{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/kk9474798x/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Cohn, Aaron (2009)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2009-03-04 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJudge Aaron Cohn interviewed by Sandra Berman on March 4, 2009 in Columbus, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eCohn introduces his father. He talks about his early adulthood and how he came to enlisted in the cavalry prior to World War II. Cohn traces his changes in ranks and assignments as he prepared to travel to Europe for the Allied invasion of France. Cohn considers his leadership perspectives and Jewish identity. He recalls the many battles he participated in from France, through Belgium and Luxembourg, and into Germany and Austria. Cohn talks about liberating the Ebensee concentration camp. Cohn describes the end of the war in Europe. He discusses what it was like for his wife at home during the war and finding out her brother had been killed in battle. Cohn details his perspectives on patriotism and duty. He considers the differences between his generation and the younger generations he encounters as a judge. Cohn talks his work to counter racial prejudices in the South.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/27996"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Columbus (Ga.) (geographic term)","World War II (topical term)","Jewish servicemen (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Liberation (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJudge Aaron Cohn interviewed by Sandra Berman on March 4, 2009 in Columbus, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCohn introduces his father. He talks about his early adulthood and how he came to enlisted in the cavalry prior to World War II. Cohn traces his changes in ranks and assignments as he prepared to travel to Europe for the Allied invasion of France. Cohn considers his leadership perspectives and Jewish identity. He recalls the many battles he participated in from France, through Belgium and Luxembourg, and into Germany and Austria. Cohn talks about liberating the Ebensee concentration camp. Cohn describes the end of the war in Europe. He discusses what it was like for his wife at home during the war and finding out her brother had been killed in battle. Cohn details his perspectives on patriotism and duty. He considers the differences between his generation and the younger generations he encounters as a judge. Cohn talks his work to counter racial prejudices in the South.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/101/438/small/Aaron_Cohn.png?1619295677","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Cohn_Aaron.mp4"]},"duration":6226.189,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/101/438/small/Aaron_Cohn.png?1619295677","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/101/438/original/Cohn_Aaron.mp4?1607516699","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6226.189,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Aaron Cohn [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is March 4, 2009. I am with Judge Aaron Cohn who has agreed to be\ninterviewed for the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project of The\nWilliam Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. My name is Sandy Berman. I am the\narchivist at the museum. I am very grateful and thankful that you have agreed to\nparticipate in our in our interview project, Judge Cohn. Although this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interview\nis going to be mostly about your World War II experiences, I would like to begin\njust by asking you a little bit about your background, how the family got to\nColumbus, Georgia, and the line of work they were in.\n\nCOHN: My father came from Lithuania when he was thirteen years old. The rest of\nhis family came to the United States. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then his two brothers told him to bring\nthe girls because my two uncles both had a trading post in South Africa. They\ndecided to see the world. They came to Columbus, Georgia and they liked it\nbecause the big old Chattahoochee River coming down. The people were very nice\nand they said, \"We'll stay here.\" They sent for the rest of the family. My\nfather was only about 13 years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old, but he loved horses. He took care of the\ngirls by really making money by buying horses and selling horses. It was a real\ntalent for him. Naturally, when he came to the United States, this was what he\nwas interested in. That was his livelihood for over 50 years. At one time, they\nhad 14 livery stables in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Columbus, Georgia. When he died, he was the last one.\nHe was last of the Mohicans. He had a great reputation because he couldn't . . .\nHe had no formal education--none whatsoever--but all the farmers and the people\nin the cattle business, they liked Sam Cohn. He became like an icon. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My two\nbrothers followed suit. My older brother, although he graduated the University\nof Georgia, he talked like a cattleman. You wouldn't think he even went to\nschool. I adored him. My younger brother was an auctioneer at the . . . We had a\nlot of cattle from other people. We sold them for them as an auction. Then we\nhad a farm out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"near Fort Benning, incidentally right across the street where\nthere's going to be a beautiful museum. The world will rave over [it] when they\nsee it. It's a magnificent museum they're going to have. It's right where my\nfather had an original farm for years and years. When I graduated Columbus High\nSchool in 1932, they said, \"You're too young to go to college.\" I didn't think\nso, but my folks said so, and that was enough for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. [They said,] \"We just want\nyou to go out on the farm and take care of the cattle.\" I spent a year out there\nlike a cowpuncher, so to speak. It was a wonderful experience. Then, I went to\n[the University of] Georgia, naturally in ROTC. We had infantry and cavalry. I\nwanted to be an officer because I always thought about the fact that my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"great-grandfather was in the Russian Army for about 25 years as a conscript. He\nrose to the rank of corporal, which was as far as he could go because he was\nJewish. He was a wonderful soldier. I said to myself . . . I've always thought\nabout . . . I love this country so much and I love my community so much because\nI learned from my family ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they were second class citizens. That permeated\neverything that I did from then on. I wanted to make sure I was in the army. It\nwas like payback time. Of course, I was in the reserves, but when the war . . .\nwhen the Germans went down to Paris, France and I told . . . I was in a good\noffice. I had a good career going. I told them I couldn't practice law anymore\nand I volunteered.\n\nBERMAN: If we could just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interject for one second. I just want to get your\nbrothers' names.\n\nCOHN: My [older] brother was named Sol and my younger brother was named Harold.\n\nBERMAN: You joined up in . . .\n\nCOHN: 1940.\n\nBERMAN: 1940.\n\nCOHN: Well before Pearl Harbor.\n\nBERMAN: Where were you when Pearl Harbor happened?\n\nCOHN: I was . . . in Columbus at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fort Benning because, when I was called up for\nactive duty, although I was a cavalry officer, I got orders to report to the\nFourth Infantry division. I was very chagrined. I thought I was going to go to\none of the cavalry posts along the Texas border like Fort Bliss, or Fort\nHuachuca in Arizona, and maybe go to California to the Presidio, or go to the\nPhilippines where we had the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Philippine Scouts. I thought I was going to get an\nassignment with a cavalry outfit, but they were forming a new infantry division.\nWhen I reported, it was real cute because there was a little corporal who was a\nfinance officer who says, \"Lieutenant Cohn, I don't know what kind of soldier\nyou're going to make, but I'll tell you one thing: you're going to get the\nsmallest pay that anybody in the world ever got for reporting for active duty.\nAnd here it is. Eight cents a mile, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eight miles. Here's your 64 cents.\"\n\nBERMAN: That is great.\n\nCOHN: There I stayed until Pearl Harbor. As soon as Pearl Harbor started, my\ndivision--the 4th Infantry Division, which incidentally was a great division\nthat landed D-Day in World War II . . . I was with them before I was cadred to\nthis new armored cavalry regiment that General Patton once commanded. They had a\nhorse cavalry up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Fort Myers. We used to call them the \"mounted morticians.\"\nThey had a great tradition, great history. When they asked me did I want to\ntransfer to my cavalry regiment, I said, \"Just give me the go ahead.\" I left\nfrom there, went to Fort Riley, Kansas with an original cadre, and [onto] Fort\nGordon. After it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"formed, I commanded a cavalry troop, right back in Fort\nGordon, because the 3rd Cavalry came back to Fort Gordon. That's where we were\nwhen we went overseas.\n\nBERMAN: Do you remember the feeling of how you felt, and those [feelings] of\nyour fellow soldiers, when you heard that Pearl Harbor had been bombed or attacked?\n\nCOHN: I'll tell you how I felt. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I felt like--certainly with my family--it was\npayback time because the United States of America gave my parents a home, a\nhaven. In my family, nobody ever complained about the United States. They were\nso proud to be Americans. My mama would pat me on the head and say, \"Aaron, do\nyou know how lucky we are to be Americans?\" I grew up with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. Instead of\nwhining and complaining like a lot of people do, we just didn't do it in our\nhome. Then, of course, with the kind of business my daddy was in, we were in the\nmiddle of the real South. [The] people that traded with my father, they were\ngeneral farmers [and] they were sharecroppers. We were so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much a part of\nColumbus. It was my home. I figured it was payback time. That's why I really\nwent into the army. For two reasons, the fact that I was I wanted to be in the\nArmy, and I was wanted to be an officer, and I wanted to pay [back]. When World\nWar II started, when I volunteered early, I felt it was payback. This country\nwas good to them. I want to pay it back.\n\nBERMAN: How aware were you of what was going on in Europe with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Jews of\nEurope during this time period?\n\nCOHN: At the beginning of the war, of course, I knew the story of somewhat of\nwhat was going on in Germany, but I never knew anything about the concentration\ncamps. When I was at the University of Georgia, we had five German exchange\nstudents. Tennis is a great sport in Germany. As a matter of fact, we had two\nfine Jewish guys they were on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Davis Cup team. I was captain of the Georgia\ntennis team. These guys would come down and they wanted to talk to me, the ones\nfrom Germany. They wanted to talk to me about the problems they were having with\nthe Jews. I told [them,] \"I don't want to hear any more of your propaganda,\" and\nI just turned my back on them. They used to come down and watch me play. That's\nthe way it was with me. As far as knowing actually the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"barbaric, horrible things\nthat were happening to the Jews, in [Germany], I never dreamt about it. I never\nthought. I didn't know about it. All I knew was [that] like a lot of dictators,\neverything that happened that was bad, they always blamed it on the . . . They\nhad a good scapegoat. Unfortunately, the German Jews, who felt like they were\nthe most ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cultured Jews in Europe, and they thought that they were Germans and\nthey were also. So what? That was their nationality, but their religion was they\nwere Jewish--and affirmative Jews, too. They never thought it would happen to\nthem, but it happened to them. I never knew how far that Adolph Hitler would go,\nbut I learned later how far he went.\n\nBERMAN: Getting back to with being with the . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was the division?\n\nCOHN: I was with the 3rd Armored Cavalry. We were a separate cavalry regiment of\ntwo squadrons of cavalry. Each squadron had 750 men. Therefore, we had a group\nof 1,500 men. We were a special kind of troops, very much like you would say the\nIndian scouts were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the days of the old cavalry. Our mission was to go out and\nfind the enemy, find out his location, report back directly to our corps\ncommander. A corps is composed of several divisions. We were not a division. We\nwere corps cavalry and we were the eyes and ears of the 20th Corps, which was\npart of General Patton's Third Army. Once we found out the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"information, we were\nto report it straight back so he could get the information on what to do in so\nfar as whether they were on the defense or the offense, what kind of weapons\nthey had, and so forth. We had a wonderful bunch of kids they come to us as\ninductees, just magnificent. People talked about they thought . . . The regular\n[soldiers] didn't know what the citizen army was going to do. I think, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like Tom\nBrokaw said, that generation, they . . . turned from citizens to magnificent\nsoldiers. We had a bunch of young kids. The average age was 18 and 19, the\nofficers mainly came from VMI [Virginia Military Institute]. We had a few West\nPointers, but we had VMI, Norwich, New Mexico Military Institute, Culver, and\nUniversity of Georgia, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Arizona, all the cavalry schools. Then we\nhad some of the old timers who were commissioned at Officer Candidate School. We\nhad a magnificent outfit.\n\nBERMAN: What was your rank?\n\nCOHN: My rank? I went from a lieutenant in the 4th Division to a major in the\nThird Army Cavalry. My mission was to . . . I was what was known as a Combat and\nOperations Officer. I put out all the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plans that we were supposed to do, and\nthen helped supervise, go down to see the troops, where they were supposed to be\non occasion. But I was with the command post most of the time. I was to handle\nall the information that came in and give it to my Colonel. I was sort of like\nhis right arm. It was a very important position. If you didn't watch what you\nwere doing, for instance, you could get some of your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men killed, because every\nnight I had to deal with what we called \"the no fire line\" from the artillery.\nIf I mixed up the coordinates when I gave them out, and if somebody was killed\nby friendly fire, I could never have forgiven myself. We always wanted our\nartillery to fire over our troops into the German lines.\n\nBERMAN: You were actually in the Normandy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"invasion?\n\nCOHN: No, there was no place for armored cavalry or armor of that kind because\nwe didn't have . . . The infantry had to first seize . . . It was an infantry\noperation basically. They had to make a foothold that would give us a chance to\nthen get on the land. It's like football. We were not in the invasion. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came\nin about D-plus . . . We came in the month August. [It was the end of] July, the\nfirst part of August. D-Day was June the sixth. June and July [had passed], so\nthere was about close to 60 days. That's when they were in the hedgerow country.\nNow they had successfully landed, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we came in. We were in Great Britain just 30\ndays. We came over on the Aquitania from Boston Harbor [Boston, Massachusetts].\nI had the job of helping my colonel because we were the senior officers on the\nship. I did a lot of the leg work with aiding my colonel and the people, to make\nsure the troops were where they were supposed to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be, and so forth, and so on. I\nhad gone to the commander general staff college where they train for . . . We\nwere there three months. That was when [my wife,] Janet Ann, was pregnant. [My\ndaughter,] Gail, was born in Augusta, Georgia. I was away at the time when she\nwas born. They told me about it at a big exercise. I was so thrilled. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said\nto me--I was Captain then--\"Captain, you don't have to participate in this,\nbecause you're no good to us now.\" Once we got a foothold, we found out our\noriginal mission was a ridiculous thing. They said we would help capture Brest.\nBrest was a heavily fortified wolfpack where they were on that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"peninsula of\nEurope and the Germans. I asked my commander, I said, \"Have you seen the enemy\nsituation?\" He said, \"No.\" I looked at him and I said, \"You know they got three\ndivisions there? They only have to protect on land here.\" The rest was in a\npeninsula, the rest was water. I said, \"Who's going to be with us?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"I\ndon't know.\" In the meantime, our mission was changed because . . . The guys\nwhen they heard about that, because we would be up against a real tough thing\nthere, because the German's would not give up that without a fight till the end\n. . .But we were very fortunate. We were always a lucky outfit, very lucky. Then\nwhen we found the Corp. Commander ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then, they found out where there was a certain\nentry into the German battle plan, so to speak. It was like football. We found\nout that was a hole in the line and so forth. We were ordered to go in there,\nand get in there, and then just kill everything that we could, report what was\nall up in front, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so forth, which we did. Our kids did a magnificent job.\nThen that was the story. We were called \"ghost troops\" because the Germans\ndidn't even know . . . Sometime during those fluid days in August, they didn't\neven know that anyone was even near them. We'd get them when they were sitting\ndown to eat in a Chateau. Our kids were going in there, firing machine guns, and\nkilling them and were called the \"ghost ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"troops\" by somebody that named us that\nway. It was that way. In the month of August, it was like a turkey shoot because\nwe had . . . In no time flat, we went through all places like the old World War\nI areas like Chateau Thierry, the Argonne Forest. We went through Chartres,\nFontainebleau. We went along the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Loire River, but again were on the right flank\nof the Third Army because, below the Loire River, was about a million Germans at\nleast, but they were afraid of the attack from the Mediterranean. Had they known\nthat we were so lightly held where we were, I don't know. We only had 1,500 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men.\nWe were a light cavalry and we had this mission. When we used to run into\nanything that was real heavy, like a Mach 6 tank, later on we could call on the\ntank destroyers to come up and help us when we felt like we had too much. We had\na little saying, \"What do you do when you got a tiger by the tail? How do you\ndisengage?\" We also said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"He who runs away today lives to fight another day.\"\nWhich meant, not that you are cowards, but you're so overpowered, it's like\nplaying poker. Some guys got a full house, and all you have is a pair of deuces.\nWe learned all about combat, but we were rookies at the time. Later on, you\ncouldn't tell a ROTC graduate from a West Pointer, because we became first class\nsoldiers. We ran out of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gas, of course.\n\nBERMAN: I wanted to ask you, as an officer what was your relationship like with\nyour fellow soldiers? Did you try to distance yourself or did you . . .\n\nCOHN: I'll tell you the way I did. Living in Columbus, Georgia, I was pretty\nfamiliar with what the army was all about because where we lived we had lots of\nnon-commissioned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"officers who lived on the same block we did. We didn't live\nnear the country club. We were on Fourth Avenue between 8th and 9th Street, near\nthe synagogue. Our neighbors were . . . some of them were military, they were\nnot officers, and so forth, and so on. I used to listen them sometimes. I\nlearned at training what leadership was all about. For instance, at that time we\nhad a horse ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cavalry. What was the leadership? It went like this: the first thing\nyou did, is you took care of your horse. After you groomed your horse, and took\ncare of him, and everything, then you took care of your equipment. After you\ntook care of your equipment, you took care of your men. After you took care of\neverybody, then if you wanted to do something, you could do it, but not until\nyou did everything for your men. That's leadership. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I inherited in my troop the\nguts of a cadre that was non-commissioned officers. They came from the 4th\nCavalry up at Fort Meade, Dakota. They came. They'd been in the army maybe 21\nyears. I'd been in the army three years on active duty. They were the chief of\nthe big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"non-commissioned officers. They had the personnel officers, a personnel\nsergeant, the S3 sergeant [a level of senior non-commissioned officer]. It was\nlike was in the same kind of section like I was. They had the communications\npeople. All the big shots, so to speak were at the 51st headquarters in service\ntroop. We were to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make sure to do all the things that headquarters told us to do\nand so forth. I inherited them. I told them I'd like to have a little\nget-together. I brought them into my office and I sat down. I had a box of\ncigars and I gave each one of them a cigar, said, \"Light up.\" I said, \"I know\nwhat you're thinking here. You got a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rookie captain. He's been in the service\nthree years. We've been in 21 years. We wonder what this joker's going to do, if\nhe's going to know how to handle us.\" I started off and I told them, I said\n\"Listen, I know I've been here three years and y'all are going to be with me.\" I\nsaid \"I want you to know one thing about me. You're my family. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm going to take\ncare of you. And I'll do everything I can to take care of you and I'll go to\nhell for you. And all I'll ask you to do is to soldier. And when you soldier,\nI'll be the first one to hug your neck, and I'll tell you I'll do anything in\nthe world to do what's supposed to be done.\" Consequently, after I got through,\nSergeant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schmidt, I remember he stood up and he said, \"Captain Cohn, I don't\nknow how long you're going to stay in the army, but that'll be the best speech\nyou ever made.\" I never had an AWOL. When all the kids came in, I learned in no\ntime flat what their names were, where they were from, and so forth. I wouldn't\nsay \"Hey, soldier,\" because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's stupid because the soldier says, \"This guy\ndoesn't even know my name.\" I learned how to say, \"How's everything in Utica,\nNew York?\" He'd look at me. Most of the kids were of . . . Polish background. If\nthey were not Polish background, they were Italian background. We had a number\nof Jewish kids in there. Some of the kids gone to Cornell, had gone to Harvard,\nthey'd ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gone to Yale, Upstate New York. That's the way it was. I think it's worth\nrepeating [that] when some of the Jewish kids we had would complain--before we\nwent overseas--about \"Hey, I'm a Harvard man, I'm a Yale man, and I went to an\nIvy League school, and I've got a guy whose got just an eighth eighth grade\neducation and he's telling me what to do?\" I said, \"You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"idiot, let me tell you\nsomething. What do you think you're here for? We're training you to be killers\nbecause Hitler wants to kill you. And you're going to have to protect yourself.\"\nI said, \"They'll take you on a patrol and they'll break mama's boy's back, cause\nthey know all about the army.\" They came from little small towns. They were\nearly volunteers. They came from the woods and they were farm boys. They knew\nthe land ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"real well and they were wonderful with weapons. I said, \"You better be\nglad that you got somebody who's got an eighth-grade education, but is a great\nsoldier. We're not going to kill Hitler by whether you can speak good English or not.\"\n\nBERMAN: Getting to the Jewish issue. Was that ever an issue for you, being\nJewish in [the army]?\n\nCOHN: I was a YMCA boy in Columbus, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia. I learned a long time ago that you\ncould be affirmatively Jewish and be in a Christian world, and be what you are,\nand let them know who you are, and compete with them. I was a YMCA boy. I\nlearned to wrestle. I won a state championship in wrestling. Also, I learned how\nto play tennis because I wasn't very big. I played ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"volleyball with the team for\nten years. I was a pretty fair athlete. I was really a pretty good athlete. I\nlearned how to compete with non-Jewish kids because I wanted them to know,\n\"Look, just because I'm Jewish, I'm not less a person than you are. I'm on the\nsame team with you. I just happen to be Jewish, but that doesn't mean that I'm\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inferior to you just because I belong to a religious minority.\" I was pretty\naffirmative about that. As a matter of fact, our son Leslie, I didn't want him\nto go to a Jewish camp. Why? Because I wanted him to be bar mitzvahed and be a\ngood solid affirmative Jew, but I had him go to YMCA camp because he learned how\nto get along with his Christian friends and learned how to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take care of himself,\nand behave himself, and it served him well. That was the philosophy I had.\n\nBERMAN: Was there ever a problem with your fellow soldiers with you, though? Did\nyou run into that at all?\n\nCOHN: Coming overseas, it's a great story. Of course, I had a Southern accent\nand I was a major at the time. There was a captain. I didn't even know him. He\nheard me and heard my Southern voice. He came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over to me and he said--and I was\nlooking down--\"I saw a lot of the doctors coming in.\" There were a lot of Jewish\ndoctors and they were wonderful. Some of them were kind of . . . a lot of\nItalians and so forth. He looked down and he said, \"Well, it looks like we're\ngoing to have a bunch of Jews on this ship.\" I just let it pass, I said,\n\"Listen, I don't care what their religion is.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"As long as they're\nAmericans and they want to fight Hitler, they're on my team and I'll be glad to\nhave them with me.\" He said, \"Let me tell you about Jews.\" I said--now I was\ninterested--\"Yeah, you tell me about them.\" He give me a spiel about, \"Well, you\nknow, they're looking for a cushy job, they are not good soldiers. They never\nwill volunteer for anything,\" and he gave me all of that B.S. Finally, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when he\ngot through, I said, \"I want to introduce myself. My name is Major Aaron Cohn,\nC-O-H-N.\" His eyes got [very] big. I said and \"You know what? You're fighting in\nthe wrong damn army. You ought to be a Nazi fighting with Germany instead of\nbeing a good American.\" I said, \"You don't know what the hell you're talking\nabout.\" I turned on my heels and left him. This kid, who . . . I said \"Where\nwere you in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1940?\" [He said,] \"Well, I was still at the University of Florida.\"\nI said, \"Well, I was already a volunteer in the U.S. Army.\" I said, \"I've been\nto the infantry school, and the cavalry school, Commander general affair school,\nand I'm a damn good soldier, so don't give me that crap.\" I was angry. That kid\nwas in an anti-aircraft outfit. Did you know anytime the 3rd Cavalry was in the\narea, he had to come to see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me? He had to come to see me to apologize over, and\nover, and over again. We became friends. He says, \"You know where all the things\nI was talking about?\" He said, \"I learned that from my family for three\ngenerations.\" You see, three generations of antisemitism were going to be broken\nwhen that kid got out of the army and went home. It's just a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"classic example.\nOther than that, I had in the regular army, a lot of them they were West\nPointers there. They kind of looked down on us like we were colonials because we\nwere ROTC, but believe me, later on, the ROTC officers . . . When I got out of\nthe army, I was in zone of consideration for Brigadier General. But they, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted\nme to go to the Juvenile Court. I didn't think my family was ready to take off\nfrom Columbus. The kids were still small and Janet Ann was not happy about it,\nand so I had to make a decision. I retired after 27 years of service, but I\nstill keep a close connection with my friends in the army.\n\nBERMAN: Okay, so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is another story about other Jewish soldiers that you\nwere going to [share]?\n\nCOHN: The Jewish soldiers I talked to, I let them know real quickly I was\nJewish. My mess sergeant came in to me one day. He was a genial Irishman named\nSergeant Shanks. He had red hair with blue eyes. He was a great guy. He says\n\"Captain Cohn, you think I'm a good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mess sergeant?\" I said \"Sure you are. I like\nyour food. The food's great.\" He says, \"Well, I don't know.\" He says, \"I got two\nguys that won't eat anything. It looks like they're fasting and I don't know\nwhat to do. They just must not like my food.\" I said, \"send them to see me.\"\nThey came in. I remember their names very well. [They were] upstate New York\nJewish kids. I called them in. When they came in, they knew nothing about\nmilitary ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"goods. They came in like, \"What the hell is it your business?\" I said\n\"I know you must come from deeply Orthodox Jewish families.\" They looked at me\nand said, \"But what do you know about all of that?\" I said, \"I happen to know a\nlot about it cause I'm Jewish.\" Oh, when I said that, then they started kind of\npounding their arms on my desk. I said, \"Hold it.\" I said, \"In case you don't\nknow it . . .\" I said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"First of all, I'm not going to have a kosher kitchen. I\nhaven't got time for that. We're in combat soon and I can't have that special\nkosher kitchen for you guys.\" I said, \"In case you don't know it, the Rabbinical\nconferences said, in times of emergency, you can eat anything you want.\" They\nsaid, \"Did you mean that?\" I said \"Absolutely, that's the way it is.\" They\nsmiled, and they shook my hand, and said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Thank you so much, Captain. We\nappreciate that.\" They left. My sergeant didn't know anything about it. Two\nweeks later he came back. When he saw me, came to my office, his eyes were\ntwinkling so. [He asked,] \"How'd you do it?\" I said, \"What do you mean?\" He\nsays, \"Them two guys are eating me out of house and home now.\" He said, \"I know\nyou can teach a soldier how to fire a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"machine gun, fire a weapon, fire an M1\nrifle, drive a tank, drive a truck, being a mortar man, but just how do you make\na man eat?\" I said, \"Sergeant Shanks, that will always remain one of the great\nmysteries of World War II.\" He went up and down the regiment. When all the other\nguys were talking about their officers, how good they were, how bad they were,\nhe would say, \"Hell, I got the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smartest CO [commanding officer] in the whole\nUnited States Army. Have you ever seen an officer who can make a man eat when he\ndoesn't want to eat? Well, I got one that can do it.\" That was that story.\n\nBERMAN: That is a great story.\n\nCOHN: But growing up, I mixed and mingled with the YMCA kids. I learned to box,\nI learned to wrestle, and so forth. I just felt like you have to learn how to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"protect yourself in a minority and I enjoyed the competition. I had these kids\nthat were with me. There was this sergeant that had a boxing ring. He had\ndifferent kids and most of the people that came there were from the mills. They\nwere some of them had very little education, who came from Phenix City, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alabama.\nThey were not the first 400 families from Virginia. We'll put it that way. I was\nwatching. My so-called friends . . . Because one of the kids couldn't box\n[since] he wasn't there, they announced, \"We need someone who will volunteer to\nfight this young fellow here.\" He was from Phoenix City and he was dancing\naround. The next thing I knew, my so-called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends pushed me into the ring, I\ndidn't want to fight the guy and I was getting ready to leave. I heard some guy\nholler, \"Kill that damn Jew boy.\" When he said that, then I said, \"I'll fight\nhim.\" We went after it tooth and nail. It was a real good fight. After it was\nover with, all those non-Jewish guys, now they accepted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. Why? Because I met\nthe challenge and I fought for what I thought was right. I wasn't just a Jew\nboy. I was somebody who was proud of who they were and willing to fight for it,\nand to show that, \"Hey, I'm just as good as you are.\" That was a learnt lesson.\nLater on, I'll tell you, coming home from overseas . . . I need to tie this in\ntoo because, I'd forgotten all about that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism and the other . . .\nComing back from overseas, I didn't come back with my outfit. I came back with a\nbunch of soldiers who had fought with all the different divisions. [They were]\ngreat fighting men, but they were getting out of the army. They were drafted. I\nwas a Major at the time, and I gone through the war, and had some narrow\nescapes, and I was just lying back on the upper deck. I have to use a word. I\nheard, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of a sudden, them hollering, \"Any of you chicken shit officers want\nto fight?\" I never heard such a thing in my outfit, with the men that I worked\nwith, because I shared my rations with them. I shared the things that\n[unintelligible; 39:49]. We were close. We were comrades. Rank didn't mean a\nthing to me. They were my family overseas. The guys in the First Cavalry were my\nfamily. They were my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"buddies because we fought together. We were comrades. A lot\nof people can't understand that unless they were in combat with some people.\nThere's a bond there that lasts the rest of your life. I thought I was going to\nblow away. I sat back. The next day, they said the same thing, \"Any of you\nchicken shit officers want to fight?\" I was getting a little aggravated about\nthat. Finally, the third day, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again it happened. They had a young sergeant. He\nwas out there in the ring and about my weight, about my size. He was prancing\naround. I stood up and I says, \"Yeah, I'll fight him.\" They hollered, \"Hey, we\ngot us a Major! We got us a Major!\" They had an officer to beat up on because\nthey were frustrated cause somebody had mistreated them. I didn't mistreat them.\nThey didn't even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know me. I thought it was grossly unfair to call me a chicken\nshit officer because I wasn't one. I resented it. I got into the ring, and this\nyoung sergeant and I, we went after it. He was angry because no doubt somebody\nhad mistreated him. I was angry because . . . in the military, you should\nrecognize rank, I was still a soldier at heart and a Jewish person too. We\nfought and it was a good fight. When it was over, this here ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"buck sergeant, he\nputs his arms around my neck, and hugs me, and says, \"Now, Major, you're one\nhell of a guy.\" In the meantime, the crowd went wild. They had an officer and he\nwas kind of bloodied up and that's what they wanted. They gave me as my prize\ntwo cartons of cigarettes. I stood in the ring, and I took the cigarettes out,\nand I threw them to the crowd. When I did, that they just went wild. After that,\nnothing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"else about a chicken shit. We all enjoyed our trip home.\n\nBERMAN: That is great. That is a great story.\n\nCOHN: I remembered what happened to me when I was growing up in Columbus, Georgia.\n\nBERMAN: I know that you saw combat. I was hoping you could describe your fear\nbefore combat and how it felt to actually be in combat.\n\nCOHN: The funny thing, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I wrote my book . . . Just the other day at Temple,\nwe had a book signing. One of the questions they asked me, I thought it was a\nsilly question. [They asked,] \"How did you feel when you reached the beaches and\nyou were getting ready to go into combat?\" [I said,] \"How did I feel? I'll tell\nyou how I felt.\" I said, \"I wished I was in Columbus, Georgia at Bull Creek,\"\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the unknown and everything, but you have faith, and these were all your\nfriends. I had two great Chaplains. One was Protestant, one was Catholic--no\nJewish Chaplain--but I was with my friends, and I had my comrades, and I just\nwas so busy. I never worried about getting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"killed because I was so busy. Like I\nsaid, we were very lucky because I can only advance to what happened. I would\nask you for instance, \"Do you know who really saved my life?\" Adolph Hitler. The\nreason he saved my life was this way: during the Battle of the Bulge, we were\nthinly held along the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"river on the south flank of the Bulge. Bastogne was north\nof us. During the Bulge, George Patton had told his staff, \"I want the whole\nThird Army. Instead of going east and west towards Berlin, I want them to go\nnorth towards Bastogne to relieve those poor guys up there that are being\noverrun.\" He told his staff that and they did a beautiful job. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They left us. We\nwere the only unit left along that river there, guarding to make sure that\nnobody came up that flank. We had heard that the 11th Panzer [German tank]\nDivision was on the other side of the river. They had 16,000 troops, already\ncombat trained real well came from the Russian front. They were Hitler's reserve\narmored outfit. [They were] a great group of soldiers, meanest bastards in the\nworld. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My colonel used to worry about me that if I was captured, with knowing\nI'm Jewish, that they would kill me on the spot. They would never give me a\ntrial because they didn't care about the Geneva Convention. A lot of them were\ncriminals with the Nazi Party, so my colonel used to worry about me if I was\ncaptured. Anyways, my colonel called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up the corps headquarters and said, \"Hey,\nwho's going to be with us? You're leaving us down here.\" They said, \"Nobody.\" He\nsaid, \"What do you mean?\" [They told him,] \"You're on your own. Continue your\nmission.\" My colonel didn't even tell anybody because we had heard that they\nwere going to attack us. Then we got a message. They will attack us. Von\nRundstedt had given the order that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they . . . The battle would have been like a\ncanoe against a pocket battle ship. Fifteen hundred men against 16,000? We had\nlight tanks. They had big heavy mach 6 tanks. They had 88 mm guns. We had a much\nsmaller gun. It was like asking a feather weight to fight a heavy weight. When\nwe found out about it, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we just all felt . . . Once we heard about it later on,\nwe thought we were all going to get killed. But that was our mission. We were\nstrung out along the river because we had had a mission of keeping the Germans\nfrom finding out how strong that that we were back there because we were a\ncalculated risk. Because they needed to attack in another direction, when the\nBulge came, that's where they kept us there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We waited and they never showed up,\nthat 11th Panzer Division. What happened? Adolph Hitler, the great corporal of\nWorld War I, countermanded the order to attack us. He did not want to make the\nBulge any wider. He saved our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lives.\n\nBERMAN: That is a great story.\n\nCOHN: I would certainly have been dead. I'd have been dead, just a sure as hell.\nI wouldn't be sitting here. We were a lucky outfit because, when we were along\nthe Loire River, we had a million Germans down there. They didn't attack us.\n\nBERMAN: Where did you go next? What was your next stop?\n\nCOHN: We went along the Loire River. They would not let us go into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris. We\nwere the spearhead of the 20th Corps. We were sometimes way out in front of the\ncorps, scouting, screening to tell them what was there, what was over here, what\nwas over there. That was our mission, scouting.\n\nBERMAN: When did you get to Ebensee?\n\nCOHN: I got into Ebensee towards the end of the war. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't get into Ebensee\nuntil May. We had gone from there. We went into the Palatinate. We crossed the\nSeine River in Melun, south of Paris. We never got into Paris, at all. I didn't\neven know about Paris. I knew where it was. Then we went to the Palatinate. Then\nwe went to Weimar, Oferst, into Frankfurt. I crossed the Rhine [River] on my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"birthday on March the third.\n\nBERMAN: How old were you?\n\nCOHN: Across the Rhine. A cute story about that is that the outfit that seized\nthe Remagen bridge, which was one of the greatest things that happened in the\nwar, they were being held in reserve. They used to come over and watch us all\nthe time. \"Wait,\" they kept telling me, \"We just can't wait to get in there. We\njust can't wait.\" My best friend played football for the Green Bay ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Packers. He\nwas my devoted friend. He just died a very short time ago. His widow called me\nup to tell me, \"Tom's [Thomas Greenfield] dead and he says he wanted to see you\nbefore he died.\" She said, \"Tom said, 'I'd love to see Aaron, but I guess I'll\nsee him in heaven.'\" I told Janet Ann, \"I'd like to see Tom, but I'm not in any hurry.\"\n\nBERMAN: That is right.\n\nCOHN: Anyways, when they'd say that, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tom Greenfield would say, \"Take me coach,\nI've had enough.\" Then, from there, we had broken the Germans' back. When we\nbroke the Siegfried line, we broke their back. That was it. They would retreat\nand retreat, but we would out flank them, out beat them, and we just murdered\nthem, time and time again. In Metz, France, we were . . . I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wrote an article\n[about] that in The Cavalry Journal. We were on the river. We allowed the 10th\nArmored Division to get behind us. We had two divisions that came down [from one\nside and] one came [from the other] way, but we left a road going back [in\nbetween]. We knew that they were going to put all of their weapons and\neverything on that one road to get back to a battle defensive position. When\nthey did, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they knocked the Luftwaffe [German air force] out of sky and they came\nin. It was a turkey shoot. For 50 miles, you could see nothing but dead horses.\nThey had horses for that field artillery. All the way you could see that. From\nthen on, it was a fluid situation. We went [east] toward Chemnitz [Germany] and\nthen down southeast into Austria. That [was] where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we ran into Ebensee. I had\nseen one [concentration] camp before--Ohrdruf--but I didn't . . . I just saw it.\nI was just amazed at what I saw.\n\nBERMAN: Before you got to Ohrdruf, did you know? Were there rumors about what\nwas happening?\n\nCOHN: No.\n\nBERMAN: No. When you saw that first camp, what did you think?\n\nCOHN: I said to myself, \"My God, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how could any any person be so inhumane to do\nwhat they're doing?\" I was amazed.\n\nBERMAN: Did you know the prisoners were Jews when you first got there?\n\nCOHN: When I first went in there to see, [Dwight] Eisenhower made all the people\nin that village where Ohrdruf was go in there to see what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had happened. They all\nwould say, \"We didn't know what was happening.\" The yellow smoke was coming up\nfrom the camp there where they were burning up the Jews and killing them right\nand left, and [they insisted] \"Oh, I didn't know anything that was going on. I'm\na good German. Blah, blah, blah.\" That's what we got. That's what we heard.\nThat's what I saw. As far as we were concerned, we didn't get close to Dachau.\nWe didn't get close to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Treblinka. The one's you would see on the map at Yad\nVashem. We never heard of Ebensee. It was a satellite camp south of Mauthausen\nin Austria. It had about 15 to 18 thousand people there, but the pattern there\nwas all the same as in all the big camps. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was following along some of our\ntanks. When we ran into Ebensee, my friend, Tim Brennen--G-d bless him--of Troop\nF of the 3rd Squadron, they ran into it. They reported to us immediately. Jimmy\nPolk, knowing that I was Jewish, he said \"Aaron, I want you to go over there and\ntake a look. I want you to go,\" so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went in. I went in. When I went in, of they\nwere all there--I would say, about 100 of them. [The prisoners were in] the\nusual, little striped things [uniforms], some of them about naked almost. The\naverage weight of them was about 70 pounds. I had a 45 [caliber] weapon across\nmy chest. I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on tank boots, a tank outfit, so to speak. I heard one of them\nsaying . . . They shrunk back from me. They went back. I was a man with a gun.\nNo Jew had a gun, so therefore I was an enemy. I heard one of them say in German\n\"Das is ein ShtuzShaffen-Major.\" [German] That's an SS major. I said in German,\n\"Nein, Ich bin kein ShtuzShaffen-Major. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ich bin ein amerikanischer Major.\"\n[German: No, I am not an SS major. I am an American Major.] When I said\n\"amerikanischer Major,\" they came closer and closer. I said \"Ich bin ein\namerikanischer Jude.\" [German: I am an American Jew.] They swarmed all over me.\nThey kissed my boots. They tried to lift me up in the air, but they couldn't do\nit. [They were] too weak. This is what is amazing. I love it. As soon as that\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over and they first found out that I [was an American Jew], they said, \"You\nknow my uncle Louis in San Francisco? Do you know my Aunt Sadie in Brooklyn?\"\nThey wanted to play Jewish geography with me. I said \"No, I'm from a little town\nin Georgia, south of Atlanta.\" [They said,] \"Oh, you don't know them?\" [I said,]\n\"No I don't know them.\" He says, \"Someday we go there.\" This kind of thing. I\ngot such a big kick out of the fact that all of them, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all they could think about\nwas that we were there. They were going to be free.\n\nBERMAN: Where had the Germans gone?\n\nCOHN: The Germans had left. The Germans had talked to them and said, \"These\npeople are going to kill you. We'll hide you in this big tunnel.\" There was a\ntunnel there. But they knew what was going to happen once they got in the\ntunnel. They were going to kill them. They said, \"No, we're not going.\" The\nGermans knew the war was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over. The guards had left. They disappeared. They were\ngone and the only people who were there were the liberated people there. I said\nso many times, the great heroes--and I was not a hero--are the survivors. Once\nyou saw it . . . You could read about it, talk about it, everything. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once you\nsee it, smell it, see the death . . . Systematically, they had . . . They had\nabout seven barracks. Here, the first barrack was where they first captured you.\nThey brought them in. You worked hard, but you got weaker cause you weren't\ngetting much. Then the next one. Then you got sleeping. You weren't as strong as\nyou were. Systematically, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then you got to where, boom, the people were just\nlying in the own feces, urine, and just lying there dead. Then, from there, they\nwould take them and burn them. Then we saw a bunch of them that were dead\nalready all over the courtyard and everything. You just never forget.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What did the American Army do? Did they set up some kind of field hospital?\n\nCOHN: They called in everything. The only thing about it was they did everything\nthat they could, but, naturally, the Jews were ready to get out of that hell\nhole. It became mucked up, I think the American Army did all that they could to\nhelp them out. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I met some [survivors, but] I only stayed there three days,\nbecause three days later, we were ordered to cross the Alps to stop Tito and his\nguerillas from coming up through the mountain passes. Like Hannibal, we crossed\nthe Alps. [We] ran into the British Eighth Army coming up. That's another story,\nabout me and the British.\n\nBERMAN: Do you want to tell it?\n\nCOHN: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where we left off, you were just beginning to discuss getting into\nYugoslavia, or Tito, and the Alps.\n\nCOHN: No, what happened was, as soon as the war was over we received a message\nfrom my Corps Commander who wanted us to proceed into Italy, but basically cross\nthe Alps. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were afraid that Tito and his Guerillas from what is now known as\nYugoslavia were going to come up through the mountain passes and come into our\nterritory. We didn't want them in our territory. They told us to get going. Even\nin George Patton's book, we really went in there. We crossed the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alps like\nHannibal and we ran right into the British 8th Army, who was coming up the\npeninsula of Italy from the south to the north. We ran into them. We had an\nepisode there that was really funny. This German major rode through our bivouac\narea like he was Napoleon and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he had won the war. One of my buddies--a\nLieutenant from Georgia who I knew very well--said in his atrocious German,\n\"Raus vom Pferd.\" [German] Get off the horse. This German major in perfect\nEnglish language said, \"I'll have you know, sir, that the British commander has\nsaid that I may retain my mount.\" My friend said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I don't give a damn what your\nBritish commander said, we're in George Patton's Army and we don't allow the\nenemy to ride through our bivouac here like they won the damn war.\" He said,\n\"Get off the horse and if you don't I'll shoot your butt off the horse.\" The\nmajor got off and he stomped out of there. He was angry. Later on that\nafternoon, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a knock on our door. I went there to . . . Colonel Polk\nsays \"Aaron, how about seeing what's going on?\" I went up to the door and there\nwas a British person there. He says, \"My commander wishes to see your commander\nimmediately.\" I said \"And what rank is your commander?\" He says, \"A ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lieutenant\ncolonel.\" I said, \"I'll have you know; my commander is a full American colonel\nwith Eagles on him. If he wants to, he can come over here to see us.\" Polk\nhollered, \"What's going on?\" I told him the story. He said, \"Go over there and\nsee what they want, Aaron.\" I went over there. The British, they were having\ntea. I sat down and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"waited, and waited, and waited. They didn't even offer me\nany tea. I could tell they were pissed off about something. I didn't know what\nit was. Finally, I received an audience with the lieutenant colonel. I was a\nmajor. He said, \"You chaps are mucking\"--the British used the\nexpression--\"things up.\" I said \"Well, what do you mean?\" He said, \"I gave that\nmajor the right to have his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mount and you all took it away from him in violation\nof our orders in this matter.\" I said, \"Listen, Colonel, we came over here to\ndefeat Adolph Hitler because we despise the Nazis. I lost some of my good\nfriends. I'll tell you something. We didn't come over here to play a soccer\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"game,\" so who was winning, and this kind of a thing. I said, \"He was a booty of\nwar.\" He was, that horse. [I said,] \"We were entitled to him and we're not under\nthe jurisdiction of you or the British army.\" He became indignant. I said\n\"That's all I have to say, sir. Goodbye.\" Now, when I got back Colonel Polk\nsaid, \"How'd it go?\" I told him exactly what I said. He said, \"Good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for you,\nAaron. That was fine.\" I never forget the British. I like the Brits, but I will\nnever forget that episode, because of the way my friend handled it, when he said\n\"you either get off the damn horse or I'll shoot your butt off the horse.\"\n\nBERMAN: That is a great story.\n\nCOHN: That's the kind of people we had. I mean, they were wonderful guys. We had\nthe finest bunch of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guys. All of our kids that we trained, we taught them\neverything they knew. They didn't know their right foot from their left foot and\nwe taught them everything. Later on, we had a big reunion. I got a telephone\ncall from a kid named Dominique Serito. He lived in Niagara Falls, New York. He\nsays, \"Major we're having a reunion up here. You got to come.\" I said,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Dominique, I'll tell you. I'd love to see you all, but I've got a docket here\nthat's a mile long and I don't think I can do it.\" Then he hit me below the\nbelt. He said, \"Look, Major, you were like a father to me. I don't know what I\nwould have done without you.\" He says, \"And we want you real badly.\" I said,\n\"Well, alright, Dominique, I'll go.\" We went up to Niagara ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Falls and all my\nbuddies were up there. They had a big sign, \"Here comes the judge.\" They had all\nthe whiskey and everything. It was a wonderful time being with them again.\n\nBERMAN: Where were you when you heard that the war had ended?\n\nCOHN: We were at Seewalchen. That's down near the Austrian border, between\nAustria ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Germany. It was Austrian country, Seewalchen. When we heard about\nit, we were excited about it and that night we had a big party. We took all the\nstuff that we had--vodka, Slivovitz, everything you can name--and threw it in\nthe thing. We called it \"atomic punch.\"\n\nBERMAN: Was that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the war ended in Europe or the war ended in Japan? Were\nyou still in Europe when the war ended?\n\nCOHN: No, the war with us ended first.\n\nBERMAN: Right.\n\nCOHN: Then we felt, \"Here we go again. We'll go home and then we'll go to\nJapan.\" That was why we didn't have a wild . . . We were still worried about\ngoing to Japan. We thought we were still going to go to Japan because the war\nwasn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the way over.\n\nBERMAN: Right.\n\nCOHN: But the war with Germany was over. We received news that there was a\ncessation of hostilities. We were very delighted because we were always in the\nEuropean theatre. We came over here to beat Hitler, and we beat Hitler, and he\ncommitted suicide, and that was what we wanted.\n\nBERMAN: You always see these photographs or in the movies, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they show these\nAmerican soldiers going into small towns, and villages, and larger communities\nwhen they liberated them. You did that in Luxembourg? Is that what you did?\n\nCOHN: In Luxembourg, what happened was most of Luxembourg had been freed\nalready, but there were still Germans on the Luxembourg ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"border that were\noccupying some of the high ground. We had to cross the Moselle River to get into\nGermany, to get out of our static place so that we could then fight and get\nthrough the Siegfried line. We hadn't gotten through the Siegfried Line. What\nhappened was our unit was ordered ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to knock the Germans off of a high ground\ncalled \"berg,\" which in German means mountain anyways. One of our squadrons had\nthe mission of doing that. We did so. We had cleared then Luxembourg of the last\nGerman there. The Luxembourgers hated Germany more than anyone did because they\nwere annexed to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany. They had received orders to the civilians, \"You will\nhave your sons reporting to the Wehrmacht [German Army] headquarters tomorrow\nand if you do not, we will put you in prison.\" [The Germans] told the parents\nthat. They hated the Germans. They loved Americans. Goodness gracious, I know it\nbecause the way they handled us. We had knocked the Germans ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off and we were near\na little town called Bettembourg and the mayor said, \"Oh, you Americans are so\nwonderful, I want to give you a big party.\" \"Oh, that's wonderful,\" Jimmy Polk\nsaid. Then we got orders, \"Get the hell out of Luxembourg. Move on your mission\nto the east,\" so we could get in there, and get up against the Siegfried line,\nand get through there so we could really get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the heart of Germany. Jimmy\nPolk told the mayor, \"I'm sorry it can't be done,\" and we left it. I'll tell you\nthe story because later on when we crossed the Moselle River, it was because we\nhad to attack Metz, France. We had quite an operation. I wrote the article for\nThe Cavalry Journal and sent it to The Cavalry ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Journal. I've got it in in my\nbook showing how we did it in an encircling movement. Then, years after the war\nwas over, years later when Colonel Polk was now commander of all the American\nwas it, command of all the troops in Europe, in [\"Usurea, 1:10:56] . . . He was\nnow a four-star general. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was at Versailles. He had offices because he was in\ncharge of . . . He worked very closely with NATO. This young officer was\nsupposed to report there. He came there and he signed his name and he was from\nLuxembourg. Jimmy Polk said, \"Your mayor . . . Where you from?\" He said,\n\"Bettembourg.\" Jimmy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polk says, \"Your mayor owes me a big party.\" Just like\nthat, he told him the story. Jimmy forgot about all of it. Later on, he called\nme up, \"Aaron I want you go back to Luxembourg with me.\" It was 1978. I said,\n\"Look, General, I appreciate this, but I'm sure you'll want somebody from West\nPoint or higher rank or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something. Why me?\" He says, \"Because you made me a\ngeneral.\" I says, \"How about Janet Ann?\" I said, \"You know her,\" but his wife\n[had] never met her. He says \"I love Janet Ann and, believe me, if I love her,\nmy wife's gonna love her too.\" We went to Luxembourg. Oh, my gosh, they put us\nin half-tracks and we went down the streets in Luxembourg City. [The crowds\nyelled,] \"Oh, we love ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americans! We love America!\" Then we went to the Cathedral\nin a big red car. [We] went to a Catholic Cathedral. We went in as guests of\nhonor and they played the Star-Spangled Banner. I'll never forget it through the\nrest of my life. They named a street after Jimmy. They gave him some awards.\nThey gave me a citation that's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"downstairs. We loved Luxembourg. It's a beautiful\nlittle country. You know, it's a duchy, the Duchy of Luxembourg.\n\nBERMAN: That is a wonderful story. I wanted to just go into a few specifics\nabout military service. Did you write home ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often?\n\nCOHN: No.\n\nBERMAN: Why not?\n\nCOHN: I didn't have time to do it. I was so busy. Writing home, you say 'often.'\nSure, I wrote when I could, but I could not every day write back to my wife. I\njust couldn't do it.\n\nBERMAN: When you did write, did you write about what was actually happening or\ndid you sugar coat it?\n\nCOHN: I would mainly tell her . . . I couldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell her where I was, but I would\ntell her things were going well, \"We think the war will be over in a certain\ntime,\" and so forth. It was generalization, and how much, \"I love you, darling,\"\nhow much, \"I miss you,\" and things like that. I didn't want to go into any\ndetail because that would be a no, no as far as I was concerned.\n\nBERMAN: How did your military service impact on your wife?\n\nCOHN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When her brother was killed on September 13, 1944, he . . . His situation\nwas the worst situation in the world. Why? Because here was a kid, 19 years old,\nout of Castle Heights Military Academy. He sort of worshipped me. He thought I\nhung the moon. He kept saying, \"Boy, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wish I was old enough to get in it, man.\nI want to get in it.\" [It] reminded me of in the days in the Confederacy, when\nthe Confederates were approaching Richmond [Virginia] and the kids in the South\nsaid, \"I can't wait to get in, I can't wait to get in.\" I said, \"Sonny . . .\"\nThey called him 'Sonny.' He was a good-looking kid.\n\nBERMAN: What was his name?\n\nCOHN: His name was Leslie Lilienthal, Jr. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was named after his father. In\nReform Judaism, they felt nothing of that. After he would talk to me, I would\nsay \"Sonny, you got to understand, they're playing for real. They want to kill\nyou.\" I said, \"After all, you're not ready to go yet,\" and everything. Well, the\ndraft ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came along and they thought he was old enough. He really probably could\nhave gotten out. I understood that he had some Rheumatic fever at one time that\naffected him, but, no, he wanted to go. They said \"Well, we're going to send you\ninto the Navy.\" He said, \"Not me. I'm a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rifleman,\" which would make him\ninfantry, which was tough. Sure enough, he went in. He got his basic training,\nhe got his command training, and then he went to Great Britain to what we called\na 'repo depot,' which was a replacement depot. The 29th Infantry Division had\nsuffered horrible during the [D-Day] invasion. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lost so many people in the\ninfantry. They needed replacements. He was a rifle replacement. Now, he wasn't\nin training there. He didn't know his first sergeant from a man in the moon.\nThey put him in a fox hole, Fox Company of the 175th Infantry, 29th Infantry\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Division. He was in the fox hole with a kid who didn't know him, who didn't want\nto know him, because he had already lost one of his buddies before. That's what\nhappened to a new kid who came into an outfit. He had no friends. He didn't know\nanybody and he was isolated. I said, \"it was the worst scenario in the world for\nthat kid.\" He lasted three days. He was killed. We used to always say, if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we got\na replacement, if we could get him through just the first week you . . . After\nthe emergency, if we could get him [through] the first week, we felt like we\ncould bring him back and really tell him what it's all about. Janet Ann wrote\nme, but the way the letter was . . . I didn't know what came in. I didn't know\nwho was killed. I knew somebody had died. I didn't find out till ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much later that\nSonny had been killed. Now, she and he were the only two children. Their parents\nwere very protective and Janet Ann then was the sole person there. They were\nvery protective people.\n\nBERMAN: I am sure then it brought it closer to home, what could happen to you.\n\nCOHN: Yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it had a terrible effect on my wife. I really did. It had an\neffect on her whole family. As you well know, when you lose a child that you\nlove . . . He was a good kid. He was 19 years old when he was killed. They\nwanted to bring his body back to Columbus, Georgia ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I raised hell. I did\neverything they always wanted Janet Ann to do. I told them, \"He's not going to\ncome back because he'll be buried in the cemetery in Riverdale, [where] nobody\n[will] ever know what he ever did. He'll get no recommendation and he gave his\nlife for his country.\" They were so . . . I wanted to see that Star of David in\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cemetery between those crosses, so that the whole damn world would\nunderstand, \"Don't give us Jews any of your crap. This is our country. We fought\nfor our country. We had people, Jewish kids, in combat. They lost their lives\njust like you did and it's our country as much as it is yours.\" I insisted upon\nit. Since that time, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aflac, for instance, gave a big, a nice celebration. If you\nsaw that big cross down there . . . That picture and everything, it was given to\nthe family by some people in the Department of the Army. We send flowers to his\ngrave every year and so forth. It was meaningful with that cross there, because\na lot of people from Columbus would go to that cemetery where they knew where\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sonny was buried. They'd come back and say, \"See, Dad, I was at your son's\nresting place,\" Then you know he didn't die in vain. I'll put it this way. But\nif you took him, and brought him down to that Jewish cemetery down here, it just\ndidn't have any meaning at all. I raised hell with them. That was the only time\nI ever raised hell with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. [It was] because they wanted him back. They wanted\nto be able to visit the cemetery all the time here. I said, \"No, that boy going\nto buried between a kid from Arkansas and a kid from Texas.\" That's what it's\nall about. Then, if you ever read the . . . It's in my book. There was a Rabbi\nRoland Gittleson at Iwo Jima gave a eulogy. It was so powerful that it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went out\nto all the troops in the Pacific. I saw it and I said, \"This is the most\nbeautiful thing I've ever had.\" When I wrote the book, I said, \"No matter what I\ndo, I want to put that in the book so that the rest of these people that would\nbuy that book, non-Jews, let them take a look at it, so they'll know what\nhappened during those days.\"\n\nBERMAN: You feel so strongly about showing the rest of the world and other\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americans about how American you, as a Jew, feel. Do you think that is because\nyou grew up in a small community or do you think that would have been regardless?\n\nCOHN: That wasn't the thing that influenced me. The thing that influenced me was\nmy mother was born in Kiev. She came to Columbus, Georgia when she was 16. It\nwas like \"Fiddler on The Roof.\" The Cossacks came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in. They destroyed everything\nmy family had. A Christian family saved their lives by hiding them in a hay\nloft. Mama was 16 years old. My grandfather was like a Talmudic scholar. He was\na brilliant man. He spoke seven languages. My grandmother, she was the one . . .\nWhen they had a little store, she was the one that would put sacks of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grain on\nher back cause they were running that kind of a little building. I was named\nafter Aaron Mendikoff. He had served in the Russian Army and all he ever got to\nbe was a corporal. I told you that before. I thought, when I found out about\nthat, \"How disgusting when a soldier does that.\" I wanted to be in the military\nbecause I felt like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wanted to be in the army one day, but I didn't know about\ngoing to war then. It was a ROTC program. The thing that influenced me the most\nwas that they were second class citizens. They burned up my ancestors' home. How\nhorrible that government was. That Czar was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a tyrant dictator and he was a son\nof a bitch. I was tired of seeing the Jews being blamed for every damned thing\nthat happened in the world. Then, growing up, my mama was like an angel. She\nwould always pat me on the head, and she would say, \"Aaron, you know how lucky\nwe are to be an American?\" She said that so much. I heard it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the time. I\nknew what she was talking about, the fact that this is a great country and how\nlucky we are to be in this country. It gave my parents a haven to live in and\npart of my mission in life was to pay back my community and my country for being\ngood for my parents, cause that's the way it was. They happened to live in\nColumbus. Then I owed Columbus. I think it's more to being a good citizen then\njust paying your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taxes. It's easy to be loyal to your synagogue or temple and\nyou spend all your time just in that little Jewish atmosphere. I think \"Whew,\nthat's not enough.\" You live in a community and you should show the rest of the\ncommunity who we are and what we are, because they're looking at you because you\nare a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"minority. I was never embarrassed about being Jewish never, never about\nbeing Jewish. To me, it was a challenge to show them, \"You're not superior to\nme. I'm just as good as you are. I can out run you. I can beat you in tennis. I\ncan beat you in a wrestling match. I can beat you boxing.\" That's the way I grew\nup. All my . . . Now, with all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the children being killed during the war, I found\nout . . . I kept thinking about them. I found out that I had a Little League\nBaseball team. I helped coach a high school tennis team pro bono, so to speak. I\nfound out I enjoyed working with young people, and so I practiced law, but I had\nLeslie came along. I found out more and more that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wanted something else in my\nlife, not just to practice law, that money was not the most important thing in\nmy life. I was part-time. After being part-time, I became full-time. The pay was\nvery small. It was a big gap from what I made as a private practictioner, but I\nfelt a lot better about myself.\n\nBERMAN: That ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is, being a judge?\n\nCOHN: Yes. It wasn't . . . I became a judge 44 years ago, so I'm the longest\nsitting judge in the United States. I've always been a sitting judge now for 44\nyears. I found out, being Jewish and being a family court judge, it was an\nadvantage to be Jewish because you were family oriented and so forth. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"black\nkids needed more help than anybody else. I had a lot of compassion for them, but\nI did like we did in the army. [I told them,] \"Hey, you straighten up and fly\nright or we're going to treat you differently, but I've got to give you a chance\nand give you a level playing field.\" It's paid off with a lot of fine things\nthat have happened [like] being President of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the National Council of Juvenile\n[and Family] Court Judges. I've never wanted to leave my home my hometown\nbecause this is where I was born and this is where I'll die. That's the way I felt.\n\nBERMAN: Getting back again just a little bit to the end of the war, the war in\nEurope ends and the war in Japan is still going on. You hear about the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"atomic\nbomb being dropped. How did you feel about it then? And do you feel the same way\nabout it now that you felt then?\n\nCOHN: When people were worrying about whether they dropped the atomic bomb and\nit was wrong, I said \"Hell, no,\" cause otherwise we would have lost a million\nAmerican kids invading Japan. Then in the Jewish community, I'd hear people\ntalking about the State of Israel in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1948. [They said] that, \"We don't want to\ndo this. We don't want to do that.\" I tell some of my friends, \"You know what?\nYou never heard a shot fired in anger. You've lived a safe life all your life.\nHere we've got a place to give those unfortunate people a home and you're\nagainst it because you think it's a duel loyalty?\" It's no damn duel loyalty.\nThe Irish love . . . They had the Irish Free State. They love the state of\nIreland, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the Irish in America, they were Americans. One time, when I went\ninto the army, the thing I didn't like on 66-1 [the military processing form],\nwhere it said nationality, they put \"Hebrew.\" I told the people there, \"Don't\ngive me that crap!\" I said, \"I'm an American. I was born in Columbus, Georgia\nbetween 8th and 9th Street and I'm an American. I'm Jewish, but that has nothing\nto do with my nationality. That's my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religion.\" [They said,] \"Well, that's the\nway the army does it.\" They put an 'H' on your thing and everything. I guess\nthey all felt like if you were killed, I would want a Jewish funeral. I told my\nCatholic chaplain, who I adored and he felt the same way about me, because he\ndealt with me all the time and I loved him. He was a monsignor later on in\nProvidence, Road Island. I went up there on a conference. He was so glad to see\nme. He was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hugging me and I was hugging him. Some of my friends said, \"We didn't\nknow you turned Catholic.\"\n\nBERMAN: Do you feel that way about the bomb?\n\nCOHN: Yes, I still . . .\n\nBERMAN: That it was the right thing to do?\n\nCOHN: My mother never said anything about anybody, but when the Rosenbergs . . .\nShe never said anything bad, but when the Rosenberg's gave the atomic secret to\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians, my mother said, \"How could anybody do that to the United States of\nAmerica?\" Then she said, \"They deserve what they got.\" That's the only time I've\never heard her say anything along those lines. We grew up in my household about\n. . . We were hawks to the extent that, by gosh, you could be an affirmative\nJew, practice your faith, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have friends, it didn't matter who they were, don't\nmatter what the color of their skin was, that we were a part of the community\nand so we got involved in everything in Columbus. Gail was involved. Janet Ann\nwas involved. I was involved. And Leslie was involved, too. The family was\n[active in the community] because I said, \"Look, you're in a community. If the\ncommunity gives you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something, you should give it back.\"\n\nBERMAN: We spoke about this a little earlier. Tom Brokaw, in his book, described\nyour generation as the greatest generation ever. Do you agree with his assessment?\n\nCOHN: When our grandson graduated medical school, when he made a speech, he said\n\"My grandfather said his generation was the greatest. I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mine is.\" That's\nwhat Al said. I think what made our generation a great generation is, first of\nall, most of us saw the [Great] Depression when we were growing up. We were\nraised a certain way. We were all pretty well disciplined and so forth, so when\nour country needed us and our country was in jeopardy, they just stepped ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up.\nThey all enlisted. I was already in the Army, I wasn't drafted. I went in early\nbecause I felt like that's where I should be. If you love your country like its\neverything else . . . It's easy to say, \"I love you.\" You can say that, \"I love\nyou,\" but okay, you love me. What are you doing for me? You do for people\nbecause you love them. I felt that way about my country. I guess I'm . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\ndon't think I'm one of these patriotic guys who go around shouting and sing the\nsongs every day, but I think if you're a good American that's the way you should feel.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think that young people today are as patriotic as . . .\n\nCOHN: I do not think they are as patriotic as my generation.\n\nBERMAN: Why?\n\nCOHN: Because they aren't. I don't think that the sense . . . I've ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"watched them\nin parades sometimes. Sometimes, they just slouch or they make noises and\neverything. Not only that, the generation today . . . At the juvenile court, for\ninstance, my goodness in heaven, you talk about family values. So many of the\npeople that I'm dealing with have no family values. I tell them, \"You're lucky\nyou live in the greatest country in the world,\" when I talk to them. I bring\nthat point. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think if you are an American, you are should be patriotic and love\nyour country. You know the beautiful message the President John Kennedy said,\n\"Ask not what your country can do for you, but what can you do for your\ncountry.\" I'm not trying to be dramatic, but I feel that way. A lot of people\nsay, \"To hell with it,\" and they whine. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Listen, we've got a stock market crash.\nAll of sudden, everything we've got in our portfolio is . . . Where it used to\nbe 100 percent, is now 40 percent. But you're a good American. You just say\nyou're a good American, you're not going to whine and cry about it all the time.\nJust think about how lucky we are to be where we are. The children today don't .\n. . I'll tell you. I'll put it this way. A ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"naturalized citizen like my folks\nwere and a lot of Jewish people were, when you're naturalized and you are now in\nAmerica and whoever is naturalized and who comes to this country and they are\nnaturalized whatever country they belonged to the past is gone, now they're\nAmericans. They should be patriotic towards their country. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today I realize there\nare a lot of different things that children . . . [There are] more temptations\ntoday--the guns, and the cocaine, and the marijuana, and all that crap. All kids\nin my generation never . . . Even if it was there, I don't believe they'd do\nwhat some of the kids are doing today. I just don't, because so many . . . We\nhad the three things to start: we had a family with family ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"values, and the\nJewish family was great. Listen, we're not a big city, but in 44 years, I've had\nonly two Jewish kids in 44 years, so we must be doing something right. Every\ntime I went on the PTA circuit, they would come up to me and . . . This is the\nway it go. They didn't envy us for how much money we had. They'd say, \"Judge\nCohn, what is it y'all do with your family that they all grow up to be real\ngood, solid citizens?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd tell them, \"We focus on our religion, which teaches\nus this way. That's the way we are.\" Let's face it. We want to fight\nantisemitism. The best way to fight it is to be a loyal, good American. Some\npeople will hate you no matter if you are, but, nevertheless, you just keep\ndoing what you're doing, and not walk around with a chip on your shoulder, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\njust stand up to what you feel like, and they'll come around. Lots of them will\ncome around. They'll say, \"I have never met anybody like you. The stories I hear\nabout Jews are not like you really are.\" I think we have to show them that.\nWe'll never get rid of the Jew haters, but I'll tell you what. As long as we\nhave a country that recognizes how ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important we are in this country, I think\nwe're doing our part by setting the example.\n\nBERMAN: I know we are kind of running late. I just have one . . . We want to\ninterview your wife, but how did you feel in Columbus, dealing with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the issue of\nCivil Rights, and being very forward thinking about human rights, and then\nhaving always in your face, separate drinking fountains, separate . . .\n\nCOHN: Oh, I thought it was horrible. Judaism teaches us [that] a long time ago,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about man was created in G-d's image, and so forth, and so on. We in the South.\nBecause of the Civil War, with the black community, it came down to us. It's a\nlegacy that we're suffering for it today. But as far as I was concerned and my\nfamily was concerned, we despised the Jim Crow Laws. I had this case in court\none time where a black ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soldier, he came back to Columbus, Georgia. He was a good\nsoldier. He loved his country. He'd been dating white women. He came back to\nColumbus, Georgia. He forgot now he was back in Jim Crow Country. He goes up\nhere in the northern part of the state . . . Columbus and he propositions this\nwoman. He just touches her knee. That's all. The doors were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"open. He never\nreally . . . [He] didn't think more than that. He forgot he was back in Jim Crow\ncountry. They charged him with assault with intent to rape. I went to the\nDistrict Attorney's office and I said . . . I had a lot of free cases that I was\nsupposed to take care of. I went there and I said, \"Listen, this is a damn\noverkill and you know it and I know it.\" I said, \"This is terrible. Come ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on. You\nonly give him some misdemeanor punishment. Let him know he's back in Jim Crow\nCountry.\" He should not technically . . . When he touched her knee that was\nbasically a simple assault. It was a misdemeanor. They made a big deal out of\nit. Why? Because he was black and she was white. I said, \"This is terrible.\"\nThey told me, one of the guys at work, they said, \"We're going to show this guy\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he's back in Georgia.\" I turned to him and I said, \"You are so disgusting.\nI don't want any more of your damn criminal cases. Don't assign any more to me,\"\nalthough the Superior Court judges were doing it. Consequently, when they asked\nme after . . . A little later on, I was the voter ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"registrar for voters. They\ngave me the job. I got paid five dollars a week. Let's see, I got, hell, I got\n20 dollars a month is what it was. By the time they got through with all of\nthat, took out my Social Security and so forth, I think I got $2.50 a month. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\npeople that appointed me was two Superior Court Judges. I said, \"Oh, you want to\ngive me that hot potato don't you?\" They said, \"Yup.\" I said, \"Well, I'll tell\nyou one thing, they're going to vote in Columbus, Georgia because I'm not going\nto have any federal registrars.\" I said \"Blacks are good citizens of the United\nStates. They're entitled to vote and they're going to vote. I'm going to see\nthat they do.\" They said, \"That's why we appointed you.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We did. We had . . .\nBefore it was over with, the whites put pressure on me, the blacks put pressure\non me, but we did it. We had big circus tents. We had the blacks registering the\nwhites. They looked at each other. Come on. I think Columbus has been a better\ncity since that time.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/transcript/21052/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think on that note, we better call it quits. This was an unbelievable\ninterview. I am so grateful that you took the time. I thank you.\n\nCOHN: It was a pleasure to be with you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=6210.0,6240.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColumbus is a city in western Georgia, situated along the Chattahoochee River and border with Alabama. It is approximately 97 miles (156 kilometers) southwest of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Chattahoochee River is about 430 miles (690 kilometers) long. The river originates in the Blue Ridge Mountains in northeastern Georgia and winds down through the state to form the southern half of the Georgia Alabama border, as well as a portion of the Florida border. The name ‘Chattahoochee’ is thought to come from a Muskogean word meaning “rocks marked” or “painted.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Fenimore Cooper’s novel, The Last of the Mohicans: A Narrative of 1757, was set during the French and Indian War, when France and Great Britain battled for control of North America. The phrase, “the last of the Mohicans,” has come to represent the sole survivor of a noble race or type.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Georgia, founded in 1785, also referred to as UGA or simply Georgia, is an American public research university in the city of Athens in the U.S. state of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Benning is a United States Army post established in 1918 outside Columbus, Georgia with the capability to deploy combat-ready forces by air, rail, and highway. Much of the growth of Columbus can be attributed to the development of Fort Benning.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Infantry Museum and Soldier Center is a museum located in Columbus, Georgia, just outside the Maneuver Center of Excellence at Fort Benning. The 190,000-square-foot museum opened in June 2009.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) is a college-based program for training commissioned officers of the United States Armed Forces.  ROTC officers serve in all branches of the United States armed forces. Army ROTC students who receive scholarships are obligated to fulfill a service commitment after graduation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGermany attacked France, Belgium, and the Netherlands on May 10, 1940. The campaign lasted less than six weeks. Paris, the French capital, fell to the Germans on June 14, 1940. Germany occupied northern France and France’s entire Atlantic coastline down to the border with Spain. A new French government was established in the unoccupied southern part of France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePearl Harbor is located on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. On December 7, 1941 the Japanese surprised the United States by attacking the United States’ fleet in Honolulu, Hawaii. The ships were all docked in Pearl Harbor. The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was the beginning of World War II for the United States, which until that time had remained neutral. A few days later, Germany declared war on the United States as well and we began fighting in the Pacific and Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Presidio of San Francisco (originally, El Presidio Real de San Francisco or The Royal Fortress of Saint Francis) is a park and former U.S. Army military fort on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula in San Francisco, California, and is part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. It had been a fortified location since 1776, when it was opened by the Spanish. It then passed to Mexico and eventually to the United States in 1848. In 1989, it was officially closed as a military installation and was transferred to the National Park service in 1994.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Huachuca is a United States Army installation, established in 1877 as Camp Huachuca. It is located outside Sierra Vista, Arizona.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Bliss is a United States Army post in New Mexico and Texas, with its headquarters in El Paso, Texas. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Philippine Scouts was a military organization of the United States Army from 1901 until after the end of World War II. These troops were generally Filipinos and Filipino-Americans assigned to the United States Army Philippine Department, under the command of American commissioned officers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Smith Patton, Jr. (1885-1945) was a United States Army general, best known for his command of the Seventh United States Army, and later the Third United States Army in Europe during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Myer is the previous name used for a U.S. Army post next to Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia, and across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. Fort Myers originated as an Army post during the Civil War. It has been an important Signal Corps post, an Army cavalry site, and the site of the first flight of an aircraft at a military installation. Fort Myer is most well-known for its role in managing Arlington Cemetery, as the Army’s official ceremonial unit, and escort to the President. Today, it is known as Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall and consists of three main installations: Fort Myer (Army), Henderson Hall (Marines), and Fort McNair (Army).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Riley is a United States Army installation located in North Central Kansas, on the Kansas River, also known as the Kaw, between Junction City and Manhattan. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Gordon is a United States Army installation located in Augusta, Georgia. Established in 1917, it is the home of the United States Army Signal Corps and former home of the Provost Marshal General School (Military Police).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 3rd Cavalry Regiment, formerly the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment, is a regiment of the United States Army. The regiment has active since 1846 and is currently (2020) stationed at Fort Hood, Texas. When the United States entered World War II in December 1941, the 3rd Cavalry was still a horse-mounted unit. By February 1942, the unit had traded in their horses for armored vehicles, which they began training with at Fort Benning, Georgia. In January 1943, the regiment was reorganized into two squadrons (the 1st Squadron became the 3rd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and 2nd Squadron became the 43rd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron) and the 3rd Mechanized Cavalry Group (MCG). The regiment continued training at Fort Gordon, Georgia before sailing to England in June 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term ‘concentration camp’ refers to a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy. In Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945, concentration camps (Konzentrationslager; briefly ‘KL’ or ‘KZ’) were an integral feature of the regime. The Germans differentiated between “concentration camps,” which were used to contain slave laborers and prisoners of the state, and “extermination camps,” whose primary purpose was the systematic killing of prisoners. Chelmno, Belzec, Treblinka, Sobibor, Auschwitz-Birkenau, and Majdanek-Lublin were the main extermination camps in the period of 1941-1945. The use of gas chambers was the most common method of mass murdering prisoners in the extermination\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 3rd Mechanized Cavalry Group (MCG) landed in Normandy, France on August 9, 1944 and was assigned to Patton’s Third Army. Called “Task Force Polk,” after Colonel James H. Polk, the MCG grew and shrunk throughout the war, and its max strength was roughly 5,000 men when the 5th Ranger Battalion was attached as well the MCG.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTom Brokaw (1949-  ) is an American television journalist and author.  He is the author of The Greatest Generation (1998) which chronicles the story of D-Day (the Allied invasion of France in June, 1944) through the words and stories of individual men and women. As a result, “the greatest generation” is mentioned often in discussion of American soldiers in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVirginia Military Institute (VMI) is a public military college in Lexington, Virginia. It was founded in 1839 and is the first public Senior Military College in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe US Army established Officer Candidate Schools (OCS) beginning in 1941 as a means of generating large numbers of junior officers. OCS courses were designed to train, assess, evaluate, and develop civilians and enlisted personnel for commission as officers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Normandy landings (codenamed ‘Operation Neptune’) were the landing operations on June 6, 1944 (termed ‘D-Day’) of the Allied invasion of Normandy (known in its entirely as ‘Operation Overlord’) during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe RMS Aquitania was an ocean liner built by the Cunard line. It is the only ocean liner ship to have served in both world wars. During World War I, it was briefly armed as a merchant cruiser before transitioning into a troopship and later as a hospital ship. During World War II, the ship was used to transport troops mainly between Britain and Canada. Launched in 1914. the RMS Aquitania was the last operating four funneled passenger liner. It was scrapped in 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle for Brest was fought on the Western Front from August 7, 1944 – September 19, 1944 during World War II. Part of the Allied plan for the invasion of mainland Europe called for the capture of port facilities, in order to ensure the timely delivery of the enormous amount of war materiel required to supply the invading Allied forces. The main port the Allied forces hoped to seize and put into their service was Brest, a city in northwestern France, bisected by the Penfeld River.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChâteau-Thierry is a town in northern France. It is approximately 49 miles (79 kilometers) east-northeast of Paris. It was the site of an important World War I battle, the Battle of Château-Thierry (1918).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Forest of Argonne is a long strip of mountainous and wild woodland in northeastern France, approximately 200 kilometers (124 miles) east of Paris, France. The Battle of Argonne Forest was part of what became known as the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, the last battle of World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Loire is the longest river in France. With a length of 1,006 kilometers (625 miles), it stretches across much of central France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA tank destroyer, tank hunter, or tank killer is a type of armored fighting vehicle, armed with a direct-fire artillery gun or missile launcher, designed specifically to engage and destroy enemy tanks, often with limited operational capacities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAWOL is the commonly used term that is an acronym for “absent without leave.” It is the desertion or abandonment of a military duty or post without permission and is done with the intention of not returning. This contrasts with unauthorized absence or absence without leave, which are temporary forms of absence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommonly known as the ‘YMCA’ or the ‘Y,’ the Young Men’s Christian Association is a worldwide organization founded in 1844 that aims to put Christian principles into practice by developing a healthy body, mind and spirit.  They offer recreational facilities, parent/child education programs, youth and teen development with after school programming, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/Kashrut is the set of Jewish dietary laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. Food that may be consumed according to halakhah (Jewish law) is termed ‘kosher’ in English. In a kosher kitchen and home, meat and dairy are kept separate, so a separate sets of dishes, cookware, and serving ware are needed. Food that is not in accordance with Jewish law is called ‘treif.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe M1 was a .30-06 caliber semi-automatic rifle that was the standard U.S. service rifle during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhenix City is a town on the eastern border of Alabama. It is directly across the Chattahoochee River from Columbus, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Buck sergeant” refers to a newly promoted sergeant or to the lowest rank of sergeant in the military.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 2008, a book about Cohn was published. Called Memoirs of a First Generation American, it was authored by Lynn Willoughby.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as the Ardennes Offensive (December 16, 1944 through January 25, 1945), the Battle of the Bulge was a major German offensive launched toward the end of World War II through the densely forested Ardennes mountain region in Belgium. Hitler threw everything he had into trying to drive the Allies back and stopping their advance out of Normandy, France. The Germans achieved nearly complete surprise during a period of heavy overcast weather, which grounded the Allies’ air forces. The Germans nearly broke through (“the Bulge”) the Allied lines. Nearly 19,000 Allied troops were killed and 62,000 wounded and 26,000 missing or captured. The Germans suffered nearly 85,000 casualties before they were pushed back. It was the largest and bloodiest battle fought in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBastogne is a town located in southeastern Belgium in the Ardennes forest, 7.5 miles (12 kilometers) away from the Luxembourg border. It played an important role in World War II as the site of the Siege of Bastogne, an engagement in December 1944 between American and German forces that was part of the larger Battle of the Bulge.  Liberated by the Allies on September 10, 1944, Bastogne was attacked on December 16, 1944 by German forces as part of the Battle of the Bulge. The 101st Airborne Division, along with elements of the 10th Armored Division and the 82nd Airborne Division soon arrived to counter-attack, but after heavy fighting, became encircled in the town. On December 26, the Third U.S. Army, under the command of General Patton, arrived and broke the siege and the Battle of the Bulge ended three weeks later.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Geneva Convention was a series of international diplomatic meetings that produced a number of agreements, in particular the Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflicts, a group of international laws for the humane treatment of wounded or captured military personnel, medical personnel and non-military civilians during war or armed conflicts. The agreements originated in 1864 and were significantly updated in 1949 after World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKarl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt (1875-1953) was a German field marshal in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. He held commands on both the Eastern and Western fronts, played a major role in defeating France in 1940, and led much of the opposition to the Allied offensive in the West in 1944–45.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41 is a German 88 mm anti-aircraft and anti-tank artillery, developed in the 1930s. It was widely used by Germany throughout World War II, and was one of the most recognized German weapons of that conflict. Development of the original model led to a wide variety of guns.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHitler was drafted for Austrian military service at the beginning of World War I but turned down due to lack of fitness. After moving to Germany, he enlisted as a German soldier in the summer of 1914 and was deployed to Belgium in October. Over the next two years, Hitler served first as an infantryman and then as a private. He won two decorations for bravery, including the Iron Cross First Class and was wounded twice. He was recovering from his second injury when the war ended.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter more than four years of Nazi occupation, Paris was liberated by the French 2nd Armored Division and the U.S. 4th Infantry Division on August 25, 1944. De Gaulle led a triumphant liberation march down the Champs d’Elysees the next day.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEbensee was a sub-camp of Mauthausen. The camp was in a dense forest and close to a rocky formation where tunnels were dug to protect the factories from Allied air raids. The main purpose of Ebensee was to provide slave labor for the construction of enormous underground tunnels, which were to be used for the development of rockets. The tunnels were never used for rocket production, however. As higher priority was assigned to other kinds of military production, the tunnels that had already been completed were assigned new tasks, such as refining petroleum and manufacturing motor parts for tanks and trucks. The first prisoners came from Mauthausen in November 1943 and started digging the tunnels. They worked 12 hours per day in all weathers.  More transports of prisoners arrived until 1945 when the number of prisoners peaked at 18,500 in the last desperate days of the war; although overall about 27,000 prisoners passed through. About 8,200 prisoners died there. Living conditions were severe, and the work was exhausting and dangerous. The death rate soared. Those who fell ill or who died were sent back to Mauthausen, until Ebensee got its own crematoria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Rhine is one of the major European rivers, which has its sources in Switzerland and flows in a mostly northerly direction through Germany and the Netherlands, emptying into the North Sea. The Allies planned multiple Rhine crossings as part of their strategy to encircle and capture the Ruhr, the industrial center of western Germany, and conquer Germany. In March 1945, British and American troops successfully carried out multiple river assaults. By the end of March, all four US armies fighting in Western Europe were east of the Rhine. While the First and Ninth armies encircled the Ruhr, the Third and Seventh Armies moved into central and southern Germany. After the Battle of the Bulge, the MCG had begun moving toward the Siegfried Line and Rhine River, which they crossed on March 29, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn May 5, 1945, the 3rd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron discovered the Ebensee concentration camp. The squadron remained in the area, caring for the prisoners until medical units relieved them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle of Remagen during the Allied invasion of Germany resulted in the unexpected capture of the Ludendorff Bridge (sometimes referred to as the Bridge at Remagen) over the Rhine. After capturing the Siegfried Line, the 9th Armored Division of the U.S. First Army had advanced unexpectedly quickly towards the Rhine. The Germans had either destroyed or were prepared to destroy every significant bridge. In early March 1945, the First Army approached the Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen, about 15 miles south of Bonn, Germany. After some fighting, the German 15th Army retreated across the bridge. German engineers attempted to blow the bridge, but their charges failed to detonate and the American troops were able to secure the critical crossing, effectively breaking open Germany’s defenses in the west. The Americans were able to make some quick repairs to the damaged bridge, allowing troops and vehicles to cross. The bridge lasted only ten days longer before collapsing under pressures of traffic and German air attack before collapsing for good on March 17. The crossing of the Rhine at Remagen, however, marked a decisive moment heralding the impending collapse of Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThomas Guy Greenfield (1917-2004) was a professional American football player born in Glendale, arizona. He played for the Green Bay Packers from 1939 to 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Siegfried Line was a system of pillboxes and strongpoints built along the German western frontier in the 1930’s and greatly expanded in 1944. In 1944, during World War II, German troops retreating from France found it an effective barrier for a respite against the pursuing Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle of Metz was a battle fought during World War II at the city of Metz, in eastern France, from late September 1944 through mid-December. The MCG were heavily engaged in the Battle of Metz.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ohrdruf concentration camp was created in November 1944 near the town of Gotha, Germany. The camp supplied forced labor for railway construction leading to a proposed communications center. Due to the rapid advance of US forces, however, the communications center was never completed. In late March 1945, the prisoner population was 11,7000. In early April, the SS evacuated almost all the prisoners on death marches to Buchenwald, killing many of the remaining prisoners who were too ill to walk to the railcars. When the soldiers of the 4th Armored Division entered the camp on April 6, 1945, they discovered vast piles of emaciated prisoners, some covered with lime and other only partially incinerated on pyres.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and tens of thousands were literally worked to death. American troops liberated the camp on April 29, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTreblinka was established in the Lublin district of Poland in November 1941. It began operations as an extermination camp in July 1942. The camp had gas chambers that used diesel engine exhaust to murder the Jews. In the first few weeks of the camp’s existence about 250,000 Jews from the Warsaw ghetto were murdered there. Treblinka was closed in early 1943 and the bodies in the mass graves were dug up, cremated and reburied. Thereafter it was razed to the ground and a farm was set up on the land. The Russians liberated the area in the summer of 1944 but there was nothing left to find except the disturbed ground over the mass graves of nearly 900,000 souls from all over Poland and Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance Authority, was established in 1953 by an act of the Israeli Knesset. Since its inception, Yad Vashem has become a leading center for documentation, research, education, and commemoration of the Holocaust. Construction began in Jerusalem in 1954 on the western side of Mount Herzl and in 1957 the memorial and museum opened. On March 15, 2005, a new museum complex four times larger than the old one opened at Yad Vashem. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMauthausen was the primary concentration camp in Austria. It had a whole series of sub-camps (about 50). It was opened after the Anschluss (when Germany annexed Austria) in March 1938. It was established on the site of the Weiner Graben granite quarry and its purpose was to use slave labor to exploit the quarry. At first it was a punishment camp where prisoners were sent to serve out their sentences under very severe conditions. The death rate was the highest among all the camps in the Greater Reich. In addition to working in the quarries, which was essentially a death sentence, the prisoners also worked on construction projects (such as building roads, power plants, tunnels or power stations) and for the armaments industry. Its last commandant, Franz Ziereis was notorious for his brutality and cruelty. About 200,000 prisoners passed through Mauthausen and its sub-camps and the death rate was about 50 percent. The Americans liberated it on May 5, 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Hilliard Polk (1913-1992) was a United States Army four-star general who was one of the last senior commanders in the army to have served in the horse cavalry. He was decorated several times, receiving the Silver Star and other U.S. and French medals. Polk graduated from West Point in 1933. In 1936, he married Josephine Leavell. Polk was an armored commander in Europe in World War II. He was promoted to Brigadier General in 1956 and became the U.S. Commandant of , Germany from January 1963 to September 1964. After his tour in Berlin, Polk became commander of a U.S. Corps in Frankfurt, Germany. In 1966, he returned to the United States to become Assistant Chief of Staff for Force Development. He returned to Europe at the end of that year, first as Deputy Commander in Chief, United States Army Europe, and six months later was promoted to four-star general as Commander in Chief, United States Army Europe. From 1967 until his retirement in 1971, he was Commander in Chief, United States Army Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe last roll call in Ebensee took place on May 5, 1945. The commandant, Anton Ganz, ordered the prisoners into the tunnels, where it was rumored that explosives had been set up to seal them in. The prisoners refused to leave roll call. That night about 600 guards fled the camp and the next day the Americans arrived. Several former guards and Ganz were tried and convicted after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosip Broz Tito was the supreme commander of the People’s Liberation Army and Partisan Detachment, known as the ‘Partisans,’ in Yugoslavia during World War II. In 1933, Tito was appointed Prime Minister of a provisional executive body formed in Yugoslavia, called the National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia (Nacionalni komitet oslobodenja Jugoslavije or NKOJ). At the time, he received the title, “Marshal of Yugoslavia.” The Partisans were recognized as the Allied Yugoslav resistance movement, and granted supplies and wartime support. Later, Tito became the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHannibal Barca (247 BCE-c.183-181 BCE) was a Carthaginian general who commanded forces against Rome in the Second Punic War (218-201 BCE) and continued to oppose Rome and its satellites until his death. Hannibal is widely considered one of the greatest military commanders in world history. His crossing of the Alps in 218 BC was one of the major events of the Second Punic War, and one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn April and early May 1945, the MCG was sent south into Austria. After VE Day, the troopers were sent to cross the Alps into northern Italy to keep an eye on the various factions vying for power in postwar Yugoslavia, but returned to Austria shortly afterwards. The MCG was the first military unit to cross the alps since Hannibal in 215 BCE. During World War II, Task Force Polk moved 3,000 miles in 265 days, 117 of which were continuous combat without rest.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNapoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) was a French statesman and military leader who led many successful campaigns during the French Revolution and the French Revolutionary Wars, and was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSeewalchen am Attersee is a municipality in northwestern Austria, at the northern tip of Lake Attersee. It is approximately 31 miles (50 kilometers) east of the German border.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSlivovitz is a clear fruit brandy distilled from damson plums. It is produced in Central and Eastern Europe both commercially and privately.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin. The war in the Pacific Theater did not end until August 15, 1945, when Japan officially surrendered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLuxembourg, in northwestern Europe, is one of the world’s smallest countries. It is bordered by France, Belgium and Germany. German forces invaded Luxembourg in May 1940 and the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg and her government fled to Britain. Luxembourg was liberated by Allied forces in September 1944. When the Germans launched the Ardennes Offensive in December, much of the north of the country was lost temporarily to Germany and had to be liberated again.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 European and North American countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on April 4, 1949, the purpose of which is to guarantee the freedom and security of its members through political and military means. Since 1967, NATO’s headquarters has been located in Casteau, north of the Belgian city of Mons. It had previously been located at Rocquencourt, next to Versailles, France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA half-track is a civilian or military vehicle with regular wheels at the front for steering and continuous tank-like tracks at the back to propel the vehicle and carry most of the load. The half-track was widely used during World War II as it had the off-road hauling capabilities of a tank with the conventional drive power of a military truck.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAflac Inc. is an American insurance company and is the largest provider of supplemental insurance in the United States. The company was founded in 1955 and is based in Columbus, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRoland Bertram Gittelsohn (1910-1995) was an American rabbi, a scholar on religious and governmental issues, and author. Gittelsohn was the first Jewish chaplain to serve with the Marine Corps. He served with the 5th Marine Division during the battle of Iwo Jima. He was awarded three combat ribbons for his service. His sermon at the dedication of the division's cemetery attracted wide attention. It was circulated among the military, inserted into the Congressional Record, excerpts were published by Time magazine, and it was read by many radio and television announcers during and after the war. From 1936 to 1953, he served the Central Synagogue of Nassau County in Rockville Centre, New York. Gittelsohn became rabbi emeritus at Temple Israel in Boston, where he served from 1953 to 1977.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIwo Jima is an island in the Volcano Islands. The Allies invaded Iwo Jima on February 19, 1945. The battle lasted until March 26, 1945 and was one of the fiercest battles in the Pacific, as the Japanese were all dug in underground. Some 6,800 American Marines died. Mount Suribachi, a volcanic peak, is on one end of the island. This is where American Marines raised the flag on the fourth day of battle, an event which became an iconic image of the war. 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Based on the teachings of the Bible, the Talmud interprets biblical laws and commandments. It also contains a rich store of historic facts and traditions.  It has two divisions: the Mishnah and the Gemara. The Mishnah is the interpretation of Biblical law. The Gemara is a commentary on the Mishnah by a group of later scholars.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1881 and in 1905, there were large-scale pogroms in Kiev. Thousands of Jewish homes were destroyed, Jewish women were raped, and large numbers of men, women, and children killed or injured.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzar Alexander III (1845-1881) ascended the throne on March 14, 1881, the day after the assassination of his father, Alexander II. While his father had been a more liberal leader and the Jewish communities in the Russian Empire had enjoyed increased equality, Alexander III was a more reactionary and autocratic ruler who permitted the persecution of Jews and fostered hostility. Soon after he ascended the throne, anti-Jewish riots (pogroms) broke out in a number of major cities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the largest and oldest judicial membership organizations in the nation, the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges (NCJFCJ) serves professionals in the juvenile and family justice system including judges, referees, commissioners, court masters and administrators, social and mental health workers, police, and probation officers. Its mission is to provide all judges, courts, and related agencies involved with juvenile, family, and domestic violence cases with the knowledge and skills to improve the lives of the families and children who seek justice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Nagasaki was bombed on August 9, 1945. Japan sued for peace on August 15, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWith international pressure mounting, in 1945, Britain, unable to find a practical solution, referred the problem to the United Nations, which in November 1947 voted to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states in May 1948 when the British mandate was scheduled to end. After the British began the withdrawal of their military forces from Palestine in early April 1948, Zionist leaders moved to establish a modern Jewish state. On May 14, 1948—the day the British Mandate over Palestine expired—David Ben-Gurion, the chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, announced the formation of the state of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Irish Free State was a state established in 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921. That treaty ended the three-year Irish War of Independence between the forces of the self-proclaimed Irish Republic, the Irish Republican Army, and British Crown forces. 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It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century.              \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917-1963), commonly known as ‘JFK,’ was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until November 22, 1963 when he was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. He was a Democrat. In his inaugural address, Kennedy spoke his famous words, \"ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Parent Teacher Association (PTA) is a national organization with affiliations in local schools throughout the United States composed of parents, teachers and staff, and devoted to the educational success of children and the promotion of parent involvement in schools.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnited States as the ‘Civil War’ or the ‘War Between the States,’ was fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. In January 1861, seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often called the ‘South,’ grew to include 11 states, and although they claimed 13 states and additional western territories, no foreign countries ever diplomatically recognized the Confederacy. The states that did not declare secession were known as the ‘Union’ or the ‘North.’ The war had its origin in the issue of slavery.  After four years of bloody combat, which left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring national unity and granting civil rights to freed slaves began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965.  The name seems to have originated in the song “Jump Jim Crow,” a song-and-dance caricature of blacks performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in blackface in 1832.  As a result of Rice’s fame, “Jim Crow” became a pejorative expression meaning “Negro” by 1838 and the later segregation laws became known as “Jim Crow” laws.  Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the southern states of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly “separate but equal” status for black Americans, although in reality this was not so. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks.  Private businesses, political parties and unions created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring blacks from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc. In the middle twentieth century, the Supreme Court began to overturn Jim Crow laws on constitutional grounds.  Rosa Parks defied the Jim Crow laws when she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, which became a catalyst to the Civil Rights movement.  Her actions, and the demonstrations that followed, led to a series of legislative and court decisions that contributed to undermining the Jim Crow system. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially ended Jim Crow laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/annotation_set/263/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCohn served as the Chief Voter Registrar of Muscogee County, Georgia, from 1960 to 1965, during the height of the Civil Rights movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=6120.0,6150.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/index/47408","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Aaron Cohn [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/index/47408/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family history","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438#t=49.0,225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32612/file/101438/index/47408/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father came from Lithuania when he was thirteen years old. 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