{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/kh0dv1fh8j/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Robbins, Inge "]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2002-11-01 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Robbins, Inge (Interviewee)","Einstein, Ruth (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Legacy Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eInge Robbins was interviewed by Ruth Einstein on November 1, 2002 in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eInge Marx Robbins grew up in Stuttgart, Germany, and attended a Jewish school and kindergarten – college in Little Rock Arkansas. Inge Marx, her brother Albert and her parents Paula Marx and Hugh/Hugo Marx moved to America in 1938 to escape the Nazi regime. They eventually arrived in Little Rock Arkansas where she began her new life. In 1999 she and her daughters and her husband George returned to Germany where they visited many of the towns and homes where her family was from and lived, including her place of birth -- Stuttgart, Germany. There she visited multiple cemeteries, and Holocaust sites, and was interviewed and met by a mayor, college professors, and others.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eThe interview of Inge Marx Robbins begins with an overview of how she and her husband, George, raised their children and taught them about their place in the world. This education reflected the way and time in which Robbins was raised. Discipline and the Jewish Edge were the core of the Robbins children's youth. Robbins introduces Temple Sinai and Rabbi Lehrman as integral to her family life. She believes that coming to America and raising her kids here was the best possible move. \u003cbr\u003eRobinson expresses ongoing concern about the rise of antisemitism. She also expresses concern that the term \"holocaust\" has been generalized to describe another incidence of devastating murder as well as the dilution of the bloodline due to intermarriage. \u003cbr\u003eRobbins recalls going to Germany with her family in 1999, visiting Stuttgart, Buttenhausen, and Tübingen. The town of Stuttgart orchestrated this trip, providing education to those whose lives were disrupted by current events. Robbins was able to visit the city of her birth and early education and speak with historians, the mayor of Buttenhausen, and college professors. She also visited holocaust sites such as Dachau and Killesberg. This trip was significant, something she was able to share with her brother when he went on a later trip. \u003cbr\u003eRobbins relayed that her family was working with a translator, translating letters to increase their knowledge of family history. One story she relays is information from an Aunt and Uncle who spent time in a concentration camp. This Aunt escaped. When asked if she had any insight she wanted to pass to her children and grandchildren, the information in these letters was Robbin's answer. Robbins plans to put all this information into booklet format before she dies. \u003cbr\u003e            Robbin's interview begins with family time in Germany, her birth in Stuttgart in 1929, her brother's in 193, and their escape to the US. She mentions her family roots, which include her parents, Paula (Hartstein) Marx and Hugh/Hugo Marx, her brother Albert Marx, and her grandparents, Max Marx and Emma (Liebman) Marx. She recalls her sheltered youth, growing up in a three-story home, each floor housing one family. Although she attended a Jewish school in a Reform synagogue, her family followed a few traditions, such as Hanukkah. \u003cbr\u003eRobbins recalls her father having to sell his business cheaply and quickly so they could leave, which they did just one week before Kristallnacht. Her family left in secret, not because they did not trust others but because they did not want to overwhelm others. Prior to the family moving, Robbin's father went to America to orient himself to the situation and make a decision about immigrating. Although he did not bring the family at that time, he did so two years later. He eventually worked at the Atlanta Paper Company and Little Rock Paper Company. \u003cbr\u003eThe interview then turned to the journey of the Marx family, first in Basel, Switzerland, then Paris, France, and eventually New York, then Georgia. Although she was older, once in the US, Robbins attended Kindergarten to help with her language skills. Her parents immediately transitioned to speaking English so that they would fit into their new home. \u003cbr\u003eRobbins only recalls a little conflict between her old and new cultures except regarding special curricular activities such as sororities. She spoke on how they only allowed one Jewish person in each year. The Little Rock education system was not discriminatory against Jews yet there was one white and one black high school. However, she did see segregation being present in dating as she saw other families not allowing Gentiles and Jewish people to date. She was very fortunate in college not to be married to a Gentile. She had a Jewish Education once she came to America and grew closer to her roots.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eInge Robbins was interviewed by Ruth Einstein on November 1, 2002 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInge Marx Robbins grew up in Stuttgart, Germany, and attended a Jewish school and kindergarten \u0026ndash; college in Little Rock Arkansas. Inge Marx, her brother Albert and her parents Paula Marx and Hugh/Hugo Marx moved to America in 1938 to escape the Nazi regime. They eventually arrived in Little Rock Arkansas where she began her new life. In 1999 she and her daughters and her husband George returned to Germany where they visited many of the towns and homes where her family was from and lived, including her place of birth -- Stuttgart, Germany. There she visited multiple cemeteries, and Holocaust sites, and was interviewed and met by a mayor, college professors, and others.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview of Inge Marx Robbins begins with an overview of how she and her husband, George, raised their children and taught them about their place in the world. This education reflected the way and time in which Robbins was raised. Discipline and the Jewish Edge were the core of the Robbins children's youth. Robbins introduces Temple Sinai and Rabbi Lehrman as integral to her family life. She believes that coming to America and raising her kids here was the best possible move.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eRobinson expresses ongoing concern about the rise of antisemitism. She also expresses concern that the term \"holocaust\" has been generalized to describe another incidence of devastating murder as well as the dilution of the bloodline due to intermarriage.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eRobbins recalls going to Germany with her family in 1999, visiting Stuttgart, Buttenhausen, and T\u0026uuml;bingen. The town of Stuttgart orchestrated this trip, providing education to those whose lives were disrupted by current events. Robbins was able to visit the city of her birth and early education and speak with historians, the mayor of Buttenhausen, and college professors. She also visited holocaust sites such as Dachau and Killesberg. This trip was significant, something she was able to share with her brother when he went on a later trip.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eRobbins relayed that her family was working with a translator, translating letters to increase their knowledge of family history. One story she relays is information from an Aunt and Uncle who spent time in a concentration camp. This Aunt escaped. When asked if she had any insight she wanted to pass to her children and grandchildren, the information in these letters was Robbin's answer. Robbins plans to put all this information into booklet format before she dies.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Robbin's interview begins with family time in Germany, her birth in Stuttgart in 1929, her brother's in 193, and their escape to the US. She mentions her family roots, which include her parents, Paula (Hartstein) Marx and Hugh/Hugo Marx, her brother Albert Marx, and her grandparents, Max Marx and Emma (Liebman) Marx. She recalls her sheltered youth, growing up in a three-story home, each floor housing one family. Although she attended a Jewish school in a Reform synagogue, her family followed a few traditions, such as Hanukkah.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eRobbins recalls her father having to sell his business cheaply and quickly so they could leave, which they did just one week before Kristallnacht. Her family left in secret, not because they did not trust others but because they did not want to overwhelm others. Prior to the family moving, Robbin's father went to America to orient himself to the situation and make a decision about immigrating. Although he did not bring the family at that time, he did so two years later. He eventually worked at the Atlanta Paper Company and Little Rock Paper Company.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eThe interview then turned to the journey of the Marx family, first in Basel, Switzerland, then Paris, France, and eventually New York, then Georgia. Although she was older, once in the US, Robbins attended Kindergarten to help with her language skills. Her parents immediately transitioned to speaking English so that they would fit into their new home.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eRobbins only recalls a little conflict between her old and new cultures except regarding special curricular activities such as sororities. She spoke on how they only allowed one Jewish person in each year. The Little Rock education system was not discriminatory against Jews yet there was one white and one black high school. However, she did see segregation being present in dating as she saw other families not allowing Gentiles and Jewish people to date. She was very fortunate in college not to be married to a Gentile. She had a Jewish Education once she came to America and grew closer to her roots.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/242/129/small/Robbins_Inge.mp4_1717706128.jpg?1717706129","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Robbins_Inge.mp4"]},"duration":3380.462,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/242/129/small/Robbins_Inge.mp4_1717706128.jpg?1717706129","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/242/129/original/Robbins_Inge.mp4?1717706126","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3380.462,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Inge Robbins  [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Given that your family had such a life altering experience because of\nthe policies of the Nazi government, the Nazi regime in Germany, what in your\nknowledge of your mother's loss of her family and the loss of so many of your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nROBBINS:\u003c/strong\u003e comrades and German, compatriots, did you try to teach your children anything growing out of that experience about what their place in the world is or how they should, grow up as human beings? I guess probably so. Now, whether they would have been different if I had not had gone through that, I don't know. George and I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were pretty strict. We believed in discipline and the Jewish edge. We belonged to the temple until Rabbi Lehrman, was able to able get another congregation going because we were not too happy at the temple. As soon Temple Sinai was started, we went there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and our children got a very fine Jewish Education. It was a tough one, on the one hand, because Rabbi Lehrman died from cancer. He was sick for a year or two, it was just horrible for all of us, but particularly the young people, to see somebody so young have to go in this manner. They went to Sunday School and we were Jewish. We did all the rituals, we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"observed here, not kosher or anything like that, but just, the holidays. We did instill, Jewish education in them. They are very Jewish. They feel very Jewish. Nathan is not Jewish. He did convert, but religion doesn't really mean, it has never meant anything much to him, She feels","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish and their little boy is Jewish obviously. It's much easier to be Jewish now. There are so many people that are Jewish. If you're living in a small southern town, there are very few Jewish people, it's a different situation. I think everybody has a very good feeling about themselves. Unfortunately, times are pretty bad right now, and, I don't know how much worse","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e they'll get, but antisemitism on the rise is a big worry. How do you feel about that -- actually feeling and having the knowledge that people hate the Jews again in your life? \nROBBINS: It's just terrible, it's not understandable, really, because they accuse us of everything except for what we really have done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They don't admire us for what we've done, they just accuse us. We're scapegoats and we have been from the beginning of time. Why this is coming up again now I can understand because, when times are bad, and times are bad for some people now, they're the they go against the Jews, and of course, Israel and the Palestinians and all the Muslims that are around the world now with, so many of the European countries. The reason there is so much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e antisemitism is because of them and the governments afraid to, crack down on them. It's a very, very big concern. Do you think the world learned anything from the Holocaust? \nROBBINS: They may have, but it was in the past and so many other people are saying there's a holocaust in Rwanda and a holocaust in the Sudan and here and there and everywhere, - the name the word has, been downgraded.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many people are sympathetic to getting rid of the Jews. There's just no denying that. If they realized how many well-known, important scientists, doctors, physicians, writers, were Jewish it might be a different story. They've lost generations of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonderful minds. The second worry is all this intermarriage here. The fact that Jews were so much for education, that was a big deal, because we were not able to go into many of the trades throughout the centuries. Now there's so much intermarriage that that bloodline is being, deluded. Who knows what the future is going","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e to be in that area. It's pretty depressing. How do you feel about Germany today? \nROBBINS: Three years ago, we found some extended family members, from the Liebman side. That's my father's mother's side. Just by accident, my cousin in New York knew about these people. But we didn't. My father, didn't really talk about them, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they never came down south because they were up in Philadelphia [Pennsylvania], New York and New Jersey, and they had their own. They had enough of them people there as cousins. But anyway, we were invited. This one cousin was going to have a little reunion of some of the cousins, and I happened to meet him at the airport one day. He was coming through and he asked us to go. I took our two daughters and we went there to Germany and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"met these other relatives. He had a historian hired and we went to, Göppingen [Germany] which was his hometown. We went there and he had established a Jewish museum in this little town. Then we went to Buttenhausen [Germany]which has a wonderful story about a man who was actually in the army in the Second World War. He lives in this little village. One day","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he found some boxes in the attic of a house that he had rented or something like that. It was Jewish records of this little village. He took it upon himself to preserve the records. He made a museum there in the top floor of the schoolhouse. He took it upon himself to take care of the cemetery, which is on a steep incline, a Jewish cemetery. He still works there. Nobody pays","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. He renovates the markers. They fall down, he writes, just keeps everything up to date, mows the grass and so forth. All this because he wanted to do that. Even to this day, there are some people, former Nazis who live there who just think he's terrible for doing any of this. But anyway, we went to this. His name is Walter Ott, and he was recently honored, I believe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Berlin [Germany] and maybe in Jerusalem [Israel] as well. He's really a true righteous Gentile. We went to visit him and the little museum and the cemetery in Buttenhausen. Then we went to Tübingen [Germany], where, I told you my, grandmother's house was. Then we went to the Wenkheim [Germany] Cemetery, and there's a book about that which I have, which delineates all the gravestones, the markers. This gives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a history of the people buried there. We went to Stuttgart [Germany], which is where my home was. Not knowing German was a problem, but you can get around--people speak English pretty much. I took them back to where we lived and just, got a flavor of the city, which is not a pretty city anymore. It used to be very beautiful, but it was all bombed out by the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americans, which is fine, but the way they rebuilt it, it was just the cheapest way that they could do it. That was our trip to Germany. Then the year after that, the city of Stuttgart for 17 years has invited Jewish people whose education was interrupted back to Stuttgart for two weeks. A free trip, all expenses paid. George and I went. They wined and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dined us. It was wonderful. They took us to little villages here and there and cemeteries and schools. There's hardly anything Jewish left at all -- a marker here -- but we had a wonderful visit. They had a place, up on the hills. Stuttgart is a city in a valley with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hills all around it. On the one of the hills is a place called Killesberg, which is where the trains to, the death camps, people got on the trains there. They didn't know where they were going. They told them to bring certain things with them, gardening tools and stuff like that, which was just a ruse. During that trip, we, George and I rented a car. We also went to, back to Buttenhausen, and we went to Dachau to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see that camp. Then we went to Rottweil [Germany], which is where my mother's mother was from. I had been in touch with they had sent my mother a booklet. Her, my mother's uncle was a very well-known person in the cinema area. He's written books about it. He emigrated to Switzerland, probably in 1936. I do have some letters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of his as well. His wife, was a Christian Scientist, but he had a pen name. His name was Julius Rosensteel, but his pen name was Earnst Eros. Which is the combination of his name, of the letters of his name. He was a really well-known person from this little village. They had sent my mother a booklet about him many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years ago. I had that and I thought for some reason we knew we were going to Germany. I wrote them about coming to see, the records. They were terribly helpful, they had us come down on the train and they met us. The mayor and the newspaper people were there, and college professors picked us up and took us to this interview. We were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interviewed at this newspaper place. They took us to the house where my great grandparents live. The house is from 1500s. They had a retail store there, and now there's a butcher shop, the butcher lives up above. They took us in there and all the way up to his house, and they showed us the whole, everything, all the different floors. They were extremely nice. Then they said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they wanted us to, go to where my great grandparents were buried, which was in a town about 50, 60 miles away. They hadn't researched all of that. They took us to this cemetery. I can't remember--the Offenburg [Germany]or something like that was the name of the town. This little Jewish cemetery was in the middle of a Christian cemetery, a square in the middle of the cemetery. I guess that was for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"safety reasons, so people would not know that it's there, perhaps. They had checked where the last place was where they lived. They were in not a nursing home, but a place for older people. We saw the graves. We saw the place where they last lived, they had checked the records of their marriage records and their death records. We had got copies of all of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were just as nice as they could be. Every place we went, there was a historian or college person who they just couldn't have been nicer. That was just a wonderful experience. You asked me about Germany - some people just couldn't be nicer. I'm sure regret terribly what happened. Others are young enough where they have questioned their parents and grandparents about things and have gotten satisfactory or not satisfactory answers. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a session with a lot of young people, through this same program. We felt very elated about this whole thing. In Stuttgart we were in the city chambers, and the mayor addressed us, and they just did everything that they could, and it's cost the city tremendous amounts of money, because every year they brought in about 50 people, 25 who were had emigrated. You could bring a spouse","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or a friend. That last year was the last program I got my brother to go, gave them his name and he got to go. That was the end because he didn't really start school yet, it was for people whose schooling had been interrupted. I feel we felt pretty good about. We felt very good about what they were trying to do now I think things are not so good anymore. There was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Christian/Jewish, committee in Stuttgart, and so many of our guides were not Jewish. Because the Jews that are left in Stuttgart came from Poland or Russia. I don't know if there any natives there at all that came back, that are still living. Mixed emotions at this point. But I will say one thing. This guy that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was with us, that took us around. He found out where I was born, the hospital where I was born, and he took us there. He asked the people for the records where I was born, which they said they didn't have them anymore after they checked. He took us to every house where we lived before the last house. I have pictures. Most of them were bombed out but rebuilt in this house where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e we lived was bombed out, but rebuilt. Not as pretty but rebuilt. They just did the best that they possibly could and so we're very appreciative of that. Did you, did you have any particular emotions when you went back to\nthe house that you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nROBBINS:\u003c/strong\u003e remember growing up in? The first time we went, when I took our two daughters there, there was a man that was out by the front steps mailbox, and we talked to him, and he said that his father had bought the house. It had burned. I guess it got bombed and had burned. His father bought it. The second time we went to the house, there was a we've talked to a woman in the back who, didn't know much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what happened. But, you can't question everybody you see on the street. You can't question everybody about where were they? What did they do? What did they see? And why didn't they do more? I could see why people couldn't help others because they were just subject to being sent off themselves. I'm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e one of these people who take things the way they are. I don't get really excited when things are good. I don't get real down when things are bad. I just sort of an even keel. It may be because of all that I have experienced because you are some of what you've experienced. You've had to make a lot of adjustments. \nROBBINS: Willingly, I guess. I feel like I'm open minded. Just, try to do the best we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e can. Is there anything you can think of that you might want to have on tape for your children or grandchildren, about any other memories that you have or any other thoughts on on any anything else? \nROBBINS: I just will say, they know I'm doing this, but I'm having all these. My brother and I were paying together to have these letters translated, and they come from grandparents. The grandmother that got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out and even letters from her that when she was in this country. We have letters from this, Earnst Eros from Switzerland who was discriminated against because of he, his being Jewish in Switzerland. He couldn't keep up with his work because\nof that writing. Then we have letters from an Aunt and Uncle whose young child who was about six years old when they went to a concentration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp. One of the letters she wrote something about she heard that my cousin Henry, who I told you earlier, went to France, his family sent him to France. He was probably 12 or something, that that he had been sent away and she could never think of doing. Sending her child away. Yes, he died in the camps. They would have been the thing to do. But who knows? No one ever thought it would be as bad","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it came to be. We have all those letters, and we have letters of my mother had an Aunt who was also from Rottweil who got out, and she lived in Cincinnati [Ohio]. We have some letters from her from over there and over here. Then we as for some reason, we, have all the letters my father wrote home when he was in this country from 1923 to 1925. How they got here, we don't know. They","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were all letters to his mother and father in Buttenhausen. Whether she brought them over, I don't know how they got here, but we have them all and they were all translated. Now we just got the last batch yesterday. That's his experience in this country, traveling and all the little southern towns and the letterheads from all these different hotels all around the South and his experiences here. That's very interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the lighter side of it. But I feel like the other letters are voices from the grave. And I just I've been working very hard for over a year and a half on these, trying to get them translated and organized and copied, and I have yet to find out how I'm going to. I don't necessarily publish them, but they're going to be in some kind of a booklet form if I can figure out how to do that. So that that's my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e project these last two years, and I want to make sure I get it done before I depart. How has reading those letters informed you, or changed how you thought about that period of history, and about your own family's experience? \nROBBINS: I just can't believe that somebody could be so terrible towards","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"humanity. It's just unbelievable that they could. It's just like a puppet on a string. They swing you this way and that way, and you have no control over anything. They take everything away from you. My grandparents had to take a border. They had to have a woman living there. They had to start, doing any kind of work. Oh, one of the things in the letters - everyone was trying to learn a new trade they could,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work on over here so when they came, they would have a job. My aunt, from Czechoslovakia, she writes about that often, she's learning to sew. She's learning other kinds of things. Her husband is learning to be a chef. They were just very industrious trying to prepare for leaving. Nothing ever happened except that, it was just one bad thing after the other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e EINSTEIN: Was there ever any thought of, either by your parents or by some of these other relatives that, going to Palestine? \nROBBINS: It was never brought up in our family I there may have been a thought somewhere along the way, this was a country where people wanted to come to.  How do you like having raised your children here and being having","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nROBBINS:\u003c/strong\u003e been given the opportunity to come to America? We're the luckiest people. I think, with all that bad that's happened, which is you just have to be positive and look to the future. It's a wonderful place to live and a wonderful place to raise your family. We were very fortunate that was the only thing that came out of that, the fact that we were very fortunate to be able to start a new","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life here and, with all the freedom. You can earn work hard, you earn what you work for generally. It's and the work ethic, as a German, as you probably know, there is the work ethic there. People who came do work very hard. For the most part. We feel I feel extremely fortunate. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e just couldn't. That was the silver lining. Was there anything at all that I haven't asked you, or is there any other thing that you would like to have on this tape for your children or for your grandchildren?\nROBBINS: Off hand, I can't think -- but I'm sure. I think about thing's later. But I've given you the best. Unfortunately, I don't know much about the time that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you would be most interested in hearing. I just don't. I just don't know it. But I can see how that can happen because you would shield, try to shield your children as well from what what's outside the door. I guess they did a good job of that for that reason. But I can't think of anything. I just feel, it's wonderful that our children have opportunities here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e that, you don't have in the, in most countries. I just I'm happy about that. I just want to thank you so much for agreeing to do this interview. It's a wonderful thing. \nROBBINS: You're a wonderful Interviewer. Thank you very much. It's been it's been a pleasure. Could you tell me your name and what your name","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nROBBINS:\u003c/strong\u003e was when you were born. My name now is Inge Robbins. I'm married to George Robbins. My maiden name was Marx, and M-A-R-X. I was Inge Marx with no middle name. Unfortunately for that, because I would like to use another name because Inge is very, Germanic. \nEINSTEIN: Where were you born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Born in Stuttgart, Germany. In what year? \nROBBINS: 1929.  You were born just as, just a few years before, the Nazis came to power in Germany. Can you tell me a little bit about your family? In those years prior to, the rise to power of the Nazi movement, and then maybe a little bit about how, things changed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nROBBINS:\u003c/strong\u003e for your family. Things were, from what I understand, pretty bad before the Nazis came in, and that's why they came in and had so much power. I know, and, I was born in 1929, but my excuse me, my brother was born in 1933, and my parents had said that, they were debating about whether to have another child because times were bad and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e inflation was terrible. And, but they went ahead and had him. What were your parents' names and your brother's name? \nROBBINS: My parents name was names were Paula Marx. She was Hartstein was her maiden name. My father's name was Hugh or Hugo. There. Hugo Marx. And my brother's name was Albert.  Were your parents born in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nROBBINS:\u003c/strong\u003e Germany? Did they also come from Stuttgart, or did they move there from somewhere else? My father was born in a little village, Buttenhausen, about 60 miles from Stuttgart, which they considered a suburb of, long country suburb. It was a little country village, but there were quite a few Jewish people that lived in this little village. My mother was from Stuttgart.\nEINSTEIN: Your family had been there for quite some time, or were did they come from the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nROBBINS:\u003c/strong\u003e East and settled back in Germany? Do you know? My, father's parents, his father came from Bavaria [Germany] , and we've traced him back as far as 1700 something. Then no more records. His wife, his name was Max Marx. His wife's name was, Emma, she was a Leibman, her family is from Tübingen in Germany. When we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e went back there a few years ago, we, found the house where they lived in. We went to Wenkhein, which is a little village outside of Tübingen where there was a Jewish cemetery. Many of her ancestors, our ancestors were buried there. Your family had really pretty deep roots then in Germany. \nROBBINS: That part? Yes. My mother's family, her mother came from Rottweil","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Germany, which is, maybe a hundred miles from Stuttgart. My Grandfather Hartstein. He came from, West Prussia, which is now Poland. I tried to get his records just recently. The Polish government, they don't have anything. How did your parents end up in Stuttgart? \nROBBINS: My mother lived there, and my father went there for business. He owned a paper","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e company in Stuttgart. Do you know the story about how your parents met? \nROBBINS: I think they met at a dance. I know they got engaged six weeks after they met, but then it was about a year, a year and a half before they got married. In your family home when you were growing up, was it just your immediate family, or did you have any other relatives living with you or near","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nROBBINS:\u003c/strong\u003e you? We had, we lived in, the last place where we lived -- it was in a big three-story house, and different people lived on different floors. That was the way it was over there. My grandparents lived right around the corner. As we saw them, that's my mother's family. Saw them all the time that my grandfather used to take me to school on the streetcar. We had other relatives. My father had,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e two, one sister that lived in Stuttgart. But we have sort of a small family anyway. Your father had, the paper business in Stuttgart and can you describe what happened to that business then in the early 30s? Or, how did how did his situation as, as a businessman change through the early","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nROBBINS:\u003c/strong\u003e 30s? We don't have, all this information. The information may be here because we have just tons of records. My father kept everything. A lot of it is in German. All of it from that period is in German. We have not gotten that translated. I'm not sure we can get everything translated, but he had a partner and his partners, somehow got to Palestine. I guess maybe after","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we left. We left there in November of 1938, the week before Kristallnacht. I think his partner subsequently, maybe the next year, went to Palestine. The business, I think they had to sell it at practically no money, just the fact the government took it over, but they acted like you sold it, but at a bargain basement price. After","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e the war, this, his partner came back to Germany and went back into this business. Can you tell me about your family life then, as, as you remember it from before you left Germany? Maybe a little bit about, Jewish traditions in your family and, any other memories that you might have about just life inside your home, what things were like? \nROBBINS:","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We lived pretty well. My mother had a cook, and she had a nursemaid. In fact, she didn't learn how to cook until we moved to this country when she had to cook. We lived lived a very sheltered life. If you if you wanted to have a friend come over. It was done by phone. You made an appointment for them to come out. We had a big yard. I had, my brother and I had rabbits and chickens","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e and all kinds of fruit trees. It was really a lovely place. But we it was very sheltered. We didn't know what was going on. I went to a Jewish school. Not everybody had to go to a Jewish school. We just happened to go to this school that was part of the synagogue. Oh, you never went to public school? \nROBBINS: Did not go to public school, although I there are some extended members of the family who were living in Stuttgart as well, and they had been in public school and they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e allowed to stay there for several more years. But we went to this, actually, I went I don't think my brother even started school, in this, school that's attached to the synagogue, which all of this was bombed out. But it's now rebuilt the synagogue is rebuilt just as a very small building, but on the same place. Do you remember the name of the synagogue? \nROBBINS:","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I don't, I might have a picture somewhere that I could. What kind of, branch of Judaism was it Orthodox or Conservative? How would you describe, that affiliation or with that synagogue? What kind of Jewish life was there there?\nROBBINS: I would say it was Reform, but I don't think it was called Reform. But I we never kept kosher. I never knew anything about any of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e that. We did keep the holidays. Or at least I remember, Hanukkah. I got my hair singed as sitting on the table one time at my grandmother's, house, and I got too close to the candle, so I know we did that. I just don't have a really good memory, but it was not a religious, type upbringing. Did you have any friends that were not Jewish? Or were most of your friends Jewish from school, or do you remember any interaction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nROBBINS:\u003c/strong\u003e with other kids? No, I really don't. I have a cousin who's two and a half years older than I, and she lived in Stuttgart and we used to play together, but I'm not even sure if she went to that school. I probably have to ask her, but we, I don't think we had any Gentile children that we would have come in contact. \nEINSTEIN: You said that you lived a sheltered life and your parents did not talk about the political situation at all. Did you didn't overhear anything or what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nROBBINS:\u003c/strong\u003e was the atmosphere in the home like as things got to be more? The impact got to be more significant upon your family. We, Albert and I, we didn't know anything was going on, obviously our parents prepared. First of all, you didn't want to say too much because there were people in the house who could over hear as well, servants that were there. They planned to leave. They, my mother, particularly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she, bought all these things for immigrating: linens and whatever you could possibly need, clothing and whatever. All of that was prepared for us to leave at some times of a question of when we would leave, apparently. And we never knew anything. It was I guess the staff wasn't at the house. I don't know if it was. Maybe it was on one of the other floors, but, we did not know. What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they call that, it's called a lift. If you bring your things, it's in, like, a big wooden crate, I guess. They did, after we left, my grandfather Hartstein, who lived in Stuttgart. He took care of all my father's affairs as best he could. He saw to it that this lift went off. That story of it is that it came over, half way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over on the seas, and the war broke out and went back. The story had been that it was, bombed in Rotterdam. But I found out later and in some of this, really recently, I've read about something and in some of this correspondence to that, a lot of it was taken to Mannheim and stolen. We never got any of it anyway. But there was no accounting for any of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e it. Did you arrive here with anything? \nROBBINS: We just had the suitcases that we would have left with.  Did your parents, in later years did they ever talk about that period of time with you? As you got older and more able to understand that?\nROBBINS: They did not talk about it very much. Probably not at all. My mother lost her parents in Aushwitz and her sister and husband and child in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aushwitz. Her brother was married to a Gentile woman. He came to this country in 1948, to Little Rock, which is where we lived. He was in a concentration camp, but he learned the trade as an electrician. They needed him. I think the fact that he was married to a Gentile, helped saved him. Those are the only people in her family that lived. She didn't talk about it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at all. She never even had pictures of my of her parents in the house out. My father's family was much more fortunate that just about everybody got out, including his mother, who lived in this little village of Buttenhousin. She got out at either 40, early 42 or late 41 or something like that. She was very fortunate. Nothing was talked about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were so busy trying to learn English and adapting to a new lifestyle. They were as well, because we came with nothing. My father had to start, he did have a job, but he had to start at the beginning. We lived in a rented house and rented furniture in, little Rock. He worked hard and worked himself up. It was not discussed much in the ways we were older my brother and I guess we were busy with our own families. We just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e didn't ask. We knew it was a sore subject, obviously, since it wasn't brought up. What do you remember your parents telling you just as you were ready\nto actually leave the country? How did they explain their need to move away from. Did your father serve in World War I? \nROBBINS: Yes, he served, and he got a Silver Cross or whatever that was. He got several different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e awards, and we have letters about that. He felt that he was a German? \nROBBINS: Absolutely. How did he. Do you know how he handled having to leave his country because of discrimination? \nROBBINS: I think no one could believe it that it would. Here is this, startup that, was a rabble rouser there's anybody would listen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The times were bad, and they were looking for a scapegoat, and the Jews were the scapegoats. I think they always thought that things were going to change and no one will let. People just would not let this, radical, into office. When he was in office, they didn't believe that so many bad things would happen. They didn't happen all at once. Every few weeks there was another restriction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father in 1936 came to this country. I should back up. He came to this country in 1923 and worked for two years for the, an uncle at the met in Memphis [Tennessee], at the Memphis Paper Company. That's how he really learned the paper business. He came here to learn the business and to make enough money to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"invest in a business over there back in Stuttgart. He lived here for two years. He traveled the South, learned English. It was sort of it was very difficult at that time because that was shortly after the First World War, and here he had this big German accent, but he did very well that this and he lived, with this uncle in Memphis. The daughter is still alive, in fact, that I'm in contact with her.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She's in her 80s now. She's an artist there. She remembers when my father was there and they gave him a wonderful home. He already had contacts here, and they, wanted him to come over. In 1936, he came over to see about immigrating, and he came over in the summertime. It was hot as the dickens as it is in the South. He didn't think my mother would like it being so hot. He went back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he stayed here about a month. He went back and went about his business again. We did not know until that day that we were leaving. No one. Mother could not tell her parents that we were leaving because everybody was afraid,not that they would tell, but they would be overwhelmed so that we could leave. Apparently, they came for my father that day to try to arrest him. They had arrested","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e him on a couple a couple of times on blackmail type charges and just, things were just really, really, really bad. I guess if you didn't have your relative, your whole family there, your beautiful house, your big business, nice lifestyle. You would just would have left much sooner. But it was just giving up everything. Right. He did give up everything","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nROBBINS:\u003c/strong\u003e then. He did give up everything unfortunately. We feel like if he had left sooner, which I'm sure he felt as well, he could have had the things that they planned for us to have over here. Of course, you couldn't bring any money out.\nEINSTEIN: Do you think that his having some experience with the United States and with English, actually allowed him to make that decision to get out even","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nROBBINS:\u003c/strong\u003e when he did, which was before Kristallnacht? Yes, definitely. He also had a job because his Memphis Paper Company was part of the Atlanta Paper Company, which had a branch in Little Rock [Arkansas] as the Little Rock Paper Company. His job there was as a salesman and he, we didn't have a car. He started selling on the streetcar, going by streetcar. He knew the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business at that point, and, he knew English pretty well. When we got there, they didn't speak, German anymore. Albert, I had started taking Enlgish lessons that I was in the third grade when we left, and they had just started an English lesson. I knew, just a very few words. But they wanted us to learn English and without an accent. They","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e spoke English. My mother had taken English lessons over there, and this was Little Rock. Right, right just before the war. You just it's not like being in New York and where there were a lot of refugees. There were very, very few in Little Rock. You tried to, assimilate as best you can as quickly as you could. You do have a little bit of a southern accent. \nROBBINS: I guess I have a southern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e accent. Do you remember anything about the trip coming over here to America? \nROBBINS: Yeah, I remember we first we went to Basel, Switzerland, where we have had an uncle. My father had an uncle, and his daughter is still alive in Basel. In fact, she's been over here a couple of times and we've seen her in Switzerland. She's in her early 80s, and still has a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"son. We stayed with them a few days, and then we went to Paris [France], and we stayed a few days there. I do remember the first time we had ever seen a double bed. The story was, the French are so much interested in sex, so they would have double beds. I remember the little outhouse the little, circular bathrooms on the street, which was an eye opener, to say the least. While we were there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my grandfather died, my father's father died in Buttenhausen while we were in Paris. That was very sad. He had a heart attack. After that, we went to Le Havre where we got the ship to come over, and, I think it was a five-day voyage. We were in New York for maybe a month before we went to Little Rock on the train, and it was Christmas time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e I remember we were children on the train, and they had Christmas presents for the children on the train, we were very impressed. It was not an unhappy time because we didn't know, what was ahead of us and we didn't know why we were leaving particularly. I guess we probably didn't know that we wouldn't see the, our relatives again - and it was done. You get to Little Rock. What do you think? \nROBBINS:","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The day after we got there, they put me in school, and I was like a, some kind of a star to these people because, I was an oddity obviously dressed differently, spoke differently. If I spoke and I was I was very shy, anyway. They had autograph books and they wanted me to sign in their autograph books because the script, the German script that I learned was not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e the English script. It was interesting, but they started me in kindergarten, and, I went to, that time I finished that year, I was in the regular grade where I would have been, but they start early so that I would learn the language. Was it hard for you to make friends or did you find people, the kids, after they got used to you? Were they friendly? \nROBBINS:","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Our friends were on the on the street where we lived. After dinner every night, everybody would come out and play. Those were our friends. Then, there were some later on who lived in the area that we became friendly with. But the people that we saw most were the people that live down the street. The children lived on the street. How old were you at that at that point? \nROBBINS: I was I became ten in January, so I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e just almost ten. As a ten-year-old starting kindergarten. How'd that, how did that do? \nROBBINS: I don't know, I guess I just did what I was told. No, those days you didn't really object to your parents. You did what you were told, and the situation was as it was. Were you, were you old enough to have a feeling for how, American","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nROBBINS:\u003c/strong\u003e culture was different from German culture even at that point? Like you were saying, do as you're told, that's very Germanic. Did you sense any difference as you came and came to an American school or did you feel comfortable? I felt comfortable. I didn't notice, really a difference. We went out for recess like we had done. We had gym, which we had in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany. I guess we just adapted well. I don't know if I if my memory were better I might I could tell you different things, my memory is not. I just have to think that some of it is blotted out, perhaps. Or we're just too busy with the new stuff that we just didn't think back. And it's unfortunate because I spoke German for almost ten years of my life","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e and I don't know German. You don't remember German at all cause your parents just totally stopped?\nROBBINS: No. That's right. They stopped speaking. Now, I know some German words, but I can't, now, since I've had, having, these letters translated, I've, sometimes I have to pick out a word here and there, and I can pick it out, but I just, did forget the language. My mother did tell me many years ago that I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e should keep my German at that course I didn't listen. Do you ever dream in German? \nROBBINS: No.  That's interesting. How did you, as you got older and got to be a teenager -- was there any, was there ever any, cultural conflict between your parents as European parents and as you and later your brother becoming American","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nROBBINS:\u003c/strong\u003e teenagers with either how if, you wanted them to be more permissive than they might have been or or whether they put any strictures on you as far as dating or anything like that, or dressing. No, I don't, I don't remember anything. Some of their friends were, there were a few German people in Little Rock, but their friends were Jewish, and our friends were Jewish. But there are not many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews in Little Rock, and it became sort of a problem as I went through. I was in a sorority in junior high school, but when it came to high school, they would only allow one Jewish person in this very nice sorority a year. There were some people who were a lot better off than we were who got in before I did. I did eventually get in. There","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e was more fact of the religion, I think, than the fact that we were German. Tell me a little bit more about that. A about, any sense of discrimination that you felt in, in a city that is so southern and let me, how, how did for discrimination against Jews and then maybe also, what you might have witnessed as far as discrimination in general. \nROBBINS:","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only thing that that affected me that I was aware of was this business with a sorority. That was pretty hard to take, because I had most of my friends were Gentile, obviously, because I think there may have been, three Jewish kids in our high school class of 360. There was one white high school and one black high school in Little Rock. So that was it. I don't feel that there was any discrimination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"per say. I didn't feel it cause my friends were. Yeah, that was okay. I think it's, nowadays, if they're just a few. It's not a problem if they're a lot. It can be a problem. Even in Little Rock, though, we went belonged to a Reformed Temple and we did not know the Orthodox Jews there. There was one girl that was in school with me, and I know her parents would never let her date anybody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e that was not Jewish, but we it was really a segregated society. Did your parents let you date people who are not Jewish? \nROBBINS: Yeah.  Did they ever say that you could date but not marry or anything like that? Or how did they feel about your social life?\nROBBINS: I'm sure they felt that way, but they didn't say I had my own ideas about that. I almost got engaged to someone who was not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Jewish when I was in college. But, at the time, I knew that I would raise my children Jewish even if I did marry somebody who wasn't Jewish. But that didn't work out, fortunately. Where did that feeling come from if you didn't, have a very intense Jewish experience within your family? Why, why did you feel that way? \nROBBINS: That's a very good question. I have no idea, because somewhere along the way, I guess","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e maybe what we were taught about Judaism. Maybe, I don't know. We went to Sunday school, and I was confirmed. We had a Jewish education once we got in this country. We may have had one over there, but I didn't remember it. I just I don't know what it is, but, that's the way I felt. As the as America entered the war and news started as you were already a teenager,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e\nROBBINS:\u003c/strong\u003e news started filtering in about what was happening to Jews in Germany and then in the rest of Europe. Did your family ever have discussions about that, or how did you feel about hearing some of those that news about what was happening there? We didn't know my brother and I. Obviously my parents did because I found my mother passed away three years ago at 95, and she had told my brother that there were some letters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67763/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somewhere. After she passed away, we, I had had some boxes of things that had been in her basement from 20 years before that, when they sold the house. We first we took them to the office, and then Albert thought they would might get thrown out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3360.0,3390.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Robbins, Inge [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Given that your family had such a life altering experience because of\nthe policies of the Nazi government, the Nazi regime in Germany, what in your\nknowledge of your mother's loss of her family and the loss of so many of your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comrades and German, compatriots, did you try to teach your children anything growing out of that experience about what their place in the world is or how they should, grow up as human beings?\nROBBINS: I guess probably so. Now, whether they would have been different if I had not had gone through that, I don't know. George and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were pretty strict. We believed in discipline and the Jewish edge. We belonged to the temple until Rabbi Lehrman, was able to able get another congregation going because we were not too happy at the temple. As soon Temple Sinai was started, we went there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and our children got a very fine Jewish Education. It was a tough one, on the one hand, because Rabbi Lehrman died from cancer. He was sick for a year or two, it was just horrible for all of us, but particularly the young people, to see somebody so young have to go in this manner. They went to Sunday School and we were Jewish. We did all the rituals, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"observed here, not kosher or anything like that, but just, the holidays. We did instill, Jewish education in them. They are very Jewish. They feel very Jewish. Nathan is not Jewish. He did convert, but religion doesn't really mean, it has never meant anything much to him, She feels ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish and their little boy is Jewish obviously. It's much easier to be Jewish now. There are so many people that are Jewish. If you're living in a small southern town, there are very few Jewish people, it's a different situation. I think everybody has a very good feeling about themselves. Unfortunately, times are pretty bad right now, and, I don't know how much worse ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they'll get, but antisemitism on the rise is a big worry.\nEINSTEIN: How do you feel about that -- actually feeling and having the knowledge that people hate the Jews again in your life? \nROBBINS: It's just terrible, it's not understandable, really, because they accuse us of everything except for what we really have done. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They don't admire us for what we've done, they just accuse us. We're scapegoats and we have been from the beginning of time. Why this is coming up again now I can understand because, when times are bad, and times are bad for some people now, they're the they go against the Jews, and of course, Israel and the Palestinians and all the Muslims that are around the world now with, so many of the European countries. The reason there is so much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism is because of them and the governments afraid to, crack down on them. It's a very, very big concern.\nEINSTEIN: Do you think the world learned anything from the Holocaust? \nROBBINS: They may have, but it was in the past and so many other people are saying there's a holocaust in Rwanda and a holocaust in the Sudan and here and there and everywhere, - the name the word has, been downgraded. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many people are sympathetic to getting rid of the Jews. There's just no denying that. If they realized how many well-known, important scientists, doctors, physicians, writers, were Jewish it might be a different story. They've lost generations of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonderful minds. The second worry is all this intermarriage here. The fact that Jews were so much for education, that was a big deal, because we were not able to go into many of the trades throughout the centuries. Now there's so much intermarriage that that bloodline is being, deluded. Who knows what the future is going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be in that area. It's pretty depressing.\nEINSTEIN: How do you feel about Germany today? \nROBBINS: Three years ago, we found some extended family members, from the Liebman side. That's my father's mother's side. Just by accident, my cousin in New York knew about these people. But we didn't. My father, didn't really talk about them, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they never came down south because they were up in Philadelphia [Pennsylvania], New York and New Jersey, and they had their own. They had enough of them people there as cousins. But anyway, we were invited. This one cousin was going to have a little reunion of some of the cousins, and I happened to meet him at the airport one day. He was coming through and he asked us to go. I took our two daughters and we went there to Germany and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"met these other relatives. He had a historian hired and we went to, Göppingen [Germany] which was his hometown. We went there and he had established a Jewish museum in this little town. Then we went to Buttenhausen [Germany]which has a wonderful story about a man who was actually in the army in the Second World War. He lives in this little village. One day ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he found some boxes in the attic of a house that he had rented or something like that. It was Jewish records of this little village. He took it upon himself to preserve the records. He made a museum there in the top floor of the schoolhouse. He took it upon himself to take care of the cemetery, which is on a steep incline, a Jewish cemetery. He still works there. Nobody pays ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. He renovates the markers. They fall down, he writes, just keeps everything up to date, mows the grass and so forth. All this because he wanted to do that. Even to this day, there are some people, former Nazis who live there who just think he's terrible for doing any of this. But anyway, we went to this. His name is Walter Ott, and he was recently honored, I believe, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Berlin [Germany] and maybe in Jerusalem [Israel] as well. He's really a true righteous Gentile. We went to visit him and the little museum and the cemetery in Buttenhausen. Then we went to Tübingen [Germany], where, I told you my, grandmother's house was. Then we went to the Wenkheim [Germany] Cemetery, and there's a book about that which I have, which delineates all the gravestones, the markers. This gives ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a history of the people buried there. We went to Stuttgart [Germany], which is where my home was. Not knowing German was a problem, but you can get around--people speak English pretty much. I took them back to where we lived and just, got a flavor of the city, which is not a pretty city anymore. It used to be very beautiful, but it was all bombed out by the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americans, which is fine, but the way they rebuilt it, it was just the cheapest way that they could do it. That was our trip to Germany. Then the year after that, the city of Stuttgart for 17 years has invited Jewish people whose education was interrupted back to Stuttgart for two weeks. A free trip, all expenses paid. George and I went. They wined and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dined us. It was wonderful. They took us to little villages here and there and cemeteries and schools. There's hardly anything Jewish left at all -- a marker here -- but we had a wonderful visit. They had a place, up on the hills. Stuttgart is a city in a valley with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hills all around it. On the one of the hills is a place called Killesberg, which is where the trains to, the death camps, people got on the trains there. They didn't know where they were going. They told them to bring certain things with them, gardening tools and stuff like that, which was just a ruse. During that trip, we, George and I rented a car. We also went to, back to Buttenhausen, and we went to Dachau to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see that camp. Then we went to Rottweil [Germany], which is where my mother's mother was from. I had been in touch with they had sent my mother a booklet. Her, my mother's uncle was a very well-known person in the cinema area. He's written books about it. He emigrated to Switzerland, probably in 1936. I do have some letters ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of his as well. His wife, was a Christian Scientist, but he had a pen name. His name was Julius Rosensteel, but his pen name was Earnst Eros. Which is the combination of his name, of the letters of his name. He was a really well-known person from this little village. They had sent my mother a booklet about him many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years ago. I had that and I thought for some reason we knew we were going to Germany. I wrote them about coming to see, the records. They were terribly helpful, they had us come down on the train and they met us. The mayor and the newspaper people were there, and college professors picked us up and took us to this interview. We were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interviewed at this newspaper place. They took us to the house where my great grandparents live. The house is from 1500s. They had a retail store there, and now there's a butcher shop, the butcher lives up above. They took us in there and all the way up to his house, and they showed us the whole, everything, all the different floors. They were extremely nice. Then they said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they wanted us to, go to where my great grandparents were buried, which was in a town about 50, 60 miles away. They hadn't researched all of that. They took us to this cemetery. I can't remember--the Offenburg [Germany]or something like that was the name of the town. This little Jewish cemetery was in the middle of a Christian cemetery, a square in the middle of the cemetery. I guess that was for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"safety reasons, so people would not know that it's there, perhaps. They had checked where the last place was where they lived. They were in not a nursing home, but a place for older people. We saw the graves. We saw the place where they last lived, they had checked the records of their marriage records and their death records. We had got copies of all of that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were just as nice as they could be. Every place we went, there was a historian or college person who they just couldn't have been nicer. That was just a wonderful experience. You asked me about Germany - some people just couldn't be nicer. I'm sure regret terribly what happened. Others are young enough where they have questioned their parents and grandparents about things and have gotten satisfactory or not satisfactory answers. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a session with a lot of young people, through this same program. We felt very elated about this whole thing. In Stuttgart we were in the city chambers, and the mayor addressed us, and they just did everything that they could, and it's cost the city tremendous amounts of money, because every year they brought in about 50 people, 25 who were had emigrated. You could bring a spouse ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or a friend. That last year was the last program I got my brother to go, gave them his name and he got to go. That was the end because he didn't really start school yet, it was for people whose schooling had been interrupted. I feel we felt pretty good about. We felt very good about what they were trying to do now I think things are not so good anymore. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Christian/Jewish, committee in Stuttgart, and so many of our guides were not Jewish. Because the Jews that are left in Stuttgart came from Poland or Russia. I don't know if there any natives there at all that came back, that are still living. Mixed emotions at this point. But I will say one thing. This guy that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was with us, that took us around. He found out where I was born, the hospital where I was born, and he took us there. He asked the people for the records where I was born, which they said they didn't have them anymore after they checked. He took us to every house where we lived before the last house. I have pictures. Most of them were bombed out but rebuilt in this house where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we lived was bombed out, but rebuilt. Not as pretty but rebuilt. They just did the best that they possibly could and so we're very appreciative of that.\nEINSTEIN: Did you, did you have any particular emotions when you went back to\nthe house that you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember growing up in?\nROBBINS: The first time we went, when I took our two daughters there, there was a man that was out by the front steps mailbox, and we talked to him, and he said that his father had bought the house. It had burned. I guess it got bombed and had burned. His father bought it. The second time we went to the house, there was a we've talked to a woman in the back who, didn't know much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what happened. But, you can't question everybody you see on the street. You can't question everybody about where were they? What did they do? What did they see? And why didn't they do more? I could see why people couldn't help others because they were just subject to being sent off themselves. I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of these people who take things the way they are. I don't get really excited when things are good. I don't get real down when things are bad. I just sort of an even keel. It may be because of all that I have experienced because you are some of what you've experienced.\nEINSTEIN: You've had to make a lot of adjustments. \nROBBINS: Willingly, I guess. I feel like I'm open minded. Just, try to do the best we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can.\nEINSTEIN: Is there anything you can think of that you might want to have on tape for your children or grandchildren, about any other memories that you have or any other thoughts on on any anything else? \nROBBINS: I just will say, they know I'm doing this, but I'm having all these. My brother and I were paying together to have these letters translated, and they come from grandparents. The grandmother that got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out and even letters from her that when she was in this country. We have letters from this, Earnst Eros from Switzerland who was discriminated against because of he, his being Jewish in Switzerland. He couldn't keep up with his work because\nof that writing. Then we have letters from an Aunt and Uncle whose young child who was about six years old when they went to a concentration ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp. One of the letters she wrote something about she heard that my cousin Henry, who I told you earlier, went to France, his family sent him to France. He was probably 12 or something, that that he had been sent away and she could never think of doing. Sending her child away. Yes, he died in the camps. They would have been the thing to do. But who knows? No one ever thought it would be as bad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it came to be. We have all those letters, and we have letters of my mother had an Aunt who was also from Rottweil who got out, and she lived in Cincinnati [Ohio]. We have some letters from her from over there and over here. Then we as for some reason, we, have all the letters my father wrote home when he was in this country from 1923 to 1925. How they got here, we don't know. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were all letters to his mother and father in Buttenhausen. Whether she brought them over, I don't know how they got here, but we have them all and they were all translated. Now we just got the last batch yesterday. That's his experience in this country, traveling and all the little southern towns and the letterheads from all these different hotels all around the South and his experiences here. That's very interesting. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the lighter side of it. But I feel like the other letters are voices from the grave. And I just I've been working very hard for over a year and a half on these, trying to get them translated and organized and copied, and I have yet to find out how I'm going to. I don't necessarily publish them, but they're going to be in some kind of a booklet form if I can figure out how to do that. So that that's my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"project these last two years, and I want to make sure I get it done before I depart.\nEINSTEIN: How has reading those letters informed you, or changed how you thought about that period of history, and about your own family's experience? \nROBBINS: I just can't believe that somebody could be so terrible towards ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"humanity. It's just unbelievable that they could. It's just like a puppet on a string. They swing you this way and that way, and you have no control over anything. They take everything away from you. My grandparents had to take a border. They had to have a woman living there. They had to start, doing any kind of work. Oh, one of the things in the letters - everyone was trying to learn a new trade they could, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work on over here so when they came, they would have a job. My aunt, from Czechoslovakia, she writes about that often, she's learning to sew. She's learning other kinds of things. Her husband is learning to be a chef. They were just very industrious trying to prepare for leaving. Nothing ever happened except that, it was just one bad thing after the other.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nEINSTEIN: Was there ever any thought of, either by your parents or by some of these other relatives that, going to Palestine? \nROBBINS: It was never brought up in our family I there may have been a thought somewhere along the way, this was a country where people wanted to come to. \nEINSTEIN: How do you like having raised your children here and being having ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been given the opportunity to come to America?\nROBBINS: We're the luckiest people. I think, with all that bad that's happened, which is you just have to be positive and look to the future. It's a wonderful place to live and a wonderful place to raise your family. We were very fortunate that was the only thing that came out of that, the fact that we were very fortunate to be able to start a new ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life here and, with all the freedom. You can earn work hard, you earn what you work for generally. It's and the work ethic, as a German, as you probably know, there is the work ethic there. People who came do work very hard. For the most part. We feel I feel extremely fortunate. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just couldn't. That was the silver lining.\nEINSTEIN: Was there anything at all that I haven't asked you, or is there any other thing that you would like to have on this tape for your children or for your grandchildren?\nROBBINS: Off hand, I can't think -- but I'm sure. I think about thing's later. But I've given you the best. Unfortunately, I don't know much about the time that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you would be most interested in hearing. I just don't. I just don't know it. But I can see how that can happen because you would shield, try to shield your children as well from what what's outside the door. I guess they did a good job of that for that reason. But I can't think of anything. I just feel, it's wonderful that our children have opportunities here ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, you don't have in the, in most countries. I just I'm happy about that.\nEINSTEIN: I just want to thank you so much for agreeing to do this interview. It's a wonderful thing. \nROBBINS: You're a wonderful Interviewer. Thank you very much. It's been it's been a pleasure.\nEINSTEIN: Could you tell me your name and what your name ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was when you were born.\nROBBINS: My name now is Inge Robbins. I'm married to George Robbins. My maiden name was Marx, and M-A-R-X. I was Inge Marx with no middle name. Unfortunately for that, because I would like to use another name because Inge is very, Germanic. \nEINSTEIN: Where were you born? \nROBBINS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Born in Stuttgart, Germany.\nEINSTEIN: In what year? \nROBBINS: 1929. \nEINSTEIN: You were born just as, just a few years before, the Nazis came to power in Germany. Can you tell me a little bit about your family? In those years prior to, the rise to power of the Nazi movement, and then maybe a little bit about how, things changed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for your family.\nROBBINS: Things were, from what I understand, pretty bad before the Nazis came in, and that's why they came in and had so much power. I know, and, I was born in 1929, but my excuse me, my brother was born in 1933, and my parents had said that, they were debating about whether to have another child because times were bad and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inflation was terrible. And, but they went ahead and had him.\nEINSTEIN: What were your parents' names and your brother's name? \nROBBINS: My parents name was names were Paula Marx. She was Hartstein was her maiden name. My father's name was Hugh or Hugo. There. Hugo Marx. And my brother's name was Albert. \nEINSTEIN: Were your parents born in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany? Did they also come from Stuttgart, or did they move there from somewhere else?\nROBBINS: My father was born in a little village, Buttenhausen, about 60 miles from Stuttgart, which they considered a suburb of, long country suburb. It was a little country village, but there were quite a few Jewish people that lived in this little village. My mother was from Stuttgart.\nEINSTEIN: Your family had been there for quite some time, or were did they come from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"East and settled back in Germany? Do you know?\nROBBINS: My, father's parents, his father came from Bavaria [Germany] , and we've traced him back as far as 1700 something. Then no more records. His wife, his name was Max Marx. His wife's name was, Emma, she was a Leibman, her family is from Tübingen in Germany. When we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went back there a few years ago, we, found the house where they lived in. We went to Wenkhein, which is a little village outside of Tübingen where there was a Jewish cemetery. Many of her ancestors, our ancestors were buried there.\nEINSTEIN: Your family had really pretty deep roots then in Germany. \nROBBINS: That part? Yes. My mother's family, her mother came from Rottweil ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany, which is, maybe a hundred miles from Stuttgart. My Grandfather Hartstein. He came from, West Prussia, which is now Poland. I tried to get his records just recently. The Polish government, they don't have anything.\nEINSTEIN: How did your parents end up in Stuttgart? \nROBBINS: My mother lived there, and my father went there for business. He owned a paper ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"company in Stuttgart.\nEINSTEIN: Do you know the story about how your parents met? \nROBBINS: I think they met at a dance. I know they got engaged six weeks after they met, but then it was about a year, a year and a half before they got married.\nEINSTEIN: In your family home when you were growing up, was it just your immediate family, or did you have any other relatives living with you or near ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you?\nROBBINS: We had, we lived in, the last place where we lived -- it was in a big three-story house, and different people lived on different floors. That was the way it was over there. My grandparents lived right around the corner. As we saw them, that's my mother's family. Saw them all the time that my grandfather used to take me to school on the streetcar. We had other relatives. My father had, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two, one sister that lived in Stuttgart. But we have sort of a small family anyway.\nEINSTEIN: Your father had, the paper business in Stuttgart and can you describe what happened to that business then in the early 30s? Or, how did how did his situation as, as a businessman change through the early ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"30s?\nROBBINS: We don't have, all this information. The information may be here because we have just tons of records. My father kept everything. A lot of it is in German. All of it from that period is in German. We have not gotten that translated. I'm not sure we can get everything translated, but he had a partner and his partners, somehow got to Palestine. I guess maybe after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we left. We left there in November of 1938, the week before Kristallnacht. I think his partner subsequently, maybe the next year, went to Palestine. The business, I think they had to sell it at practically no money, just the fact the government took it over, but they acted like you sold it, but at a bargain basement price. After ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the war, this, his partner came back to Germany and went back into this business.\nEINSTEIN: Can you tell me about your family life then, as, as you remember it from before you left Germany? Maybe a little bit about, Jewish traditions in your family and, any other memories that you might have about just life inside your home, what things were like? \nROBBINS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We lived pretty well. My mother had a cook, and she had a nursemaid. In fact, she didn't learn how to cook until we moved to this country when she had to cook. We lived lived a very sheltered life. If you if you wanted to have a friend come over. It was done by phone. You made an appointment for them to come out. We had a big yard. I had, my brother and I had rabbits and chickens ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all kinds of fruit trees. It was really a lovely place. But we it was very sheltered. We didn't know what was going on. I went to a Jewish school. Not everybody had to go to a Jewish school. We just happened to go to this school that was part of the synagogue.\nEINSTEIN: Oh, you never went to public school? \nROBBINS: Did not go to public school, although I there are some extended members of the family who were living in Stuttgart as well, and they had been in public school and they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"allowed to stay there for several more years. But we went to this, actually, I went I don't think my brother even started school, in this, school that's attached to the synagogue, which all of this was bombed out. But it's now rebuilt the synagogue is rebuilt just as a very small building, but on the same place.\nEINSTEIN: Do you remember the name of the synagogue? \nROBBINS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, I don't, I might have a picture somewhere that I could.\nEINSTEIN: What kind of, branch of Judaism was it Orthodox or Conservative? How would you describe, that affiliation or with that synagogue? What kind of Jewish life was there there?\nROBBINS: I would say it was Reform, but I don't think it was called Reform. But I we never kept kosher. I never knew anything about any of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. We did keep the holidays. Or at least I remember, Hanukkah. I got my hair singed as sitting on the table one time at my grandmother's, house, and I got too close to the candle, so I know we did that. I just don't have a really good memory, but it was not a religious, type upbringing.\nEINSTEIN: Did you have any friends that were not Jewish? Or were most of your friends Jewish from school, or do you remember any interaction ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with other kids?\nROBBINS: No, I really don't. I have a cousin who's two and a half years older than I, and she lived in Stuttgart and we used to play together, but I'm not even sure if she went to that school. I probably have to ask her, but we, I don't think we had any Gentile children that we would have come in contact. \nEINSTEIN: You said that you lived a sheltered life and your parents did not talk about the political situation at all. Did you didn't overhear anything or what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the atmosphere in the home like as things got to be more? The impact got to be more significant upon your family.\nROBBINS: We, Albert and I, we didn't know anything was going on, obviously our parents prepared. First of all, you didn't want to say too much because there were people in the house who could over hear as well, servants that were there. They planned to leave. They, my mother, particularly, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she, bought all these things for immigrating: linens and whatever you could possibly need, clothing and whatever. All of that was prepared for us to leave at some times of a question of when we would leave, apparently. And we never knew anything. It was I guess the staff wasn't at the house. I don't know if it was. Maybe it was on one of the other floors, but, we did not know. What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they call that, it's called a lift. If you bring your things, it's in, like, a big wooden crate, I guess. They did, after we left, my grandfather Hartstein, who lived in Stuttgart. He took care of all my father's affairs as best he could. He saw to it that this lift went off. That story of it is that it came over, half way ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over on the seas, and the war broke out and went back. The story had been that it was, bombed in Rotterdam. But I found out later and in some of this, really recently, I've read about something and in some of this correspondence to that, a lot of it was taken to Mannheim and stolen. We never got any of it anyway. But there was no accounting for any of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it.\nEINSTEIN: Did you arrive here with anything? \nROBBINS: We just had the suitcases that we would have left with. \nEINSTEIN: Did your parents, in later years did they ever talk about that period of time with you? As you got older and more able to understand that?\nROBBINS: They did not talk about it very much. Probably not at all. My mother lost her parents in Aushwitz and her sister and husband and child in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aushwitz. Her brother was married to a Gentile woman. He came to this country in 1948, to Little Rock, which is where we lived. He was in a concentration camp, but he learned the trade as an electrician. They needed him. I think the fact that he was married to a Gentile, helped saved him. Those are the only people in her family that lived. She didn't talk about it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at all. She never even had pictures of my of her parents in the house out. My father's family was much more fortunate that just about everybody got out, including his mother, who lived in this little village of Buttenhousin. She got out at either 40, early 42 or late 41 or something like that. She was very fortunate. Nothing was talked about. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were so busy trying to learn English and adapting to a new lifestyle. They were as well, because we came with nothing. My father had to start, he did have a job, but he had to start at the beginning. We lived in a rented house and rented furniture in, little Rock. He worked hard and worked himself up. It was not discussed much in the ways we were older my brother and I guess we were busy with our own families. We just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't ask. We knew it was a sore subject, obviously, since it wasn't brought up.\nEINSTEIN: What do you remember your parents telling you just as you were ready\nto actually leave the country? How did they explain their need to move away from. Did your father serve in World War I? \nROBBINS: Yes, he served, and he got a Silver Cross or whatever that was. He got several different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"awards, and we have letters about that.\nEINSTEIN: He felt that he was a German? \nROBBINS: Absolutely.\nEINSTEIN: How did he. Do you know how he handled having to leave his country because of discrimination? \nROBBINS: I think no one could believe it that it would. Here is this, startup that, was a rabble rouser there's anybody would listen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The times were bad, and they were looking for a scapegoat, and the Jews were the scapegoats. I think they always thought that things were going to change and no one will let. People just would not let this, radical, into office. When he was in office, they didn't believe that so many bad things would happen. They didn't happen all at once. Every few weeks there was another restriction. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father in 1936 came to this country. I should back up. He came to this country in 1923 and worked for two years for the, an uncle at the met in Memphis [Tennessee], at the Memphis Paper Company. That's how he really learned the paper business. He came here to learn the business and to make enough money to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"invest in a business over there back in Stuttgart. He lived here for two years. He traveled the South, learned English. It was sort of it was very difficult at that time because that was shortly after the First World War, and here he had this big German accent, but he did very well that this and he lived, with this uncle in Memphis. The daughter is still alive, in fact, that I'm in contact with her. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She's in her 80s now. She's an artist there. She remembers when my father was there and they gave him a wonderful home. He already had contacts here, and they, wanted him to come over. In 1936, he came over to see about immigrating, and he came over in the summertime. It was hot as the dickens as it is in the South. He didn't think my mother would like it being so hot. He went back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he stayed here about a month. He went back and went about his business again. We did not know until that day that we were leaving. No one. Mother could not tell her parents that we were leaving because everybody was afraid,not that they would tell, but they would be overwhelmed so that we could leave. Apparently, they came for my father that day to try to arrest him. They had arrested ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him on a couple a couple of times on blackmail type charges and just, things were just really, really, really bad. I guess if you didn't have your relative, your whole family there, your beautiful house, your big business, nice lifestyle. You would just would have left much sooner. But it was just giving up everything.\nEINSTEIN: Right. He did give up everything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then.\nROBBINS: He did give up everything unfortunately. We feel like if he had left sooner, which I'm sure he felt as well, he could have had the things that they planned for us to have over here. Of course, you couldn't bring any money out.\nEINSTEIN: Do you think that his having some experience with the United States and with English, actually allowed him to make that decision to get out even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when he did, which was before Kristallnacht?\nROBBINS: Yes, definitely. He also had a job because his Memphis Paper Company was part of the Atlanta Paper Company, which had a branch in Little Rock [Arkansas] as the Little Rock Paper Company. His job there was as a salesman and he, we didn't have a car. He started selling on the streetcar, going by streetcar. He knew the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business at that point, and, he knew English pretty well. When we got there, they didn't speak, German anymore. Albert, I had started taking Enlgish lessons that I was in the third grade when we left, and they had just started an English lesson. I knew, just a very few words. But they wanted us to learn English and without an accent. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spoke English. My mother had taken English lessons over there, and this was Little Rock. Right, right just before the war. You just it's not like being in New York and where there were a lot of refugees. There were very, very few in Little Rock. You tried to, assimilate as best you can as quickly as you could.\nEINSTEIN: You do have a little bit of a southern accent. \nROBBINS: I guess I have a southern ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accent.\nEINSTEIN: Do you remember anything about the trip coming over here to America? \nROBBINS: Yeah, I remember we first we went to Basel, Switzerland, where we have had an uncle. My father had an uncle, and his daughter is still alive in Basel. In fact, she's been over here a couple of times and we've seen her in Switzerland. She's in her early 80s, and still has a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"son. We stayed with them a few days, and then we went to Paris [France], and we stayed a few days there. I do remember the first time we had ever seen a double bed. The story was, the French are so much interested in sex, so they would have double beds. I remember the little outhouse the little, circular bathrooms on the street, which was an eye opener, to say the least. While we were there, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my grandfather died, my father's father died in Buttenhausen while we were in Paris. That was very sad. He had a heart attack. After that, we went to Le Havre where we got the ship to come over, and, I think it was a five-day voyage. We were in New York for maybe a month before we went to Little Rock on the train, and it was Christmas time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember we were children on the train, and they had Christmas presents for the children on the train, we were very impressed. It was not an unhappy time because we didn't know, what was ahead of us and we didn't know why we were leaving particularly. I guess we probably didn't know that we wouldn't see the, our relatives again - and it was done.\nEINSTEIN: You get to Little Rock. What do you think? \nROBBINS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The day after we got there, they put me in school, and I was like a, some kind of a star to these people because, I was an oddity obviously dressed differently, spoke differently. If I spoke and I was I was very shy, anyway. They had autograph books and they wanted me to sign in their autograph books because the script, the German script that I learned was not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the English script. It was interesting, but they started me in kindergarten, and, I went to, that time I finished that year, I was in the regular grade where I would have been, but they start early so that I would learn the language.\nEINSTEIN: Was it hard for you to make friends or did you find people, the kids, after they got used to you? Were they friendly? \nROBBINS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our friends were on the on the street where we lived. After dinner every night, everybody would come out and play. Those were our friends. Then, there were some later on who lived in the area that we became friendly with. But the people that we saw most were the people that live down the street. The children lived on the street.\nEINSTEIN: How old were you at that at that point? \nROBBINS: I was I became ten in January, so I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just almost ten.\nEINSTEIN: As a ten-year-old starting kindergarten. How'd that, how did that do? \nROBBINS: I don't know, I guess I just did what I was told. No, those days you didn't really object to your parents. You did what you were told, and the situation was as it was.\nEINSTEIN: Were you, were you old enough to have a feeling for how, American ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"culture was different from German culture even at that point? Like you were saying, do as you're told, that's very Germanic. Did you sense any difference as you came and came to an American school or did you feel comfortable?\nROBBINS: I felt comfortable. I didn't notice, really a difference. We went out for recess like we had done. We had gym, which we had in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany. I guess we just adapted well. I don't know if I if my memory were better I might I could tell you different things, my memory is not. I just have to think that some of it is blotted out, perhaps. Or we're just too busy with the new stuff that we just didn't think back. And it's unfortunate because I spoke German for almost ten years of my life ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I don't know German.\nEINSTEIN: You don't remember German at all cause your parents just totally stopped?\nROBBINS: No. That's right. They stopped speaking. Now, I know some German words, but I can't, now, since I've had, having, these letters translated, I've, sometimes I have to pick out a word here and there, and I can pick it out, but I just, did forget the language. My mother did tell me many years ago that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should keep my German at that course I didn't listen.\nEINSTEIN: Do you ever dream in German? \nROBBINS: No. \nEINSTEIN: That's interesting. How did you, as you got older and got to be a teenager -- was there any, was there ever any, cultural conflict between your parents as European parents and as you and later your brother becoming American ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teenagers with either how if, you wanted them to be more permissive than they might have been or or whether they put any strictures on you as far as dating or anything like that, or dressing.\nROBBINS: No, I don't, I don't remember anything. Some of their friends were, there were a few German people in Little Rock, but their friends were Jewish, and our friends were Jewish. But there are not many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews in Little Rock, and it became sort of a problem as I went through. I was in a sorority in junior high school, but when it came to high school, they would only allow one Jewish person in this very nice sorority a year. There were some people who were a lot better off than we were who got in before I did. I did eventually get in. There ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was more fact of the religion, I think, than the fact that we were German.\nEINSTEIN: Tell me a little bit more about that. A about, any sense of discrimination that you felt in, in a city that is so southern and let me, how, how did for discrimination against Jews and then maybe also, what you might have witnessed as far as discrimination in general. \nROBBINS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only thing that that affected me that I was aware of was this business with a sorority. That was pretty hard to take, because I had most of my friends were Gentile, obviously, because I think there may have been, three Jewish kids in our high school class of 360. There was one white high school and one black high school in Little Rock. So that was it. I don't feel that there was any discrimination ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"per say. I didn't feel it cause my friends were. Yeah, that was okay. I think it's, nowadays, if they're just a few. It's not a problem if they're a lot. It can be a problem. Even in Little Rock, though, we went belonged to a Reformed Temple and we did not know the Orthodox Jews there. There was one girl that was in school with me, and I know her parents would never let her date anybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was not Jewish, but we it was really a segregated society.\nEINSTEIN: Did your parents let you date people who are not Jewish? \nROBBINS: Yeah. \nEINSTEIN: Did they ever say that you could date but not marry or anything like that? Or how did they feel about your social life?\nROBBINS: I'm sure they felt that way, but they didn't say I had my own ideas about that. I almost got engaged to someone who was not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish when I was in college. But, at the time, I knew that I would raise my children Jewish even if I did marry somebody who wasn't Jewish. But that didn't work out, fortunately.\nEINSTEIN: Where did that feeling come from if you didn't, have a very intense Jewish experience within your family? Why, why did you feel that way? \nROBBINS: That's a very good question. I have no idea, because somewhere along the way, I guess ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe what we were taught about Judaism. Maybe, I don't know. We went to Sunday school, and I was confirmed. We had a Jewish education once we got in this country. We may have had one over there, but I didn't remember it. I just I don't know what it is, but, that's the way I felt.\nEINSTEIN: As the as America entered the war and news started as you were already a teenager, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"news started filtering in about what was happening to Jews in Germany and then in the rest of Europe. Did your family ever have discussions about that, or how did you feel about hearing some of those that news about what was happening there?\nROBBINS: We didn't know my brother and I. Obviously my parents did because I found my mother passed away three years ago at 95, and she had told my brother that there were some letters ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/transcript/67769/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somewhere. After she passed away, we, I had had some boxes of things that had been in her basement from 20 years before that, when they sold the house. We first we took them to the office, and then Albert thought they would might get thrown out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=3360.0,3390.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/index/83779","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Inge Robbins  [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/index/83779/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How The Robbins Raised Their Children ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=65.0,337.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/index/83779/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Inge Robbins discusses how she and her husband raised their children through their religion and through a Jewish education. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=65.0,337.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/index/83779/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We believed in discipline and the Jewish edge. 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","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129#t=1115.0,1524.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129270/file/242129/index/83779/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My brother and I were paying together to have these letters translated, and they come from grandparents. 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