{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/kh0dv1fs5t/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Dubnova, Roza"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2002-05-31 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Dubnova, Roza (Interviewee)","Einstein, Ruth (Interviewer)","Ellen, Dora (Translator)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)","Russian (secondary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRoza Dubnova was interviewed by Ruth Einstein on May 21, 2002, in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eRoza “Rosa” Dubnova was born in Mstislaw, Belarus on September 27, 1930. She was the fifth child born to David Vul'fovich David Vul'fovich Dubnov and Maria “Masia” Leibovna Dubnova. She had six siblings: Vilia, Lev, Sarra, Raisa, Liubov, and Grisha. Roza recalls that Mstislaw had a large Jewish population. She grew up close to her mother’s parents; her mother was one of 12 children. Roza’s family attended synagogue and celebrated the Jewish holidays. Pesach was very important growing up. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe German invasion of Mstislaw and the Holocaust greatly impacted Roza’s life. The Nazi regime completely upheaved her life when she was only ten years old, burning homes in her town and gathering Jewish citizens for mass executions. Roza, her mother, father, grandparents, and her siblings, Lev, Sarra, Raisa, and Liubov, were all gathered and driven to a forested area by a ravine where they were given shovels. The Nazis began firing, and Roza’s family ran in different directions. Roza and her siblings fled with her brother Lev. The siblings walked for nearly five miles until they found an abandoned monastery that would become a crucial hiding place for Jewish citizens and other orphaned children. Roza would later learn her parents and grandparents had been killed. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRoza hid in this monastery and temporarily with locals, who would also provide them rations, until she started to become seriously ill. Roza had osteomyelitis, an infection of the bone, causing a fever and intense pain. Her sister Raisa was able to recruit a doctor to take Roza to the local hospital, but because there was a shortage of medications and supplies, Roza’s condition did not improve greatly. As the Germans began to retreat, the hospital was quickly emptied, and Roza was taken back to the monastery and left for dead. She was discovered by Raisa, who cared for her until the Red Army liberated them. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, Roza was reunited with her siblings who weren’t living in the monastery with her. Her older brother took her to Moscow, where she eventually settled into an orphanage. At the orphanage, a doctor helped Roza. She was sent to an institute where she had seven surgeries and finally received penicillin. At this institute, she also received an experimental treatment using stem cells to repair the extensive damage to her legs' bones. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter recovering, Roza went to Kishinev, Moldova, where her sister Liubov was living. In Kishinev, despite a severe housing shortage in the Soviet Union, Roza found work as an economist and met her husband, Arkady Kopmaya. Arkady had a son from a previous marriage, whom Roza immediately got along with. Roza and Arkady married in the 1970’s. In the late 1990’s, Roza and Arkady followed their son to Atlanta, Georgia. Roza passed away in December 2019, and Arkady passed away in March 2020; they are buried together at North Atlanta Memorial Park and Chapel Mausoleum in Dunwoody, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eThe interview focuses on Roza’s experience during the Holocaust and her life after the war in Moldova. Roza begins by recounting her youth, and she shares where and when she was born. She provides her siblings' names and talks about her close relationship with her mother’s family. She describes what it was like growing up Jewish and talks about the importance of the Jewish holidays. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eShe details what it was like when the Germans invaded and how they began forcing Jewish people to gather in the city center. She talks about her fear and confusion when she, her mother, father, grandparents, and her siblings, Lev, Sarra, Raisa, and Liubov, were all gathered and driven to a forested area by a ravine where they were given shovels. She describes that the Nazis began firing, and her family ran in different directions. She shares that she and her siblings fled with their brother, Lev. She recalls the five-mile trek to an abandoned monastery in the forest. Roza recounts what her brother described after returning to the site of the massacre. He said the ground was moving, where people were buried, some alive. She shares that one of her sisters, Raisa, was taken to work on a local family’s farm because she looked non-Jewish. She describes hiding with locals and begging for food; she shares that the locals treated them well, not viewing them as Jewish, only as orphaned children. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRoza talks about learning that her parents and grandparents had been murdered. She talks about her older brother and sister, sharing that they joined the partisan army. She shares a story of begging for food with another girl at the monastery and stealing a loaf of bread. She describes almost being caught and deciding not to steal anything again, only taking food that was offered to them. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRoza describes becoming seriously ill while in hiding; she describes intense and debilitating pain in her legs and a fever. She details Raisa discovering how sick she was and getting help from a local doctor, who took her to the hospital to attempt to stabilize her despite the shortage of medicine and supplies. Roza discusses how she lived in the hospital until the Germans began to retreat, forcing people to flee the hospital. She details how she was brought back to the monastery and left outside for dead until her sister Raisa discovered her. She talks about how devoted Raisa was to her, taking care of her until the Red Army arrived and liberated them. Roza explains what happened after liberation, reuniting with her siblings and their distress at seeing how sick she was, even unable to walk. She shares that her brother took her to Moscow and explains how she eventually received effective treatment for her legs, including an experimental treatment using stem cells. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRoza talks about her life in Moscow at an orphanage and getting an education to become an accountant. She details her life in Kishinev, Moldova, deciding to move there in 1956 to join her sister Liubov. She talks about meeting her husband, Arkady, and marrying in the 1970’s. She talks about her bond with her stepson. Roza shares what she witnessed when she returned to her hometown and describes how she was treated as a Holocaust survivor and orphan. She recounts her experience during the severe housing crisis in the Soviet Union, struggling to live in communal housing with difficult roommates, she shares that a roommate stole from her, and that she was even homeless for some time. She details finally moving into an apartment with a roommate with whom she got along very well. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRoza reflects on her view of humanity after all that she had lived through. She recalls a memory from the orphanage, meeting another young girl who turned out to be very caring and a dedicated friend. She talks about visiting Israel and sharing her experience with her nieces and nephews. The interview concludes with Roza reflecting on settling in Atlanta, Georgia, and her struggle with the language barrier. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Dubnova, Liubov Davidovna (1934-unknown) (personal name)","Dubnova, Maria “Maisia” Leibovna (unknown-1941 or 1942) (personal name)","Dubnova, Sarra Davidovna (1926-2012) (personal name)","Dubnov, David Vul'fovich (unknown-1941 or 1942) (personal name)","Dubnov, Grisha Davidovich (personal name)","Dubnov, Lev Davidovich (1924-2003) (personal name)","Dubnov, Vilia Davidovich (personal name)","Dubnow, Simon (alternatively spelled Dubnov; romanized: Semyon Markovich Dubnov; 1860-1941) (personal name)","Ivanovna, Avgusta (personal name)","Khrushchev, Nikita (1894-1971) (personal name)","Kopmaya, Arkady (born Arkadii Itskovich Kopmar, 1936-2020) (personal name)","Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich (b. Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili, 1878-1953) (personal name)","Zaitseva, Raisa Davidovna Dubnova (1929-1987) (personal name)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Chişinău/Kishinev, Moldova (geographic term)","Berlin, Germany (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Kazakhstan (geographic term)","Mstsislaw, Belarus (geographic term)","Moscow, Russia (geographic term)","Orsha, Belarus (geographic term)","Siberia, Russia (geographic term)","St. Petersburg/Leningrad, Russia (geographic term)","Union of Soviet Socialist Republic/USSR (geographic term)","Vitebsk/Vitsyebsk, Belarus (geographic term)","The Holocaust (named event)","Russian Revolution (named event)","World War II (named event)","Accounting (other)","Collective farm/kohlkoz (other)","Communal housing (other)","Communism (other)","German Army (other)","Ghettos (other)","Homelessness (other)","Hunger (other)","Illness (other)","Komsomol (other)","Matzah (other)","Nazis (other)","Orphanage/Children's home (other)","Osteomyelitis (other)","Partisan armies (other)","Penicillin (other)","Pesach (other)","Russian Army (The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army) (other)","Shortages (other)","Soviet housing shortage (other)","Stem cells (other)","Surgery (other)","Tselina (other)","Wehrmacht (other)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRoza Dubnova was interviewed by Ruth Einstein on May 21, 2002, in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRoza \u0026ldquo;Rosa\u0026rdquo; Dubnova was born in Mstislaw, Belarus on September 27, 1930. She was the fifth child born to David Vul'fovich David Vul'fovich Dubnov and Maria \u0026ldquo;Masia\u0026rdquo; Leibovna Dubnova. She had six siblings: Vilia, Lev, Sarra, Raisa, Liubov, and Grisha. Roza recalls that Mstislaw had a large Jewish population. She grew up close to her mother\u0026rsquo;s parents; her mother was one of 12 children. Roza\u0026rsquo;s family attended synagogue and celebrated the Jewish holidays. Pesach was very important growing up.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe German invasion of Mstislaw and the Holocaust greatly impacted Roza\u0026rsquo;s life. The Nazi regime completely upheaved her life when she was only ten years old, burning homes in her town and gathering Jewish citizens for mass executions. Roza, her mother, father, grandparents, and her siblings, Lev, Sarra, Raisa, and Liubov, were all gathered and driven to a forested area by a ravine where they were given shovels. The Nazis began firing, and Roza\u0026rsquo;s family ran in different directions. Roza and her siblings fled with her brother Lev. The siblings walked for nearly five miles until they found an abandoned monastery that would become a crucial hiding place for Jewish citizens and other orphaned children. Roza would later learn her parents and grandparents had been killed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRoza hid in this monastery and temporarily with locals, who would also provide them rations, until she started to become seriously ill. Roza had osteomyelitis, an infection of the bone, causing a fever and intense pain. Her sister Raisa was able to recruit a doctor to take Roza to the local hospital, but because there was a shortage of medications and supplies, Roza\u0026rsquo;s condition did not improve greatly. As the Germans began to retreat, the hospital was quickly emptied, and Roza was taken back to the monastery and left for dead. She was discovered by Raisa, who cared for her until the Red Army liberated them.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, Roza was reunited with her siblings who weren\u0026rsquo;t living in the monastery with her. Her older brother took her to Moscow, where she eventually settled into an orphanage. At the orphanage, a doctor helped Roza. She was sent to an institute where she had seven surgeries and finally received penicillin. At this institute, she also received an experimental treatment using stem cells to repair the extensive damage to her legs' bones.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter recovering, Roza went to Kishinev, Moldova, where her sister Liubov was living. In Kishinev, despite a severe housing shortage in the Soviet Union, Roza found work as an economist and met her husband, Arkady Kopmaya. Arkady had a son from a previous marriage, whom Roza immediately got along with. Roza and Arkady married in the 1970\u0026rsquo;s. In the late 1990\u0026rsquo;s, Roza and Arkady followed their son to Atlanta, Georgia. Roza passed away in December 2019, and Arkady passed away in March 2020; they are buried together at North Atlanta Memorial Park and Chapel Mausoleum in Dunwoody, Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview focuses on Roza\u0026rsquo;s experience during the Holocaust and her life after the war in Moldova. Roza begins by recounting her youth, and she shares where and when she was born. She provides her siblings' names and talks about her close relationship with her mother\u0026rsquo;s family. She describes what it was like growing up Jewish and talks about the importance of the Jewish holidays.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eShe details what it was like when the Germans invaded and how they began forcing Jewish people to gather in the city center. She talks about her fear and confusion when she, her mother, father, grandparents, and her siblings, Lev, Sarra, Raisa, and Liubov, were all gathered and driven to a forested area by a ravine where they were given shovels. She describes that the Nazis began firing, and her family ran in different directions. She shares that she and her siblings fled with their brother, Lev. She recalls the five-mile trek to an abandoned monastery in the forest. Roza recounts what her brother described after returning to the site of the massacre. He said the ground was moving, where people were buried, some alive. She shares that one of her sisters, Raisa, was taken to work on a local family\u0026rsquo;s farm because she looked non-Jewish. She describes hiding with locals and begging for food; she shares that the locals treated them well, not viewing them as Jewish, only as orphaned children.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRoza talks about learning that her parents and grandparents had been murdered. She talks about her older brother and sister, sharing that they joined the partisan army. She shares a story of begging for food with another girl at the monastery and stealing a loaf of bread. She describes almost being caught and deciding not to steal anything again, only taking food that was offered to them.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRoza describes becoming seriously ill while in hiding; she describes intense and debilitating pain in her legs and a fever. She details Raisa discovering how sick she was and getting help from a local doctor, who took her to the hospital to attempt to stabilize her despite the shortage of medicine and supplies. Roza discusses how she lived in the hospital until the Germans began to retreat, forcing people to flee the hospital. She details how she was brought back to the monastery and left outside for dead until her sister Raisa discovered her. She talks about how devoted Raisa was to her, taking care of her until the Red Army arrived and liberated them. Roza explains what happened after liberation, reuniting with her siblings and their distress at seeing how sick she was, even unable to walk. She shares that her brother took her to Moscow and explains how she eventually received effective treatment for her legs, including an experimental treatment using stem cells.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRoza talks about her life in Moscow at an orphanage and getting an education to become an accountant. She details her life in Kishinev, Moldova, deciding to move there in 1956 to join her sister Liubov. She talks about meeting her husband, Arkady, and marrying in the 1970\u0026rsquo;s. She talks about her bond with her stepson. Roza shares what she witnessed when she returned to her hometown and describes how she was treated as a Holocaust survivor and orphan. She recounts her experience during the severe housing crisis in the Soviet Union, struggling to live in communal housing with difficult roommates, she shares that a roommate stole from her, and that she was even homeless for some time. She details finally moving into an apartment with a roommate with whom she got along very well.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRoza reflects on her view of humanity after all that she had lived through. She recalls a memory from the orphanage, meeting another young girl who turned out to be very caring and a dedicated friend. She talks about visiting Israel and sharing her experience with her nieces and nephews. The interview concludes with Roza reflecting on settling in Atlanta, Georgia, and her struggle with the language barrier.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/281/297/small/Dubnova_Roza.mp4_1751916496.jpg?1751916497","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Dubnova_Roza.mp4"]},"duration":10186.199,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/281/297/small/Dubnova_Roza.mp4_1751916496.jpg?1751916497","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/281/297/original/Dubnova_Roza.mp4?1751916490","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":10186.199,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Dubnova, Roza [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Roza, I will be asking you about your experiences before the war, during the war and after the war. Today is May 31, 2002.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6.0,32.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Today is May 31, 2002.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=32.0,36.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Should she say that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=36.0,37.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Just ask her name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=37.0,43.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Tell me your name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=43.0,45.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] My name is Roza, my family name is Dubnova.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=45.0,53.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e My name is Rosa from father's side, she is Dubnov, and you were born . . . ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=53.0,65.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e David.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=65.0,67.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e David?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=67.0,68.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e David.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=68.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] When were you born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=69.0,77.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] I was born on September 27, 1930, in the city of Mstsislaw, Belarus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=77.0,88.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I was born in a small town in 1930, and this is . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=88.0,107.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Belarus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=107.0,108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Belarus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=108.0,109.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the name of it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=109.0,111.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Write it down, I have to spell it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=111.0,112.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's okay, just say the name. Ask her the name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=112.0,119.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] What's the name of this city?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=119.0,127.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Mstsislaw, it's a small town, very historical, even older than Moscow [Russia]. Very small Jewish town, there were a lot of Jews in this town, I can't say how many, but I knew that I lived there since childhood, I remember that there were many Jews, since we had a religious family. There was a big synagogue, it was very beautiful. All the houses were wooden. In Belarus, they mostly build small wooden cities. They were very cozy. We had no transport, no busses, no trains. We all rode horses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=127.0,184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Our house stood in a very small town, completely Jewish, surrounded without any, no transportation whatsoever, isolated. The little town was even maybe built before the city of Moscow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=184.0,207.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Who was in your family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=207.0,211.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] How many people in your family were there? Mother, Father?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=211.0,219.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] We had a grandmother and a grandfather with their family. They had 12 children, together with my mother. Two girls, this is my mother, they called her Maria, the name Masha, Maria. According to the documents, she is Masia. The second girl was Faina. This is my aunt, Faina, she was a good gynecologist in Moscow. The rest are all 10 brothers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=219.0,275.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e The family consists of the grandmother, grandfather, and parents, and about 12 children. One of her sisters was later on a doctor in Moscow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=275.0,296.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Does she have any memories of her early life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=296.0,299.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] In our family, my mother had seven children. Two of my brothers, one of them was with me all the time, and my oldest brother, Vilia, he had already gone to school before the war, but he didn't live with us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=299.0,328.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e The family of the twelve people, that was the grandfather's family, but in my family, my mother had seven children, and one of my brothers went to learn at the university. [interview pauses, then resumes] [In Russian] How long did you live in the city? How old were you when the war started?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=328.0,354.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] When the war started, I was 10 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=354.0,358.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e When the war started in 1941, July, summer 1941, I was 10 years old. Was there a school? [In Russian] There was a school in this town?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=358.0,374.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Yes, there was a school. [In Russian] Did you go to school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=374.0,377.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Did you go to school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=377.0,377.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Did you go to school? [In Russian] We went to the school, went to kindergarten, there were kindergartens, then went to school. I was the last one. After me, my mother had two children. The last one was my sister, Liubov, and the boy, Grisha, who died before the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=377.0,414.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I was almost at the end, I was the fifth child, then was a little sister and a little brother who died even before the war. [In Russian] The communists, what did you do to live? What did the whole family do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=414.0,436.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] The whole family? I don't know. I know that my mother was doing household chores. Because we were small and everyone was small. My father worked. Where did he work? I can't even say where he worked. He worked . . . I left in the morning and came back in the evening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=436.0,464.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Those times were the times of [Joseph] Stalin's regime, the communist regime. I don't remember where my father worked, but my mother, since she had seven children, she was at home raising the family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=464.0,486.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e What kind of people were her parents? What were their personalities?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=486.0,491.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] You can say that your father went to the synagogue, or your mother went to . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=491.0,498.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Yes, I can say that I remember, I remember especially the holiday of Pesach, I remembered. I remembered the dishes that we had for Pesach, very beautiful dishes. It was lying in a box, in such a special one, hiding in the attic, so that no one would touch it. This is the celebration of Pesach. My mother used to get the dishes out of the house, clean up the old stuff from the house and cook Pesach food. I remember it very well because I liked all this food. Then we used to run around and watch how they were baking matzah. It was a kind of workshop. There were wooden long tables, and without paint, purely polished. They made a round matzah, and a very, very large one. I don't see such a matzah anywhere now. They baked the loaves, stacked, stacked, stacked and all that, all of them. The Jews took part in the demonstrations there. They helped, everyone helped. My mother went and helped, and then they distributed it to everyone. [indistinct: 9:54] I know that I ate it. There was fresh chicken. Then we went to the synagogue, and sometimes we children went there. I saw how they butchered the chicken and took it home. We had a religious family, especially my grandfather. I had a photo of my grandfather dressed in his dress, in dark clothes, in all this long clothes. He was standing in front of a curtain. Apparently, my elder sister took it. I don't know, someone took it from me. It was signed. My grandfather was very religious; he had religious books. We would go to his house, and everyone would sit down, and he would read something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=498.0,655.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e My first remembrance from my childhood is remarkable of the Pesach. There was big, big cooperation from the whole family to make the house clean and then process of making matzah. I remember that there was that big oven, and the big tables made out of clean, clean wood. The wood should not have been painted, only clean wood, and they made such big matzahs that you cannot imagine how large they were, and they stacked them all up and everybody was busy with the process of making matzah. My family was a very religious family. We used to go to my grandfather for the holidays, and that I remember very clearly, the Pesach. We liked all the Pesach because we had beautiful china, special for Pesach, which we did not use all year round. Next question? What happened when the war broke out?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=655.0,741.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] In Russian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=741.0,744.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] What happened when the war, when you heard, you were 10 years old, but you heard that the war started, what did you do with your family, did you make any plans to stay or leave, or something?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=744.0,762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] We didn't have any plans, because the Germans came to us straight away, we didn't even know that it was a war, we did not know anything. Maybe the parents did know something, but I didn't know that it's a war. They came unexpectedly, and shooting began. Everything was mixed up, as they say, and the houses were burning and everything was there. When the Germans came there, at first it was so that everything was burning, and everyone was crying, everything was like that. But then the Germans arrived, I already remember this well. The Germans came, and in just a few days they started to call for a meeting, I can say it now, but then I didn't understand why the Germans were calling for everyone. I didn't understand it then. Now I understand what it was. They gathered all the elderly Jews and told them to bring the children. We had a big market in the central part of the city; there was a bazaar close to our house. There were small workshops there, long, long. Jews worked there. They gathered all the Jews at the bazaars. What did they tell them there, I don't know. In short, they came there and worked. They prepared shovels and other tools, I don't know. They said they had to go there every day to work and not to leave the city. Because if someone leaves the city, the whole family will be destroyed. This moment is very difficult for me to say, because I myself did not realize what it was. But then a few days passed, how many were there, they gathered everyone, they said that the men should take these shovels, get into the car and take them to work. They wanted to take all their children, so that no one would stay at home. Because something could happen. I don't know what they told them. In short, I remember that moment when Dad got into the car, and all the men were there. There were several cars there. They drove with the shovels and led us. There was me, my younger sister Liubov, my brother Lev, Sarra, Raisa, all those little ones. Everyone who was in the city. My grandfather and grandmother were there. We were the closest to my brother when we came to this ravine, to this place, there was a school right across the ravine. Maybe we'll do this again . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=762.0,993.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] There was a school . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=993.0,995.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] There was a school, and my father jumped out of the car. He threw his shovel, and when Dad ran, he ran. At that time, the shooting began. Other men ran up there, but I don't know myself what it was [indistinct: 17:00]. When my father jumped out of the car, everyone was around me. It was me, Liubov, and my sister, Sarra, and four of us, my sister and my brother. everyone was around me, and they started shooting, and I saw that they were shooting. He grabbed us, my brother and told us to follow him. He told me about it. I don't remember now, but I remember that I ran after him. We all ran after my brother. We ran after our brother, and there, near the river, a forest begins. There are forests all around us. This is a very beautiful place. There is a big river, and we ran there. We knew these places well. We ran after brother. When we ran, we all heard how they were shooting all the time. In short, that's what happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=995.0,1103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I remember as a child that the war did come all of a sudden to our town. There was no that we knew before weeks or days that the war was coming. The war came suddenly, and it brought a big change in the life of everybody. Nobody had any plans to do that or that. I remember the Germans went into the town, came into the town, and they made our parents and elders work at, there was a market, and around the market, there were some places to work, and they worked all the time, and they told them not to leave the town under any circumstances. A few days later, sometimes later, I don't remember exactly how many days, they told all the Jews to gather in a certain place, and they took them on trucks to a certain place and everybody had a shovel. My father, all of a sudden, he decided to run, because maybe he knew what's coming. When he ran, my oldest brother said that me and my sisters have to stay with him. The little town has a beautiful river, and so we all run after him. The Germans start shooting, and we all ran with my oldest brother toward the river.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1103.0,1217.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] When we ran away, my brother told me that it was my father who told him when I jumped out of the car to take the kids and run away from here. Apparently, my father already knew that they were being taken to destroy the Jews. Apparently, someone told them about it, but they knew that it wasn't just going to work. He said to us, \"You should not go anywhere from me. Our father said I had to do it.\" We went through the forest. We walked 7 kilometers, now I know how long it was to there. We reached the monastery. There used to be a monastery there, but it was like a nunnery with a cellar, a church and so on. There was a big brick wall there, like the one in Moscow, but smaller. But the brick wall, this monastery . . . Later I found out that there was a border between Russia and Belarus, this monastery. He went there and asked to see a woman there and asked to leave the two of them. They were very small, only five years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1217.0,1328.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e My father knew that they don't want them to work with the shovels. They knew that something is coming. When he start running, he told, again, my older brother to take us away from that place. Now I know that we walked toward the woods about seven kilometers, and there was a monastery, an old monastery. My oldest brother asked the nuns to take in the two youngest ones. [In Russian] In the monastery, you didn't hear about your parents anymore?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1328.0,1372.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] We were in this monastery, then my brother came back in a day or two. My sister stayed in some village, he left her there, Sarra, the older one. He wanted to know how we were doing. First of all, he went to Mstsislaw, to the place where they dug the ditch. He said that the ditch, he told me later, he said he saw the earth was moving.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1372.0,1417.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e In a day or so, my older brother came back, and he wanted to see what will happen. But first he went back to the little town to see what happened, because they were digging, before they left, they were digging those big trenches. What he saw was the earth was moving. Do you want to drink something? [interview pauses, then resumes] [In Russian] The others there were children? Why did you stay in this church?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1417.0,1493.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e Nobody stayed with us. Nobody stayed. He came back. We were asked to stay but nobody wanted to take us. He said that we were still here, because the monastery was abandoned. We could sleep in the rooms ourselves, even without any permission, because it was not working so we stayed there. He said, \"I will come up with something, and I will follow you. I will come and take you.\" He left and we never saw him again. Never.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1493.0,1552.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Why?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1552.0,1553.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] After the war he was there, he lives in Israel. He is alive. We stayed there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1553.0,1564.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] In the monastery?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1564.0,1566.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Yes, we were in the monastery. We stayed there. There were three of us. One woman in the village took Raisa away from us. Not as a teacher, but as a worker. She taught her how to milk a cow. She didn't look Jewish; her hair was blonde. She was very beautiful. A woman took her and said, \"That if you work, I will give you bread or something, and you will give it to your sisters.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1566.0,1614.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e The way it turned out, we did not see our brother anymore for a while after what he told us, what they did with the Jews in the little town. Since the monastery was not occupied, we just were there. We could sleep in any place there. One woman took my older sister, who did not look Jewish, she had blonde hair, and she looked more like the native Russians. She took her in, and she told her, I will teach you how to milk the cow and I will give you some bread and you will share that with your other children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1614.0,1663.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Who was left in the village when her family was taken into the forest? Who went to the forest and who was left behind?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1663.0,1675.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] They took all the Jews from this city when they wanted to kill them, or some were left in the forest? How did you escape?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1675.0,1687.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] I can't tell you, but when we were being chased, I knew a little about the people, the neighbors, they were all there. But how many people ran away, and who ran away? I can’t tell you. How could I tell you? I don't know myself who ran.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1687.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I really don't know who at that time ran into the woods with us or without us because after all I was only 10 years old, and I only know that probably a lot of them did run away but what happened to them at the moment I did not know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1710.0,1730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] In this monastery, as I understand it, not only we were hiding, but others also fled there. Were they Jews? Were they Russians? Were there children of communists? I don't know anything. But there were people. There were people, I know that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1730.0,1749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e In that monastery, not only we hid, but a lot of other people, Russian communists, Russian children from Russian communists, or people who were just looking for a way to get away from the Germans were in that monastery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1749.0,1781.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Was the monastery so far into the woods that the Germans didn't find them there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1781.0,1788.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] It was seven kilometer away from the city?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1788.0,1792.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Seven kilometers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1792.0,1796.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e The monastery was about seven kilometers away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1796.0,1804.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] The police came to this place by horse and started to chase the people who were there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1804.0,1816.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] German or Russian?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1816.0,1819.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] We even knew his name, I remember him now, his surname was Khoroshev. He always had a whip here, I don't know for whom, for a horse or for us. He chased everyone, the police came, they ran through this monastery and chased, looking for people. And everyone was chased. And there were older people, maybe 17 years old, but I thought they were already adults. They were driven away and many of them were taken away from there. Then several people were shot here, near this monastery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1819.0,1869.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] He worked for the Soviet Union before, and then he left?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1869.0,1872.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Yes, he was, as I realized later, as an adult, that he was even a communist, but he immediately sold out, sold out. He drove everyone away. Then, when he made such a cleaning, as they say, the Germans went there, to this monastery. There was a building there. It was more or less a two-story building, and the Germans were living there, we were staying there. There was one old lady there, and she took care of us a little, she was watching over us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1872.0,1921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Russian?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1921.0,1922.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Yes, Russian. She . . . maybe even my brother told her to look after us a little bit. Tell us what to do or what not to do. But it was all done by our brother, who came there. She, when that Khoroshev came, we were all the time forced to go to her, because where to? If she treats us like that . . . so we went there, we went to her, and she told us when the Germans or the police came, run into the forest, go into the woods, don't sit here and don't look at anything. We did that, we hid in the forest. One day Babushka [Russian: Grandma] didn't see it when they arrived. We were there, and when I saw it, I ran to Babushka. She was the most . . . she scolded me and said, why don't you run into the forest? She said it was too late, too late. She said, get up the stairs, she had an attic at home, and there's hay lying there, you all lie down and don't move.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1922.0,2012.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I have to mention a few things. People in the monastery were a number of different kinds of people, as I said before. One day, an ex-communist from the police came down and he always had a switch?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2012.0,2039.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e A whip.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2039.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e He always carried a whip with him. He took away a number of people, which they got killed, and a number people ran away. But on the other hand, there was one woman, an older woman, which we called Babushka, that my brother, who brought us to the monastery, he got in touch with her, and he asked her to take care of us. We just stick to this older woman. She said, when the Germans come or somebody from the police, we should run into the woods. We should hide ourselves. If not, we will be killed. She, in her house, had an attic, there was straw. We sticked with her for a while, but she said no, don't do that, run away. We ran into the straw, and we were hiding ourselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2040.0,2096.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Who was with her from her family at that time? Who was she with?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2096.0,2101.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Who was with you? Two sisters?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2101.0,2103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Sisters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2103.0,2105.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e With me at that time were my two sisters, my older sisters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2105.0,2110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e What had happened to the rest of her family by this time, does she know?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2110.0,2116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] At that time, what happened to the rest of the family? Lev was . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2116.0,2125.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] There was Sarra. The rest died there, they all died. My father was shot; my mother, my grandmother and my grandfather were shot. They were not with us. My mother's sister Faina died, the elder sister died. I want to tell you a little bit more about this old woman. When the Germans came, she drove us there, and they came to her house and started making noise, saying that there were partisans. She was standing there, she went herself, there was a well there, and there was this thing, a stick. This is a bucket or something, and they get water. She took out water from the well, and she sang a song, and I remembered that song for the rest of my life. She sang, \"Why shouldn't I sing? I am Belarusian, why should I not sing? Why shouldn't you sing for me? Why shouldn't you make noise? If my house is in order, it's going in order.\" She was standing and singing, and they came up to her and started shouting at her, asking if she had a handkerchief. He came up the stairs and wanted to go up there. She came up and took something, pulled the stairs, and the stairs fell. She broke her hand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2125.0,2240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I want to tell you also about this older woman that I remember very well what she did for us. When we were hiding in the attic, she had kind of like a . . . where she used to pick up water from a well. She was standing there singing a song, and I'll always remember that song. That song has to do with the question, why they taking my home? At the time, when they asked her why she's singing, the Germans, she had that big thing taking out of water, and she broke her arm. He fell on her and she broke her arm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2240.0,2296.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Then they left, and we got out of there, she put this ladder and tied her hand. We went into the forest, and she told us not to do this again, that she suffered because of this and could destroy us all. That we would not do this anymore, that we would sit in the forest again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2296.0,2324.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e The end was that after she broke her arm, she brought the step ladder and we went down and she said that she cannot do that, what she did for us until now, that we should run away from the Germans in the woods.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2324.0,2348.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] My brother went to the partisans army, he was picked up by the partisans, he walked through the forest and was picked-up by the group of partisans and he and Sarra remained to fight in the partisans. In the future, he got into the army, when they were transferred there, and he fought all the war, was wounded in the head and he stayed as a disabled person in the first group. Now he lives in Israel, for one year. He was in Belarus for a while. They gave him a pension as a disability during the war. Sarra took care of him, because he was already sick. She got the food and fed him. He spent his whole life by his sister's side.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2348.0,2411.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I want also to say that my oldest brother, who watched for us out, he joined the partisans and he later on joined the army and he went through the whole war. He was hurt in the head, and he was an invalid, and he collected the pension later on from the government as a first rank invalid. He lived in Israel only for the last year. He moved to Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2411.0,2449.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e What is his name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2449.0,2450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e His name is Lev.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2450.0,2453.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e Lev.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2453.0,2459.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] He had three children. When she was with him, she was transferred to Moscow. She was in Moscow, a region in Moscow. She studied at the industrial school. She was a little bit in the partisans, but then they transferred her to school, to the rear.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2459.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] How old were you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2490.0,2491.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] I was 15 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2491.0,2499.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] There was only two years difference between you? [In English] My older sister, Sarra, she went to Moscow. She was for a while with the partisans, but later on she was in Moscow. You and the two other little children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2499.0,2521.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Raisa was with us; she was with me during the whole war. Liubov was with the little one. But what did we do next? I began to understand a little bit. We walked; we walked. We went to the village, to the villages, and asked for a piece of bread. I had a short, old coat, and it was all sewn here. I had dirty pockets, and they would give me a piece, so I put it in my pocket. That's how I got a piece.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2521.0,2569.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [indistinct: 42:50]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2569.0,2573.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] No, we walked for two kilometers, then came back. Sometimes in winter we were invited to the house. Belarusians are a very kind people. These people suffered a lot. They knew that many people remained like this. They didn't know that we were Jews or not, nobody asked us who we were. They saw that we are children who have no parents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2573.0,2607.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I want to say that we received a lot of help from the local people, the Belarus. They never ask us if we are Jewish or not Jewish. They saw that little orphans and I remember I had some pens which I made in number of pockets and if we begged for some bread, I put a little piece of bread in that pocket and another little piece in the other pocket. I was walking around with those pockets of little pieces of bread. But they never gave us up to the Germans to kill us because they consider us as orphans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2607.0,2658.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Where were they? They came out of the woods and went where?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2658.0,2663.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e In winter we received some help, we slept with the peasants, and they did not let us sleep in the field.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2663.0,2680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Sometimes they invited us to the . . . there's a name for it, the Russian stove.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2680.0,2692.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Sometimes they . . . in the villages, they have the houses built that they have a big oven with a flat platform like a floor. A lot of times they really let us sleep on that warm platform next to the oven.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2692.0,2715.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] I once went with a girl, but there were also orphans there, and we walked for a long time. Those houses that were nearby, near the monastery, we were not allowed to eat, because they could not feed so many people. We went far away from the monastery in search of a piece of bread. We went with this girl, and she was named Liubov, not my sister. My sister, I brought her this bread because she was very small. I went with Liubov. When we entered the house, there were bread buns. There were bread buns, they baked the bread and put it to cool it down. We couldn't stand it and took one loaf of bread, hid it and ran away. At that time the boy saw us and ran after us. We got scared and put the bread on the snow. It was winter. We put the snow on the bread and ran. After that we never took anything else. We understood that if we steal from them, they won't give us food at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2715.0,2810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e It happened so that one time we went to a house to look for something to eat, and it happens that we saw some bread was lying on a table to cool off. It was still hot, so I and another little girl, Liubov, she was very small, and we took one bread, and we ran. But one little boy saw us, and he ran after us. We were afraid that they will kill us, or they will never give us anything to eat anymore if we steal. It was winter. We put back the bread on the ground, on the snow and we run away. At that time we decided never, never to steal anything from them. Only if they give us from goodwill.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2810.0,2868.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e What were her sisters' names and how old were the three of them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2868.0,2876.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Was Liubov also your sister?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2876.0,2879.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] No, she was a stranger.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2879.0,2881.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Were your sisters also with you when it happened with the bread?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2881.0,2889.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] No. This is a different girl. She was just like me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2889.0,2893.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] What is your sister's name? Raisa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2893.0,2898.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e Raisa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2898.0,2898.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Raisa. [In Russian] Raisa [indistinct: 48:19]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2898.0,2900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] She was with us, but she went to a woman and said that she worked for. Liubov stayed there. In short, we spent four years in this monastery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2900.0,2920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e To make the story short, in that monastery and that way of life lasted four years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2920.0,2932.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] During this time . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2932.0,2933.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e To run, to beg, and to survive, lasted four years. One of the sisters, as I said, was with this woman learning how to milk the cow, and the other one was running by herself, and she was with a friend, Liubov, also a little girl.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2933.0,2955.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e By that time she was by herself with the . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2955.0,2958.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e With a friend, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2958.0,2959.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Now I will tell you a very difficult time for me. I got sick in that monastery. We were gathering firewood in the forest . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2959.0,2981.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] I understand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2981.0,2985.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] They were heating it up in the stove. Of course, you could freeze in there. I was sitting near the stove, and I put the firewood there and fell asleep. I fell asleep there. There was a woman there, a girl. She was much older than me. She took a stick and hit me on the leg, on the legs. She hit me. I woke up [indistinct: 50:20] I was seriously ill. I was ill with my legs. My leg got sick, I got a high fever, because I was burning all over, I lost consciousness, and that's it. I was lying. Raisa, she saved us too, sometimes she will bring something from this woman. She saw that things were bad, she began to cry. We were very close, very. She started to say, who would help me? There was a doctor who came and looked at me and said that only doctors can save her. I had a leg like this. He asked me, \"What's your name?\" I say, \"Roza\", and he tells me he will forget this name. Forget it so that he doesn't remember me. He says, call to me Maria, Masha. I said \"Maria\", I repeated Maria, he said, \"No, Maria doesn't fit.\" He says, \"Maria doesn't fit, you'll be Masha.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2985.0,3126.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Masha.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=3126.0,3129.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] My mother was sometimes called Masha; the Belarusians just called her Masha. I think I will never forget this name. I will always remember it. Let it be Masha! He says, \"I will take you to Mstsislaw.\" I was so scared, I thought it's scary there, he says, nowhere else, only together can I take you. He took me in the wagon and when he carried me, I thought I was going crazy. I don't think I'm going crazy now, but I was in such pain, horror, I lost consciousness, I don't remember how we got there. He brought me there. In Mstsislaw, where my parents were shot. There was a hospital for the workers who worked for the Germans. They needed to be treated. There was the hospital. There was another hospital before the war. They were treated by the people who worked there. He put me in there, in the hospital, and now I'm lying there. No one came to me, no doctor, no food, nothing. I fell asleep, and then I woke up, and it was painful, horrible. I couldn't stand it anymore, and I wanted to be shot. I crawled out of bed, out of this bed, crawled into the corridor. At that time, a man was passing by, and I told him to shoot me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=3129.0,3272.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I have to tell about a thing that happened to me that was almost at the end of the four years. All of a sudden, I took very sick. It happened like that. We gathered twigs in order to have a little fire in the monastery, still in that monastery. One time we made a fire in the monastery to keep warm, and I was sitting very close to the hot oven, and I fell asleep. The next thing I remember there was another girl that took a stick, and she just started hitting me over the legs. She hit me very hard and then she stopped. From time to time, my other sister who went to the woman who helped her out, Raisa, she came to look about us. She saw the thing, what happened to the leg. The leg swelled up, and I was running a very high temperature, and she did not know what to do. She got a man who came by from the little town where my whole family was killed and they took me to the little town because there was still the hospital that used to be before the war. I was lying there, it was high temperature, I didn't know what was going on from time to time I lost my conscious. When I woke up, I did not know where I am. I wished only that they would kill me. I took down all the mattress on the floor in the hall, and I told them, please kill me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=3272.0,3393.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] The man who came up to me was a doctor. He took me in his arms, and I was so thin and so light that he didn't even ask anyone, he took me by himself in his hands and took me to the place where they do all sorts of surgeries. It was only on the operating table, they didn't have any medication, maybe it was for someone, but he didn't t have it, nothing [indistinct: 57:02] He didn't numb anything. He cut open my leg and from there, his whole face, the whole ceiling, was in this pus. He cut my legs; it became a little easier for me. They put me in a bed, where I was lying. I was laying there for a day, and the next day he came to me. He was a doctor. And he said, \"Why are you so thin?\" He put his hand here and said, \"Why are you so skinny?\" I said, \"I don't know.\" What can I tell him? When I'm afraid to say. It's Mstsislaw. Everyone knew me there. There could have been a person who could have said who I am. But it turns out that no one would have recognized me. I was so skinny and terrible. He said, \"Do you want to eat?\" He said, \"What do you want to eat? Tell me.\" I said, \"I want baked potatoes.\" He said, \"I'll bring you some potatoes. Do you want honey?\" I said, \"No, I want potatoes.\" He said, \"How many potatoes can you eat in a day? Ten?\" I said, \"I haven't tried it.\" This doctor started to come to me every day and brought me food. He kept telling me to eat, to eat. There were sick people lying there. He became like a father, they said, \"This is your father.\" His last name was Borisevich.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=3393.0,3574.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [interview pauses, then resumes] That situation with the leg, with my temperature, went on for days. I did not know where I am, but one day it came a man, and it turned out that that was the doctor of this particular hospital. Of course, they didn't have any medication, they could not help me with operating on me without any sedatives because the hospital was empty of any medications. He looked at the leg and the leg was a terrible swollen and I had a temperature. He looked at it and without any sedatives he just opened it up, so all that pus, all that blood and all that pus went out and hit his face and hit the ceiling of the room where he did that operation. After that, I became a little better. I felt a little better. He came every day. The next day, he touched me. He said, \"Why are you so skinny?\" Of course, I could not tell him why I'm so skinny because regardless, people knew me, but I changed so much in those years that nobody would recognize me from before. I told him, \"I don't know why I'm skinny.\" He asked me, \"Do you want to eat something?\" I said, \"Yes, I want to eat a potato, a baked potato.\" He said, \"You want a potato, how about some honey?\" \"No, no, no. I don't want any honey. I only want the potato.\" He brought me the potato, and he said, \"What do you think, how many potatoes can you eat a day? Ten, 15, how many?\" I said, \"I don t know. I never tried.\" And that doctor became like a father to me and they said, \"This is your father.\" [interview pauses, then resumes] [In Russian] What happened to this doctor? He was your father, but you had such pains.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=3574.0,3719.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Yes, when he came, I immediately did all this and began to eat a little, and I began to improve a little. At least the temperature began to drop a little bit, but I can't say that no one measured the temperature there. I was lying there in these rags, where there was no care. He didn't even have a bandage; he tied me with these sheets and wrapped everything. When he came and spent some time, it was so many years ago, he came to see that my other leg was already like this. He had to open this leg. He couldn't do any tests or anything. He just saved me so that at least time would pass. If it works, it works. If it doesn't, the child will die, and that's it. That's how it works out. Then human life was worth nothing. [indistinct: 1:03:09] But I also want to say for my sister, she is a poor woman. She used to work there. It was terrible. She, despite everything, she came there to bring me some bread or something. I can't say it. That girl who comes to you all the time. I can't say that this is my sister.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=3719.0,3867.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Before I continue, let me mention two things. When the doctor came and he asked me my name, I said, \"I'm Roza.\" He said, \"Roza, forget that name. Your name now is going to be Masha.\" Because my mother was called Masha, in the little town, I said to myself, I will never forget that name. Now I am Masha. He really took good care of me, but he saw that the other leg got infected as well. At that time, human life was very little worth. Even without medication, he had to try, he had tried to do something to alleviate the pain. I'll come back to that later. I only want to mention that at that time, my sister, Raisa, who worked very, very hard with the woman in the village who took her in, from time to time, she came to look what happened to me. They asked me, \"Who is this little girl?\" But I, of course, I was deadly afraid to say that she is my little sister. I could not mention that she's a sister. From time to time, she brought me a little piece of bread. Now let me continue with the story as it happened with the doctor who wanted to operate on the other leg.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=3867.0,3966.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Then the time passed, and this doctor was taken away. I don't know, he stopped coming. Another doctor came there, a tall one, with a beard, a real one, like a professor. He also came up to me and said that Borisevich would no longer be here, but he would also be watching over me. He would come and bring me food and watch over me too. But the offensive had already begun. We didn't know anything about it. When we were in the hospital, the offensive began. I couldn't walk. I was already lying down, and I couldn't t walk at all. When I had such legs, I would lie down and I wouldn't get up at all, I couldn't get up. There was a young woman, she came up to me sometimes. I see that people are starting to leave that place. Some relatives are coming, someone is taking them away, dragging them away. I am left alone. She says that the Germans can blow up this hospital. She says that two people came there for one woman. They live in the forests near this monastery. It's a village. They go there. I want them to take you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=3966.0,4109.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] That was the village?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=4109.0,4113.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] The village, yes. She came up to them, she told me later that she wanted to send me away. She came up and said, \"Take this girl.\" They said, \"Where are we going to take her? She's sick, she's not going anywhere, where am I going to bring her?\" She said, \"You should take her to the monastery and put her next to the fence. There's no need for anything else. You don't even need to go there. You put her there and let her lie there.\" They took me. They were driving and their wheel broke, something happened. They were scolding me all the way. That all the misfortunes that they have, I did it. They were driving through the forest, they would throw me in the forest. [indistinct: 1:09:32] The fact is that they were probably afraid that they all knew that the Germans were retreating. Then she can say that I was thrown into the forest. That's why they were afraid, but they scolded me. When they put me in the wagon, I was on the edge of the wagon like this. I was lying with my feet in the wagon, in a cart. When she put me there, she took out a cup for me and said, this is a memory from me, this is from a woman in the hospital there. She gave me a cup, and I held it like that. I didn't have anything else, this cup. then we were driving, the cart rumbled and that's it, they were swearing. I dropped it and it broke. I remembered that too. They took me to the monastery. They needed to go a little further and they put me, as she said, near the fence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=4113.0,4250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me mention one thing, the doctor who took so good care of me, one day he just left and came another man who also was very good to me. He looked after me, but after all, he couldn't do much because of the of medication and sedatives and so on. I was in a bad shape all the time with these legs that the pus was running from everywhere. Also it started that the Germans start running back. It was already after four years of war and the Russians were getting ahead. The front was getting ahead, and the Germans ran away. I saw with my own eyes that from time to time a lot of the patients, they just went away, and it got emptier and emptier till I was left there by myself. But the one young woman who was very much . . . she showed a lot interest in me; she saw two young women with a wagon that they were going away from this little town. She asked them to take me along. They didn't want at first, but later on she told them, just take her along and put her next to the monastery. Just drop her off there. On the way there, she gave me a little cup, which I cherished very much but when I went with the two young women, they were sisters, all the time, if something broke, if they could not go along with their horses, they blamed me because they said that I am in such misery that I caused them misery. All the times, they had something against me. Finally, they took me to the monastery, and they did what she told them to do. They just dropped me off there. I want to also mention that the Germans, when they came first to the monastery, they were there a short while because the partisans already from the very beginning gave them a hard time and they saw that they were not safe with the monastery seven kilometers from the city and next to the woods. They just got scared and they run away. That is why that monastery was all the time it was empty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=4250.0,4422.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] She put me next to the fence. I was lying there. At that time, someone told my sister that I was lying next to a fence. She ran there and saw that I really was lying next to that fence. They gathered there, who was there, whom she saw, to help me drag her into the building, into the house, at least somewhere. They took four or five people, children there, just like her. They dragged me there, to the monastery, again to the monastery. I was lying there. Then she took care of me, I couldn't get up at night [indistinct: 1:14:40] She found a jar, she gave it to me when I needed it, and at night when I do something, she comes to me. That's all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=4422.0,4499.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] This is Raisa?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=4499.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Raisa, the caretaker. And then one woman said that there was a room, a little smaller, and I was lying there. \"She is sick. Take her, put her down, let her be with me.\" This woman turned out to be disabled. She has an epileptic disease. Like this [memoirist shakes]. When it happened to her, she fell and began to fight. I was so scared. At first, I didn't understand what to do with her. Raisa came and I said, \"Take me away from here, I'm afraid of her.\" She said, there was a lot of space in this monastery, I could go anywhere, and she took me away. Then some time passed, our time came, and it was time for our liberation. Everyone is telling each other that we should leave this monastery. The Germans destroyed everything on their own way, and they can destroy everything here. Everything explodes, everything is destroyed. There was a terrible fire in the city. You could see the sky was red from the fire. It was summer. It was warm. She dragged me to the forest. I couldn't walk; I still couldn't. Liubov was next to me. I was skinny, we were slender. It's scary to think about it. It was horrible. I was lying there, Raisa went to the woman, and I was in the forest with Liubov and the shooting began, the bullets whistled over our heads, even though we were in the woods. It was something terrible. This little Liubov thought, no matter if she was shot in the head [indistinct: 1:17:43] she saw some kind of pot and she put it on my head so that the bullet didn't hit my head. Suddenly, I see a truck driving along the forest road. Russian soldiers are sitting in the truck. She shows where her sister is, she is already saving me. She has a big apple in her hands. [indistinct: 1:18:24] They took me by the hand and took me out of this forest. What happened then? All the soldiers gathered there, in this monastery. They gave us some rags to wear. We were all dressed up. They carried me in their arms, because I couldn't walk. Many of us were so terrible. They found some kind of . . . put on some kind, I don't know, skirt, I do not know what. They gave us everything they had to eat. The children were so scared, they ran from the woods. They gave us a concert. We were sitting there and everyone was crying. Those soldiers who saved us there were also crying. They said, \"They will live for a long time now.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=4500.0,4783.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Life went on like that. I was in the hospital until the two women took me down, and they did what the other woman told them. They left me outside next to the monastery. But my other sister, Raisa, who took so good care from time to time, in spite of all the danger, she came to see about me. She came and she saw what kind of situation I am in. I actually could not walk because the legs were in a terrible shape. They were swollen, they were full of pus, and I could not walk. I could not move at night; I couldn't go to the toilet. Raisa took very, very good care of me in spite of the risk her own life doing that. The front was coming closer and closer. And we saw the big fires from even if we were in the woods and seven kilometers from the city. The Germans tried to burn everything in their retreat. They were running. But then, all of a sudden, we saw Russian soldiers. Liubov, my little friend. She saw the soldiers first, and she came to see me. She had a big apple in her hand. They took . . . all of a sudden everybody was crying. All the children who were safe there came to the monastery from the woods. The soldiers were crying, and they gave us everything from their own food that they did not have too much they gave us. They even made some kind of a skirt for me. I don't remember if it was a skirt or just a rag. We were full of lice. By the time I was in one little room, that another woman, an epileptic, used to get her attacks of epilepsy. I asked Raisa to move me to another little room. Of course, the monastery was big, so there was no problem of moving around. The salvation came with the Russian army, with the Russians soldiers. They gave us even a concert.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=4783.0,4937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Then, after a while, we stayed there. We had nowhere else to go, so we stayed. We started to give them some food. We had to give food to all the children who lived there, the little orphans. We had all to examine them, they were all sick, we had to treat them, we needed to dress them, everything. Very soon, my brother, he was in the hospital, found out that they had freed Mstsislaw from the Germans. He says, I need to go to Mstsislaw, I have sisters left there, I have to find them. Maybe they are still alive. Sarra also heard about it. She was in Moscow. She also heard that Mstsislaw was liberated. She didn't want anything anymore, she wanted only to go there, to see us. She gathered what she had there and went to Mstsislaw. But how did she go? The trains didn't go. The military trains, that's how she got there, as best she could, and then some car was driving by, and she got to this monastery. She came to Mstsislaw. Our house was taken apart by the Germans. There was nothing left in the house. There was a court in the court building near our house. They stayed there in this building. They took everything that was in the house and took it all away, if it was something valuable. In general, nothing was left of our house. Grandmother's house remained. She looked at all this and said, \"Let's go there, look for us.\" She came before our brother, Sarra came. She came, and I have a dream. I dreamt that a bird flew to me. Honestly, I'm not lying, it was like that. I think a bird came to me, and I love animals and birds very much. I took it and it sat on my hand. I remembered it like that, and suddenly in the evening Sarra comes and she said . . . we were crying, crying, and then she said, \"I'll take you to the building where she studied in the school.\" I don't even know what kind of building she had. This driver who took her, she jumped out of the car, and he took her whole bag. She came like this. She said, \"The most important thing is that I have you, I am alive.\" In general, she cried the most when she saw that I can't even walk. Liubov was also very sick. She had a stomachache, and she had a urinary infection. It's terrible, it's terrible. It's even impossible to say anything. She says, we will go there together with [indistinct: 1:25:49]. Grandmother's house is there, and we will stay there. She went, and then the government, some kind of government over all this, when she was released, they told her, \"No, don't take the children, don't take the kids, we won't give the children yet, you yourself have nowhere to go, and we will write them all. We'll write them all down and we'll have to treat them a bit. You can't take them anywhere, they're sick. Let them stay here for now.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=4937.0,5194.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e When the Russian came, the Russian soldiers, life changed drastically. All the orphans, all the children were gathered together, and they were all very sick. My little sister, Raisa, she was very sick and I myself was in a terrible, terrible state, still I could not walk. But my brother, who was hurt in the war, he was in the hospital. He heard that some of his sisters were alive. He said, \"Please let me go. Let me go and save my sisters. Let me see what happened to them.\" From the other side, Sarra, my older sister who was in Moscow all the time, she also heard something about us, and she left everything and of course at that time there was no transportation from Moscow, so she took everything possible kind with different transportation. She reached the little town. When she came to the little town, our house was destroyed completely and everything what we have there was destroyed. My grandmother's house, on the other hand, was left. Our house was next to some brick house, which the Germans took as their headquarters. But all the other houses. The little, small houses in our house, everything was destroyed, and we were left with nothing. At that time, I had a dream. I had the dream that I was holding a bird in my hand. I love birds anyhow, but I remember the dream because the next day, my older sister Sarra, who was in Moscow, came to the monastery. She saw me and my other sister, Raisa, and also Liubov, the little girl. We decided that the best thing would be to go for a while to the house of my grandmother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=5194.0,5338.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Then Lev came, and he sees all this terrible situation, especially with me. He says, while these sisters are here, I will take Roza, because she will die here. He takes me, and by all means, by horses, by trains, by these freight trains, he brings me to Moscow. He brings me back to Moscow, and in Moscow I had uncles and aunts, I told you that there were many of them. There were a lot of aunts there, she was a doctor. But that's not the point. The point is, at that time they were soldiers, they had their own business, they could not provide such help as it was supposed to be. He stayed with the aunt who on his father's side, Dubnov. They had a lot of space, but when people live together, they never have a lot. That's how it was for them. They had a room, something like this. Two sisters lived with their families. They made a room out of plywood. They took my brother, and when my brother brought me, so did I. It's a collective farm. Still I don't feel that I belong there. He went to my uncle. My uncle worked in the editorial office. He worked and he was a military man. He said, \"You take her to the receptionist so that they can see where to distribute her. Because she is a very severe patient.\" I was all tied up in bandages, and my arm was like this. He went to the orphanage, and they gave me direction to the children's home. The children's home is a temporary place where homeless children are sent, and he left me there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=5338.0,5505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] In Moscow?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=5505.0,5507.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] In Moscow. He left me in this shelter. They see that the thing is that I need to be treated, I could hardly walk, and I can't stay there for a long time. I am allocated a special orphanage in Moscow, especially for children of deceased parents. When I go there, they send me to the hospital right away. When they took pictures of these legs, they see that they just need to take these legs off. Everything is rotten. I was so weak. When my brother brought me home, he immediately cut my hair with his own hands, just like that. He bought me a dress. I even have a photo somewhere. They put me in one hospital, then another one, and they can't help me with anything. They'll clean up a little bit, and then they won't go any further. [indistinct: 1:33:07] Then we had one doctor in this orphanage, and then the other doctor appeared, and she took care of me. She said, \"I'll put you in any hospital in Moscow. Just to be saved. You have bad blood, your kidneys are sick, you're all sick, and you'll die.\" I said, \"I'm going to die and how am I going to live without legs?\" They say, \"Legs, you need to take them off.\" Why do I need to live with such legs? She said, \"Maybe we'll save them. If they tell you to take your legs off, I'll take them off right away and if they tell me your legs are fine, I'll leave it for you.\" I said, all the time I've been in the hospital, they always cut my hair. I don't want them to cut my hair.\" She said, \"We won't cut your hair either.\" She goes to the children's home management and tells my story. Not everything, I didn't tell her, but she says that, \"She was in occupation, her parents were shot. She is in a difficult state, she needs to be given a good place, she will die, and it is necessary to get someone who will really treat her.\" They give her the right to find me a good doctor and a good hospital. She brings me to the blood transfusion institute. [indistinct: 1:34:56] She brings me and meets me a doctor who is going to treat me. He looked at me and took pictures. He says that I look like I have bees and they've made honeycombs in my bones in my body. One leg and the other leg, but this left leg is worse. \"I'll lay you down and I'll treat you. That's exactly what I do. Because there are a lot of wounded people. There is a disease called osteomyelitis. There are a very many wounded people with osteomyelitis. That's what I'm doing right now. I'll take care of you.\" I say, \"Will you cut my hair?\" He says, \"No, I won't.\" My hair is still there. I said, \"It's always cut off, and then I'll go back to the orphanage. Everyone has hair, and I'm without hair. Is this a punishment for me?\" He said, \"No, I won't cut it off.\" He takes me to his clinic. He did seven surgeries for me. Seven surgeries. I don't know how much blood he transfused. As soon as the penicillin appeared, it disappeared. Streptomycin was the best medicine for me. I think I was in such a situation in my life, but there was always someone who saved me. It happened here. I got exactly where I needed to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=5507.0,5823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e It is a long story. The history of my sickness was a very long story, but it was a miracle of some kind. Because when my sister, Sarra, came down, she took me down to Moscow. At that time, of course, the transportation was very hard to get to Moscow, but she did everything to get me to the hospital. And there, again, I always had good luck. Because they took me into an orphanage for children whose parents got killed, and there they saw how sick I am, and they said, \"She has to get to a place where they make experiments with the soldiers who got hurt on the front\" and also this kind of sickness that I had in my legs. It happened so that they took me to an institute who was experimental in this field. The man who was my doctor said that this is his specialty. He looked at my leg and he said, \"We're going to do something for you.\" She said \"Whatever you do don't cut off my leg and don't cut off my hair, because everywhere wherever we went, they kept cutting off my hair. He said, \"No, we'll not cut off your hair and we will not cut of your legs,\" and he did seven operations on my legs. Miracle of miracles. He saved my life","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=5823.0,5929.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e How old was she at that point?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=5929.0,5932.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] How old were you when he did the operation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=5932.0,5938.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Seventeen years old, 16 to 17 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=5938.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I was at that time 16 or 17 years old. Shall we continue? What happened after all this operation? Did you start walking? [In Russian] What happened afterward the operation? Did you go to the hospital?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=5940.0,5968.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Yes, he did every operation for me for five to six hours, so much time. When he did the first operation . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=5968.0,5984.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Under the anesthesia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=5984.0,5985.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Of course. It was hard for me. My heart was not the one that could withstand it. I was very weak. They made a spinal canal for me, a spinal injection, and I had this. I saw everything, they gave me drugs. He came up to me, talked to me. At that time, with a hammer and a chisel, they knocked on this leg. They opened it, cleaned it, and what did they do? Then . . . they said there in Russia, sometimes children die in the maternity hospital. He told me this, it was science. They used the bones and laid those bones on me. It was all very new. Everything was correct, It was necessary to be selected so that everything would fit, blood and bones, so that it would work, these things he put on me. Here is this leg, here I am.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=5985.0,6066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e It's of great interest the type of medicine and the operation that that doctor did on me. Each operation took from five to six hours. I was partially sedated, only the upper part. I knew exactly what's going on. But the interesting part of it was that they used the embryo of children who were aborted, they use the embryos to heal the legs. It was very experimental, but it worked.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6066.0,6111.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] The doctor from the orphanage came and visited me. [indistinct: 1:41:55] When I was lying after the operation, I felt my whole head itching. I don't know where to put my head. He comes and asks, \"How are you?\" I say, \"My head is itching. He got in, and there, everything is itching!\" He said, since I gave her my word that I wouldn't cut her hair again,\" he said, \"Let's clean her up and do everything so that she doesn't have anything in her hair.\" That's what they did to me. They cleaned me up and after that I had nothing. The doctor was very good. I spent a long time there, and I was always taken there and then back. He made sure that I was visited, that I wasn't carried away from the orphanage, that I didn't feel miserable or unhappy, that I had a good mood and that's it. He helped me a lot. When he first . . . I was lying in a cast, like this, like that, and it didn't move. For four months, for five months, I was like this. When he took my cast off, for the first time, and lifted my leg, I looked and cried. I said, \"What kind of leg is this? What am I going to do with such a leg,\" I said, \"Look, it's all thin.\" He said, \"I've done an operation for you under the [indistinct: 1:43:53] That's how I did the surgery for you. You're going to dance. You scream at me and say that you have a bad leg. You have a good leg.\" Then he does this and this, this leg and this leg . . . In general, I was saved. I went to study and graduated from school. Then I graduated from the secondary school and began to work as an economist. When I got to the Moscow children's home, I said that I didn't want to live here. Even when I had a sore leg, they didn't do anything to me. But I still have a sister there. We used to live together, and I can't live without my sister. They were forced to take my sister to Moscow. Either I go there, or she goes to me. I love her. Sarra was already independent, and she was already self-sufficient. Raisa was sent to a local school. She went to the local school, but then she got married with her family, and everything went as usual.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6111.0,6333.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e About these operations I cannot talk in plain words because I really don't know all the methods that they used. But they used evidently very experimental methods because I was, half of my body was for months in plaster. When they took off the first time the plaster From my leg I cried because I said, \"What for do I need such a leg? It was just like a bone.\" But [indistinct: 1:46:04] was a miracle worker because he said, \"I'll make you legs that you'll be able to dance.\" I can't tell in words what he did for me, but he restored my health, and I went to school, and I finished the institute, and I started to work as an economist, and I started a new life. I missed my sister very much, and I said, I don't want to live in Moscow. I want to be next to my sister, with whom I went through all the trials and all this hardship. [In Russian] What, so they left Moscow?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6333.0,6413.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] My sister was sent to work in Moldova, in Kishinev.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6413.0,6423.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Liubov?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6423.0,6424.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Liubov, at first, they sent her to an art school, she graduated from it. She was sent there. If Liubov is there, then I left Moscow and went to Kishinev too. In Kishinev, I worked as an economist. They gave me an apartment; I was married to Arkasha.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6424.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] You know what your life is like now. [In English] After I got well and I worked for a while as an economist in Moscow, I heard that my younger sister, Liubov, is in Kishinev. She also finished the institute. She worked there professionally. I decided, where my sister Liubov is, there is my life. I left Moscow and I went to Kishinev, and I work there as an economists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6450.0,6483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] This is the story of my life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6483.0,6485.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e This is the story of my life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6485.0,6489.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e How long was she in Kishinev? Did they have a family? How did she meet her husband?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6489.0,6498.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] How long have you lived in Kishinev until you met Arkady and how many years have you been living there until you came here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6498.0,6507.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] I came to Kishinev in 1956.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6507.0,6511.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] 1956?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6511.0,6512.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Yes, 1956. I met Arkady in the 1970's.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6512.0,6525.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] 1970's?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6525.0,6526.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Yes, 1970's. He came to work for us, and I worked on the railway. He came and we met. We had a lot of Jews. They wanted us to be together. They were always helping us in this matter. We got to know each other. I already had a place to live, and I was an independent person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6526.0,6554.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e It happened so that in Kishinev, I got to know my future husband. I came to Kishinev in 1956, but quite a few years later, I got to know my future-husband, Arkady, and there was a big Jewish community there in Kishinev, and everybody wants to be together. We got together and I married in the 1970's my husband Arkady.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6554.0,6587.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Do they have a family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6587.0,6590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Tell us about your family, how old is your son? Where was he born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6590.0,6598.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Arkady is divorced, and his son is his son, not mine. I didn't have children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6598.0,6608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I have to tell you that my husband had a first wife, and he had a son, who lives here in Atlanta, Georgia, and this is Arkady's son. He has a lovely wife; they have two children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6608.0,6629.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] I want to say that the boy was nine years old at the time, his son. He loved me very much, he came to me, I sent him to the camp, I watched over him, he was a little offended by life, as they say, and I understand all this, that's why we are very close. He loves me very much. I don't know who he loves more, his father or me. Because if he hears that someone is offending me, he doesn't know what to do. Because we are very friendly, very friendly. Despite the fact that he has a mother. He has a mother. He always came to me. He liked the most delicious and the best food, and he loved this house very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6629.0,6699.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Did his mother die?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6699.0,6700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] No, she didn't. No, she is here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6700.0,6701.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] She lives here. She lives in America?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6701.0,6704.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6704.0,6705.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] How did it happen that she came to America with you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6705.0,6711.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] No, we came later. They settled here, and then Igor called us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6711.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e We have a very happy marriage, I and Arkady. I think because Arkady had his mother, that he is a very sentimental, a very good-natured husband. He cares about me strongly. I don't think he loves anybody more than he loves me. In spite of that we don't have any children together, we feel very close together because we really had terrible, terrible experience during the war, which Arkady might tell about himself some other time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6720.0,6768.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e When she came back to her hometown and realized that everyone was gone and everything she had was gone, how did she cope with starting her life by herself?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6768.0,6783.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] When you came back to this city from Moscow, when you were already working as an economist, did you return to this small city to see?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6783.0,6795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Yes, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6795.0,6796.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] How did you feel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6796.0,6800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] It was very interesting for me. At a certain time, we were going to live our own lives. I left the orphanage. We had a very good director of the orphanages. He couldn't send me to work at the factory because he still thought that a person is not healthy. Even though they treated me, if they put pressure on me, I won't be able to take it. He decided to give me a specialization in the orphanage, so that I could work more professionally. He told me, \"Who do you want to be?\" I said, \"I want to become a secretary.\" He said, \"I don't recommend secretaries, because bosses love their secretaries and they will ruin your whole life,\" that's what he said to me. \"I'd rather send you to study for an accountant.\" I said, \"I don't like accounting.\" There were no calculators back then. Accounting, counting, boring work. He said, \"It's okay, but you will be independent.\" He sent me to study the courses. I studied both at school, and in the evening, I went to courses and studied to be an economist and an accountant. I studied well. He was happy, but he had to pay money for what I studied. He paid, paid money. I studied there for a year and a half, and I was hired to work in Moscow [indistinct: 1:55:24]. I used to work there, and then when I lived on my own, I wanted to see my homeland. I told them that Sarra lived in Belarus. She didn't live in her homeland; she lived in Vitebsk. I went to visit her during her vacation. I told her, \"I want to go there and see my homeland.\" She said, \"You go to your uncle, he lives nearby and it's very good to go from there. I went there and they got me food. You'll take the train there, and then you'll get there by yourself.\" There was no transport in this town, and now there is no transport either. I went there and I got to the last station. It's called Orsha. Orsha station. There I got on the bus. I got to a nearby town and then I had to look for a car and I got into the car. Then there were those who sell vegetables, everything, everything. They went to the town to sell there. He put me in his truck. He was a little drunk. He was driving the car like this, like this. We all got scared and started knocking so that he stop, because they were afraid. I told him, \"I'm going to my homeland, where I've been through so much, and now you're going to kill me, so why did I go through so many things just to die because of you?\" He says, \"Let them all get out. I'll bring you back.\" He said, \"I'll take you home.\" We got home. He took me home. I was trembling. My leg got sore because I was nervous. I gave him money. He said, he won't take money from you because you've suffered so much from me. He took me to the river. I took off my shoes. It was warm. I walked on the sand, walked along the river and came to this cliff. I looked at all these places and thought, what am I going to do now? I have to go back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6800.0,7121.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] There was no one there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=7121.0,7122.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] No one was there. I couldn't walk around the houses anymore. I felt so . . . I thought I should go back. I'll go and see, I went. Again this car was there, and he was there. He said, \"Have you looked at your homeland?\" I said, \"I have.\" \"Sit down, I'll take you back,\" I said \"I'm afraid.\" \"Don't be afraid, I'll bring you back the same way.\" I had nowhere to go, so I took the truck and went back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=7122.0,7155.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] To Vitebsk?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=7155.0,7157.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Not Vitebsk, I went home, but I had to get to the bus station. The bus took me there, and I left. I saw my homeland and then we went. I needed the documents. I'm from the ghetto, I needed documents. I went with Arkady.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=7157.0,7182.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] To Kishinev.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=7182.0,7183.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] To Kishinev. We also went to see my sister in Vitebsk, she was in Belarus, and I went there from my sister. There was no bus there either, there were no railways, and you couldn't recognize the city. Our house was gone, and outsides were full of houses. It was a totally different city. When I was standing there with the regimental committee, someone had to ask for my documents, and I wrote down a bit of my life story. That I lived here through the whole war. The boss almost cried, he read all this and almost cried. He says, \"Go to Kishinev, and I will do everything I can to get you out of there.\" When Arkady and I went out into the corridor, a man came up and said, \"What do you want?\" We talked. He said, Arkady said, \"She was born here, she went through the war here. This is my wife.\" He asked, \"What is your name?\" I said, Dubnova. He said, \"I know your father,” he was a soldier, “I remember your father.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=7183.0,7266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [indistinct: 2:01:06] I also want to tell how I came to be an economist. The director of the home for the orphans, he wanted me to go to work, but he didn't want me to go to work to a factory, because my health was at that time very precocious. He knew that in a factory, I will not be able to perform well. He really wanted me to go to be a buchhalter [German: accountant/bookkeeper]. I actually did not want to be buchhalter. I said it's a very boring profession. But he insisted and he paid for me, and I finished.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=7266.0,7319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Is that an accountant?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=7319.0,7321.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e An accountant, yes. A buchhalter, yes, is an accountant, a bookkeeper, actually. He wanted me very much to be a bookkeeper, and I thought it's a very boring job. But eventually I listened to him because the director paid for that, and at the same time I went to school and at same time in the evening to be bookkeeper. When I finished that, I had a job in Moscow. But then I had some family in Vitebsk, in Belarus. I wanted to see my old places, where we were living, where we went through all those years of war. It wasn't an easy thing to do. I went to Vitebsk. [interview pauses, then resumes]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=7321.0,7377.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Continue with the details.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=7377.0,7379.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I also want to mention that I really think that people did a lot for me. I don't know if to say if that was good luck or somebody was looking out for me, because when I was in Moscow taking the evening classes, I had to walk from a cemetery to the dormitory. There were some boys who knocked me down. They really attacked me. But one of them said, \"No, this woman is from . . . she was from the orphanage. Let her go.\" That was one lucky thing that happened to me between many more lucky things. By the time when we went from Vitebsk, there was no other transportation to the little town, but I had to take a truck there. On the truck, the driver was drunk, and everyone on the truck was scared because he went wild, on a wild ride. I said to him, \"Look, I went through the wars, through so many things, and now because of you I will get killed?\" He said, \"No, I will not kill nobody. Let them go all off because they are protesting against me, and I'll take you down to the place where you need.\" The guy really behaved very well, very honorable, and he took me down to place. When I went down to a place, there's really not, the little town was not recognizable. There were bigger buildings, there was no transportation, but the little town changed completely. There was nobody there that I knew. I walked around a little bit and wanted to turn around, walking back to quite a distance to the bus. There I turned around, and the truck driver, the same truck driver was there, just like he would be waiting for me. He said, \"Did you look around?\" I said, \"Yes, I looked around. I found nobody.\" He said, \"Okay. Come on and I'll take you back to the place.\" How many times I have to say that people are people good at heart, and they never did anything bad to me. [In Russian] Now maybe you will tell us how long you lived in Kishinev and why you came to Kishinev and came to America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=7379.0,7544.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Kishinev, you can also talk about Kishinev for a whole day. I called my sister; Liubov and she said that she wanted me to come to her place. She said that . . . She lives in communal housing, and she doesn't have an apartment but that you'll make do as best you can. I came there. At that time, many people went to Tselina. You know what Tselina is? It's a land that was launched in Russia, Kazakhstan, etc. and they helped us. It was the time of [Nikita] Khrushchev, when the land was being cultivated. They planted bread, grains, and all the Komsomol people went to Tselina. Not forever, but for the summer, for the autumn, to work. She signed up to go to Tselina. She says, I did it on purpose, so that you can sleep in my bed. During this time you may be able to settle here. She left and I stayed in the dormitory in her bed. Of course, I didn't have any money. I started looking for a job, but I was looking for one with children because when I was in the orphanage I was already walking on my own two feet and learning. It turned out that I am very capable of working with children. I discovered this ability. They listen to me, and I can talk to them. In general, I stayed there. I think I will settle for this specialty in Kishinev. Not for my specialty as an accountant, but for this. I couldn't do anything about it. They said to do Komsomol work, and they told me to go to the pioneer camps in the summer. In general, it didn't suit me, and in general, I couldn't do anything. But my sister lived in a dormitory of railway workers. She worked on the railway. They told that there was a place for an accountant. Maybe I'll go to work? It's very close. What should I do? Of course, I should go and work on my own, because I need to eat. No one will feed me. I went and got a job. While I was living nearby, I got a new job. What happened? Again, all sorts of accidents. I was living with a Moldovan woman. We used to go out together, I even gave her my own clothes, she liked them. I gave her a sweater to wear, and so on, in a good way, with her. I had only eight rubles of money. But if there is a radish, for example, a radish costs five kopeks, then eight rubles is good money for food. For the poor, of course. For the rich, it's eight rubles per day. You buy a piece of bread, a radish, something else, so that there is something there. She stole this money from me. She took this money and stole it. I came in, she was sitting at the table, but she bought herself everything. I come up to her and say, \"What are you doing?\" She stole my money. I climbed up and there was nothing there. She knew where I had it. I said, \"You stole my money.\" For us, who were in the orphanage, stealing is the worst thing. If you steal somewhere, no one knows but if you steal from your comrade, it's terrible. It's very punishable. I come up to her and say, \"You know that I have nothing. How can you take the last thing from me? You have something in the village. You have a mother. You have food to eat. You come and take it, but you have what I will eat tomorrow.\" I took the frying pan that she cooked with and hit her on her head. All her potatoes fell out. They collected them. People tell me that I should get out of this, that I am fighting. I say, communal housing is for people like me, not for people who have parents somewhere. Communal housing is for that, but they did not listen to me, that's what I'm saying. I said, \"She will steal from you more than once if that's what she does.\" They kicked me out. They kicked me out; I had nowhere to sleep. Nearby, some Jews lived. One of them, not rich or poor, gave me an allowance but didn't give me a bed. Where am I going to go with this arrangement? I slept under the tree, near the dormitory, and I slept on the street. One Moldovan, there are good ones, I tell you that God exists, He is always near me. He just feels how the Jews have been walking in the desert for 40 years. He feels it, but he always helps me. She said, I won't allow you to sleep here alone, I'll sleep with you. I said, \"How are we going to sleep together on the folding bed?\" We are going to do it somehow and she is going to lie down and sleep with me, so that I don't get bored. I was asleep, and then I was upset, I took it, wrote what happened, and sent it to the editorial office, a letter, that I am not provided, my work is provided, I have a job, but I don't have a home. I gave it to the editorial office. They said it would be provided in 24 hours. They said they hadn't done anything yet but where I worked, there was a dormitory but only the men's dormitories. There were no women there. They came to work; they unloaded the wagons. They worked there day and night. Those who came at night, they stayed there for the night. Since I had already worked there, many people knew me. When I got there to work, I didn't even need money for food. They unloaded fish, meat, wine, everything. For those who stayed for the nights, there was a stove. The workers cooked all kinds of food for themselves. They brought me grapes from home and everything they wanted. They felt sorry for me. God helps me again. But I don't know where to sleep. They say, we have a free room there, it's closed. The house was one-story. You could even climb through the window. They say, you climb through a window, and the room is free, and you sleep there. I was sleeping there. Then I wrote, after I went to find out, they decided to let me stay in the dormitory. They gave me a place after I was kicked out and they gave me my place there. But the one who stole money from me, she stole a cotton cloth, she stole things. They kicked her out of the dormitory, not me, but others, they kicked her out. I started living there, in this dormitory. But I got into a room, not where my sister was, but another room. They drank there day and night. They worked, but they drank a lot. [indistinct: 2:16:09] I had already entered the institute. I had to study. I couldn't do anything. I couldn't live in this room. They gave me food, they treated me well, but they didn't do what they had to do. I couldn't live in that room. I reached such a state of being at the limit that I needed one of the two things, either not to live at all or to have a place where I could live. How much longer can I suffer? This all boiled up inside me. I wrote a letter and went to the head of the railroad. I said [indistinct: 2:16:55] here it's all written, read it. He read it and didn't say a word. He wrote in this statement; they had a room in the house. In the common kitchen, this is called a partition, in a kitchen where there are two owners. He wrote that this room should be allocated to me. It was in 1959, when there were no apartments in the whole of Moldova. Many people lived in apartments there. Many people were in a terrible state and this room turned out to be like a treasure. Suddenly, after three years, those who have been on the waiting list for so long, see that I am allocated an apartment. I got complaints from them that I was allocated incorrectly. Not because I am bad, but because they treated me unfairly. How is it that she is alone, and they give her an apartment? That's how it is. The head of the railroad said he wrote a second time, that the apartment should be allocated to her. We gathered, we had a meeting, and a Jew was the head of this department. He talked to the workers, told a little about my fate, and the workers supported me. He said that there are many in need here, but they live here. She has nothing, no relatives, no loved ones, no one. We can't let her die completely. They gave me this apartment. You think that I didn't have any challenges there? I got a roommate with a sick child, a grandmother with a sick child. The child didn't walk, nothing. He was born so sick, and he knocked all day, the whole day. [indistinct: 2:19:22] and I told her, there were no walls there, there was a common area, it was so crowded. I couldn't sleep, nothing, I couldn't do anything. I lived with her for a couple of years, and she was still the same, disgusting. She says to me, \"You can't live with me?\" I say, \"I can live with everyone, but I can't live when they hit me on the head. Just go ahead and write that you can't live with me, that the child is sick, that there is a smell in the apartment, and there was such a smell [indistinct: 2:20:07] that you write what you want. I say, \"You don't even have to invent anything here, you can write what you have there, and that's enough.\" At that time the house was built, a new one. Let them give us separate apartments. You have a separate one, and I have a different one. I think, of course [indistinct: 2:20:40] she will get an apartment with a child, this means one room, and I will stay here. But I still calculated, I think, when I finally got her [indistinct: 2:20:58] but they tell me, you were also given a separate apartment in this house. I ask them where I'm going to live, with whom along the wall. For example, our neighbors have separate apartments, but sometimes it happens that it's also impossible to live in separate apartments. They say, \"With your neighbor, sharing walls.\" I say, \"No, I can't stand her, not only in the apartment, but if her spirit is near me, I can’t stand her. I can't see this person, she poisoned me with herself, she's like poison to me.\" I say, \"When I walk down the street . . . \" I say, \"I don't even want to be in the same house, and I can't share a wall, I have nothing to say, I cannot live with her. I can't live survive.\" They say, but we can't . . . the apartment is big, this is not allowed, according to the regulations. Then they say, \"You know what? We have an elderly woman. She is very good, and you will live together in this room.\" I said, \"I want to see her,\" and then this woman came. It's true, she turned out to be a very good woman, very good. An old woman, Russian Siberian. We started living together, I agreed that I would live with her in one room.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=7544.0,8572.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] This was communal housing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=8572.0,8574.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] This is not communal housing, it's an apartment in which I have one room, and she has another. We have two kitchens together. I have already started working, graduated from the institute and have been making money for many years. She has a shabby table in the kitchen. She sat down to eat on her own table; I sat down on my own table. She had a cabinet; I had a cabinet. The kitchen was small. When I was living there, I already had my own refrigerator. For us, it was a luxury, a refrigerator. I already have my own refrigerator. I had some furniture. My sister sent me containers from Vitebsk, Belarus. She sent me a wardrobe. I was on my feet when I lived in there. I stood in line to buy the furniture. I was already working as an economist, and I was getting paid well. I stood in line in order to get the furniture, to buy a good room for myself. When I moved in with her, she was named Avgusta Ivanovna. I said, \"What kind of life is this? You have a table, I have a table, I'm standing in line in the kitchen. There will be everything, tables, chairs, wardrobes, everything in the world [indistinct: 2:24:55] I think that we live together amicably. Let's eat at one table, let's throw this garbage out of the house. Let's set up a good kitchen and we will eat together,\" I say. You are your own, I am my own, but at least at we have one table. You will use my refrigerator; it is always almost empty.\" We lived together as a family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=8574.0,8728.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] How many years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=8728.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] I lived with her for 8 years, then I married Arkasha, he was already living in this apartment, and she lived for 10 years like this with us. When she died, I married to Arkasha. He also lived in a similar situation. When I married with Arkasha, I got this entire apartment. We lived in a good apartment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=8730.0,8766.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I want to tell you about the conditions, nowadays we cannot imagine the conditions that we had to go through. When I came to Kishinev, my sister who had . . . it's hard for you to imagine now, she did not have her own room. And it was like a big . . . a lot of rooms and it was for everybody, everybody who worked in this, there was somebody . . . it was very hard to find a room, but she had a room, and she said that, \"Where will you live in Kishinev? I have only one room.\" At that time under Khrushchev there a lot of times the workers went on a day special volunteer workers. They work somewhere in the villages. She said, \"No, this we're going to volunteer for work so this time you can live here in my room and later on we'll see.\" This took a very long time to get to my own room from which I later on married my husband and it's unbelievable the way people had to acquire a place to live under the communist regime. It's a long story from thievery, I lived for a while with a women, she had parents, but she lived in the room with me, and she stole—I had eight rubles at that time. It was a lot of money there. She stole that money from me. I hit her over the head because I was very mad. She was eating something from a frying pan, and I took the frying pan and hit her over the head. She called the people, and they said that I made a scandal, so they chased me out from that. I didn't have where to sleep. Finally, it got to the point that I slept in the street, and eventually I wrote a story to the newspaper, to the local newspaper, and they said in 24 hours, this person, because of history of what she went through in the war, had to get a room. But it was a long, long time until I finally got, after many, many years living with other co-roommates, I had my own apartment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=8766.0,8938.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e There was some recognition that because she was Jewish, that she had gone through something that was different than what the Soviets had gone through, was there any . . . ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=8938.0,8951.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, she doesn't want that. In fact, they . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=8951.0,8954.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Could you could you ask whether . . . did they think of them as . . . ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=8954.0,8959.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] One question she asks, if they are Russians and there are Jews that went through what you did, would they help you more?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=8959.0,8979.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] No. When I submitted an application for the apartment, our head accountant was Jewish. He told me, \"There's no way. They won't give you an apartment.\" It's generally difficult for Jews here to get an apartment. Before, Kishinev was a city that you could go from Moscow to Leningrad, with anyone you wanted. It was one of the best, well-fed, good cities. He says that people are on the waiting list here, and you're a Jew. He says, \"You won't get it.\" I say, \"Why would I write on my application that I'm Jewish?\" Then I say, \"My surname sounds like Russian, I'm Dubnova.\" Who knew that Dubnov is one of the greatest Jews? No one knew then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=8979.0,9044.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e It turned out that in all my experience, I thought that if I will say that I am Jewish, I might have a harder time to get . . . that wasn't Kishinev . . . I might have a harder time to get a room than if I don't say I am a Jewish. The person to whom I applied for a room was Jewish himself and he told me the conditions are so bad with room that people had to sleep in the street, and they had to wait three years until they get a room. Applying for something that you went through the war so much wouldn't help you at all. That was the condition at the time of the communists in Kishinev. Before, Kishinev was a very rich city, a big city, but under the communist regime, it turned out that a room was like finding a piece of gold.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9044.0,9113.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Could you ask what effect . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9113.0,9116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm getting tired, darling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9116.0,9118.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you ask what effect the war, her experiences during the war had on her?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9118.0,9129.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Tell me, is it possible to tell how you look at life now, after all these experiences during the war that you went through? What do you think about people? This person can do something good for others, regardless of who he is, he doesn't even ask during the war, and in normal times, when the time is normal, this person would do the same thing? Or during the time of war, people change? Sometimes they are very good for another person, and sometimes they are like animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9129.0,9184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] I'll tell you about it too. When I was living in Kishinev, sometimes they would bring products that were in short supply. I was always outraged, I always didn't get anything, but I didn't worry because I didn't get anything. I was worried about people, that when do something like that, they attack and grab it. I thought, God, if you could see when a person really lacks, you probably wouldn't do this. I was always somewhere at the end, and I was watching. I thought I wouldn't get this chicken; I wouldn't get this piece of turkey. Anyway, I'm not hungry. Get out of this position, but why is there such a relationship, some kind of disrespect for each other? This is what disgusted me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9184.0,9262.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] . . . The question was how the others, apparently, they were very greedy, and the fact that they survived during the war didn't change their character at all?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9262.0,9281.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] They probably haven't been through that much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9281.0,9284.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] You think they didn't survive that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9284.0,9286.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Yes, I can tell one who has not lived through it, then I meet a person who has lived through it and he's not like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9286.0,9297.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I want to point out that from my experience, people who lived through terrible times during the time of war are better people. They are people who will do a lot of things for another fellow that will not cling to little things or to personal things or make a big deal out of things that normally . . . In normal life, people pay so much attention. From my experience in Kishinev, after the war, I saw that those people who did not live through the war the way I lived, were greedy, wanted always something, and I always ask the question, why?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9297.0,9349.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] When I came to Moscow, I started to walk and go to school a little. In the orphanage there are stronger children but that's all for them. We were raised . . . and I'm saying that it was very forbidden, the little ones had food taken away, there was not enough food. There was a war was still going on. We were liberated, but we still had to capture Berlin [Germany]. They took away food from them, eggs, a piece of butter, a slice of bread, they took it from them. How did they take it? They knew that if they didn't give it, they could beat this child somewhere. When I was there, I couldn't stand it. Because when I didn't eat these pieces of bread, I would save them. We all took a piece of it. I always think, how come? Since it was all in my head. Why didn't I eat it all myself? [indistinct: 2:37:29], I would eat everything. I was so hungry. I was outraged, I said, I wasn't ashamed, because I couldn't stand it. I said to myself, how is it possible that she didn't die of hunger, and you have to eat two eggs? You have to have two butters? Those of us who gathered, there was no TV back then, and the teacher gathered us [indistinct: 2:38:03].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9349.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I wanted also to add that at a time, to prove my point, that people who did not live through terrible experience are, to us as fellows, are worse than people who lived through experience. Because I remember when I was in the home for orphans, the bigger children took away from the smaller children. I was always wondering why. I always ask that question, why? After the war, I saw the same thing. The stronger, the more he wants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9510.0,9565.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] I'll tell you one more interesting story. When I was brought to the orphanage from the shelter, there was a big room there, and there were beds. A lot of beds. The teacher put me by the wall, because I was very sick. She put me so that fewer people would walk around me. This place was full, and a girl comes and says, \"Why did they put her on my bed?\" I told her, \"This bed is not taken by anyone.\" I said, \"Lie down on your bed. It's wrong that I was put on your bed and I will lie down next to you.\" Then time passed, and our teacher came and asked why Roza was lying here. I said, \"I was put in the right place, because it's a busy place, how can I be there?\" More time passed, and this girl became my best friend in my life, the best, the very best. She understood it all, and she made me lie down on my bed. When I had an injury in my leg, I was not yet done with all these surgeries. I grabbed like this and screamed that it hurt. She took her own egg or butter from the table and said that they gave me extra rations. We were friends like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9565.0,9684.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I want to point out another thing. When I was in the home for the orphans, when I first came there, the beds that the children slept were very close to each other. Because I was such a sick person, they tried to put me in a corner where not very many other children went by. But it turned out that that particular place was taken before from another child. She came and she asked me, \"Who put you down here?\" I said, \"If you say this is your place, never mind, I'll go to another place.\" it turned out that this, because of that act, maybe because I felt that what's right is right, that other person was a very, very good friend of mine. When I was in very much pain, she went to the place where they gave them to eat. And she brought her own food, telling me that they gave me a special ration. She did not tell me that it's her food. She gave me her own ration, and we became very good friends. When you do what's right, it turns out right. In general, I see that in all my adventures, I believe there is a God. I believe that the God was with me all the time, in all those times of peril. [interview pauses, then resumes] [In Russian] What would you like to say to your grandchildren or to the people who came to America and didn't feel at home? Because for many years you have been living in this house. It's very difficult, we want to know how do you spend your time with other people? How do feel in this new world, so to speak?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9684.0,9849.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] I would like to say that the people who surround me right now seem to be very kind to me, very kind. The worst thing is that I can't express myself. We have an American neighbor here. She is . . . I would really like to be able to talk to them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9849.0,9880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] She is American?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9880.0,9881.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Russian] Yes, so that I can talk, so that I know what they feel, in order to know all this, you need to know the language, it really bothers me that I can't speak and suffer because of this. Because I would even, right now with you . . . I could have . . . you are translating all of this, and I'm saying that everything has already boiled over for me, everything that I have experienced, it is boiling over in me. I have to leave all of it to myself. But when I came to Israel . . . We were visiting with Arkady, and my sister, my niece lives there, Sarra. She already has children, a boy, he already went to the army in Israel. The girl has also been studying for the last few years. When I was there, they asked me to tell them everything that had happened. She was sitting there, and it was already 12 at night, and she was like, tell me about your mother, tell me this, tell that. She didn't leave me. She was studying and was on the street next to me. But not everyone was like that. Not everyone is interested in it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9881.0,9991.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . It comes, the bottom line to that comes that language is a big barrier to come to terms in a new home. After all, we are here only a short time. My next door neighbor is an American woman that I would like very much . . . she is very nice, I would very much like to talk with her, to tell her, find out from her something. But if you don't have the language, you don't have the [indistinct: 2:47:08 possibly 'rights'], you cannot dig the person, and you cannot cry out your tears, so to say, when you feel like it would help you to talk to somebody about all those what you went through. On the other hand, when I was in Israel with a visit, the children of my niece were very, very interested in what we went through. And they kept asking and asking question constantly. That made me feel good because I saw that people are still interested how I lived my life and the things that I told them, what we went through was a good lesson for them how to behave future with people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9991.0,10084.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's thank her then for giving her time and telling her story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=10084.0,10092.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I want, we both want to thank you for . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=10092.0,10101.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Russian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=10101.0,10102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, right. [In Russian] We are very, very grateful to you for telling us about your life. Because we know that it was worth a lot, a lot for you to be able to tell us about it all. For us it is very important, but on the one hand we see that a person can endure all this and become a very strong person. Because we think that you are a very tough person, that you understand other people and their suffering and your own.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=10102.0,10151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDUBNOVA:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=10151.0,10156.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/transcript/81567/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eELLEN:\u003c/strong\u003e [interview pauses, then resumes] Both of us, we have felt very privileged to hear to your story, to your suffering and what you overcame. It's amazing that you came out so strong after all what you went through and the feelings that you have now towards other people are because of that what you've went through, what you felt from other people during those terrible years. Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=10156.0,10186.199"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Vul'fovich Dubnov (unknown-1941 or 1942) lived in Mstsislaw, Belarus. He was married to Maria “Maisia” Leibovna and they had seven children, Vilia, Lev, Sarra, Raisa, Roza, Liubov, and Grisha. He and his wife were killed during the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=65.0,67.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMstislaw or Mstislavl is a town in the Mogilev Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Mstsislaw District. As of 2025, it has a population of 9,959. Jews had a historic presence in the town. In 1939, 2,067 Jews were living in Mstislaw, representing almost 20 percent of the local population. The German army occupied the town in July 1941. In early October, they killed 30 elderly Jews. On October 15, 1941, together with the local police, they murdered between 850 and 1,300 Jews. The town is the birthplace of Jewish historian and writer Simon Dubnow, Jewish statesman and Communist politician Yakov Chubin, and expressionist artist Abraham A. Manievich, among others.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=77.0,88.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoscow, Russia is the capital and largest city in Russia. The city sits on the Moskva River in central Russia. The city dates back to 1147 and grew into a prosperous city and served as the capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. It eventually became known as the Tsardom of Russia. When the Tsardom was reformed into the Russian Empire, the capital was moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. After the Bolshevik revolution the capital returned to Moscow. It is well known for its Russian architecture, historic Red Square and the other buildings including the St. Basil’s Cathedral and the Kremlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=127.0,184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaria “Maisia” Leibovna Dubnova (unknown-1941 or 1942) lived in Mstsislaw, Belarus. She was married to David Vul'fovich Dubnov and they had seven children, Vilia, Lev, Sarra, Raisa, Roza, Liubov, and Grisha. She and her husband were killed during the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=219.0,275.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVilia Davidovich Dubnov was born in Mstsislaw, Belarus to David Vul'fovich Dubnov and Maria “Maisia” Leibovna. He was the oldest of seven children. He had five siblings who survived the Holocaust, Lev, Sarra, Raisa, Roza, and Liubov. His brother Grisha died before the war. His parents and grandparents were murdered in 1941 or 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=299.0,328.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLiubov Davidovna Dubnova (1934-unknown) was born in Mstsislaw, Belarus to David Vul'fovich Dubnov and Maria “Maisia” Leibovna. She was the youngest daughter of seven children. She and five of her siblings survived the Holocaust, Vilia, Lev, Sarra, Raisa, and Roza. Her brother Grisha died before the war. Her parents and grandparents were murdered in 1941 or 1942. Liubov lived in Kishinev, Moldova after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=377.0,414.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGrisha Davidovich Dubnov was born in Mstsislaw, Belarus to David Vul'fovich Dubnov and Maria “Maisia” Leibovna. He was the youngest child of seven and died before the war as a child. His parents and grandparents were killed in the Holocaust. His six siblings survived. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=377.0,414.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommunism is a political theory derived from Karl Marx. It advocates for replacing private property and a profit based society with public ownership and communal control of most major means of production and natural resources. It’s an ideology that falls on the far left of the political spectrum.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDora is also referring to two periods of political unrest in the beginning of the 20th century. The Russian Revolution of 1905, also known as the First Russian Revolution, was a wave of mass political and social unrest. It included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies. It coincided with a series of violent pogroms that saw many Jews emigrated from the Russian Empire. The First Russian Revolution did not overthrow the Tsarist autocracy or eliminate the restrictions placed on the Jewish population of the Pale of Settlement, but it did give rise to Russia's first democratically elected parliament and resulted in some improved opportunities for Jews within the Russian Empire. During the final phase of World War I, in 1917, another revolution took place, which replaced Russia's traditional monarchy with the world's first communist state. Although the new communist government replaced the centuries-old official antisemitism of the Tzars, deeply ingrained antisemitic attitudes made Jews suspects of potential opposition. Communist ideology asked Jews to assimilate and not to identify as anything but loyal to the state and religious leaders were jailed and executed as political enemies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=414.0,436.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Vissarionovich Stalin (b. Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili, 1878-1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920’s until his death. He is considered one of the most powerful and murderous dictators in history. His five-year plans, first launched in 1928, led to agricultural collectivization and rapid industrialization, thereby creating a centralized command economy. Resulting disruptions to food production contributed to a famine in 1932–1933 which killed millions, including in the Holodomor in Ukraine. Between 1936 and 1938, Stalin eradicated his political opponents and those deemed \"enemies of the working class\" in the Great Purge, after which he had absolute control of the party and government. Under his regime, an estimated 18 million people passed through the Gulag system of forced labor camps, and more than six million were deported to remote regions of the country, which together resulted in millions of deaths. In 1939, his government signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany, enabling the Soviet invasion of Poland. Germany broke the pact by invading the Soviet Union in 1941, leading Stalin to join the Allies of World War II. Despite huge losses, the Soviet Red Army repelled the German invasion and captured Berlin in 1945, ending the war in Europe. Following the War, the country experienced another famine and a state-sponsored antisemitic campaign culminating in the \"doctors' plot\". In 1953, Stalin died after suffering a stroke, and was succeeded as leader of the Soviet Union by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin's rule and initiated the \"de-Stalinization\" of Soviet society. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=464.0,486.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzo\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=498.0,655.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMatzo\u003c/em\u003e, or \u003cem\u003ematzah\u003c/em\u003e, is an unleavened flatbread that is part of Jewish cuisine and forms an integral element of the Passover festival.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=498.0,655.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLev Davidovich Dubnov (1924-2003) was born in Mstsislaw, Belarus to David Vul'fovich Dubnov and Maria “Maisia” Leibovna. He was one of seven children. He and five of his siblings survived the Holocaust, Vilia, Sarra, Raisa, Roza, and Liubov. His brother Grisha died before the war. His parents and grandparents were murdered in 1941 or 1942. During the war, Lev served in the Russian Army and was injured. He moved to Israel after the war where he had three children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=762.0,993.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSarra Davidovna Dubnova (1926-2012) was born in Mstsislaw, Belarus to David Vul'fovich Dubnov and Maria “Maisia” Leibovna. She was one of seven children. She and five of her siblings survived the Holocaust, Vilia, Lev, Raisa, Roza, and Liubov. Her brother Grisha died before the war. Her parents and grandparents were murdered in 1941 or 1942. During the war, Sarra lived in Moscow, Russia and served with the partisan army. After the war, she lived in Vitebsk, Belarus and later moved to Israel where she raised her two children. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=762.0,993.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRaisa Davidovna Dubnova Zaitseva (1929-1987) was born in Mstsislaw, Belarus to David Vul'fovich Dubnov and Maria “Maisia” Leibovna. She was one of seven children. She and five of her siblings survived the Holocaust, Vilia, Lev, Sarra, Roza, and Liubov. Her brother Grisha died before the war. Her parents and grandparents were murdered in 1941 or 1942. During the war, because she looked non-Jewish, Raisa was taken in by a non-Jewish family and worked on their farm. After the war, she went to school and got married.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=762.0,993.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Union of Soviet Socialist Republic/USSR was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. It was made up of fifteen national republics. It was a communist state with the capital in Moscow. The nation had it foundation in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks established the Russian Soviet Republic. In 1922, the Bolsheviks and Vladmir Lenin proved victorious in the Russian Civil War and formed the Soviet Union. After Lenin’s death in 1924, Joseph Stalin came to power. Under his rule the country saw rapid industrialization and forced collectivization, which resulted in economic growth but also famine that killed millions. Stalin also conducted the Great Purge, which removed actual and perceived opponents. After the World War II, the Cold War began with the Eastern Bloc of the Soviet Union confronting the Western Bloc, which was led by the United States and eventually NATO. In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union’s last leader Mikhail Gorbachev sought to implement various reforms. Additionally various Soviet satellite countries overthrew their Marxist-Leninist regimes. By 1991, a coup attempt against Gorbachev failed and the Soviet Union collapsed with various republics of the Soviet Union remerging as independent nations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=1869.0,1872.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn response to the German occupation throughout occupied Europe, partisans banded together to engage in guerrilla warfare against the Germans. Some Jews who managed to escape from ghettos and camps formed their own fighting units. These fighters, or partisans, were concentrated in densely wooded areas. A large group of partisans hid in a forest near the Lithuanian capital of Vilna. They were able to derail hundreds of trains and kill over 3,000 German soldiers. Life as a partisan was very difficult. People had to move from place to place to avoid discovery, raid farmers' food supplies to eat, and try to survive the winter in flimsy shelters built from logs and branches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=2125.0,2240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ekohlkoz\u003c/em\u003e, and its close cousin, the \u003cem\u003esolhkoz\u003c/em\u003e, are large collective farming communes. In the late 1920s, Stalin’s regime had begun implementing plans for transforming Soviet agriculture from predominantly individual farms into a system of large state collective farms. The Communist regime believed that collectivization would improve agricultural productivity and would produce grain reserves sufficiently large to feed the growing urban labor force. The anticipated surplus was to pay for industrialization. Collectivization was further expected to free many peasants for industrial work in the cities and to enable the party to extend its political dominance over the remaining peasantry. \u003cem\u003eKohlkoz\u003c/em\u003e were created after individual farmers were forced off their land and the state appropriated it. Thereafter, the farmers lived in the commune and got paid a share of the farm’s product and profit according to how many days they worked. The peasant could have a garden on about one acre of land to feed him family, although it was inadequate. The rest of the product was sold to the government for very low prices. A \u003cem\u003esohlkoz\u003c/em\u003e is very similar but the workers did get paid a (very low) salary. \u003cem\u003eKohlkohzes\u003c/em\u003e were disbanded after 1991 and people were allowed to own their own land again although state farms still exist. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=5338.0,5505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOsteomyelitis is an infection of bone, generally in the legs, arms, or spine. Infections can reach bones by traveling through the bloodstream or spreading from nearby tissue. Treatment is usually to surgically remove portions of bone that have died, followed by strong antibiotics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=5507.0,5823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA spinal canal injection is a procedure where medication, often a steroid, is injected into the space surrounding the spinal cord, the epidural space, to reduce pain and inflammation. These injections are used to treat various conditions that cause back and leg pain, such as spinal stenosis, sciatica, and herniated discs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=5985.0,6066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKishinev (officially: Chişinău; Yiddish: Keshenev, formerly Kishinyov) is the capital city of the Republic of Moldova, a small country between Ukraine and Romania. It is situated along the Bâcu (Byk) River, in the south-central part of the country. Kishinev is in the historical region of Bessarabia, which was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1818. After World War I, it was in the Kingdom of Romania. At the turn of the twentieth century, the city was home to over 50,000 Jews, who lived alongside Russians, Ukrainians, Romanians, Poles, Germans, Armenians, Greeks, and Roma people. The city and particularly the Jewish population suffered greatly during World War II. After the war, the Jewish population numbered 5,500 survivors who had lived in smaller towns before the war and returned from evacuation in eastern areas of the USSR resettled in Kishinev. The city is known for institutions such as the National Museum of Fine Arts, Moldova State University, Brancusi Gallery, and National Museum of History of Moldova. Though the city's buildings were badly damaged during the Second World War and earthquakes, a rich architectural heritage remains. In addition, it has numerous buildings designed in the postwar Socialist realism and Brutalist architecture styles.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6413.0,6423.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArkady Kopmaya (born Arkadii Itskovich Kopmar, 1936-2020) worked for the railroad company in Kishinev, Moldova. There he met his wife, Roza Dubnova, and they married in the 1970’s. Before marrying Roza, he was married and divorced, he had one son from that marriage. He and Roza followed his son, moving to Atlanta, Georgia in the early 2000’s. They are buried in North Atlanta Memorial Park and Chapel Mausoleum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6424.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVitebsk or Vitsyebsk is a city in northern Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Vitebsk Region. As of 2025, it has 358,927 inhabitants, making it the country's fourth-largest city. It's known as the birthplace of the artist Marc Chagall. His early works are displayed in his former home, now the Chagall House Museum. The Town Hall houses a branch of the Vitebsk Regional Museum, with weapons and artifacts. The reconstructed Annunciation Church dates from the 1100’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6800.0,7121.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrsha is a city in the Vitebsk Region, Belarus. It is situated on the fork of the Dnieper River and the Arshytsa River, and it serves as the administrative center of the Orsha District. In 1812, the city was badly burned during Napoleon's invasion. During the First World War, the city was occupied by German forces from February to October 1918. On February 2, 1919, Orsha became a part of Soviet Russia. After the formation of the Soviet Union, it was transferred to the Byelorussian SSR in 1924. The population before World War II was about 37,000. The city was occupied by Germany and the occupiers founded several concentration camps in the city, where an estimated 19,000 people were killed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=6800.0,7121.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “ghetto” originated in sixteenth-century Venice from the Jewish quarter, where authorities compelled the city’s Jews to live. The term’s usage spread across Europe and referred to areas within cities where members of minorities (typically Jews) lived and were often restricted to by the authorities as a way to separate them from the majority Christian population. During World War II, Nazi Germany established ghettos in segregated city districts to further isolate and imprison regional Jewish populations. Starting in 1939, the Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone. Jews living in ghettos experienced miserable conditions and overcrowding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=7157.0,7182.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTselina\u003c/em\u003e or virgin lands (Russian: literally 'whole lands'; Ukrainian: \u003cem\u003etsilina\u003c/em\u003e) is an umbrella term for underdeveloped, scarcely populated, high-fertility lands often covered with the chernozem soil. The lands were mostly located in the steppes of the Volga region, Northern Kazakhstan and Southern Siberia. The term became widely used in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s in the Soviet Union during the Virgin Lands campaign, a state development and resettlement campaign to turn the lands into a major agricultural producing region.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=7544.0,8572.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNikita Khrushchev (1894-1971) was the leader or the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964. He came to power after Joseph Stalin’s death. While in power, he denounced Stalin’s crimes and established a policy of de-Stalinization. He pushed for the early Soviet space program and implemented moderate domestic policy reforms. In October 1962, tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union rose when the Soviet Union sought to install medium-range nuclear weapons in Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis ended after the Soviet Union offered to withdraw the missiles in exchange for the United States promise not to invade Cuba and a secret promise of the U.S. to withdraw missiles near Turkey. Khrushchev’s terms were seen as a defeat for the Soviet Union and by 1964, party leaders had pushed Khrushchev from power. Just prior to his death in 1971, the secret terms regarding Turkey were made public.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=7544.0,8572.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, usually known as \u003cem\u003eKomsomol\u003c/em\u003e, was a political youth organization in the Soviet Union. It is sometimes described as the youth division of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), although it was officially independent and referred to as \"the helper and the reserve of the CPSU\". The \u003cem\u003eKomsomol\u003c/em\u003e in its earliest form was established in urban areas in 1918. During the early years, it was a Russian organization, known as the Russian Young Communist League, or RKSM. During 1922, with the unification of the USSR, it was reformed into an all-union agency, the youth division of the All-Union Communist Party. It was the final stage of three youth organizations with members up to age 28, graduated at 14 from the Young Pioneers, and at nine from the Little Octobrists.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=7544.0,8572.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ruble or rouble is a currency unit. Currently, currencies named ruble in circulation include the Russian ruble in Russia and the Belarusian ruble in Belarus. These currencies are subdivided into 100 kopeks.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=7544.0,8572.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe kopeck or kopek is a coin or a currency unit of a number of countries in Eastern Europe closely associated with the economy of Russia. It is usually the smallest denomination within a currency system; 100 kopeks are worth one ruble or one hryvnia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=7544.0,8572.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSiberia is an extensive geographical region in Russia that extends eastward to become what is often referred to as ‘North Asia.’ It is a sparsely populated area with long, cold winters. Siberia has been a part of Russia since the seventeenth century. The majority of Soviet forced labor camps in the 1930’s through 1950’s were in remote areas of northeastern Siberia. The Siberian labor camps were used as a form of political repression and prisoners were often worked to death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=7544.0,8572.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSt. Petersburg, Russia was known as Petrograd from 1914-1924 and Leningrad from 1924-1991. It is the second-largest city in Russia. It is on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. It is a historically strategic port and served as the capital of the Russian Empire from 1713 to 1918. After the Bolshevik Revolution, the capital was moved to Moscow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=8979.0,9044.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSimon Dubnow Simon Dubnow (alternatively spelled Dubnov; romanized: Semyon Markovich Dubnov; 1860-1941) was born in Mstsislaw, Russian Empire, now Belarus. He was a Jewish-Russian historian, writer, and activist. He was a native Yiddish speaker and received a traditional Jewish education. Throughout his active participation in the contemporary social and political life of the Russian Empire, Dubnow called for modernizing Jewish education, organizing Jewish self-defense against pogroms, and demanding equal rights for Russian Jews, including the right to vote. In this effort, he worked with a variety of Jewish opinions, including those favoring diaspora autonomy, Zionism, socialism, and assimilation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=8979.0,9044.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297/annotation_set/1937/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBerlin is the capital and largest and most populous city in Germany and the European Union. Berlin was built along the banks of the Spree River and about one-third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks and gardens, rivers, canals, and lakes. After World War II at the onset of the Cold War, Berlin was occupied by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. The city was split into West Berlin and East Berlin, divided by the Berlin Wall. East Berlin was declared the capital of East Germany, while Bonn became the West German capital. Following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all of Germany. Today, Berlin is a hub for tourism and industries including the healthcare industry, biomedical engineering, biotechnology, the automotive industry, and electronics. Berlin is home to several universities such as the Humboldt University of Berlin, the Technical University of Berlin, and the Free University of Berlin. Berlin is also home to three World Heritage Sites, the Brandenburg Gate, the Reichstag building, the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, the Berlin Wall Memorial, and the Berlin Zoological Garden. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/152831/file/281297#t=9349.0,9510.0"}]}]}]}