some criminals--whoever did something bad they brought them\nconcentration camp. After us, after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went over there . . . was six or seven\nmonths still was concentration camp. They finished up somewhere in the fall. It\nwas pretty late. The ladies, the women, they sure make . . . I believe I already\nsaid that . . . they all was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quiet to the execution. Like men, they used to go .\n. . They carried them. He was clean. Not ladies, not women. I haven't seen the\nchildren at all. They probably took the children a year earlier or whatever it is.\n\nMARTINO: Again, we thank ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/transcript/24928/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you for doing this tape.\n\nWIND: You're welcome.\n\n 2","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5820.0,5850.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Josef Wind [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Witness to the Holocaust Project is a collection of Holocaust-related oral testimony, photographs, and film footage collected between 1978 and 1983 as part of a series of digital archival collections through the joint efforts of the libraries at Emory University and the Georgia Institute of Technology. The late Fred Roberts Crawford, Director of Emory University's Center for Research in Social Change and a World War II veteran, founded and directed the project.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLvov [Polish: Lwów; Ukrainian: Lviv] was once a Polish town in the southeast of Poland. It is approximately 350 kilometers (220 miles) east of Krakow, Poland and 341 kilometers (212 miles) southeast of Warsaw, Poland. On the eve of World War II, there were 109,500 Jews living in the city. After war broke out, the Jewish population ballooned to more than 200,000 as 100,000 Jewish refugees from western Poland fled the Germans. Since World War II, it is known as ‘Lviv’ and is a city in western Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA quota was unofficially introduced in Poland in 1937 by some universities, which limited the amount of Jewish students that were admitted to ten percent—the proportion of Jews in the Polish population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat [Hebrew], Shabbos [Yiddish], or Sabbath [English] is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYontif [Yiddish] or yom tov [Hebrew] is the generic word for Jewish holidays. It includes all but the High Holy Days of Rosh Ha-Shanah and Yom Kippur.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCheder is a Jewish religious elementary school for boys. Religious classes were usually held in a room attached to a synagogue or in the private home of a teacher called a ‘melamed.’  It was traditional for boys to start cheder at three or five years old, learning to read Hebrew from a primer and studying the Book of Leviticus. Girls did not attend cheder.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union along the Bug River, between Krakow and Lvov. Lvov fell under the control of the Soviets, who entered the city on September 22, 1939 and immediately annexed it together with the rest of Eastern Galicia under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact. The Germans subsequently occupied Lvov after the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 and renamed the city ‘Lemberg.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSoviet Security forces (People’s Commissariat of Internal affairs, NKVD) murdered several thousand Ukrainian nationalists, as well as some Jews and Poles, in Lvov prisons before retreating from the German invasion in June 1941. Jewish forced laborers were forced to dig mass graves for the bodies. The Germans and their Ukrainian collaborators then used the massacre as a pretext for anti-Jewish pogroms, claiming that the Jews had helped the secret police.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInitially, Lvov Jews were put to work in numerous private firms located outside the ghetto that were run by either local civilians or by Germans, as well as for the German army and the Ostbahn railway company. Shortly before the Lvov ghetto was closed in November 1942, the Wehrmacht [the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany, which included the Luftwaffe (air force)] employed approximately 10,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInitially, Lvov Jews were put to work in numerous private firms located outside the ghetto that were run by either local civilians or by Germans, as well as for the German army and the Ostbahn railway company. Shortly before the Lvov ghetto was closed in November 1942, the Wehrmacht [the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany, which included the Luftwaffe (air force)] employed approximately 10,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Lvov in the fall of 1941, Jews still enjoyed relative freedom of movement, but were moved into a ghetto that was established in November of 1941. German authorities ordered some 80,000 people to move into the area designated for the ghetto in the north of Lvov, where about 25,000 people were already living. The ghetto was not sealed until November 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef is probably referring to his youngest brother, Manes [Mathias]. It is unclear when he died. Josef’s older brother, Herman [Zvi Hirsch Tzvi], his wife Sara, and their two children were killed during the Holocaust as well.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFormerly the capital of the historic region of Galicia, Lvov has switched between many countries as a result of war and occupation. In 1772, Galicia became part of the Hapsburg Austro-Hungarian Empire and Lvov was known as Lemberg. The city remained under Austrian control until World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Kommandant [German: commander] was the highest commanding position within the SS service of a concentration camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSchutzpolizei [German: protection or security police, or Shupo for short] was a uniformed police force that was part of the Landespolizei, the state level police.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVolksdeutsche is a term the German government used beginning in the twentieth century to describe Germans living or born outside of Germany, regardless of citizenship. The term was also applied to Poles with German ancestry or relatives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, the Germans established an arms factory on Janowska Road in the northwestern suburbs of Lvov. Soon after, they expanded it into a network of factories as part of the German Armaments Works (DAW) and it became the Janowska labor camp. In addition to being a forced-labor camp for Jews, Janowska was a transit camp during the mass deportations of Polish Jews to extermination camps in 1942. Thousands of Jews from the Lvov ghetto were deported to Janowska. Those classified as fit to work remained at Janowska for forced labor. Those unfit for work were sent to Belzec and killed or taken to a nearby ravine and shot.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Sonderkommando 1005 were special units created to implement the large-scale action [known as Aktion 1005] to obliterate the traces of the mass killings committed by Nazis in occupied Eastern Europe. The decision to commence the action was made after the news of the mass murders began to spread in the Allied countries, and when hastily buried corpses began to pose a health hazard in occupied Poland. The first phase, which lasted from June 1942 to June 1943, saw the burning of bodies in the death camps. A second phase commenced in June 1943 when mass graves in Poland and the Eastern Territories began to be liquidated. The first site may have been the Janowska camp near Lvov. The labor was carried out by prisoners, mainly Jews, who were organized into three groups: one to open the graves and exhume the bodies, a second to erect the pyres, transport the bodies and arrange them on the pyres, and the third to sift through the human remains for valuables, crush the bones and scatter the ashes. Certain prisoners were assigned the task of keeping the fire going and counting the corpses burned, while others were responsible for leveling the terrain, plowing and replanting the site after the graves were destroyed. Most of the prisoners were killed on the completion of their assignment. According to Leon Weliczker Wells, one survivor forced to serve in the Janowska Sonderkommando who testified at the Eichmann Trial, the Janowska Sonderkommando 1005 was formed on June 15, 1943, when forty people were taken out of the camp, ostensibly for a road building detail. For the next several months up to 120 prisoners were assigned to the death brigade, which incinerated tens of thousands of bodies. Among their grisly tasks was to grind the bones that remained after the burning process in a special machine that used steel balls to pulverize the bones. The prisoners worked 8-10 hours a day.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef is likely referring to the festival of Shavuot [Hebrew: weeks], which is the Jewish festival marking the giving of the Torah by G-d at Mount Sinai and occurred June 8-10, 1943.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEach Sonderkommando 1005 unit consisted of several SD (Security Service) and SIPO (Security police) officers, who supervised the work, and several dozen Ordnungspolizei (Order Police), who served as guards.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police.” It was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Lvov ghetto was located in the northern part of the city. A large Jewish cemetery was directly to the west of the ghetto, on the edge of the city. Janowska labor camp was on the northwestern outskirts of the city, just beyond the cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough Josef refers to it as a lake, the majority of executions took place in the Piaski ravine, just north of the Janowska Labor Camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA map of the Janowska Labor Camp can be found at https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_nm.php?ModuleId=10005279\u0026amp;MediaId=396. The women’s camp was located closest to the camp gates and road leading to the ravine. Housing the Sonderkommando there would have made it easier to get them back and forth to the Piaski ravine while limiting their interactions with the rest of the camp\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSonderkommando [German: special command or detail] refers to several types of special units during World War II. The name was assigned to groups of Jewish slave labor units that were employed in the gas chambers and crematoria of extermination camps. Charged with removing the bodies of those gassed for cremation or burial, they were forced to participate in the extermination process. Jewish Sonderkommando units often were rewarded with better food and physical conditions than other inmates, but were also typically executed after a few weeks or months, only to be replaced by a new group of prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAktion is the German term used for any non-military campaign to further Nazi ideals of race, but most often referring to the assembly, and deportation of Jews to concentration or death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn early June 1943, German and Ukrainian police destroyed what remained of the Lvov ghetto, killing thousands of Jews in the process. The remaining ghetto residents were sent to the Janowska forced-labor camp or deported to Belzec.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn March of 1942, deportations from the Lvov ghetto began. The first deportation took around 15,000 religious people, elderly, women and children to the Belzec extermination camp. By August 1942, more than 65,000 Jews had been deported from the Lvov ghetto and murdered. Thousands were sent to the Janowska labor camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany individuals attempted to escape deportation by jumping from the trains into the forest, where their lives depended on finding a partisan group or a peasant who would help them. Guards attempted to put an end to this practice by ordering deportees to strip before leaving on the transports but the so-called jumpers (shpringer) continued to leap to at least momentary freedom. Some joined work detachments by passing as Poles. Other jumpers tried to escape multiple times, only to return to the ghetto after failing to find help.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 19, 1943 after the final liquidation of the Janowska camp, a group of the surviving Sonderkommando members revolted. They succeeded in killing a few guards, and a number of their members—including Josef Wind and Leon Weliczker Wells—escaped.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the second phase of Aktion 1005, which began in June 1943, mass graves across Poland and occupied territories in Eastern Europe were liquidated. In August of that year Sonderkommando 1005 units burned the bodies of Jews massacred at Babi Yar and those killed in Kamenets-Podolski. Later, units were sent to Yugoslavia, Latvia, Lithuania and Belarus. It is unclear where Josef was sent after his Sonderkommando 1005 unit finished its work in the Piaski ravine, but there were multiple sites in the area where mass killings had occurred. According to two other survivors, the Sonderkommando first burned the bodies in the ravine near the Janowska labor camp before being taken into the Lisincki Forest to exhume mass graves. Their testimonies can be found at http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/janowska.html.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCatholics abstain from eating flesh meat on Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, and the Fridays of Lent. Traditionally, Catholics abstained from eating flesh meat on all Fridays. Since it is believed Jesus sacrificed his flesh for man, abstaining from eating flesh meats is seen as a form of penance for sins. Flesh meat includes the meat of mammals and poultry—including beef, pork, chicken and turkey—but does not include fish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNational Independence Day [Polish: Narodowe Święto Niepodległości] is a national holiday in Poland celebrated on November 11th to commemorate the anniversary of the restoration of Poland's sovereignty as the Second Polish Republic in 1918, after 123 years of partition by the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Hapsburg Empire.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn response to the German occupation, Poles organized one of the largest underground movements in Europe with more than 300 widely supported political and military groups and subgroups. Officers of the regular Polish army headed an underground armed force, the \"Home Army\" [Polish: Armia Krajowa, AK]. After preliminary organizational activities, including the training of fighters and hoarding of weapons, the AK activated partisan units in many parts of Poland. Some Jews who managed to escape from ghettos and camps also formed their own fighting units. These fighters, or partisans, were concentrated in densely wooded areas. Life as a partisan was very difficult. People had to move from place to place to avoid discovery, raid farmers' food supplies to eat, and try to survive the winter in flimsy shelters built from logs and branches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef is referring to The Death Brigade (The Janowska Road) written by Leon Weliczker Wells and first published in 1963 by The Macmillan Company.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWith some variation from camp to camp, the categories of prisoners in concentration camps were identified by a marking system combining a colored inverted triangle with lettering. The badges sewn onto prisoner uniforms enabled SS guards to identify the alleged grounds for incarceration. Criminals were marked with green inverted triangles; political prisoners with red; \"asocials\" (including Roma, nonconformists, vagrants, and other groups) with black or—in the case of Roma in some camps—brown triangles. Homosexuals were identified with pink triangles and Jehovah's Witnesses with purple ones. Non-German prisoners were identified by the first letter of the German name for their home country, which was sewn onto their badge. The two triangles forming the Jewish star badge would both be yellow unless the Jewish prisoner was included in one of the other prisoner categories. A Jewish political prisoner, for example, would be identified with a yellow triangle beneath a red triangle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Soviet defeat of Germany in Eastern Europe led to a tremendous geographic shift in Polish territory and, ultimately, to the establishment of a communist dictatorship in Poland which was largely antisemitic. After a surge of anti-Jewish violence in 1946, over 75,000 Jews streamed out of Poland into the Allied-occupied zones in Germany, Austria, and Italy. In many cases, emigration was illegal and Jews had to rely on clandestine organizations to escape Poland as the relationship between the western allies and Russia had significantly deteriorated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Soviet army reentered Lvov in July 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the early 1930’s, Jewish immigration from Europe to the British Mandate for Palestine rapidly increased due Zionism and the rise of Nazism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePolish resistance during World War II was both anti-German and anti-Russian. After Poland was liberated in 1944 by the Russian army, anti-communist Polish partisans continued to wage attacks on the Soviet regime by attacking troops, prisons, and concentration camps established for political prisoners. Most of the Polish anti-communist groups ceased to exist by the late 1940’s or early 1950’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded at the end of the eighteenth century, the ORT’s [Russian: Общество Ремесленного Труда, Obchestvo Remeslenogo Truda, \"Association for the Promotion of Skilled Trades] mission is to advance Jewish people through training and education. After World War II, ORT was very active in the DP camps, opening schools with rehabilitation programs in 78 camps. The purpose of the schools was to train and prepare DPs (displaced persons) for resettlement in industrialized countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia as well as Israel, which had a significant need for highly trained manpower. Some 85,000 Jews were trained in new professions and provided with the tools they needed to rebuild their lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn December 1946, the first ORT trade school in Austria was opened in Vienna. By the end of 1947, additional schools were open in Ebelsberg, Steyr, Wels, Salzburg, Hofgastein, Hallein, Linz and Bindermilch. The schools conducted programs in 50 trades ranging from dressmaking to technical chemistry, optics and building trades. English and Hebrew language courses were also held. ORT’s Central School in Salzburg was the first post-war vocational training establishment in Austria. It opened in February 1947 and had 350 students by mid-1947. An annex to the main ORT school in Salzburg opened in 1948 in the Beth Bialik transit camp in Salzburg and another school was located in the Riedenburg camp. As emigration progressed, ORT schools in Austria began closing down. The Salzburg school was transferred to Hallein, a DP camp twenty miles from Salzburg, in 1947. It remained open until 1954.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the war ended, President Harry S. Truman favored efforts to ease US immigration restrictions for Jewish displaced persons but existing laws had no provisions for displaced persons until Truman issued a directive on December 22, 1945, ordering the State Department to fill existing quotas and give first preference to displaced persons. In 1948, Congress passed legislation to admit more DPs to the United States. The 1948 Displaced Persons Act authorized the entry of 202,000 displaced persons over the next two years but within the quota system. When the act was extended for two more years in 1950, it increased displaced-person admissions to 415,000, but Jewish DPs only received 80,000 of these visas, making them only 16 percent of the immigrants admitted. By 1952, only 137,450 Jewish refugees (including close to 100,000 DPs) had settled in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef, Bronia, and Michel Wind arrived in New Orleans, Louisiana aboard the USNS General Taylor on December 7, 1951.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrakow [Polish:  Kraków; sometimes also ‘Cracow’] is the second largest city in Poland, situated on the Vistula River. The city is one of the oldest in Poland and dates back to the seventh century. Only 2,000 Jews from Krakow survived the war. Some Jews who lived in Russia during the war returned to Krakow in 1945-46, but it is unclear why Josef’s wife went there. A Jewish community was not re-established because of a fear of pogroms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef and Bronia Wind were married on February 20, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBreslau [German] is the historical capital of Silesia and Lower Silesia, located on the Oder River in Central Europe. At various times, it has been part of the Kingdom of Poland, Bohemia, Hungary, the Austrian Empire, Prussia, and Germany. Today, the city is known as Wroclaw (Polish: Wrocław) and is the largest city in western Poland. In Czech, the city is known as Vratislav. Breslau is about 540 kilometers (336 miles) west-northwest of Lvov. After the war a community in Breslau was established by Jews from Poland, but most had immigrated by the time Israel became a state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKatowice is a city in the Upper Silesia in southern Poland. After World War I, Katowice was attached to Poland. Antisemitism increased in Katowice during the 1930’s, and in 1937, pogroms and bombs thrown into Jewish shops led to emigration from Katowice although the Jewish population remained at 8,587. On September 3, 1939, when the Nazis entered the city, the Jewish population had increased due to an influx of refugees, and was approximately 11,000 to 12,000. Flight and expulsions left 900 at the end of the year. After World War II, about 1,500 Jews, most of whom were from other parts of Poland and had spent the war years in the Soviet Union, settled in Katowice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, many Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In postwar Poland, there were a number of pogroms (violent anti-Jewish riots). One of the most well known examples occurred in the southeastern Polish town of Kielce on July 4, 1946. Forty-two Jews were killed and 40 others injured. While not an isolated instance, the massacre symbolized the precarious state of Jewish life in the Holocaust’s aftermath and prompted many survivors to leave Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVienna is the capital and largest city of Austria, and one of the nine states of Austria. Before World War II, the overwhelming majority of Austrian Jews lived in Vienna, which was an important center of Jewish culture, Zionism, and education. Only 2,000 Viennese Jews survived deportations during the war, along with about 800 Jews who managed to hide. After the war, the city was under joint Allied occupation. After the city was liberated in April 1945, there were 17,000 Jews in the city, most of whom were Hungarian Jews or other refugees. Between 1945 and 1952, other Jewish displaced persons, who looked towards the American Army for services and protection, rather than towards the Austrian government, augmented their numbers. After the Kielce pogrom in the summer of 1946, Jews fleeing Poland flooded into Vienna. Some 52,000 individuals passed through Vienna. In response to the overcrowding, more DP camps were opened in Austria, with Vienna often serving as a transit point. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ehe area around Linz, the regional capital of upper Austria, became a major assembly center for displaced persons and refugees- in the first five years after the war at least 150,000 Jewish DPs passed through the region and a series of camps, including two permanent camps in Ebelsberg and Bindermichl as well as a large refugee center in Wegsheid, were established.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy 1947, over 13,000 Jews, mainly from Hungary and Poland, were living in the three permanent and five transit camps in and around Salzburg, Austria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy 1947, over 13,000 Jews, mainly from Hungary and Poland, were living in the three permanent and five transit camps in and around Salzburg, Austria. When hostilities ended in May 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). Liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP Camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. In 1946 and 1947, the number of DPs in the camps rose substantially. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn example of the bone crushing machine can be seen at https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003emedia_ph.php?ModuleId=0\u0026amp;MediaId=824.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference) was established in October 1951 in New York, and presided over by Nahum Goldmann, to help with individual claims against Germany arising from the Holocaust. The Claims Conference initially recovered $100 million from West Germany, with direct compensation to Holocaust survivors paid in installments. An additional $125 million was added in 1988, to enable remaining Holocaust survivors to receive monthly payments of $290 for the rest of their lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn October 1966, sixteen SS officers—nine of them found by Simon Wiesenthal—went on trial in Stuttgart, Germany, for participation in the extermination of Jews in Lvov, Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEternal Life-Hemshech is an organization of Atlanta Holocaust survivors, their descendants and friends dedicated to commemorating the 6,000,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the flood of Jewish refugees poured into the DP camps established by the Western Allies after the war, Zionist organizations—most notably the Brihah [Hebrew: flight, escape]—operated in DP camps to organize the “illegal” immigration of Jewish refugees from Europe to Palestine. Refugees intended for Palestine were often placed temporarily in Austrian DP camps. The Jewish Brigade—a battalion from the British Mandate of Palestine that had fought with the British Army—also helped establish displaced persons camps in Europe and became active in organizing the emigration of Holocaust survivors to Palestine. Many Brigade members joined the Haganah, a paramilitary organization in the British Mandate of Palestine, which became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Josef’s recollection of kidnappings is likely of covert Soviet activities rather than the forced immigration of survivors. In some incidences, Soviet agents entered the DP camps disguised as Jewish victims of Nazi concentration camps trying to infiltrate these migration channels to smuggle Russian agents into the Middle East, where they hoped to incite revolt against the British in Palestine. Soviet agents also used both legal and covert methods of deception, kidnapping, bribery, and threats to force repatriation of Soviet nationals in order to curb a concentration of anti-communist political expatriates in the West.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNicosia [Greek: Lefkosía; Turkish: Lefkoşa] is the divided capital city of Cyprus. Northern Nicosia is the capital and largest city of the de facto state of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The southern part of the city is Greek. Nicosia was under British rule in the post-World War II period Josef is referring to.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEscape from Sobibor is a 1987 British television film that aired on CBS. It is the story of the mass escape from the extermination camp at Sobibor, the most successful uprising by Jewish prisoners of German extermination camps (uprisings also took place at Auschwitz-Birkenau and Treblinka).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHolocaust is an American television miniseries broadcast in four parts in April 1978 on the NBC television network. The miniseries followed a fictional German Jewish family’s experiences during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWar and Remembrance is an American miniseries based on the novel of the same name written by Herman Wouk, which aired from November 13, 1988, to May 14, 1989. It is the sequel to The Winds of War, which shares the story of the Henry and Jastrow familes from 1939 to 1941. War and Remembrance continues their stories from December 1941 through August 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn many ghettos and concentration or extermination camps, music was performed on command as a regular part of the camp’s daily routine. Amateur and professional musicians from among the prisoners formed officially sanctioned orchestras, ensembles, bands, and choirs. The musicians performed as directed by the camp administration. Prisoners sometimes performed for the entertainment of the SS or as background music for work details leaving and returning to camp. Music often accompanied punishments and executions as well. In the extermination camps, prisoners sometimes performed during the selection process or near the crematoriums as a means of deceiving and calming newly arrived prisoners. According to Leon Wells’ account in The Death Brigade, there was a tent in the area where the Sonderkommando were housed which had musicians. Wells mentions that the musicians served an important role in the planning of the escape. The prisoners would sing along with the music to fool the guards into believing nothing was amiss. During the escape, the prisoners relied on the musicians to help disguise the sounds of any commotion made during the escape.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to Leon Wells’ account in The Death Brigade, the plan for escape was that two prisoners would approach each of the two gates, carrying items that made it appear they wanted to trade with the guards. They would attack and kill the guards and then the four would go to the tent where the other guards were sleeping and kill them. On the night of the escape, the first pair disabled the guard quickly but not before he had cried out. Afraid the guard at the second gate would be alerted, a prisoner who had been sent to build a fire to keep the guard warm, used his shovel to throw hot coals in the guard’s face before hitting him in the head with the shovel, killing him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSimon Wiesenthal (1908—2005) was a Jewish architect living in Lvov, Poland at the beginning of World War II. In 1941, he was sent to the Janowska concentration camp and then to a labor camp. He escaped in 1943 as the labor camp was being liquidated but was recaptured in June 1944 and sent to Janowska again. When the concentration camp was liquidated, Wiesenthal was sent on a westward trek through Plaszow, Gross-Rosen and Buchenwald, before finally being liberated at Mauthausen in May 1945. After the war, Wiesenthal dedicated his life to locating and prosecuting Nazis who had evaded justice. In 1947, he opened the Jewish Historical Documentation Center in Austria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear what Josef is referring to here. The Netherland were liberated by Canadian forces in April 1945, while the area around Lvov was liberated by the Soviets in July 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGangrene refers to the death of body tissue due to either a lack of blood flow or a serious bacterial infection. The condition often affects toes, fingers, and limbs, but can affect muscles and organs. Symptoms include discolored skin (usually red or black), severe pain followed by numbness, and foul discharge. Poor sanitation conditions in the camps meant almost all prisoners suffered from boils, rashes, and abscesses from vitamin deficiency or infections such as gangrene. The prisoners may have also developed gangrene from frostbite.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/annotation_set/495/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe liquidation of the Janowska camp began in October 1943, just before the Sonderkommando’s escape.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=5760.0,5790.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/index/47837","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Josef Wind [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/index/47837/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Early Life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=28.0,791.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/index/47837/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My name is Josef Wind. I live 1855 Wildwood Place in Atlanta, Georgia.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=28.0,791.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/index/47837/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Heman Wind","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Itzchak Wind","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Josef Wind","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Manes Wind","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prisoner of war","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbos","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War 1","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War 2","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yehoshu Wind","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yontif","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=28.0,791.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/index/47837/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Living in the Janowska concentration camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=791.0,1968.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/index/47837/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One day, I’d been helping the Germans. They had some mechanics—not Jewish. [They were] Polish. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=791.0,1968.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/index/47837/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crematorium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Janowska","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kommandant","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lagerleiter","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lvov","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schutzpolizei","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sonderkommando","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Volksdeutsche","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=791.0,1968.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/index/47837/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Surviving Death by being an Electrician","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551#t=1968.0,2870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39927/file/111551/index/47837/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Janowska. We moved from Janowska [after] six months.  We were living on the ground. You had to . . . If you wanted to catch how we were living . . . 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