{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/kk94747c2m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Low, Steven"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2003-09-25 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta","Legacy Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eSteven Low was interviewed by Sara Ghitis and Ruth Einstein on September 25, 2003 in Marietta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eSteven Low was born Werner Stephan Loewy, in Berlin, Germany on March 15, 1938. His biological mother died while Steven was still an infant and his father soon remarried. Steven was the only child of Walter and Lotte Loewy, the woman he grew up knowing as his mother. Life became increasingly difficult in Germany and Steven’s parents reluctantly decided to leave. They travelled by train to Italy where they boarded a ship. In May 1940, they arrived in Shanghai, China.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt first, the family lived in the French Concession. His father earned a living by playing the piano in nightclubs. In 1943, the family was forced to move to the Jewish ghetto in Hongkew. In the ghetto, Steven attended school and was cared for by a Chinese nanny. His father was able to get a pass to continue working at nightclubs outside the ghetto. Towards the end of the war, Steven witnessed heavy bombing. At the end of the war, he remembers a big celebration in the streets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, the family learned his father’s brother in Berlin had committed suicide and other family members had died in concentration camps. They remained in Shanghai in their home in the ghetto for two years after the war ended. Steven’s father continued to work in nightclubs and his mother enjoyed her regained freedom. In 1947, a cousin was able to help the family secure visas for the United States and the family set sail for San Francisco, California. The family then settled in New York City, where Steven’s mother had a brother. Steven’s family lived in apartments owned by his landlord uncle. His father eventually found work as a pianist in the nightclubs of Manhattan’s German neighborhood. The family joined a synagogue and Steven celebrated his bar mitzvah. The family became US citizens and changed their name to Low.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the ninth grade, Steven was admitted to Brooklyn Technical High School. He then studied electrical engineering at the City College of New York. After college, Steven began a career with the Federal Aviation Administration. During the Apollo moon missions, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration employed him and he moved to Washington, D.C., where he met his wife. The couple moved to San Juan, Puerto Rico for four years before moving to a suburb of Atlanta, Georgia in 1982. They have two sons and are active members of their synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eSteven discusses his family in Berlin, Germany. He shares his knowledge of the journey his parents took with him from Germany to Shanghai, China. He remembers a comfortable life in Shanghai until the occupying Japanese forced them into a ghetto. Steven recalls a relatively happy childhood in the ghetto. He recounts experiencing fear during bombing raids and relief at the war’s end. Steven describes leaving Shanghai for America and sailing to San Francisco, California. After the family finally settled in New York City, New York, Steven recalls his parents pressuring him to succeed at school and be bar mitzvahed. He describes feeling guilty at their admonishments for all that they had suffered and overcome. He also describes his feelings upon learning that his mother was really his stepmother. Steven discusses attending college and beginning his career. He reflects on traveling around the US and the world and then meeting his wife. He reflects on his desire to embrace his Jewish heritage and to reconnect with other Shanghai refugees. Steven describes his involvement with the Jewish community now. He recalls the separation between the Chinese and the Jewish population in the ghetto. He considers how fortunate his sons are to be accepted by their community and contrasts his family’s experiences returning to Germany after the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28370"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Steven Low (Werner Stephan Loewy) (personal name)","Walter Loewy (personal name)","Charlotte 'Lotte' Minehart Loewy (personal name)","James Loewy (personal name)","Paul Loewy (personal name)","Esther Low (personal name)","Jonathan Low (personal name)","Eliot Low (personal name)","Millie Baehr (personal name)","Sylvia Berg (personal name)","Mao Tse-Tung (personal name)","Chiang Kai-Shek (personal name)","President Richard Nixon (personal name)","Kanoh Ghoya (personal name)","Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) (corporate name)","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (corporate name)","Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) (corporate name)","Brooklyn Technical High School (corporate name)","City College of New York (corporate name)","Kadoorie School (corporate name)","Ancshe Chesed (corporate name)","Congregation Etz Chaim (corporate name)","International Committee of the Red Cross (corporate name)","Viennese Lantern (corporate name)","House of Vienna (corporate name)","Boy Scouts (corporate name)","Deutch-Eylau, Poland (geographic term)","Schloss Holte-Stukenbrock, Germany (geographic term)","Berlin, Germany (geographic term)","Baden-Baden, Germany (geographic term)","Hongkew, Shanghai, China (geographic term)","Shanghai, China (geographic term)","French Concession, China (geographic term)","Nagasaki, Japan (geographic term)","Venice, Italy (geographic term)","Washington, D. C., United States (geographic term)","San Francisco, California (geographic term)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","Manhattan, New York (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","San Juan, Puerto Rico (geographic term)","China (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Palestine (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Shanghai Ghetto (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Theresienstadt Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Concentration Camps (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Jewish Refugees (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Air Raids (topical term)","Boeing B-29 \"Superfortress\" (topical term)","Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) (topical term)","SS Conte Rosso (topical term)","USS General M. C. Meigs (topical term)","Rickshaw Reunions (topical term)","War Refugees (topical term)","Zionism (topical term)","High Holidays (topical term)","Hebrew School (topical term)","Atomic Bomb (topical term)","Communism (topical term)","Communist Revolution (topical term)","Apollo 11 (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eSteven Low was interviewed by Sara Ghitis and Ruth Einstein on September 25, 2003 in Marietta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSteven Low was born Werner Stephan Loewy, in Berlin, Germany on March 15, 1938. His biological mother died while Steven was still an infant and his father soon remarried. Steven was the only child of Walter and Lotte Loewy, the woman he grew up knowing as his mother. Life became increasingly difficult in Germany and Steven’s parents reluctantly decided to leave. They travelled by train to Italy where they boarded a ship. In May 1940, they arrived in Shanghai, China.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt first, the family lived in the French Concession. His father earned a living by playing the piano in nightclubs. In 1943, the family was forced to move to the Jewish ghetto in Hongkew. In the ghetto, Steven attended school and was cared for by a Chinese nanny. His father was able to get a pass to continue working at nightclubs outside the ghetto. Towards the end of the war, Steven witnessed heavy bombing. At the end of the war, he remembers a big celebration in the streets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, the family learned his father’s brother in Berlin had committed suicide and other family members had died in concentration camps. They remained in Shanghai in their home in the ghetto for two years after the war ended. Steven’s father continued to work in nightclubs and his mother enjoyed her regained freedom. In 1947, a cousin was able to help the family secure visas for the United States and the family set sail for San Francisco, California. The family then settled in New York City, where Steven’s mother had a brother. Steven’s family lived in apartments owned by his landlord uncle. His father eventually found work as a pianist in the nightclubs of Manhattan’s German neighborhood. The family joined a synagogue and Steven celebrated his bar mitzvah. The family became US citizens and changed their name to Low.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the ninth grade, Steven was admitted to Brooklyn Technical High School. He then studied electrical engineering at the City College of New York. After college, Steven began a career with the Federal Aviation Administration. During the Apollo moon missions, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration employed him and he moved to Washington, D.C., where he met his wife. The couple moved to San Juan, Puerto Rico for four years before moving to a suburb of Atlanta, Georgia in 1982. They have two sons and are active members of their synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSteven discusses his family in Berlin, Germany. He shares his knowledge of the journey his parents took with him from Germany to Shanghai, China. He remembers a comfortable life in Shanghai until the occupying Japanese forced them into a ghetto. Steven recalls a relatively happy childhood in the ghetto. He recounts experiencing fear during bombing raids and relief at the war’s end. Steven describes leaving Shanghai for America and sailing to San Francisco, California. After the family finally settled in New York City, New York, Steven recalls his parents pressuring him to succeed at school and be bar mitzvahed. He describes feeling guilty at their admonishments for all that they had suffered and overcome. He also describes his feelings upon learning that his mother was really his stepmother. Steven discusses attending college and beginning his career. He reflects on traveling around the US and the world and then meeting his wife. He reflects on his desire to embrace his Jewish heritage and to reconnect with other Shanghai refugees. Steven describes his involvement with the Jewish community now. He recalls the separation between the Chinese and the Jewish population in the ghetto. He considers how fortunate his sons are to be accepted by their community and contrasts his family’s experiences returning to Germany after the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/104/749/small/Steven_Low.png?1619300829","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Low_Steven.mp4"]},"duration":6028.303,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/104/749/small/Steven_Low.png?1619300829","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/104/749/original/Low_Steven.mp4?1611584448","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6028.303,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Low,  Steven [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Today is September 25, 2003. We are at the home of Mr. Steven Low.\nCould you please state your name?\n\nLOW: When I was born, my name was Werner . . . my first name . . . Stephan Loewy.\n\nGHITIS: Could you spell your last ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name?\n\nLOW: L-O-E-W-Y\n\nGHITIS: Do you have a Hebrew name?\n\nLOW: Yes, it's Shlomo.\n\nGHITIS: Where were you born?\n\nLOW: I was born in Berlin, Germany . . . on March 15, 1938.\n\nGHITIS: What are the names of your parents?\n\nLOW: My father's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name was Walter Loewy and my mother . . . Charlotte Loewy.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know where they were born?\n\nLOW: Yes, my dad was born in Deutch-Eylau, which is in Poland. My mother was\nborn in Schloss Holte-Stukenbrock, which is north of Berlin.\n\nGHITIS: Did your father ever tell you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what circumstances brought him to Germany?\n\nLOW: No, not really. I think my mom did more than my dad. He would not talk too\nmuch about it.\n\nGHITIS: Did your mother ever tell you what brought your father's family or your\nfather to Germany? What did she tell you?\n\nLOW: Yes, she did. She told me the situation . . . under the Nazi's we couldn't\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stay. My mom was blond. She didn't have a difficult time about it, but my dad\ndid. Every time somebody would come in the front door . . . possibly the Gestapo\n. . . my dad would run out the back door. She would tell me this story.\n\nGHITIS: What is your earliest memory of life in Berlin?\n\nLOW: I don't . . . because I was two years old when I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left.\n\nGHITIS: Did your parents tell you about their lives there?\n\nLOW: Yes, because I went back. They showed me where I was born and where they\nlived. My mom, more than my dad, explained where we lived and how things were.\n\nGHITIS: What do you remember about what she told you about their lives in Berlin?\n\nLOW: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not very much. It was confusing. They didn't know whether they wanted to\nleave or not. They tried to get a visa because things looked bad. They were able\nto get it, in fact, in 19 . . . maybe before I was born. I'm not sure. They had\na visa to Chile, but it turned out to be false so they couldn't use ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. They\ntried very . . . they tried all their means. They knew things were getting bad.\nI don't think my dad . . . was as anxious to go much . . . maybe not even my\nmom. I think her parents . . . her mom and other people said that things are not\nlooking good and, \"You need to leave.\"\n\nGHITIS: What was your father's occupation?\n\nLOW: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His father--my grandfather--had a factory . . . a brush factory, where my\ndad would work. He would take care of the books . . . that basically kept him\noccupied. As a hobby, he was a musician, a piano player, which became very handy\nlater on when he went to China and the United States.\n\nGHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What about your mother?\n\nLOW: My mom did not really have an occupation. She was more of a housewife.\n\nGHITIS: Could you tell me about their leaving Germany?\n\nLOW: One thing I always found interesting is my uncle was married to a\nChristian. They had two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children. When things got bad . . . when my dad and my\nmom were about to leave, they suggested--the Christian couple, the\nwife--suggested that I stay behind because nothing would happen because she was\nnot Jewish. My parents--luckily for me now--they were against that.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you left?\n\nLOW: We left in . . . before Italy entered the war . . . in May 1940, early May.\nWe went by train from Berlin to Italy . . . Venice . . . For some reason I never\nquite understood to this day, they were able to take a lot of suitcases out . .\n. like ten suitcases . . . big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suitcases. The story, according to my mom, is\nthat my dad knew the police . . . because of his job that he . . . was in good\nterms and they would they let him . . . they would help him get the suitcases\nand basically helped him take it out and . . . I had a baby carriage for me. A\nlot of things my parents took, surprisingly, by train all the way ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Italy.\n\nGHITIS: How old were you at this time?\n\nLOW: Let's see . . . May 19 . . . I was two years old.\n\nGHITIS: How did they make their way to China?\n\nLOW: They went by ship. We had a low ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"class because of the money. My dad was\nexpecting more money when . . . I'll explain a little later on . . . when they\nmet my uncle in Egypt, which was one of the stops that they made. Leaving Italy\n. . . I lost my train of thought . . . that we were in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"low class. Things did\nchange and I want to explain what happened.\n\nGHITIS: You left Italy. Do you know what was your first port?\n\nLOW: That was also one thing. When we did leave, it was one of the last ships to leave.\n\nGHITIS: What was the name of the ship?\n\nLOW: That I don't recall . . . Italy entered the war within the month. Then\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after that, no ships could leave. Anyway, the first place was in Italy. What's\nthe name of the port . . . the big famous port?\n\nGHITIS: Naples?\n\nLOW: No, the northern part of Egypt, right on the Mediterranean . . .\nAlexandria, yes. My uncle was living in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine at the time. He came to the\nship and met my parents. Said, \"Come, we will sneak you off the ship. You don't\nwant to go to China. That's the hellhole of the world there.\" Everybody thought\n. . . that's what people thought of Shanghai. My mom didn't want to get off. She\nhad these ten big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suitcases and she could not leave them behind. I guess she was\nmaterial . . . she liked material things even to her dying day. That's the\nreason we stayed on board. My uncle was able to get some money for my dad\nbecause when my dad was in Germany, my uncle was living in Belgium. He used to\nalways take money out to my uncle in the event that they should leave. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's\nhow he was able to get some money.\n\nGHITIS: Tell me about your uncle. He lived in Belgium?\n\nLOW: He lived in Belgium and in Paris. My uncle told me he went both places and\nwas able to take money out to him.\n\nGHITIS: He was living in Palestine then in 1940?\n\nLOW: Yes, because he was a very big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionist from way back in the early 1930's.\nIn fact, he wanted my father to be a Zionist, too, but my father wasn't\ninterested at that time.\n\nGHITIS: What was your uncle's name?\n\nLOW: James Loewy.\n\nGHITIS: We are in Alexandria now?\n\nLOW: Alexandria, right.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know how much money your uncle provided?\n\nLOW: No, I don't know how much it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was. But what did happen--which was lucky for\nall of us--my dad, being a pianist . . . it turned out to be that the piano\nplayer on board the ship got sick. I don't know what it was about . . . anyhow,\nthey were auditioning people on board ship who could play the piano. My dad won\nan audition and he got the job. We went from . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"third class all the way to\nfirst class. We went from Alexandria . . . I believe that's where it occurred .\n. . all the way to Shanghai, we were in first class. My dad had a job. That's\nhow he started being a pianist. He did it for the rest of his life.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of music did he play?\n\nLOW: He played classical . . . semi-classical . . . but he always liked popular\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"music. He was a showman. He enjoyed playing popular music.\n\nGHITIS: Are there any other memories or stories you heard about that trip?\n\nLOW: That period? No, that was mainly . . . the main story. That's all I can\nrecall as far as the ship is concerned.\n\nGHITIS: What about the arrival?\n\nLOW: The arrival . . . again, I was very young . . . according to my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents, we\narrived with all these suitcases and somehow . . . I don't know if I remember or\nnot . . . I remember sitting on the suitcases being driven to wherever we were\ngoing to live. Maybe because my parents had a little money, our first place we\nlived was called the French Concession. It was called the Maresca, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe. We\nhad a nice apartment in that area.\n\nGHITIS: In what city?\n\nLOW: This was in Shanghai. Shanghai was divided in different zones because it\nwas under the French, the Russians, the British . . . and the place we first\nlived was in the French Concession, they called it.\n\nGHITIS: What other stories did you hear about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those early times in Shanghai?\n\nLOW: I remember going to school. This is 1940. I remember I hated going to\nschool because I had to wear a uniform. It had a lot of buttons. To this day, I\nremember these buttons . . . and they sent me . . . I spoke German at home in\nChina and they are sending me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a Russian school in a French Concession . . .\nvery confusing I guess, but that's . . . somehow I remember the uniform and I\nwas so glad when I left that school because I didn't have to wear the uniform .\n. . because I had to get up very early in the morning and put it on. I remember that.\n\nGHITIS: Did you have help at home?\n\nLOW: In China? I don't remember at that time, but yes, we did later on. They\ncalled an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'amah'. The woman we had . . . and the story . . . my mom told the\nstory about the baby carriage. One time, amah came home, screaming and yelling,\n\"Baby carriage, baby carriage.\" It was a beautiful baby carriage, according to\nmy mom. Was stolen. My mom, of course, was very upset about it. Weeks later,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a baby carriage exactly like it with a different color . . . she\nclaims to this day that was the same baby carriage. I remember that story.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know how your father made a living?\n\nLOW: Yes, he played in the nightclub . . . He enjoyed playing the piano onboard\nship so he continued ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and got jobs in various places. I am not sure what they\nwere called, but I recall he would be out all night and come back at two or\nthree in the morning.\n\nGHITIS: You mentioned the school you went to. How old were you when you started school?\n\nLOW: As most, I remember must have been . . . pre-kindergarten, maybe four or\nfive, but then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we went to the ghetto, which . . . I don't want to jump too far\nahead . . . then I went to the school I recall better. I went to the Kadoorie\nSchool, which was in the ghetto area, but in the French concession . . . I don't\nrecall too much about it, except the buttons.\n\nGHITIS: What else were you told about the period when you were living in the\nFrench Concession?\n\nLOW: That we had a good life there.\n\nGHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How about your mother? How did she occupy herself?\n\nLOW: She took care of me. My dad was working late at night.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know whom they socialized with?\n\nLOW: I would assume the other people from Europe . . . the ghetto . . . I mean,\nnot the ghetto . . . the other people . . . the immigrants. I didn't know too\nmuch about the French Concession because I was still too young. I would remember\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more later on, when we went to the ghetto in . . . 1943, I believe.\n\nGHITIS: How did it happen that you moved to the ghetto?\n\nLOW: Again, according to the story I read, we had to leave. All the immigrants\nthat came from Europe since 1938 or 1939, had to all move to this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place called\nHongkew, which was the ghetto. I kind of remember where we lived in the ghetto.\n\nGHITIS: What are your memories of life in the ghetto?\n\nLOW: I remember it was in a lane. There was an entrance in the center and you go\ninto a corridor in an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outside area and you go either right or left. I remember\nwhere I lived. I would have to go . . . turn right, go all the way to the very\nend, turn left. I still remember to this day . . . how we basically were living\nin the last house on the left on the third floor . . . top floor.\n\nGHITIS: Can you describe the house?\n\nLOW: I think it was a brick three-story ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"building. We had the top floor. My mom,\nI think, told me there were other people . . . there were doctors living below\nus. I made friends my age. I met Sylvia Berg. To this day, I remember her. I\nhave never seen her since, but she was . . . I was her best friend. She lived\nright across the street . . . across the lane.\n\nGHITIS: What was her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"background?\n\nLOW: I don't know very much.\n\nGHITIS: What nationality were they?\n\nLOW: I think . . . no, I'm not sure either. I think German because that was our\ncommon language . . . German. Then, another good friend of mine was Schnewer . .\n. Freddie Schnewer. He lived next door. He went to the States. Then I had\nanother very good friend, who was handicapped, but very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wealthy. He always had\ngreat toys. I used to love to go to his house. He had all the toys I couldn't have.\n\nGHITIS: How do you see those years in the ghetto, in terms of being deprived,\nsatisfied, or happy?\n\nLOW: I didn't know anything different then. That was the lifestyle. I thought\nthat's the way life is. I mean, I didn't . . . I wasn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unhappy. I was not an\nunhappy child. There were periods of time because of the war situation that was\nscary periods. I remember that. But outside the war situation, no . . . I had .\n. . I could basically . . . I went to school. I had my friends. I had a place to\ngo get my candy. I used to . . . there was a candy store I used to go to.\n\nGHITIS: Did you interact with the Chinese ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community?\n\nLOW: Not at all. In the ghetto, we lived with all the Europeans in one area. The\nChinese didn't live in that area. They would live maybe in another street, but\nwe did not.\n\nGHITIS: Did your parents ever tell you how much they knew about what was going\non in Europe at that time?\n\nLOW: No, I think they wanted to keep it away from me. At least, I didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know\nwhat was going on.\n\nGHITIS: The school you went to at this time?\n\nLOW: Yes, this now was called the Kadoorie School, which was mainly the European\n. . . the Jews that lived in the ghetto went to this. But I guess from other\nareas, too . . . I'm not sure. I entered in 1943. I guess I went there for three\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years, until 1947 . . . three, four years . . . There are certain highlights I\nremember. They were kind of not good times. I remember that one time there was a\nfire in the school. I don't know if it was the result of a bomb or what it was.\nWe all were scattered in all different directions. I remember having to run\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home. I had to run five or six blocks to where I lived, maybe a little more. I\nwas frantic . . . they didn't know what the fire was about. I remember running\nhome. I would see people in the streets . . . dead people in the street. I would\ngo and I was frantic. I was hysterical. I remember that time. I never . . . to\nthis day, I really don't know what happened. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I must have been five or six\nbecause I remember that time. I remember the school. The good part of the school\nI remember. I was in sports. I played soccer. They liked me. I remember playing\ngoalie. That was my best position. I remember doing that. I was in the Boy\nScouts. That was a good time. At the end, when we all were leaving China, I\nremember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we . . . all the Boy Scouts . . . we all got together. We all\npromised--I'm getting a little emotional--that we'd get together some day.\n\nGHITIS: Did you?\n\nLOW: No, because we all scattered to different parts of the world. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We . . . a\nlot of us went to the United States . . . went to Israel--Israel was still\nPalestine . . . Australia. Some went back to Europe. We promised we would, but\nwe never did . . . I don't know who they were.\n\nGHITIS: This was the Kadoorie School. What kind of school was it? Was it a\nJewish school?\n\nLOW: It was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish school. Kadoorie was a philanthropist . . . a Jewish person\nfrom Turkey, I believe, or Syria . . . back then . . . he established the school\nfor . . . because of the immigrants that were there.\n\nGHITIS: How about a Jewish education? Did you get any of that in the school?\n\nLOW: Yes, but not very much because I really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't . . . my parents weren't\nvery religious. I really didn't participate too much in religious things. I\ndon't remember learning very much of any Jewish things. I learned English, which\nwas the King's English--the British English. So when I came to the United States\nI had to . . . I was left back one year because my English wasn't Americanized enough.\n\nGHITIS: What was the language in the school? What language ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the common language?\n\nLOW: That's a good question. I don't know. I don't remember. I don't think it\nwas the English. I think it was probably German, the language we spoke at home.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember other nationalities in the school?\n\nLOW: I don't remember, but reading about it . . . there were people from Poland,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechoslovakia . . . I don't even know that Russians went there, or not. They\nhad their own school, I believe.\n\nGHITIS: Outside the school in the ghetto, did you interact with other nationalities?\n\nLOW: No. Again, I was just a child . . . plus, you couldn't go anywhere. My\nparents were . . . we stayed where we were. My dad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked every night, late.\nEven during the war, he worked outside the ghetto and he would sleep during the\nday. We didn't socialize too much.\n\nEINSTEIN: Were you in the ghetto when it was bombed by Japanese forces?\n\nLOW: Yes. Not by Japanese . . . by American forces.\n\nEINSTEIN: By American forces, I'm sorry. Can you tell us about what you remember\nfrom that?\n\nLOW: Yes. That was towards the end of the war. I remember that quite clearly\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because, whenever the bombing . . . whenever we had an air raid--and most it was\nat night--we would have to go downstairs. We lived on the third floor. We go to\nthe first floor. There was a big kitchen table. We all would go get underneath\nit because no basements. We would be under blankets.\n\nGHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What do you remember about the ghetto being bombed by the American forces?\n\nLOW: There was one incident I remember very clearly. During the air raid, we all\nhad to go to the first floor. That's where we went every time--into the kitchen\nwith the big metal table. We would be underneath a lot of blankets. It's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"funny\nnow when I think about it. My dad was not there. My mom went hysterical. My dad\nwas sitting in the bathroom upstairs on the third floor--that was more important\nthan the worry about the air raid, right? We could hear . . . they were B-29's.\nI found out later what they used--the American forces. They were very slow\nplanes and you could hear the sound of the planes. It would be very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scary. Then\nafter that you could hear the bombs. You could hear the whistling . . . I could\nrecall to this day. Luckily, my dad, at this time, ran down the steps and got\nunderneath . . . much to my mom's . . . happy to see him come down. Anyway, then\nthe bombs . . . you could hear the whistle, then you would feel the explosion.\nYou could feel the rocking of the area that we would be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in. It wasn't too far\naway where they were bombing. There was a . . . they were trying to bomb a radio\nstation, which was in the ghetto . . . Japanese radio station. I don't know the\naccuracy of the bombs at that time . . . it wasn't the greatest. A lot . . .\nthere were a lot of ghetto areas that were bombed. Fortunately it didn't hit us\nin our building, but not far from us. It was mass ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"confusion . . . was a lot . .\n. a lot of noise, a lot of bombing. When that was over, then I recall going\noutside, helping my dad forming the brigade--they call the water brigade--where\nwe would pass pails of water from one to the other . . . line up . . . put out\nthe fires that were within a block from where we lived. A lot of buildings were\nhit. I understand a lot of refugees did get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"killed. I recall that day very\nvividly. In fact, to this day when I hear sirens, even the noise of a bomb, I\nstill get very uncomfortable. I remember living in New York when . . . during\nthe atomic . . . the scare during the atomic bomb period. We used to have a lot\nof air raid sirens. It would make me very scared. I never, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up to this day . . .\nI never wanted to hear that sound.\n\nGHITIS: How frequent were the raids during that time?\n\nLOW: During the last two years of the war, quite frequently. As we were getting\ntowards the end, it was more and more. What was so confusing . . . we didn't\nunderstand why the United States . . . I didn't really understand who the United\nStates were . . . because when Pearl Harbor occurred ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1941, we all celebrated.\nI couldn't understand why we were celebrating this. I was too young to even know\nwhat was happening. The refugees were so grateful . . . finally, the United\nStates was entering the war and that means there was an end to all this.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know how they got their news, the refugees?\n\nLOW: I think we had radios . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". I'm not sure . . . Word got around quickly.\n\nGHITIS: What jobs did other fathers have?\n\nLOW: Some people had stores, believe it or not . . . like this candy store . . .\nI think he was related to my family. He manned a small ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"store. A lot of people\ndidn't . . . weren't working. There was no work. A friend of my mom . . . his\nname was Alfonse . . . he and his mom, because the father passed away in\nGermany, they didn't work. They lived in very squalid conditions. We lived very\ngood conditions compared to them. There were a lot of people who didn't work and\nthere were kitchens . . . soup kitchens.\n\nEINSTEIN: I was wondering about any organizations or how the Jewish community\nbanded together to help ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. I know there was starvation throughout the\nghetto and illness. I was wondering if you had a feel for that.\n\nLOW: No, I don't recall . . . I just read about it later. The Red Cross . . .\neven some with the food that we got . . . because it was hard to get food. I\nremember drinking that Klim, which is milk spelled backwards . . . I hated that\npowdered milk. That was all provided by the Red Cross, the way I was told. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, I\ndon't recall. I know there were organizations that got together, but I, as a\nchild, did not see this because I was in school.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember Jewish life? Were there places of worship?\n\nLOW: Yes, I was just thinking about . . . like the holiday coming up, Rosh\nHa-Shanah. I remember going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue on the High Holidays . . . maybe that\nwas the only time. On Yom Kippur, people were making . . . were scaring me. Were\nsaying, \"You have to fast today. If you don't . . . \" Even though I was only\nfive or six years old . . . \"Something will happen to you if you don't fast.\" I\nwas terrified. I said, \"What's all this about?\" I didn't really understand. I\nremember being in the synagogue.\n\nGHITIS: Can you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"describe what your memory about it is?\n\nLOW: I just remember being outside the synagogue, more than inside. My religion\n. . . it was a big building . . . I just don't remember the name.\n\nEINSTEIN: There were two . . . There was Ohel Rachel and Ohel Moshe. I know one\nwas more for eastern Europeans and one was more for other Europeans.\n\nLOW: I bet I don't remember because I didn't really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"participate that much into\nthe religious aspect.\n\nGHITIS: In the after school activities, what did you do after school?\n\nLOW: I would go home. I would just play with my friends in the lane where we\nlived. I remember . . . I had to help my mom because we didn't have running\nwater . . . I remember I had to go to the lane . . . in the middle there was a\npump. I used to get water. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember doing that. Then I would play with my\nfriends. That was it.\n\nGHITIS: In your mind's eye . . . the apartment: what do you remember?\n\nLOW: I remember living on the top floor. It was just one room. I think it was. I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember we had this big bed. My parents had a bed. I am not sure where even I\nslept. If I slept with them or I slept in my own bed, I'm not sure. I remember\nthat bed because we used to keep rice . . . I don't know if we wanted to keep\nthe rice hot by putting it in the bed, or warming up the bed in the winter time.\nI don't know what it was. Somehow I remember that . . . we had a little stove in\nthe middle of the apartment . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a wooden stove. You had to put wood things . .\n. I remember with . . . that's how my mom would cook . . . on top of the stove.\nIt was wood burning . . . Then, they would make rice in the pot. They would make\nlots of it because, I guess, rice was something that was abundant there. The\nheated rice either to keep it warm . . . because my dad wasn't home, she would\nput it in the bed. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I think about it, maybe she put it there to heat the bed\nrather than . . . because in the wintertime, it was pretty cold . . . very damp.\nIt was very uncomfortable.\n\nGHITIS: Tell me other foods you ate.\n\nLOW: I don't remember too much of what we ate . . . very little we had. I don't remember.\n\nGHITIS: Were you aware of any Jewish rituals ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in your home?\n\nLOW: Mean in the home?\n\nGHITIS: On Shabbat?\n\nLOW: No, I was very little . . . almost like it was nonexistent . . . on\nShabbat, we never lit candles.\n\nGHITIS: Any talk of Palestine?\n\nLOW: Only that my uncle was there. My dad was always anxious to hear from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him.\nIt was difficult to get the mail. Also, we were concerned about my uncle--his\nbrother in Germany, in Berlin.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember any ghetto publications--newspapers or bulletins?\n\nLOW: Maybe what I . . . no, not so much. No, I don't. I know music . . . my dad\nused to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have publication of music sheets. I don't know where he got those. They\nwere American songs. I remember seeing those. He used to have them in the\napartment. They had pictures of soldiers on it. I never understood that.\n\nGHITIS: How long did you stay in that school?\n\nLOW: Until we left in 1947. I was there four years. Let's see, 1943 . . . yes,\nfour ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years. It seemed like longer than that, but that's what it was.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did your parents have any correspondence with their relatives in\nGermany up to any point at all and what happened?\n\nLOW: Yes, we . . . I think through the Red Cross. At that time, my uncle in\nBerlin . . . he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was working as a slave laborer in Berlin. They would get letters\nfrom them, but the . . . a lot of the other relatives were taken to\nconcentration camps. They would get cards from the concentration camps--which in\nfact I have. They would send to Berlin saying everything was fine. They had to.\nThen, my uncle in Berlin would correspond to my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dad and . . . same way my uncle\nin Palestine. I have some of these cards.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know in what camps they were?\n\nLOW: My aunt was in Theresienstadt and then in Auschwitz-Birkenau, I believe.\nI'm not sure . . . Auschwitz-Birkenau, I believe . . . that's what it was. I\nhave the post cards, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact. I have them framed.\n\nGHITIS: What do you remember about the end of the war?\n\nLOW: The end of the war was an exciting period, of course. The atomic bomb was\ndropped in Japan, which by the way was only 500 miles from where we were. When I\nthink about it, that's kind of close. Anyhow, when the war was over, it was\nunbelievable ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"excitement and parties . . . dancing in the streets. To me, as a\nchild, the best thing . . . I could sleep through the night. I didn't have to\nworry about the air raid sirens. To me, that was the best part of the end of the\nwar. I didn't understand what war was. What's not a war? I grew up in that\nperiod of time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember the excitement and the people with . . . this was in\nthe summer time, too, so it was outdoors. There was a lot of excitement.\n\nGHITIS: Any Chinese people celebrating with you?\n\nLOW: We weren't that friendly with Chinese until after the war. My parents\nbecame friends with a family not far from where we lived. We were invited to\ndinner. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember we had to bring our own utensils because they didn't have\nthem . . . We had very little contact outside of that. I remember my . . . this\nis again during the war . . . when my dad could leave the ghetto and . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". get a\npass from this . . . I can't think of his name now. He was in charge of the\nghetto . . . the Japanese, Ghoya. A small man . . . He would get the pass to my\ndad because he allowed him to go to the nightclub to play outside. I always\nremember the story that my dad told me . . . that one time he walked on the\nwrong side of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"street and they brought him into Ghoya. Ghoya gave him hell .\n. . slapped him across his face . . . short man as he was, with his gloves. He\nmade him go up and stand on a roof in the hot sun for four hours . . . something\nlike that. That was the only incident that we ever . . . badly about the\nJapanese . . . because you were . . . I probably had more a relationship with\nthe Japanese than I remember with the Chinese. With the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chinese, I remember more\nrelationship later after the war. I remember there were a lot of parades. They\nused to love parades with dragons and other things like that. I remember seeing\na lot of those.\n\nEINSTEIN: Your amah was Chinese?\n\nLOW: Amah was Chinese. Even during the war . . . one time, I was bitten by a\ndog. They couldn't find the dog. They had to take me to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital. Not being\nable to find the dog, they had to give me tetanus shots, which was very painful\nthen. I remember that. I had to go every day for about a week, I think . . . to\navoid any rabies. We did have contact with the Chinese. I just don't remember\nclose contacts. We didn't have any really close friends.\n\nGHITIS: When the war ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ended, where did you live?\n\nLOW: We didn't move. We stayed where we lived . . . on Kungping Road. I remember\nthe street, which was in Hongkew. We . . . knew we had to make a choice . . . we\nknew we couldn't stay. As much as my mom wanted to stay . . . she enjoyed living\nin Shanghai. Especially after the war, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things became nice. But now Mao Tse-tung\nand the Communists were coming into Shanghai. We had to leave. We are talking\nabout the end of the war is 1945. We left two years later in 1947.\n\nGHITIS: In what way did things become nice for your mother?\n\nLOW: She could go anywhere she wanted. My dad was in the nightclub ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business and\nshe would go. I assume that amah would take care of me and she would be on her\nown. She had a good life.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know what she did?\n\nLOW: No. She got friendly with the American forces. I remember that. In fact,\nshe told me there was one soldier that wanted to marry her. In fact, wanted her\nto leave my dad and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come to the United States. Of course, she didn't do that.\nBut she must have had a good life when the Americans came and . . . it was a\ngood life.\n\nEINSTEIN: Do you remember when the Communist Revolution started in China and how\nthings changed in Shanghai? Is that when the whole movement got off the ground?\n\nLOW: No, I didn't notice ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it in my perspective. I remember going to the movie\ntheaters--I used to like going to the movies--and then they would show Chiang\nKai-shek. He was the leader at that time. We all had to get up. That was the\ncustom at that time. No, I didn't know the danger that was happening. My parents\nwould never tell me . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I was excited about going someplace else.\n\nGHITIS: How did that come about--that you were able to leave?\n\nLOW: I think my dad had a cousin in New York--Van Raatle. He was in the\nunderwear business. They were able to get a . . . visa from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them to come here. I\ndon't know if my dad had other possibilities or if he wanted to go to Palestine\nbecause his brother was there. I don't know. The only thing I recall is that\nthey wanted to come to the United States. I don't think they wanted to go back\nto Europe.\n\nGHITIS: What do you remember about leaving China?\n\nLOW: I was excited. I remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very vividly the day we left. We got on . . . we\nleft in an American troop ship. It was called General Meigs. I recall all the\nmen would be on one side of the ship and all the women on the other. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nine\nyears old, I think. I was with my dad. But what I recall when I left is the\ncolor of the water in Shanghai was brown. As we left Shanghai--going out I don't\nknow how many miles--the color of the water would change. I would be fascinated\nhow blue and how there was some sparkle to the whole thing. I knew there was a\nchange. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember that.\n\nGHITIS: What did your parents tell you about leaving Shanghai?\n\nLOW: Very little. They were never much about telling me anything.\n\nGHITIS: Who else was on that ship?\n\nLOW: That I know? I don't know. I know there were other refugees on board, but I\ndon't know who they were. I remember stopping in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Japan in . . . Hiroshima, I\nthink . . . Was it Hiroshima?\n\nEINSTEIN: Nagasaki?\n\nLOW: Nagasaki. That was the one that I remember. The poverty must have been so\nbad because I remember looking over . . . we didn't get off the ship. It just\nstopped there for a while. I remember all the people lined up begging. I recall\nseeing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that at the pier. After that, we went on . . . to Honolulu. That was\nagain a very different life style, of course. It was beautiful. We were allowed\nto stay there for a day. I remember going around . . . the beautiful water.\nThen, after that, we sailed on to San Francisco.\n\nGHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Your arrival in San Francisco?\n\nLOW: It was three o'clock in the morning. They got all of us . . . this is where\nI get emotional. At three o'clock in the morning, we all got up. We all had\ncoins . . . I guess pennies or whatever we had . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". and we threw it. We went\nunderneath the Golden Gate Bridge, and we threw the coin in the water. It was\nsupposed to be good luck entering a new world. I remember that very vividly.\nThat's how we came to San Francisco.\n\nGHITIS: Was there someone there to greet you?\n\nLOW: Yes, there was my father's relative . . . I think a cousin as well. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came\nand helped us get settled. This was where we were helped by a Jewish\norganization, the . . . what's the name of it?\n\nGHITIS: HIAS?\n\nLOW: Yes. They put us up in a hotel. I think we were in San Francisco almost\nthree months trying to decide where to go from here. My mom had a brother in New\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York, but for some reason they had decided . . . they were trying to get the\npeople to go to different cities around the country. They were . . . they\nscheduled us to go to, of all places, St. Louis. My mother put up a big stink,\n\"I have a brother in New York. He could take care of us,\" and all that. Finally\nthey agreed and we came by train.\n\nGHITIS: During those three months in San Francisco, was your father able to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work?\n\nLOW: I don't think so. I am not sure what he did. In fact, when we came to New\nYork, he didn't . . . he worked in a pencil factory because he didn't speak\nEnglish, or very little.\n\nGHITIS: Did you have any contact with the Jewish community in San Francisco?\n\nLOW: Only the organization that was taking care of us. That's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all. Again, I was\nnine years old. I don't really remember that part.\n\nGHITIS: You were saying that you moved to New York. What happened there?\n\nLOW: My uncle--my mother's brother--he was . . . he owned various houses. He was\na ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'slum landlord.' He had all over the city. He gave us one on 86th Street . . .\nnot a very nice place by today's standards but it was a place for us. I think it\nwas a one bedroom. I remember having an icebox. We had no refrigerator then. I\nremember the ice would be delivered. This was late 1947. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was excited. This was\na new life for me. It was so different from when I grew up. And because I\nstarted school . . .\n\nGHITIS: Where did you go to school?\n\nLOW: They called it 'PS.' They gave them numbers. We must have not stayed there\nvery long because we moved to 121st Street in Manhattan. Then I went to a school\ncalled 'PS 125,' which was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"125th street, which was not a very nice school. I\ndidn't understand the problem with the racial situation. My mom wanted me to go\n. . . sent me to a Catholic public school in New York City. When they found out\nI was Jewish, they charged much more money to enter so I continued staying in\nthe public school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"system.\n\nGHITIS: How did you deal with language, with a new environment?\n\nLOW: The King's English that I learned helped but . . . they put me back one\nyear because my English wasn't good enough. I was still young enough to adjust.\nMy parents probably had a more difficult time because they had to learn the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"language--it was more difficult for them than for me--and to find a job. My dad\n. . . I mentioned he got a job working . . . putting pencils in a box or\nsomething, until he was able to find jobs as a musician, which he did not long\nafterwards. Then he was able to work ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a musician.\n\nGHITIS: Where did he work as a musician?\n\nLOW: On the east side of New York, which was the German side. He worked because\nhe knew a lot of the European songs and he fit in very well.\n\nGHITIS: Where did he play?\n\nLOW: What, the name of the restaurant?\n\nGHITIS: At what kind of places?\n\nLOW: Like coffee houses, night clubs . . . Viennese Lantern, a place like that\nwas called . . . House of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vienna, places like that . . . House of Hungary, I\nthink he played there as well.\n\nGHITIS: How was your mother?\n\nLOW: She wanted to take up a profession so she learned a little bit about being\na beautician. She went to school, learned, and tried it, but she didn't do it\nvery long. She didn't care for it.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of a living did your father make?\n\nLOW: As a musician, you mean? Enough to keep us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going, but her brother would\nhelp us out, too . . . We didn't have to pay rent. He would take care of it. We\njust had enough money to get the food. We managed. I don't think we lived in poverty.\n\nGHITIS: Aside from going to school, did you have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any other activities?\n\nLOW: In New York, you mean? Here, I'm talking about . . . how old . . . I'm\nnine, ten. They wanted that I get a Jewish education because I was going to be\nbar mitzvahed at 13. They had me . . . I went . . . I enjoyed going to Hebrew\nSchool. Made good friends.\n\nGHITIS: Where did you go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Hebrew School?\n\nLOW: In Manhattan. It was called Ancshe Chesed. It was 100th Street. It was 20\nblocks but you could take buses and subways . . . easy to get around. I enjoyed that.\n\nGHITIS: Who were your friends at that time?\n\nLOW: At that time, not too many . . . I didn't have many close friends. Just the\npeople ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember from school. The close friends I had were the people living\nwhere I lived, in the apartment house. I made good friends there.\n\nGHITIS: Did your parents ever talk to you about how it was for them to arrive as\nrefugees in your community?\n\nLOW: They made me feel a little guilty. They said I had an obligation to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do well\nbecause what they had to go through to bring me here . . . almost made me feel\nguilty. I had to do something good for myself for them.\n\nGHITIS: What did they tell you? What were their experiences as war refugees?\n\nLOW: What they tell me . . . basically what we talked about. What it was like to\nleave and how close I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to stay in Germany. In case I ever I had an argument\nwith my parents, they would bring that up--especially my mom.\n\nGHITIS: Did they say anything about the way they were received when they came\nhere, when they arrived in New York?\n\nLOW: No, the excitement of meeting . . . her brother was excited for her. She\nlooked forward to seeing him and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we came to San Francisco, to see new land,\na new life . . . that was exciting for all of us.\n\nGHITIS: What do you remember about your bar mitzvah?\n\nLOW: I remember wetting my pants I was so nervous. It really did happen because\nI wanted so hard to do a good job.\n\nGHITIS: Who was there?\n\nLOW: My mother invited a lot of her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends. A lot of Europeans because when we\nlived in New York those were the friends my parents had--people that also lived\nin Shanghai or had left directly from Europe to New York.\n\nGHITIS: You talked before about your first school in New York and the racial\nproblems that you had. Could you talk ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about that?\n\nLOW: The interesting part . . . I didn't feel it. I didn't see it. I didn't know\n. . . my parents maybe did more so. They felt that I was going to get the proper\neducation. I didn't notice that they were spending too much time on obedience .\n. . keeping people in line in the class. Where in China, I would learn the\nsubject matter . . . it was not the case here. I was so far advanced. I mean I\nknew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"math. I was so much more advanced. I shouldn't have been in that grade. I\ncould . . . the only reason I was because of my English. What was exciting for\nme--after a while it got a little bit overbearing--I used to always have to talk\nabout my experiences. They always wanted me to get up in front of the class, and\nexplain what life was like in China. I did do it, but in a child perspective.\n\nGHITIS: How was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school racially? What were the demographics?\n\nLOW: The school where we lived on 121st Street--because we were bound to the\nschool because we were in the area . . . the district . . . I would say 90\npercent were black. I don't remember to this day if that meant anything to me\nbecause I grew up among Chinese. Yet in a Kadoorie School, we were all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish\nchildren . . . all from European backgrounds.\n\nGHITIS: Had you met black people before?\n\nLOW: No, not until New York.\n\nGHITIS: What was it like when you . . .\n\nLOW: It was not . . . somehow it wasn't important. It didn't even impact on me.\nI just look at them as another student.\n\nGHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You mentioned that after that you had your bar mitzvah later on. What\nother schools did you go to?\n\nLOW: As I got older, it became more difficult to get into good schools. I wanted\n. . . my parents especially wanted me to go to a good high school. In New York,\nthere were three high schools: Bronx High School of Science, Brooklyn Technical\nHigh School, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Stuyvesant in Manhattan. They were difficult to get in. You had\nto have good grades. I was getting a little careless in my school . . . in my\nmiddle school or junior high school. I wasn't doing as good as I should have. I\nwas having . . . my parents were putting a lot of pressure on me to do well\nbecause I needed to go get a good education. Fortunately enough . . . in the\neighth grade, I wasn't able to get in because I didn't pass the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entrance exam .\n. . in the ninth grade, which is the last year of middle school, I did pass . .\n. going to Brooklyn Technical High School. I wanted to go into the technical\nfield. That's where I went to. That was a rude awakening. That was when I really\nstarted to be forced to learn well because it was a difficult school. From there\nI went to City College ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of New York, which was 90 percent Jewish at that time.\n\nGHITIS: Let's go back to those school years. What about your social life in\nthose days?\n\nLOW: My social life as a high school student? . . . very little, only because I\nwas very introverted. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not an extrovert. Plus, to go to this high school it\nwas over an hour of subway ride in the morning and an hour coming back. I was\nexhausted. I had to do homework at night to keep up. I had very little social life.\n\nGHITIS: How old were you when you graduated from high school?\n\nLOW: I was one year older than the normal . . . average age. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"18.\n\nGHITIS: Now, something happened in your life at 18? You found out . . .\n\nLOW: I found out that my mom and my dad had a run in. My mom left my dad and\nwent to California. At that time, when I was with my dad, he told me the story:\nthat my mom is not really my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mom; that my mom passed away when I was one year\nold; and that it was some kind of blood disease, which, if they had penicillin .\n. . At that time, it was difficult. In Germany, you couldn't go in a hospital\nbeing Jewish. It was hard to get the medicine. I don't think they had penicillin\nthen. She passed away from some blood ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease . . . This was February 1939. In\nthe Jewish religion, I guess, when the mother passes away, usually the sibling .\n. . the sister usually should be next in line to marry. She did have a sister\nwho was single. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She had no interest in marrying my dad. She didn't want to marry\nhim, but she had a good friend . . . her best friend. You know who her best\nfriend is? It was my mom. She introduced her to my dad and they dated. I would\nsay . . . let's see, my mom passed away in February . . . they got married in\nJune of that same year and much to . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then my aunt, my mom's sister was very\nupset. I didn't know why . . . maybe she had second thoughts, I don't know.\n\nGHITIS: What was the name of your biological mother?\n\nLOW: Millie Baehr.\n\nGHITIS: Have you had any contact with her family?\n\nLOW: No. I found out later . . . the only contact ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had was her sister.\nIronically enough, my mother met her on a bus. Unbelievable. Eight million\npeople in New York and they met on the bus. My mother recognized her right . . .\nMillie, no, her name was . . . I forget her name already . . . anyway, they met\non a bus. They recognized each other right away. They became good friends ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again.\nShe wanted to meet me. I felt uncomfortable. I don't know why. I had known\nalready at that time what happened. I really never did get very friendly with\nher. She passed away, unfortunately, at a young age.\n\nGHITIS: What impact did it have on you finding out?\n\nLOW: It was a shock . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yes, at that time I didn't . . . I wondered, \"Is my\ndad really my dad?\" . . . those types of things. I didn't know if I should cry,\nI should be unhappy, or what. I was confused and angry. Why couldn't they have\ntold me earlier? It turned out being my mother didn't want me to know. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guess\nthat must have been an agreement they had when they got married.\n\nGHITIS: Did she find out that you knew?\n\nLOW: Yes . . . because then . . . I don't know how it happened, but they got\ntogether again. Then she knew. I had a very difficult time with her since then.\nI don't know because of that, but there was a lot of uncomfortable animosity . .\n. a lot of bad feelings. Then she adopted me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we became citizens in 195 . .\n. right after the bar mitzvah.\n\nGHITIS: After high school, you went to college . . . Where did you go?\n\nLOW: CCNY, City College of New York. I went to an engineering school. It was\ndifficult. I stuck it out for close to five ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years because I really wanted to\nmake something of myself.\n\nGHITIS: What made you pick engineering?\n\nLOW: I always felt that I was good in math. I was not good in English. I was not\ngood in grammar and reading, but I was good in math. I was good in fixing\nthings. I though engineering would be a good field.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of engineering did you do?\n\nLOW: Electrical, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"electronics.\n\nGHITIS: Then you finished?\n\nLOW: I finished college in January 1962.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of experience was that for you, going to college?\n\nLOW: Going to college . . . I belonged to a Jewish fraternity. It was the best\nthing I did. I made a lot of friends, which I never really had before, and I\nstill have to this day.\n\nGHITIS: Did you share the fact ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you were a refugee?\n\nLOW: Yes, many times . . . there were always . . . I always had to talk about\nit. In fact, I was almost getting tired of doing it. There was times I would\nhide it. I wouldn't even bring it up.\n\nGHITIS: How Jewish did you feel at that time?\n\nLOW: At that time, very much so . . . more so than my parents. My parents ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had\nvery little contact with Judaism. I got more interested than they did. I\nbelonged to a Jewish fraternity and I participated in the holidays. I felt very\nclose to it.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know what the roots of your interest in Judaism were, where it\ncame from?\n\nLOW: I don't understand what you mean by the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'root.'\n\nGHITIS: What made you become more interested in Judaism at that time?\n\nLOW: At first, I didn't realize it, but as it became clear, I was trying to\nunderstand what was going on . . . what was all this about. They even became\nstronger when I started dating gentiles . . . non-Jewish people . . . non-Jewish\ngirls. I started feeling very guilty about it. I know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there must be a connection\nwith all these things that are happening. There must be more to it than that. I\nstarted feeling stronger and stronger.\n\nGHITIS: What happened after college?\n\nLOW: Then, I went to work. I got a job with the government. I was with them 41\nyears. We had an interesting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clique of people. All the guys were Jews . . .\nJewish, and the girls were Italian Catholic. We all socialized. It was a nice\ngroup, but even in the back of my mind, I knew I had to be careful.\n\nGHITIS: Could you talk about the nature of your job?\n\nLOW: The nature of the job . . . it's engineering work . . .\n\nGHITIS: Who did you work for?\n\nLOW: I worked for the Federal Aviation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Administration, Engineering Section, that\ndealt with making sure that . . . safety was employed at the airports. My field\nwas underground communications where we had . . . which provides the\ncommunication between air traffic control tower and aircraft . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"airplanes. We\nhad to make sure all that equipment would work. It was quite involved--more than\nI thought it would be. Once you got into it, then you realized how much there is\nto it.\n\nGHITIS: What are some of the challenging moments of the work you did?\n\nLOW: Most challenging moments . . . were the traveling. I would have to go to\nother cities . . . other places. At that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, growing up in New York City, in\nmy adult life . . . not adult . . . my education period . . . suddenly, they\nsent me to place like Kentucky. To me, that was another world. I didn't know\nthat was part of the United States. That was a rude awakening for me . . . how\ndifferent other places are. Even though the equipment that we worked with was\nthe same no matter where we were . . . wherever we went, but the people we came\nacross were different. Then, they sent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me to school in Oklahoma. That was\nanother school . . . another world. At that point when we started going\ndifferent places . . . there weren't that many Jewish people. It was primarily\nnon-Jewish people who did this type of work. I went to Oklahoma. I always try to\ngo to a Jewish organization . . . try and meet . . . I would like to meet ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"girls.\nI tried to do that everywhere I went.\n\nGHITIS: When did you meet your wife?\n\nLOW: When did I meet her? The first time . . . in Washington D.C. in 1965, I\nbelieve, 1966. I was dating her best ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friend, named Gabby. I met Gabby on one of\nmy trips. It was with Dallas, Texas and she was working as a nurse there. I met\nher and we dated. She was living in Washington D.C. I was living in Washington\nD.C. at that time. Then when I went to pick up one day . . . I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went to her place\nand I met Esther. She was her roommate. I just got to know her . . . that was\nall. Then, I lost interest in Gabby. We didn't date anymore and lost contact.\nTen years later, in 1975, I go to a Jewish function. In fact, this other Jewish\ngirl I was dating asked me to come ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"along. I wasn't that keen on it. I said,\n\"Alright.\" She dragged me along. I went to . . . I forget the function already,\nwhatever it was . . . some kind of a dance . . . Jewish dance. Then, I saw\nEsther there. I looked at her. She looked familiar. We started talking and I\nasked her where she was from . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would never tell anybody I was from Germany\nor Shanghai. I was always telling people I'm from New York. I didn't want to\nbother with that any more. It takes an hour just to explain all this, right? I\nmet Esther and we talked about . . . I asked her where she was from. She said\nshe was from Peru. I said, \"Peru?\" because I knew Gabby was from Peru. I said,\n\"Really? Do you happen to know Gabby?\" She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"Yes, she was my roommate.\" I\nsaid, \"You're kidding. Really?\" I didn't realize that we had seen each other\nbefore. It turned out that Gabby got married in the meantime. Then, we started\ndating, Esther and I. We got married within three months. That's funny . . .\n\nGHITIS: Children?\n\nLOW: Jonathan was born a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year after that. My work . . . I had changed. I started\nwith the FAA in 1962, right after college. There was a reorganization. They\nwanted me to go to Cleveland. I didn't want to go. I thought New York was the\nonly place you could live in the United States at that time. I decided to change\njobs, but to change jobs I had to go to Washington D.C., and that's with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"NASA,\nNational Aeronautics and Space Administration. Still with the government\nservice. It didn't change . . . still get the same type of money and all that .\n. . same benefits. I changed jobs. It was more interesting work, because I was\ninvolved with the Apollo 11 . . . the Apollo missions to the moon. It was a very\nexciting period at that time. I was right in the middle of it. I traveled with\nthem, also. I traveled around the world. We put tracking stations in different\nplaces ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I was part of the support of landing a man on the moon, which was an\nexciting period, in 1969. But then 1973, Nixon cut back the whole space program.\nI got laid off and I went back with the FAA in Washington D.C. That's where I\nmet ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Esther. Esther realized . . . she knew I wasn't happy in Washington D.C.\nwith the job because I did no work. I had an opportunity to go overseas, which\nwas Puerto Rico . . . San Juan . . . with my job. I took advantage. Esther was\nvery excited because it was speaking Spanish and it gave me the opportunity to\nlearn Spanish. We went to Puerto Rico for four years. Then, when we left, I had\nreturn ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rights to Washington D.C. However, they gave me an opportunity to go to\nMiami position or Atlanta. We really didn't want to go back to Washington D.C.\nIt was too cold. Esther never liked cold . . . doesn't like cold weather. Miami\n. . . I don't know, I just found it too hot. Atlanta was a good compromise.\nThat's where we came in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1982. Jonathan was born in Washington D.C. in 1976.\nEliot was born in San Juan. We came to Atlanta when he was three months old.\n\nGHITIS: What was your first impression of Atlanta?\n\nLOW: It was kind of spread out. I lived in Washington D.C. It was somewhat\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"similar--here's a city and your suburbs--but the suburbs were almost like a big\ncity. When we came here, the suburbs was far out. We decided we wanted to move\nto an area that had good schools. We were told the area that we did pick had\ngood schools. We wanted to be near a shul, a synagogue.\n\nGHITIS: What's the name of this area?\n\nLOW: This is called Indian Hills in Cobb ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"County. We were within walking distance\nfrom Etz Chaim, the synagogue. Even though I wasn't that religious in my\nupbringing, but still we wanted . . . Esther and I felt together we wanted our\nchildren to have more upbringing in our religion.\n\nGHITIS: How connected are you to your synagogue? How ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved?\n\nLOW: Probably Esther more than I am. I participate . . . I like to go to minyan.\nI go quite a few times now, especially now . . . because I am still in the\nmourning period for my mom. She passed away March of this year.\n\nGHITIS: How long had she lived here in Atlanta?\n\nLOW: She was here . . . she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came here about two years ago. She passed away . . .\nshe was 96. She lived in a condominium almost on her own until she was 94. Then\nI realized she can't do that. I brought her down here. We put her in assisted\nliving because there was some friction between Esther and her and all three of\nus. We knew she couldn't live with us. This was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good compromise.\n\nGHITIS: Aside of your involvement with and your connection to your synagogue,\nwhat other community . . . Jewish community connections do you have?\n\nLOW: The . . . Esther, my wife, she's the social chairman, so a lot with the\nsocial activities . . . she's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"usually around. What she . . . I am not much into\ngetting to any organization. I'll participate in . . . like the men's club at\nthe synagogue. I've done that. I'll volunteer for the High Holidays to be an\nusher . . . things like that. We belong to the Empty Nesters now. As a couple,\nwe participate in that.\n\nGHITIS: Have you told your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"story before?\n\nLOW: Not like this. No. Not in this format. They had that movie in town. I was\nasked to speak a little bit after the movie. That's the only other time.\n\nGHITIS: The name of the movie was The Shanghai Ghetto?\n\nLOW: The Shanghai Ghetto, yes.\n\nGHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As an expert in air travel safety what can you say about safety in the\nair these days?\n\nLOW: These days . . . in my area of expertise, what I was involved in, we can be\nsafer than ever. I mean, all of the equipment that I was involved with, we have\nback up to back up to back up . . . if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something fails, something else takes\nover. As far as security is concerned, I was never involved in that. Thank G-d,\nbecause that's a whole new field now. It's a matter of chance.\n\nEINSTEIN: Do you . . . we're here as part of the Breman Museum. I am ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wondering\nsince you were so young at the time whether you have the sense of yourself as a\nsurvivor or whether it's more something that was put on you by parents with this\nwhole guilt trip thing that they were talking about? How does that affect you\nthat you are a survivor of the Holocaust in a certain kind of way because of\nyour parents' actions?\n\nLOW: As I get older, I see more and more of it because of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interest. Before I\nnever thought much about it . . . because, as you mentioned, the guilt aspect of\nit. My mom used to constantly bring it up that, \"If it wasn't for me, you would\nstill be in Germany,\" and things like that. I didn't realize so much interest in\nthis whole period of time that I was part of.\n\nEINSTEIN: How did you feel when she said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"If it wasn't for me, you'd still be\nin Germany?\"\n\nLOW: I was angry. It made me very upset. My dad never would have said it. To\nthis day, I really don't know who made the decision of my going along. Was it my\ndad? She claims . . . my mother claims that it was her mother. She said, \"You\nshouldn't leave ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without.\"\n\nEINSTEIN: Does it have any impact, or do you have any thoughts about how that\nmight have shaped your life in some way to know that your life was saved?\n\nLOW: The only . . . not so much that . . . when I came very close to marrying a\nnon-Jewish person, I felt terrible because I was thinking about everything that\nhas happened. There must be more to . . . I didn't want ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to break the link to my\nconnection to Judaism. That really . . . in fact, I had to see . . . I had to\nget help. It was a difficult time.\n\nGHITIS: Has it had an impact on the way you raised your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children?\n\nLOW: I thought about that. I didn't push too much on telling them about our\nbackground because Esther has . . . somewhat of a similar background . . . but\nwanted them to know. It's interesting enough . . . Jonathan now is wanting to\nknow more about it. Now, when you get older, I could understand that . . . but I\nwanted them to understand. We put a lot of emphasis then for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish education,\nbut again there is never any guarantee that they are going to continue a Jewish\nlife. Hopefully they will.\n\nGHITIS: Where does Israel fit in all this?\n\nLOW: The connection is my uncle. I was very close to him. After my dad passed\naway in 1989, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I came very close to my uncle. I went to Israel almost every year\nuntil he passed away. He was 96 . . . so about four, five years ago. When I\nfirst went to Israel, I was very emotional because here I felt you were among a\ncommunity of all Jewish people. My uncle would tell me, \"You don't have to worry\nabout be afraid of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being Jewish or being . . . someone's going make a comment.\"\nI feel close ties. I still do. I still have a relative thorough my grandmother's\nside. My grandmother was a Laska. This individual, Helmut Laska, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he's related to\nme. He's the only relative I have left.\n\nEINSTEIN: Do you have any ties to China? Do you feel anything special for China?\n\nLOW: No, I would like to go there. I have never been back. I do want to go. I\nwould love to go to the area I lived. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've been reading about this whole period\nlater on and I realized how lucky we were that the Japanese treated us as good\nas they did. They could have been just as brutal as the Germans.\n\nGHITIS: When did your interests in that part of our history start?\n\nLOW: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I was in my late 20's, I was interested. It kind of lost interest for\na long time. Then my mom . . . when she was alive . . . we still talk about it.\nShe had a tremendous memory. She would talk and bring back stories that I didn't\neven know about Shanghai, about Germany. She was more open with me, which she\nwasn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did she lose family? Did you hear about relatives?\n\nLOW: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: When did that happen? How did you hear about what had happened back in\nGermany while you were in China?\n\nLOW: My mother's mother was sent to a concentration camp. She passed away in a\nconcentration camp. She didn't know about it until much later. She heard from\nanother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relative.\n\nEINSTEIN: Do you think she felt any guilt about leaving? Did you ever get that sense?\n\nLOW: That she . . . I don't think there was. I never felt this. If anything,\nthat was the best thing she did. At the time, that they thought Shanghai was the\nhellhole of the world. They didn't want to go to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shanghai.\n\nGHITIS: Have you made contact with any organization of Jews that were rescued by\nthe Chinese?\n\nLOW: Yes, we had a reunion among all the people that were in Shanghai . . . was\nironic where I found out. It was in San Juan. One of the engineers working for\nme heard from a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friend . . . I forgot he got a paper from Seattle, of all\nplaces. It talked about a reunion of people that lived in Shanghai. He knew I\nwas from Shanghai . . . that I had a background from Shanghai. He told me about\nit. I said, \"Really?\" I inquired about it and, sure enough, I found out they had\na reunion in San Francisco. I think it was in 1984, the first reunion. I was\nvery excited. I wanted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go. I wanted to find . . . look for Sylvia, my best\nfriend in Shanghai. I went to that reunion. We had quite a few thousand people.\nI was surprised. In fact, Kadoorie--the gentleman that opened the school--was\nthere. He was 90 years old. He came in a wheelchair. He came, too . . . and\nBlumenthal, who was not that well liked among us because he converted while he\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was in Shanghai to live a better life. Anyway, he was the guest speaker. I\nwanted to look up all the people I knew. I met Sylvia Berg's parents. They were\nat the reunion. They gave me the number of Sylvia and that was great. I called\nher. She was married for the second time and, I don't know, she just didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"give\nany interest at all to get together, so I never did. I thought she'd be excited\nbut she didn't. Any other person . . . Schnewer . . . Parfitt Schnewer. He went\nto the Dominican Republic. I was looking him up when I was in Puerto Rico, but I\nnever got a hold of him. I heard later on that he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was accidentally shot and\nkilled in San Juan in a shootout the police had with some other people. I lost .\n. . but I did want to find out more the people that . . . the only contacts at\nthis reunion were elderly people, older than I am. Then, there were other\nreunions. We had about three or four. I took my mom, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too. One was in Israel, in Jerusalem.\n\nGHITIS: What was that like?\n\nLOW: That was very exciting again to see all . . . there were people my age.\nThey claimed they remembered me in class. I didn't . . . they told me that Peter\nMax was in our class. I don't remember. I didn't even know who Peter Max was,\nmuch less . . . his name was Finkelstein ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that time. He did well, of course.\nIt was exciting. They had presentation in Yiddish, of all things. They had a\ncomedian in Yiddish . . . because I don't speak Yiddish I didn't understand.\n\nGHITIS: Did you learn any Chinese?\n\nLOW: Not one word. I couldn't say one word. I knew how to count.\n\nGHITIS: Could you do that?\n\nLOW: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I remember . . . yî, èr, sân, sì . . . I just don't remember that .\n. . very little. My amah, of course, would talk to me in Chinese.\n\nEINSTEIN: You could understand her easily?\n\nLOW: Yes, but we had so little contact with the Chinese.\n\nGHITIS: If you could talk to future generations, what would you tell them?\n\nLOW: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Future generations about my background, my experience?\n\nGHITIS: What you have learned from your experiences.\n\nLOW: It's difficult to be Jewish sometimes. It's difficult. The environment you\nlive in . . . it's not easy. I always think my sons have it easy today that they\nlive in a community now that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accepts them as individuals . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: Would you say that . . . it seems to me that you came from a very\nnon-religious background and found your own way to Judaism because of the\nexperience of feeling some persecution, some change in your life, something . .\n. this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tremendous exile from Germany and what could have happened to you. Was it\nall worth it?\n\nLOW: It's hard to answer that question. I just don't know. You can't say it was\nall worth it. It was an experience that I . . . maybe I was fortunate. Not too\nmany people go though all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this--living among different societies--that I have.\nI've developed a lot of interest in the history of Judaism. I like to read about\nother events. I'm reading a book now about the Jews that left Germany in the\n1700's or 1800's. I didn't realize how difficult it was there and then.\n\nEINSTEIN: You learn how to adapt or get out if you need to get out--know when\nit's time to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go.\n\nLOW: That's right.\n\nEINSTEIN: Your parents did the right thing, you have to say.\n\nLOW: They made the right decision at that time. They were probably unhappy that\nthey had to leave behind their parents.\n\nGHITIS: Did you ever hear them getting nostalgic about the old country?\n\nLOW: Yes, my parents went back to Germany when I . . . in the 1960's when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was\non my own and traveling, living in other cities. They decided they wanted to go\nback to where they were married in Baden-Baden, which is in southern part of\nGermany. They went back and lived there for two years. Then I think they felt\nuncomfortable. They came back.\n\nGHITIS: Did they have anything to say about the Germans themselves who had\ncaused the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust?\n\nLOW: Yes. They were very upset about it. Even among our own relatives . . . my\nuncle and his wife would never really show how clear her role was throughout\nthis whole thing. There were a lot of things that she had taken from various . .\n. held for them . . . to hold until the end of the war. When the war was over,\nshe wouldn't give them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/transcript/22010/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back. When I went to their apartment . . . I went in\nWashington D.C. where . . . they would have these boxes all over the place. You\nwould have to wonder what was inside these boxes. How these things that they\nstole from the Jews they were living in Germany. You don't know.\n\nGHITIS: Thank you very much for the interview.\n\nLOW: Thank you for letting me to vent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=6000.0,6030.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDeutsch-Eylau is the German name of a Polish town that, after 1945, was called Ilawa, located in northeastern Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSchloss Holte-Stukenbrock is a town in the district of Gütersloh in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the source of the Ems River. In 2004, the town celebrated its 850th Anniversary, making it one of the oldest towns in North Rhine-Westphalia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGestapo\u003c/em\u003e is an abbreviation of \u003cem\u003eGeheime Staatspolizei\u003c/em\u003e, which means “Secret State Police.” It was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The \u003cem\u003eGestapo\u003c/em\u003e acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazi party. The \u003cem\u003eGestapo\u003c/em\u003e ruthlessly rounded up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1933 and the autumn of 1938, nearly 150,000 Jews—approximately 30 percent of the total Jewish population—managed to leave Germany. After the \u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e [German: Night of Broken Glass] pogrom in 1938, a panicked exit of the remaining German Jews began. In order for Jews to legally emigrate from Germany, they were required to have German passports and visas permitting them to enter another country and a long list of other official documents. In addition, most countries had quotas that limited the number of immigrants allowed to enter and required that those entering were able to support themselves, which posed a particular problem since the German authorities severely restricted the amount of money emigrating Jews could take with them. Leaving Germany and finding a place of refuge was extremely difficult. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA nationwide boycott of Jewish businesses began in Germany in 1933. It is unclear how long Steven’s grandfather and father were able to continue working, but by the time Steven was born in 1938, many Jewish businesses had been confiscated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSteven’s uncle, Paul Loewy, lived in Berlin with his Christian wife. The couple had a daughter and son. Paul survived the war as a slave laborer and then in hiding, but committed suicide after the war. Steven’s aunt and cousins later immigrated to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1935 Nuremberg Laws included anti-miscegenation laws that positioned German Jews married to “Aryans” as being in “privileged marriages.” Any of their children who were born before the Nuremberg Laws were enacted were defined as \u003cem\u003eMischlinge\u003c/em\u003e [German: mixed breed] and were also given a privileged status (at least in comparison with other German Jews). At that time, the German Jews in “mixed marriages” and their children were exempted from anti-Jewish measures. Steven’s aunt and uncle probably (falsely) believed they could also protect him. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the start of World War II, the fascist regime of Italy’s Prime Minister Benito Mussolini had allied itself with Germany, at least politically and diplomatically. Mussolini hesitated to militarily enter the war, however, until Germany invaded France. With the goal of expanding Italian territory in North Africa into French and British colonies and under the mistaken belief that the war would soon be over without Italy having to do much fighting, he declared war on Britain and France in June 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman policy officially encouraged Jewish emigration until October 1941. However, Jews fleeing Germany were typically deprived of their property. The Germans levied an increasingly heavy emigration tax and restricted the amount of money that could be transferred abroad from German banks. Jews emigrating from Germany were also limited in the amount of baggage they could take with them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSteven’s family was exceptionally fortunate to secure passage on a ship. Italy entered the war in June 1940—just a month after the family arrived in Shanghai. Passenger liners were often repurposed as troop ships once the war began and by October 1941 emigration from Germany was officially forbidden. The first deportations of Austrian Jews to ghettos, shooting sites, concentration camps, and killing centers also began in October 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe family set sail from Trieste, Italy in April 1940 aboard the\u003cem\u003e SS Conte Rosso\u003c/em\u003e and arrived in Shanghai in May 1940. The ship had been built in 1922 and was one of the first new transatlantic liners built after World War I. In 1932, it began a route from Trieste, Italy to Bombay, India and Shanghai, China. During World War II, she was used as a troop ship until it was torpedoed and sunk off the coast of Sicily in May 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine was the name of the area that is now Israel and Jordan. After World War I, the area came under the administration of the British and was called the “British Mandate.”  After World War II, the states of Israel and Trans-Jordan (now Jordan) were established. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e In the early 1930’s, Jewish immigration from Europe to the British Mandate for Palestine rapidly increased due Zionism and the rise of Nazism. Nationalist uprisings and opposition to the mass influx of Jewish immigrants led to The Arab Revolt of 1936–39 and caused Great Britain to dramatically limit the numbers of immigrants allowed into Palestine in subsequent years and throughout the Holocaust. Steven’s family would have been illegally entering Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShanghai is a city located in east China at the mouth of the Yangtze River. The city grew in importance as an administrative and shipping port during the 19th century. From the mid-1800s until World War II, the city was home to a large population of Europeans, especially British and French. Shanghai was an unlikely refuge for European Jews. The city was buffeted by the struggle between European imperialism, Japanese aggression, and Chinese nationalism. It was also the only city in the world that did not require a visa. From 1933 to 1941, Shanghai accepted almost 30,000 European Jews who escaped German persecution. Excluding those who left Shanghai for other countries, by the time of the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the city was sheltering 20,000 - 25,000 Jewish refugees. Between November 1938 and August 1939, approximately 20,000 Central European refugees landed in Shanghai, China. They had sailed on German, Italian, and Japanese ships and, in the short span of eight months, constituted a massive exodus. During the refugee flight to Shanghai between November 1938 and June 1941, the total number of arrivals by sea and land has been estimated at 1,374 in 1938; 12,089 in 1939; 1,988 in 1940; and 4,000 in 1941. Today, Shanghai is a popular tourist destination and the largest city in both China and the world, based on population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement that supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890’s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA concession is a territory that is essentially ceded to and administered by a foreign government. From the mid 18th century until 1941, the French, British, and Americans all enjoyed concessions in Shanghai. Shanghai’s French Concession existed from 1849 until 1943. It was a premier residential and retail district in the 1930’s. During World War II, Japanese forces initially occupied only the Chinese areas, leaving the foreign concessions alone. Residents of the Chinese areas moved into the French Concession in large numbers. In 1943, the French Vichy government handed over the concession to the Chinese collaborationist government and, after World War II, France agreed to relinquish all foreign concessions in China.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRue Maresca was one of the streets in the French Concession of Shanghai. Today, the street is called Wuyuan Road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the influx of Jewish refugees fleeing persecution in Europe, Shanghai’s International Settlement and French Concession were home to a group of Sephardic Jews that arrived from Iraq in the mid-1800’s and a few thousand Ashkenazi Jews that had fled Russia during the Revolution of 1917. Most of the Russian immigrants earned modest livings as small business owners. The central section of the French Concession was a popular shopping area, with many shops opened by the Russian community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSir Horace Kadoorie (1902-1995) was a businessman and philanthropist. His family was originally Iraqi Jews from Baghdad who migrated to Bombay, India in the mid-eighteenth century. Horace was the son of Sir Elly Kadoorie, who arrived in Shanghai in 1880, and made a fortune in banking, rubber plantations, electric power utilities, real estate, and hotels. Horace and his brother, Lawrence, worked for Victor Sassoon during the 1920’s and 1930’s and managed his famous Shanghai Hotel. Among Sir Horace's philanthropies was a school that became a haven for Jewish refugee children in Shanghai.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJapanese authorities in Shanghai determined the German and Austrian Jewish refugees that had flooded into Shanghai had been stripped of their national citizenship and were ‘stateless.’ In February 1943, Japanese authorities established a “Designated Area for Stateless Refugees” within a designated area of the International Settlement. The stateless refugees—including Jews from Poland—were forced to live in what became known as the “Shanghai Ghetto” for the remainder of the war.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHongkew [also known as Hongkou] is a district in Shanghai, China on the banks of the Huangpu River. Hongkew was the industrial area of the International Settlement and had been heavily damaged during Sino-Japanese fighting in 1932 and 1937. When the Sino-Japanese War began in 1937, thousands of Chinese refugees poured into Shanghai and settled in the district. An area of approximately one square mile, it was one of the poorest and most crowded areas of the city. During World War II, it became the site of the Shanghai Ghetto, in which refugee European Jews were required to live by the Japanese in 1943. Unlike European ghettos constructed by the Germans, the ghetto was not fenced in and the Chinese residents already living there were not required to leave. Jewish educational, religious, and cultural institutions were also allowed to continue and some Jews were able to get passes allowing them leave the ghetto. Conditions in the ghetto were difficult due to overcrowding. Residents were chronically short of necessities like food, clothing, and medicine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Japanese occupied parts of China and Shanghai in 1937, millions of Chinese became refugees. Many settled in the Hongkew district where the Shanghai Ghetto was eventually established. When Jewish refugees flooded into Shanghai at the start of World War II and were subsequently crowded into the ghetto, the local Chinese residents, whose living conditions were often as bad, did not leave. The Chinese residents in Hongkew tried their best to help Jewish refugees in various ways, including vacating their own rooms to put up refugees. Nevertheless, there was a level of separation that was maintained between the Europeans and Chinese.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoy Scouts is a youth organization founded in the United States in 1910 to train youth in responsible citizenship, character development, and self-reliance through participation in a wide range of outdoor activities, educational programs and, at older age levels, career-oriented programs in partnership with community organizations. Scouts wear a uniform and earn merit badges for achievements in sports, crafts, science, etc. British expatriates had brought the Boy Scout organization to Shanghai early in the 20th century and, prior to the war, a Jewish Boy Scout troop had been founded in the British concession. The children of German Jewish refugees and other European refugees in Shanghai became very active in Boy Scouts in the years immediately after World War II when other organizations were closing and the refugees were waiting their turns to emigrate.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States began air raids on Shanghai in 1944. There were no bomb shelters in Hongkew as the water table was close to the surface. In July 1945, shortly before the end of the war, a US air raid on industrial Hongkew killed 40 Jewish refugees, including seven Polish Jews, and hundreds of Chinese. The bombings by the US 7th Air Force continued daily until the Atomic Bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, which ended the air raids.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Boeing B-29 “Superfortress” is a four-engine propeller-driven heavy bomber that was flown primarily by the United States at the end of World War II. It was initially used against Japan as a high-altitude strategic bomber but was more effective in low-altitude nighttime incendiary bombing missions. The B-29 also carried the atomic bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eImmediately after World War II ended, a state of political and military tension known as the Cold War began as the United States and the Soviet Union struggled for dominance. As part of that struggle, an arms race began, in which both sides began arming themselves with atomic bombs in order to deter an attack by the other side by assuring such action would lead to total destruction of the attacker. In 1950, the Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) was established to educate and reassure the nervous American public that there were ways to prepare for and survive a Soviet nuclear attack. In a series of educational films and public service announcements, the country began conducting air raid drills that became known as “duck and cover” drills.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 7, 1941 the Japanese surprised the United States by attacking the United States’ fleet in Honolulu, Hawaii. The ships were all docked in Pearl Harbor. The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was the beginning of World War II for the United States, which until that time had remained neutral. A few days later, Germany declared war on the United States as well and the United States began fighting in the Pacific and Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Committee for Assistance of European Jewish Refugees in Shanghai was formed in 1938 by prominent local Jews. The Committee for Assistance established five group shelters in Shanghai for a minority of totally impoverished German and Austrian Jews. These shelters were called \u003cem\u003eHeime\u003c/em\u003e [German: homes]. The Ward Road \u003cem\u003eHeim\u003c/em\u003e that opened in January 1939 was hastily converted from a former barracks and outfitted with hard, narrow bunk beds under which the residents stored their few belongings. By the end of 1939, about 2,500 people lived in the Heime, sleeping anywhere from six to 150 to a room. An additional 4,500 individuals ate in soup kitchens set up in the \u003cem\u003eHeime\u003c/em\u003e but lived elsewhere in rented rooms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Committee of the Red Cross (“Red Cross”) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKlim is a brand of dehydrated whole-milk powder that was sold by Borden. Early ads featured the slogan \"Spell it backwards.\" During World War II, Klim was included in American relief supplies dropped over Shanghai, China.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe cycle of High Holidays begins with \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: head of the year, i.e. New Year festival]. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls, and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or Death. These decisions may be revoked by prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe two High Holy Days are \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e (Jewish New Year) and\u003cem\u003e Yom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e (Day of Atonement). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Day of Atonement] is the most sacred day of the Jewish year. It is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting \u003cem\u003eyizkor\u003c/em\u003e for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the \u003cem\u003eshofar\u003c/em\u003e (a ram’s horn). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ohel Rachel synagogue was a Sephardi synagogue established in Shanghai, China in 1920. Today, it is one of only two synagogues still standing in Shanghai and is a protected architectural landmark. The synagogue was repurposed during World War II by the Japanese and again following the Communist conquest of Shanghai in 1949. It was reopened for some Jewish holidays in 1999 and Shabbat services in 2010.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ohel Moshe synagogue was built by Russian Jewish immigrants in 1927 and served as the home for the Jewish Youth Organization. Today, it is one of only two synagogues in Shanghai and houses the Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew] or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish] is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSteven (Werner) is listed with his parents, Walter and Lotte Loewy, on the passenger manifest of the \u003cem\u003eUSS General M.C. Meigs\u003c/em\u003e, which left Shanghai, China on June 17,1947 and arrived in San Francisco, California on July 3, 1947. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy 1940, German Jews known as \u003cem\u003eMischehe\u003c/em\u003e [German: mixed marriage] were arbitrarily being compelled into forced labor. The German Jews in “mixed marriages” and their children initially were exempted from anti-Jewish measures, including the deportations of German Jews, which began in October 1941. Over 8,000 Jews in “mixed marriages” lived in Berlin in March 1943. Although they were exempted from deportations to camps outside of Germany, they were rounded up and sent to forced-labor camps around Berlin and other major German cities. By May 1943, German authorities reported that the Reich was \u003cem\u003eJudenrein\u003c/em\u003e (“free of Jews”). In the fall of 1944, the \u003cem\u003eMischlinge\u003c/em\u003e-classified children from mixed marriages that were over the age of 16 were also compelled into forced labor. Some of the Jews in mixed marriages and some of the \u003cem\u003eMischlinge\u003c/em\u003e evaded being sent to a forced labor camp by living in hiding. In an interview with Berl Palbaum in Shanghai Remembered: Stories of Jews Who Escaped to Shanghai from Nazi Europe, Steven relates that his Uncle Paul Loewy survived the last two years of the war hiding in an attic. He probably went into hiding when the deportations to labor camps began in the spring of 1943. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the early years of the war, concentration camp prisoners were allowed to send and receive mail on a very limited basis. Letters written by prisoners were censored and subject to the scrutiny of regulations. Prisoners’ letters to their loved ones were often filled with inaccurate descriptions of their treatment or details of mundane daily life that disguised expressions of hope for survival and documented the crimes they witnessed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSteven’s father had a sister, Betty, who lived in Prague with her husband and daughter, Eva. They did not survive the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Theresienstadt \"camp-ghetto\" near Prague in the present day Czech Republic was opened in late 1941 and existed until May 1945. It served as a ghetto, an assembly camp, and a concentration camp. It also served as a tool of deception to camouflage the Nazi extermination of European Jews of world opinion when it was presented as a “model Jewish settlement” to the International Red Cross. Approximately 140,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and about one third of the Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia were sent to Theresienstadt. The conditions were terrible and roughly 33,000 died in Theresienstadt itself. Nearly 90,000 Jews were deported to other ghettos, concentration camps, and extermination camps in German-occupied Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of concentration camps and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich just outside the town of Oswiecem (renamed Auschwitz by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. On January 27, 1945, the Soviet army liberated Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe German surrender to the Western Allies and the Soviet Union officially took place on May 8, 1945, ending the war in the European Theatre. The war in the Pacific Theater did not end until August 15, 1945, when Japan officially surrendered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Japanese refused to accept the Allies’ demands of an unconditional surrender following the surrender of Germany in Europe in May 1945, World War II dragged on. Then on August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. On August 9, 1945, another atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. The two bombings killed at least 129,000 people and effectively pushed the Japanese into surrendering within a week. Nagasaki, Japan is approximately 500 miles from Shanghai, China. Hiroshima, Japan is approximately 675 miles away.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKanoh Ghoya (“The Monkey”) was an abusive Japanese bureaucrat with jurisdiction over the Hongkew Ghetto in Shanghai. He frequently mistreated Jews applying for passes out of the ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKungping Road (variant spellings also include “Kungpin” and “Kumping”) is now called Gongping Road. The road delineated the western border of the ghetto in Shanghai.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMao Tse-tung was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, and founding father of the People’s Republic of China, which he governed as Chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. His Marxist-Leninist theories, military strategy, and political policies are collectively known as Maoism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmperor Hirohito announced Japan's surrender on August 15, 1945 and Japan officially surrendered on September 2, 1945. The Shanghai ghetto was officially liberated the next day. United States forces flooded into the city. After years at war and at sea, the servicemen took advantage of its nightclubs, bars, and restaurants while off duty. American forces remained in Shanghai until November 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSince the 1920’s, conflict had existed between the Chinese Communist Party, led by Mao Tse-tung, and Chaing Kai-shek’s Nationalist Party. After World War II, a civil war broke out between to the two sides. On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong declared the creation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in mainland China and the Nationalist Party retreated to Taiwan, ending the civil war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChaing Kai-shek was a Chinese political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1938 and 1949, and then, after his Nationalist Party was defeated by the Communist Party in mainland China, led the government in Taiwan from 1949 to 1975\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Van Raalte Company was founded in 1913 by Emanuel Van Raatle as a silk mill and manufacturer of accessories, including gloves, hosiery, and veils. In 1937, Van Raatle was the single largest employer in Dunkirk, New York, with a large staff composed mostly of female workers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSteven’s father probably used his cousin to secure documents from Van Raatle’s factory that provided the proof of employment needed to secure a visa to immigrate into the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eUSS General M.C. Meigs\u003c/em\u003e was a troop transport ship that transported troops for the United States in World War II and the Korean War. Between the two wars, she was a passenger ship that sailed out of San Francisco, California. The ship was named after General Montgomery Cunningham Meigs, the Quartermaster General of the United States Army in the United States Civil War. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to an American newspaper that reported the arrival of the \u003cem\u003eUSS General M.C. Meigs\u003c/em\u003e in San Francisco on July 3, 1947, 475 of the 1,350 passengers on board were Jewish refugees from Shanghai. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate strait—the mile-wide, three-mile-long channel between San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) was founded in 1881. Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russia in relocating. During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America, and the Far East. They worked to get Jews out of Europe, and to any country that would have them by providing tickets, and information about visas. After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps, and emigrate elsewhere.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLotte had a brother, Hans, who had immigrated to the United States before the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA slum landlord (or slumlord) is a derogatory term for a landlord, generally an absentee landlord with more than one property, who attempts to maximize profit by minimizing spending on property maintenance, often in deteriorating neighborhoods.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePublic elementary schools in New York City, New York are typically referred to by a PS (public school) number.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the early decades of the twentieth century, a large influx of German immigrants moved to Yorkville, a middle- and working-class neighborhood inhabited by many people of Czech, Slovak, Irish, Polish, German, Hungarian and Lebanese descent on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Yorkville became the melting pot of populations escaping Germany in the 1940’s and refugees from communist regimes in the 1950’s and 1960’s. Part of the neighborhood is colloquially known today as ‘Little Hungary.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Viennese Lantern was a restaurant operated by Max Loew, who fled his native Vienna when the Germans came to power. He opened the restaurant in 1947 at 242 East 79th Street in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHouse of Vienna was a restaurant owned by Viennese refugee, George Eberhardt. It was located at 320 East 79th Street in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: son of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e quorum for public worship. He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAncshe Chesed is a conservative synagogue on the Upper West Side of the New York City borough of Manhattan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Bronx High School of Science is a specialized New York City high school. Although known for its focus on mathematics and science, it also emphasizes the humanities and social sciences.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrooklyn Technical High School is a New York City public high school that specializes in engineering, math, and science.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStuyvesant High School is a specialized high school in New York City. Stuyvesant is a college preparatory science, technology, engineering and mathematics focused liberal arts high school.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCity College of New York was the first free public institution of higher education in the United States. 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Four of the twenty originally planned Apollo missions were cancelled.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard Milhous Nixon (1913-1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. 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He is a well-known painter, credited with the invention of psychedelic art, and has appeared on the cover of \u003cem\u003eLife Magazine\u003c/em\u003e, “The Tonight Show”, and “The Ed Sullivan Show”. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. 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The status of Jews in Germany gradually began to change in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, but many German Jews emigrated. The United States was a primary destination.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/annotation_set/324/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBaden-Baden, Germany is a spa town in southwestern Germany, in the foothills of the Black forest, close to France and Switzerland. The town is known for its hot springs. 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Jewish community connections do you have?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4964.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/index/47564/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Congregation Etz Chaim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Empty Nesters","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"High Holidays","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Men's Club","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=4964.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/index/47564/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Being a Holocaust Survivor and Guilt Trips about Escaping","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5100.0,5191.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/index/47564/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am wondering since you were so young at the time whether you have the sense of yourself as a survivor or whether it's more something that was put on you by parents with this whole guilt trip thing that they were talking about? 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Do you feel anything special for China?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5375.0,5468.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/index/47564/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Japanese People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shanghai, China","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5375.0,5468.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/index/47564/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Learning about the Fate of His Family in Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5468.0,5521.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/index/47564/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When did that happen? How did you hear about what had happened back in Germany while you were in China?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5468.0,5521.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/index/47564/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maternal Grandmother","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shanghai, 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Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5521.0,5785.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/index/47564/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Freddie Parfitt Schnewer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rescued by the Chinese","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reunions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"San Francisco, California","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shanghai, China","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sir Horace 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Generations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5785.0,5833.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/index/47564/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you could talk to future generations, what would you tell them?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749#t=5785.0,5833.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35634/file/104749/index/47564/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Future 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