{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/kd1qf8mn5f/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Lipstadt, Deborah"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2026-01-13 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Lipstadt, Deborah (Interviewee)","Evans, Gail (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther \u0026amp; Herbert Taylor Jewish Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDeborah Lipstadt was interviewed by Gail Evans on January 13, 2026, in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eDeborah Lipstadt was born on March 18, 1947, in New York City to Erwin and Miriam Peiman Lipstadt. She has one older sister, Helene, and a younger brother, Nathaniel. In 1926, both her parents immigrated to the United States, her father from Germany, and her mother from Canada. Deborah and her family initially lived on the Upper West Side of Manhattan and later moved to Far Rockaway, Queens, New York. Her family attended Congregation Shaaray Tefila, an Orthodox synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDeborah attended Yeshiva University High School for Girls and later Hebrew Institute of Long Island. She graduated with a bachelor’s degree from City College of New York. During her undergraduate degree, she studied aboard at Hebrew University of Jerusalem and was in Israel during the Six-Day War in 1967. She then attended Brandeis University, where she earned her master’s and a Ph.D. in Jewish History. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDeborah has taught at the University of Washington, University of California, Los Angeles, and Occidental College. She served as the director of the Brandeis-Bardin Institute for two years. She also received a research fellowship from the Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism at Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1993, she began teaching at Emory University and helped found the Tam Institute for Jewish Studies at the university. She has served as a consultant to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and on the United States Holocaust Memorial Council.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn May 2022, she became the United States Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism in President Joe Biden’s administration. She served in that position until the end the Biden’s term. She has written seven books including History on Trial: My Day in Court with a Holocaust Denier which chronicled the libel suit brought against her in the United Kingdom for statements in her book, Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory. In 2025, she returned to Emory University, where she is the Dorot Professor of Modern Jewish History and Holocaust Studies at the Tam Institute for Jewish Studies and Department of Religion. Deborah is considered one of the foremost experts in the world on the Holocaust and modern antisemitism. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eDeborah begins the interview by sharing her family history. She discusses her childhood growing up in Far Rockaway, New York. She reflects on how her sense of justice was shaped and what her religious upbringing was like. She recalls what Jewish historical moments impacted her growing up. She talks about her high school education and attending City College in New York. She reflects on how studying in Israel impacted her decision to study Jewish history. She spoke about her graduate studies at Brandeis University and some of the professors who had influenced her.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDeborah briefly discusses her teaching style and love of teaching. She talks about getting her first teaching position at the University of Washington. She shares about her other teaching experiences and returning to the East Coast to teach at Emory. She recounts writing her first book. She details choosing the topic of her second book and getting a fellowship to write, Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory. She reflects on combating pseudo-scholarship and still advancing scholarship. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDeborah shares about the libel suit and trial in the United Kingdom (UK) that was brought against her and Penguin Books (UK) by David Iriving, a Holocaust denier. She details how she and her attorneys fought and won the case. She mentions the support she received from Emory University during the case. She also spoke about the movie “Denial” which was made about the trial. She discusses what she hope to accomplish in writing about antisemitism and the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eShe reflects on how she has seen antisemitism change over the course of her career. She recounts how she has advised students who have come to her when they have encountered antisemitism. Deborah discusses her career at Emory University and the formation of the Tam Institute for Jewish Studies. She talks about engaging publicly as a scholar and the process she goes through in writing. She shares that she is currently working on a book about her time as the United States Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism during President Joe Biden’s administration.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDeborah discusses her involvement with the United States Holocaust Memorial Council and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. She also reflects on being part of the United States delegation to 60th anniversary of Auschwitz’s liberation. She details her experience of becoming and serving as the United States Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism. She shares her views on the European and United States response to the rise in antisemitism. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDeborah talks about how she copes with writing and teaching on some of history’s darkest moments. She discusses some of the other books she has written. She shares her thoughts about the importance of teaching about the Holocaust and the outcome that she hopes comes from it. She reflects on her hopes for her future and what gives her hope in their world. Deborah concludes the interview by sharing some books she has been reading or hopes to read soon.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Lipstadt, Deborah (b. 1947) (personal name)","Lipstadt, Erwin (1903-1972) (personal name)","Roth, Miriam Peiman Lipstadt (1915-2013) (personal name)","Lipstadt, Gustav (1856-1921) (personal name)","Lipstadt, Helene Munk (abt. 1862-1932) (personal name)","Peiman, Nathaniel (1875-1942) (personal name)","Peiman, Rebecca Karp (1874-1942) (personal name)","Rackman, Rabbi Emanuel (1910-2008) (personal name)","Roosevelt, Eleanor (1884-1962) (personal name)","Levin, Meyer (1905-1981) (personal name)","Wiesel, Eliezer “Elie” (1928-2016) (personal name)","Wiesel, Marion (1931-2025) (personal name)","Lipsky, Louis (1876-1963) (personal name)","Halpern, Benjamin (1912-1990) (personal name)","Altmann, Alexander (1906-1987) (personal name)","Sarna, Nahum (1923-2005) (personal name)","Obama, Barack (b. 1961) (personal name)","Bauer, Yehuda (1926-2024) (personal name)","Gutman, Yisrael (1923-2013) (personal name)","Irving, David (b. 1938) (personal name)","Eliot, T. S. (1888-1965) (personal name)","Diana, Princess of Wales (1961-1997) (personal name)","Julius, Anthony (b. 1956) (personal name)","Libson, James (b. 1967) (personal name)","Hare, Sir David (b. 1947) (personal name)","Weisz, Rachel (b. 1970) (personal name)","Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882-1945) (personal name)","Tam, Rabbi Donald (b. 1943) (personal name)","Clinton, William “Bill” (b. 1946) (personal name)","Bush, George W. (b. 1946) (personal name)","Lantos, Thomas “Tom” (1928-2008) (personal name)","Biden Jr., Joseph (b. 1942) (personal name)","Bloomfield, Sara J. (b. 1952) (personal name)","Trump, Donald (b. 1946) (personal name)","Rubio, Marco (b. 1971) (personal name)","Meir, Golda (1898-1978) (personal name)","Nixon, Richard (1913-1994) (personal name)","Eban, Abba (1915-2002) (personal name)","Kissinger, Henry (1923-2023) (personal name)","Hurwitz, Sarah (abt. 1982) (personal name)","Grossman, Grace Cohen (1947-2023) (personal name)","Truman, Harry (1884-1972) (personal name)","Freedland, Jonathan (b. 1967) (personal name)","Evans, Virigina (b. 1986) (personal name)","New York, New York (geographic term)","Detroit, Michigan (geographic term)","Far Rockaway, Queens, New York (geographic term)","Seattle, Washington (geographic term)","Boston, Massachusetts (geographic term)","Pasadena, California (geographic term)","Los Angeles, California (geographic term)","Jackson, Mississippi (geographic term)","Washington, D.C. (geographic term)","Congregation Shaaray Tefila (corporate name)","The Polo Grounds (corporate name)","Central Yeshiva University History School for Girls (corporate name)","Brandeis University (corporate name)","University of Washington (corporate name)","Boston University (corporate name)","University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (corporate name)","Occidental College (corporate name)","Emory University (corporate name)","Brandeis-Bardin Institute (corporate name)","Hebrew University of Jerusalem (corporate name)","New York Times (corporate name)","Washington Post (corporate name)","New Yorker (corporate name)","British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) (corporate name)","The Jimmy Carter Library and Museum (corporate name)","United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (corporate name)","United States Holocaust Memorial Council (corporate name)","Beth Israel Congregation (corporate name)","Georgia Institute of Technology (corporate name)","The Tam Institute for Jewish Studies (corporate name)","United States State Department (corporate name)","National Museum of African American History and Culture (corporate name)","The British Museum (corporate name)","The Holocaust (corporate name)","Six-Day War (1967) (named event)","American Civil War (named event)","America Civil Rights Movement (named event)","Bondi Beach shooting (named event)","Manchester synagogue terrorist attacks (named event)","Weimar Republic (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Orthodox Judaism (topical term)","American Zionism (topical term)","ChatGPT (topical term)","Warsaw Ghetto (topical term)","Holocaust denial (topical term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau (topical term)","“Denial” (topical term)","Allied Forces of World War II (topical term)","Christian nationalism (topical term)","Islamic extremism (topical term)","Antisemitism (topical term)","Ku Klux Klan (topical term)","Shabbat (topical term)","Pesach (topical term)","Yom Kippur (topical term)","Talmud (topical term)","Tanakh (topical term)","The Office of Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism (topical term)","The Abraham Accords (topical term)","The Global Guidelines for Countering Antisemitism (topical term)","European Union (topical term)","Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (topical term)","Organization of American States (topical term)","Council of Europe (topical term)","United States National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism (topical term)","Refusenik (topical term)","The Lachish reliefs (topical term)","The Ten Lost Tribes of Israel (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDeborah Lipstadt was interviewed by Gail Evans on January 13, 2026, in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDeborah Lipstadt was born on March 18, 1947, in New York City to Erwin and Miriam Peiman Lipstadt. She has one older sister, Helene, and a younger brother, Nathaniel. In 1926, both her parents immigrated to the United States, her father from Germany, and her mother from Canada. Deborah and her family initially lived on the Upper West Side of Manhattan and later moved to Far Rockaway, Queens, New York. Her family attended Congregation Shaaray Tefila, an Orthodox synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDeborah attended Yeshiva University High School for Girls and later Hebrew Institute of Long Island. She graduated with a bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree from City College of New York. During her undergraduate degree, she studied aboard at Hebrew University of Jerusalem and was in Israel during the Six-Day War in 1967. She then attended Brandeis University, where she earned her master\u0026rsquo;s and a Ph.D. in Jewish History.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDeborah has taught at the University of Washington, University of California, Los Angeles, and Occidental College. She served as the director of the Brandeis-Bardin Institute for two years. She also received a research fellowship from the Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism at Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1993, she began teaching at Emory University and helped found the Tam Institute for Jewish Studies at the university. She has served as a consultant to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and on the United States Holocaust Memorial Council.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn May 2022, she became the United States Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism in President Joe Biden\u0026rsquo;s administration. She served in that position until the end the Biden\u0026rsquo;s term. She has written seven books including History on Trial: My Day in Court with a Holocaust Denier which chronicled the libel suit brought against her in the United Kingdom for statements in her book, Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory. In 2025, she returned to Emory University, where she is the Dorot Professor of Modern Jewish History and Holocaust Studies at the Tam Institute for Jewish Studies and Department of Religion. Deborah is considered one of the foremost experts in the world on the Holocaust and modern antisemitism.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDeborah begins the interview by sharing her family history. She discusses her childhood growing up in Far Rockaway, New York. She reflects on how her sense of justice was shaped and what her religious upbringing was like. She recalls what Jewish historical moments impacted her growing up. She talks about her high school education and attending City College in New York. She reflects on how studying in Israel impacted her decision to study Jewish history. She spoke about her graduate studies at Brandeis University and some of the professors who had influenced her.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDeborah briefly discusses her teaching style and love of teaching. She talks about getting her first teaching position at the University of Washington. She shares about her other teaching experiences and returning to the East Coast to teach at Emory. She recounts writing her first book. She details choosing the topic of her second book and getting a fellowship to write, Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory. She reflects on combating pseudo-scholarship and still advancing scholarship.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDeborah shares about the libel suit and trial in the United Kingdom (UK) that was brought against her and Penguin Books (UK) by David Iriving, a Holocaust denier. She details how she and her attorneys fought and won the case. She mentions the support she received from Emory University during the case. She also spoke about the movie \u0026ldquo;Denial\u0026rdquo; which was made about the trial. She discusses what she hope to accomplish in writing about antisemitism and the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eShe reflects on how she has seen antisemitism change over the course of her career. She recounts how she has advised students who have come to her when they have encountered antisemitism. Deborah discusses her career at Emory University and the formation of the Tam Institute for Jewish Studies. She talks about engaging publicly as a scholar and the process she goes through in writing. She shares that she is currently working on a book about her time as the United States Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism during President Joe Biden\u0026rsquo;s administration.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDeborah discusses her involvement with the United States Holocaust Memorial Council and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. She also reflects on being part of the United States delegation to 60th anniversary of Auschwitz\u0026rsquo;s liberation. She details her experience of becoming and serving as the United States Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism. She shares her views on the European and United States response to the rise in antisemitism.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDeborah talks about how she copes with writing and teaching on some of history\u0026rsquo;s darkest moments. She discusses some of the other books she has written. She shares her thoughts about the importance of teaching about the Holocaust and the outcome that she hopes comes from it. She reflects on her hopes for her future and what gives her hope in their world. Deborah concludes the interview by sharing some books she has been reading or hopes to read soon.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/302/910/small/Lipstadt_Deborah.mp4_1771018505.jpg?1771018511","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Lipstadt__Deborah.mp4"]},"duration":3534.77154,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/302/910/small/Lipstadt_Deborah.mp4_1771018505.jpg?1771018511","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/302/910/original/Lipstadt__Deborah.mp4?1771018495","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3534.77154,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Lipstadt, Deborah [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e My name is Deborah Esther Lipstadt. I was born in New York City to parents. My father came from Germany to New York. He came before the Nazi era during the Weimar Republic because there was no work in Germany and settled on the Upper West Side. My mother was born in Canada, raised in Detroit [Michigan], and then came to New York as a young woman. They met in synagogue. I was named after, my middle name Esther is my mother's brother-in-law, married to her one of her sisters. His sister died in the Holocaust and they . . . gave me her middle name. Deborah, I was named after Deborah the prophet. My mother was in synagogue . . . I was born in March. She was quite pregnant. It was February. It was Shabbat Shirah, the Sabbath of Song on which the prophetic portion is the song of Deborah. She just loved the character of Deborah and said, \"If it's a girl I'm going to name her Deborah.\" My Deborah name is after Deborah the prophet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=0.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e What were your parents' and grandparents' names?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=69.0,71.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e On my father's side, it was Gustav Lipstadt, and his mother was Helene Lipstadt. On my mother's side it was Nathaniel Peiman and Rebecca Peiman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=71.0,86.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me a little about the community you grew up in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=86.0,89.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e I grew up in a modern Orthodox community on the Upper West Side. It was very much rooted in the secular world and in the Jewish world. Shabbat, holidays, community, but also theater and museums and trips to Central [Park], running around Central Park. It was very much leg in both worlds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=89.0,118.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you have family that lived close by?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=118.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e We didn't. My father had a number of sisters who came to this country, some before the Holocaust, most after the Holocaust. But they lived in Washington Heights on the Upper West Side. If you know in the Heights, the Washington Heights had a large German Jewish community.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=120.0,137.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Then in your childhood, just share with us a little bit about the school, your friends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=137.0,142.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e We all went to day school, Jewish day schools, that was a given, but many of my friends were children of immigrants, some having come before the Holocaust, some come afterwards. It was very much a community that stressed education, where your kids went to school, how they achieved in school, but it was a very strong community. At one point when I was, I guess in first grade we moved out to an area of Queens called Far Rockaway where there was even stronger community, and we lived there for 12 years. There we went to a synagogue called Shaaray Tefila and the rabbi was Emanuel Rackman, Rabbi Emanuel Rackman. I would say that after my parents, he was the greatest influence on my life. He had a PhD [Doctor of Philosophy], he had been a major in the Air Force. He was very well educated, very well read, and a solidly Orthodox Jew, and he had a tremendous influence on me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=142.0,204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Interesting. How did that community shape your sense of justice?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=204.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e I think my family shaped my sense of justice really. There was a real sense of right and wrong and standing up for what was right. I often got in trouble in school because the teacher would blame some student. I said, \"She didn't do anything wrong.\" But I always had a strong sense, maybe an aggravated sense of right and wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=210.0,230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Were there important religious aspects of your childhood, specific holidays, or times that . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=230.0,236.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . All the holidays. The drummer, our lives march to the beat of two drummers. One, the Jewish drummer, Shabbat, Shabbat, Passover, Pesach, Pesach. The holidays had sort of revolved around that. But also, the idea that we were in New York. We were very much part of this secular great cultural mecca so that Sunday mornings we'd wake up, and when we live in the suburbs we get on the subway as a family and go into New York and go to a museum or go to an exhibit or go do something that my mother found out was happening. It was very much a mesh there was not a conflict between the two.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=236.0,277.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you have a favorite book as a child?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=277.0,281.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, that's hard to remember. I just, we love to read. Friday afternoon we get out of school early, particularly in the winter when Shabbat was early, and the social thing was for everybody to go to the library. I never even thought about it really, but we'd hang out at the library. We would come with little almost overnight cases and fill them up with books because Friday night in our house was reading, everybody was reading.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=281.0,305.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Was there a moment as a young person when history, especially Jewish history, became more than schoolwork to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=305.0,314.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, that's a very good question. Yes, I remember the 10th anniversary of the State of Israel. There was a big rally at the Polo Grounds. We went, that . . . no longer exist, that's where the New York Giants used to play. Eleanor Roosevelt came, and that was very exciting. That was very, very exciting, and the whole sense of Israel as a magical place, as this rebirth was very much, I remember when the movie “Exodus” came out. When the book came out, we had it in the house. We all read it. I also remember reading a little bit about the Holocaust. One of the early books I remember is Meyer Levin's, I think it was called Eva. It was the story of a woman in the Holocaust, and so those books were around. They weren't all our books. I remember seeing Elie Wiesel's books before everybody knew the name Elie Wiesel. There were always books coming into our house, always books.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=314.0,370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me a little bit about high school, so where you're living in Far Rockaway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=370.0,375.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . We lived in Far Rockaway, for the first two years I commuted to a school in New York, Yeshiva University High School for Girls. I hated it. A great group of friends from there, but the school itself was run by a madman, so I transferred back to the day school I went to in Far Rockaway. But it was also a close group of friends, but I would say that my family tended more than some of the others to the intellectual, the reading, the museums, the cultural life of the general world, that was very important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=375.0,408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me a little bit about your university training. Where did you start?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=408.0,411.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e I went to City College of New York, you could get a great education at the city universities at that time, it was free, so that made it possible, and I had a great education the first two years. Then I really wanted to go someplace, this was the time when everybody went for their junior year abroad. I decided actually I would go to Israel. it would be a chance to spend time there. I knew the language, etc. I took off what was going to be a year, but the year ended in July 1967, so I was there during the June 1967 war, and decided to stay a second year . . . My college career was five years, punctuated by two years in the middle at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=411.0,462.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Were there professors or specific incidents at the university and college that inspired your study of Jewish history?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=462.0,470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e No, not really. It was my time, I think, in Israel when I went to Israel and, you still had Holocaust [survivors]. Everybody, in the 1960's, Holocaust survivors were 40, 50 years old, maybe something like that. Forty at most, and they were all around, and you felt it very strongly, and then, of course, the 1967 war had a very big impact on me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=470.0,495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e You did your graduate work primarily at Brandeis? What lead you there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=495.0,497.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right. When I finished at City College, I went to Brandeis, and that's when I decided . . . when I went Brandeis, it was for a master's program, but I decided to get a PhD in Jewish history, which I did. At Brandeis, it was already the Vietnam era, so that was beginning before I left New York. It was very much the Vietnam protest era, and that a had a big impact on me as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=497.0,525.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e I noted that you wrote your dissertation about Louis Lipsky. What led you there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=525.0,530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e The professor I was working with said, \"This is an archive nobody has looked at him. He's an interesting character,\" so I wrote on him, though I didn't really stay within that realm. That was when a lot of us were working on American Zionist history. But when my first job was at the University of Washington, out in Seattle [Washington], and I went out there. They asked me to teach about a course about the Holocaust, which I did and that really led me into the study of the Holocaust which shaped the rest of my life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=530.0,559.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Were there specific professors in your academic?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=559.0,564.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, sure, a man named Benjamin, Ben Halpern, Alexander Altmann, Nahum Sarna, these were the founding people in Jewish studies. At that point, Columbia had a program in Jewish Studies. Harvard had a program. Brandeis had a program, but there weren't many others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=564.0,588.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Interesting. Are you an innovative professor?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=588.0,593.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e I think I am. I love to teach I love to be in front of the class. I love to spark students' minds, and I'm very much looking forward to getting back into the classroom after a hiatus of a number of years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=593.0,604.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm just curious, are there any innovative techniques that you've used? This is a heavy subject.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=604.0,610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I'm actually not that innovative. I believe in reading, which is going to be hard now that everybody uses AI [Artificial Intelligence] and ChatGPT, where they get summaries and stuff like that. But I love exploring ideas with students and getting them to think and to challenge them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=610.0,633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e You're in Washington, tell us about the rest of your career now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=633.0,637.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . I came out Washington, this was the era, when I graduated, when I finished graduate school, it was when Jewish studies was being established all across the country. In part, which was a reaction, not a reaction and outgrowth of, this was a little bit after black studies, African American studies, sometimes called black studies at that time, were being established. Jewish students said, \"They were very much taken by that,\" and began to say we'd like to study our history as well, which wasn't really taught in most universities. In the mid-1970's, you had a whole slew of creation of Jewish studies programs, even early 1970's. The University of Washington in Seattle, a very good university, way far away. I spent my whole life on the East Coast. In fact, when I was offered the job at the University of Washington, I was also offered a job at Boston University. When you were a graduate student in the Boston [Massachusetts] area, Cambridge [Massachusetts], Boston. Brandeis, Harvard, BU [Boston University], whatever it might be. Everyone wanted to stay in Boston. It was like the student Mecca. I had this job between BU and the University of Washington. I'd gone out to the University of Washington and Seattle's a gorgeous city and I'd been very much taken by being in Seattle. I remember calling my mother, and saying I got the job at BU thinking she'd be very happy I'm staying on the East Coast, but she said, \"But you really loved Washington.\" It suddenly clicked, and I went to Washington and spent my first four years of my career there and helped build the Jewish studies program. I sort of laid the foundation. Others, of course, built it up afterwards, but I was helped laying the foundation.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=637.0,738.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e From Washington you went to UCLA [University of California, Los Angeles]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=738.0,739.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e I went to UCLA and was there for a number of years and then went to Occidental College, a small college in Pasadena [California]. In fact, where President [Barack] Obama spent his first two years before he transferred to Columbia. Then Emory recruited me to come back east. At that point I was, I loved LA [Los Angeles]. I loved the LA community. I loved the LA Jewish community, the egalitarian non-traditional community. Many of us there were from other places, so we became each other's family, and some of my closest friends are still people I spent time within LA, but then I came to Emory in 1992, 1993.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=739.0,783.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e But in between, you were at Brandeis-Bardin Institute?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=783.0,786.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e I was there for a very short while after leaving UCLA. It was not a good match. I'm not one to run an institution, maybe a scholarly institution, yes, but it was not good match. I left after a year and a half.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=786.0,804.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e I remember everybody telling you about camp. How they loved going to camp there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=804.0,807.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it was a great program. It was a program for college students. It was a terrific program, a terrific place, but it wasn't the right place for me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=807.0,817.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Then you went and did a fellowship at Hebrew University.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=817.0,819.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e I got a fellowship from Hebrew University. I spent some time there, but also, that's an interesting story, that was a turning point in my career. I was . . . in California, my first book had come out, Beyond Belief: The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust, and how the press reported the Holocaust. I was ready to move on to my second work. I happened to be in Israel for a conference, and I saw Professor Yehuda Bauer, who was one of the great early professors of Holocaust history. He said to me, \"Deborah, come visit me in my office on Mount Scopus.\" I went there, and he was joined at that point by Professor Yisrael Gutman, both of them now deceased. Yisrael Gutman was a survivor of the Warsaw Ghetto, and it was really an expert on the history of the Warsaw Ghetto, one of the leading experts. They said to me, \"What's your next project? We like the book Beyond Belief. We think it's really terrific, but what's you next project.\" I said, \"I'm not really sure.\" The book had just come out. I was in between on certain things. They said, \"We think you should write about Holocaust denial.\" I said, \"Holocaust denial? Who takes that seriously?\" I laughed. In fact, I begin my book on Holocaust denial . . . saying when they said that to me I laughed. Then I said, my g-d these are two of the great historians of the Holocaust. How can I be laughing, there must be something serious, so I said, \"Yes. They offered me a very nice fellowship to cover some of my costs and I said yes. Then I figured it would be a detour of two to three years to write the book and then I'd go back to other things that I was interested in. The detour was a whole lot longer than two to three years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=819.0,926.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e It certainly was. Even though you say it was only a two or three year detour that you imagined. How did you, I guess, what was the process of writing Denying the Holocaust?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=926.0,941.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e It was a very hard book . . . the book on Holocaust denial was a very hard to write. It was my second book, and I've learned now, since then, I'm working on my eighth book now, I've learnt to write faster and better. But it was hard book because the topic was so horrible. The Holocaust is horrible, but in and of itself, to write about a genocide, write about terrible things is always difficult, but here I was writing about those who deny the horrible things. It was, on a basis of this horrific genocide of the Jews, antisemitism, and then reading about these more contemporary. It was a long slog to write it, but I finished it. When I finished, I figured, okay, that's it. I'm going on to other topics. But shortly after it came out, it was bought by Penguin UK, the arm of Penguin in the United Kingdom. Then after it come out in the United Kingdom, I was sued for libel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=941.0,997.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e We'll get into that. One of the things that I was curious about is what advice would you give to the next generation about combating pseudo-scholarship?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=997.0,1008.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e It's a hard topic. I think it has to be done. I wouldn't want to see everybody doing it, because you don't want to spend your time fighting against something. You want to be advancing knowledge. You don't want to always be fighting against those who would destroy knowledge. But I think it’s very important, because especially while it was not the case when I was doing the work, but especially in this day and age, when you go on the internet, whatever social media platform you're on, and you can see such ridiculous things. I have a good friend who very often will tell me something. I said, \"That can't be true.\" \"Oh, I read it on the internet.\" Then I say, \"Where?\" She said, \"I don't remember which platform.\" I said, \"Who said it?\" Maybe she'll remember. Maybe she won't. Then, I'll say, \"Where did they find it?\" By the fourth question, she knows. I'll go check it out. I was just saying to a friend over the weekend that she had seen something on the internet, on a couple of platforms. I said, and it was an edgy kind of thing. It hadn't been reported. I hadn't heard it. I said, \"When you see an edgy thing like that go and check, is it in the mainstream media or others reporting it. In this day and age when it's so easy to spread false information, I think it's very important that we address these things and address these challenges. But I wouldn't want to say everybody should be only fighting lies. I would hope scholarship is also to learn new things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1008.0,1097.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Much of the world came to know your work through the libel trial in the UK [United Kingdom] that was brought by David Irving against you and your publisher. You want to share with us the evolution of all that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1097.0,1108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e In the book, the book was done. The book on the Holocaust, Denying the Holocaust was done, and I sent it off to Bauer who was, had given me the fellowship and it made great sense that I would give it to him and he would read it. As would, Yisrael Gutman. It's very common practice to ask other scholars to read your book before they go to press. He said to me, \"You really ought to have . . .\" I think I had one sentence on David Irving. He said, \"You really should have more on David Irving.\" In the last go-round, I added some stuff about David Irving. If there were 300 words on David Irving, that was a lot. Then we sent it off and it was published in the United States, to very positive reviews. It was on the front page of, on the same Sunday of the New York Times book review section and the Washington Post book world. Then as I said, it was bought, the manuscript was bought by Penguin UK, or the rights were bought by Penguin UK. It came out in the United Kingdom. Once it came in the United Kingdom, I was considered to . . . be conducting business. Once you have a book, even though I didn't make very much on it, and that made it possible for David Irving to sue me the UK. He couldn't sue me in the United States because there's something called the public figure defense. That someone who's in the public limelight, so to speak, a politician, an elected official, someone who willingly puts themselves out there can't be sue for libel. Yes, if it's a scholar of the Civil War and you say . . . about them, they're an ax murderer. They can sue you for libel, if they are not an ax murderer. But their work on the Civil War [they can't], because they have chosen to do that. The Supreme Court determined, I think in 1962 or 1964, that to put a limit on that would be a squashing of scholarship, and it's called the public figure. You have to prove malicious intent that the person lied about you purposely. Irving very wisely, cannily, waited until the book came out in England where they don't have that, and sued me there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1108.0,1252.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e It went on for years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1252.0,1253.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e It started in 1996, and then it got quiet until about 1997, 1998, and then picked up in 1998. I was very lucky when it began to pick up steam. I spoke to a friend of mine in England, a man named Mike Wine, who . . . worked in this area combating Holocaust denial, et cetera. I said, \"Mike, I need a lawyer.\" He said, \"You should talk to a guy named Anthony Julius. He's the best person for this.\" I had just shortly before then read a profile of Anthony Julius in the New Yorker. I think in the “Talk of the Town.” He had come to New York, I believe, and given a speech on his book on T. S. Eliot. T. S. Eliot and the antisemitism in T. S. Eliot's work, whether it's really there or not. I said, \"Oh, yes, Anthony Julius, he wrote the book on T. S. Eliot and the Jews, and this guy on the phone began to laugh. He was laughing at me. You know when you're being laughed at. I had said something clearly that he found very amusing, and then I stopped and I said, \"Oh, isn't he also Princess Diana's divorce lawyer?\" Because it mentioned that in the New Yorker. He said, \"Deborah, that's why I'm laughing, you're the only one in the world who would say, author of a book on T. S. Eliot, and also Princess Diana's divorce.\" The minute Anthony became involved, very smart, very dedicated to this issue, one of the smartest, cleverest men, it's considered, some people used to call him Anthony Genius. It wasn't always complimentary because he was just so sparklingly smart and people get jealous. But once he got involved, together with his partner, who was then a young associate, James Libson, the case took on a whole different tenor. They decided we were going to fight this. We were going to fight this aggressively. The approach we would take was not proving the Holocaust happened but proving that what David Irving said about the Holocaust was not true. In other words, we followed Irving's footnotes back to the sources. He would say, \"I have a document that shows X, Y, and Z.\" We'd look, we'd go back to the document and say, \"No, it says A, B, and C.\" We did that repeatedly. It wasn't, in other words, we didn't prove how many people were murdered at Auschwitz. But we proved that when he said it was 600,000, he didn't have the documents to prove it. We exposed him as a liar whose work could not be trusted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1253.0,1400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e The verdict came down. What does that mean to you both personally and academically?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1400.0,1404.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, it just was an amazing moment. First of all, I want to say speaking of the academy, et cetera, that I got tremendous support from Emory during this, even as this began. They reduced my teaching load. I taught one day a week because I was going back and forth to England a lot. They supported me. They put up a travel fund for me to support my travels. In fact, then, I guess it was provost said to me, \"We don't know your financial situation and it's not of relevance to us, but we want to support you in your academic work. You're being sued for what you did as a scholar, and we want to support you for that.\" I have to tell you that when I told that story to colleagues at different universities, public universities, private universities, large, small, et cetera, no one said my university would have done the same thing. Then Emory didn't talk about it, because at my lawyer's request, we didn't want Irving to know what support I had, because we figured if he knew, rather than being intimidated by it, and say \"I'm going to really go,\" we were hoping he'd drop the case, which of course he didn't. He offered to settle with me shortly before the trial, I think for 500 pounds to a charity of his choice and an apology. I said, \"No, I'm not going to apologize to this man. I won't give him 500 pounds to a charity of his choice,\" and we fought it. That the case, the first notification I got about the case was 1996. We really began our research and our work in strength in 1998, and the verdict came down in 2000.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1404.0,1508.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e You wrote the book, History on Trial, about the case, which then became the film “Denial.” Tell us a little about the evolution of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1508.0,1516.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e The book came out and then there was already, as soon as the book came out, there were people who wanted to do it as a mini-series on television. I learned very quickly that you get all sorts of things that never go anyplace, so I stopped getting excited about each one, but then two producers who were very intent on doing it came and after a number of false starts they made a connection with the BBC [British Broadcasting Corporation], BBC Films. It was a joint BBC production, and they brought on David Hare, H-A-R-E, who is one of England's leading screenplay writers and then they brought in Rachel Weisz to play me and that already raised it to a very important level.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1516.0,1566.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e I want to turn a little to your writings on antisemitism because in this particular era, it's certainly a topic that's talked about a lot. What did you hope to accomplish when you began writing about antisemitism and then on the book?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1566.0,1584.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e The Holocaust, it started really with the Holocaust . . . and writing about the Holocaust because I was teaching about it. I remember very clearly, I was at the University of Washington. I was teaching a course on what we'd gotten to the Allies in the Holocaust and I was teaching what Washington knew about what was going on, what did FDR [Franklin Delano Roosevelt] knew, what the State Department knew, what the Congress knew, et cetera, et cetera, no. A student interrupted me and said, \"But what could my parents have known?\" That's how far back it is. Now a kid would say, what could my grandparents have known, or even great-grandparents? I wasn't sure, so I began to look at newspapers just to figure out what people could have known. Then I was going to really go on from there and look at the evolution of how America understood the Holocaust. They began to do work at the Jimmy Carter Presidential Museum and Library here in Atlanta. Then the trial interrupted everything, and I was taken back into that vortex. Then after the trial, it was clear to me that I was going to write a book about the trial and then came the film. I guess the rest is history. I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1584.0,1659.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e The rest is history. How have you seen antisemitism change in the course of your career?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1659.0,1665.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, it's changed tremendously. It's changed and it hasn't changed. The tropes very often are the same. There's a much greater intertwining of hatred of Israel. I'm not talking about criticism of Israeli policy, which is not antisemitism, just like criticism of American policy is not anti-Americanism. That's what democracies are all about. But it's changed in, now we see it at the same time from the right and from the left. We see it from Christian nationalists, white Christian nationalists. We see from Islamists, radical Islamists. It's really a time, I can't tell you, two different reporters called me this morning on different stories that they're working on, all on contemporary issues. Just we're in the South, a few days ago the oldest, the only synagogue in Jackson, Mississippi, the biggest city in Mississippi, I believe. The oldest synagogue, a synagogue that was burnt once before by the Ku Klux Klan because of its support of civil rights. Now it was burned again by this young man, a student at a college nearby. But he had been convinced that . . . the Jews were the church of Satan, a term heard on many podcasts, right-wing podcasts. That was something from the far right. We've seen it from the far left as well. We see it, as I say from Christian nationalists, from radical Islamists. It's coming from all directions simultaneously, which is not really something we've seen that much in America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1665.0,1765.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e When you engage with your students who are encountering antisemitism on campus, certainly at Emory we've had incidents, what do you tell them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1765.0,1774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e Depends on what the situation is. I remember once a student coming in to me and she was in a suite with, I guess, three or four other women and they had been together since their freshman year. Students will understand this. They had taken lesser quality housing in order to stay together. If you want to go as a group, you're sort of pushed aside a little bit from the better housing. At that point, there was a distinct difference between the really new housing and the yet refurbished housing, less so now. They really were good friends. She said it was right before, I think, winter vacation, and everybody was getting ready, exams were ending, packing up. One of them said to her, \"Your family going skiing this holiday or to someplace warm?\" She said to me, \"I'm the only one in the suite on work-study,\" essentially scholarship. She said, \"My family hasn't taken a vacation together, maybe a weekend, but since my siblings started to go to college, they were all off doing things.\" But when I said, \"No, I am not.\" The person said, \"I thought, you're Jewish.\" There was some implication there. I don't remember the exact details. She came to me and she said, \"How do I address this? How do I talk about this?\" I said, \"First of all, you've got to unpack it with the student.\" We talked a lot about that. Sometimes I got students who said to me they encountered, not that often, it wasn't that often. I've been here a long time, and I can count probably on one hand the number of students who've come to me, or maybe two hands, but not more than that, where students said, \"The student keeps making a crack about you Jews, you Jews.\" She said, \"I don't want to say anything because I'll lose them as a friend.\" I said, \"Do you want them as a friend?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1774.0,1885.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e I had a student once in my class at Georgia Tech. We were talking about negotiation, talk about Jewing them down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1885.0,1892.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh my God.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1892.0,1894.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Half the class, I just, I saw them froze. They were like, what's she going to do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1894.0,1900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. But then other people don't even realize how antisemitic it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1900.0,1903.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e But no, it's fascinating. Before we get deeper into other subjects, I want to talk a little about the evolution of your career at Emory. Tell us about coming, about being . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1903.0,1912.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . When I first came to Emory, I was teaching a course introduction to history of Judaism, which I love teaching because [all] of my other courses are about Holocaust or antisemitism. I always love teaching about what Jews do and not what is done to Jews. Jew as I say is Jewish subject, not Jewish object. But eventually as other people came in I gave that up and I taught a large seminar, the large lecture classes on the Holocaust. Then also my favorite class to teach, and I'm going to begin teaching next semester, but I don't know if I'll be able to do this, was a freshman, I always loved teaching a freshman seminar. Because you get them when they're fresh and they're new, they do all the readings, and I would teach on memoirs of the Holocaust, and we'd read a memoir a week, and I just loved teaching that class, that was great fun for me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1912.0,1969.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e The Tam Institute has developed. Tell us a little about what you've done at Emory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1969.0,1972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e Tam, when I came here it was a program, a sort of free standing program, well not free standing within the religion department, but we developed it. We got a very nice grant from the Arthur M. Blank Foundation. The institute was named in honor of the Blank family rabbi, Rabbi [Donald] Tam, a local rabbi here in Atlanta. We began to develop it and to grow. It was really quite exciting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1972.0,2004.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e How many Jewish students do we think are in Emory today?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2004.0,2007.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e I have no idea. I think, actually, the number we used to get was 30 percent, 40 percent. But it's a guesstimate. It's a guestimate. I would guess that right now, with so many universities in the Northeast, that have been really, had been very uncomfortable for Jews to be, Columbia being one of them. Not all Jews are uncomfortable at Columbia; many are doing just fine. But if you identify as a Jew, and particularly during these past couple of years, we're getting increasing numbers of Jewish students from very fine schools wanting to come here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2007.0,2048.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e How do you describe your approach to teaching history?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2048.0,2056.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e What happened? How can we know what happened? What can we learn from what happened? I don't take the past as a predictor for the future because I don't know that that's safe. But I sort of, I try to make it come alive, I guess . . . so that there's a sense of the multi-layered sense of history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2056.0,2084.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e I think a lot of academics, and certainly students, look to you as a model of how scholars can engage publicly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2084.0,2092.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e I've always been a public, what's called a public intellectual. I was a public intellectual when many scholars looked down on it. How can, she's going to give a lecture here, non-specialists? Today there isn't that contempt for public intellectuals and people realize that we've got to be out there to show what we're doing and to educate the public, even if they're not at universities. But I've always gotten, I've always loved that because . . . this can be a very smart audience, as smart, if not smarter than your students, they're just not well-versed in what you're doing. I would get terrific questions and have terrific interchanges and I love doing it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2092.0,2134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e What habits or discipline has sustained your own scholarly life over all these years? What do you do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2134.0,2143.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e What do I do? I get up in the morning, I go to the gym, I come home, I shower, I make my coffee, have my breakfast and go down to my desk. Sometimes I take my breakfast down to my desk and I'm working. I just enjoy it. I just came before for this interview, I was editing a chapter and then about a half hour, 45 minutes before I was due here I stopped and I figured out, but as I stopped I said, okay, when I get back this afternoon I'm going to do this, that, or the other. I like writing. I like editing myself. I like rewriting. I show my students very often, once a student came in and I said, \"This is a good paper, but it really needs editing.\" He looked at me sort of blankly and I said, \"Come here, come look at my computer screen.\" I showed him chapter one of a book I was writing dated January 12th, chapter one dated January 13th and each version was different. I said, \"Go back and you edit yourself\" . . . I loved doing it and figuring it out. I just hit a snag in the book I'm writing right now, and yesterday I figured out what I needed to do to fix it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2143.0,2202.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Share with us, what are you writing about now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2202.0,2204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm writing about my experience in the State Department during my three years in Washington [D.C.] As an Ambassador, Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism. The things we did, the things that we couldn't do, the challenges we faced, et cetera. That's what it's going to be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2204.0,2225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e That's where I was actually going to start. In the 1990's, you began advisory roles with the government. How did you get involved in that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2225.0,2233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e In the 1990's, I was appointed to, first by President [Bill] Clinton and then by President Obama to the Holocaust Council, which is the sort of, for lack of a better term, board of directors of the Holocaust Museum. It's a federal museum. I became involved at the museum, I actually had been involved at museum earlier as a researcher when it was being built, helping them design their permanent exhibition. Particularly on the American response to the Holocaust. Then I had a fellowship to the museum and so I've been there in many different capacities as a researcher, as a member of the board, and as someone who was given one of their top fellowships.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2233.0,2278.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e You were part of the presidential delegation to the 60th anniversary at Auschwitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2278.0,2282.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I was asked by President [George W.] Bush, by the White House, by Bush White House, I'm truly bipartisan, to be part of that delegation. It was very moving. Tom Lantos, a member of the House from California, from San Francisco, who was the only Holocaust survivor to ever be in the House of Representatives, was leader of the delegation. It was a very moving moment to be there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2282.0,2312.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Anything special that happened at that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2312.0,2314.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e Just the, I had been to Auschwitz before, but being there as a representative of the United States government was very special. I'll tell you, it was freezing. It was really freezing. Now when they have these major commemorations, they put up a tent, but this was before. We're sitting outside, I was sitting next to Elie and Marion Wiesel, blessed memory. I knew Elie Wiesel for years and we had brought him here to a lecture and I had been in touch with him. We were sitting, when you're sitting and it's cold, it's freezing. If you're moving around . . . we were sitting there and the speeches were interminable. I was bundled up, I looked like the Michelin man, if you remember the guy who wrapped up in tires, had so many layers on. At one point I turned to Elie Wiesel, who had been at Auschwitz in bare cloth pajamas, I don't know, whatever, with the terrible uniforms they had to wear. I said, \"Oh, Elie, I am freezing.\" I felt like such a dolt, here I was saying, but he said, I'm cold to Deborah,\" so it was okay. But it was very moving. It was very powerful, very powerful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2314.0,2380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e As we move forward to the [Joe] Biden administration, you were nominated and confirmed as the U.S. Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism. How do you feel about taking on that role?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2380.0,2394.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, it was a great honor. At first, I didn't think I would do it because as I talk to people in government, they said, \"You're going to have to get your speeches cleared. Anytime you do an interview, there'll be someone there.\" Later I learned you have someone there for your own protection so in case the reporter or whatever says you said something, your team member's there. But it was also being part of a, State Department's a pretty humongous bureaucracy, I think they're 30,000, they used to be 30,000. No more than that, I think 30,000 people in the building and many more around the world who worked there. I just was nervous about that. Then actually it was the director of the Holocaust Museum, Sara Bloomfield who said, and I told her, I said, \"Sara, I think I'm going to take my name out of consideration.\" She said, \"You know, you have to do it.\" I thought she was going to say you have do it, because of antisemitism. She said, \"You have to do it because of the Abraham Accords.\" This was just after the Abraham Accords. Because she said, \"It's a chance to really do something positive.\" So much of the antisemitism was coming out of Muslim majority countries, Gulf countries, not that they were sending imams out and saying go preach antisemitism, but they were allowing it. They were facilitating it. This was a chance to begin that conversation, so I put my name in there. The White House had a couple of people to choose from, but I was told afterwards that once I put my name and it was sort of a foregone conclusion that they would nominate me. Then I had to be, because it had been raised to an ambassadorial level by the Senate, I had to go through confirmation. That was a long process with meeting with a lot of senators and being up on the hill and being before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2394.0,2502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e What was life like on a day-to-day basis as a special envoy?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2502.0,2508.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e Unpredictable, first I traveled a tremendous amount. I was in office a little less than three years and I made 33 overseas trips. You can just figure that out. But it was unpredictable. One day I could be talking about the White House about a statement the president was going to make. Another day I could be, there would be an incident in another country . . . and we were asked for our opinion and what to do. It was just things happening all the time. When I came into the office, the office I had had about four people, when I left it had about 20 people in it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2508.0,2542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e As you look back at your governmental career and that public part, what are you most proud of? What are the best accomplishments?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2542.0,2551.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e I think a great accomplishment, and this is something I want to continue working on here at Emory, are what we call the Global Guidelines to Counter Antisemitism. I decided about a year before, I knew I was going to leave at the end of Biden one, whether there was a Biden two or not, I was going to leave. I wanted to leave Biden more than just, oops, [mic falls off, puts back on] more than a legacy of just having gone to many, many different countries. I talked to a friend of mine who had been at the Pentagon and at the White House, and she said, \"Why not a convention?\" I said, \"A convention,\" thinking she meant the meeting. She said, \"No, no, a soft law, what you call it, not something legally passed.\" I said, \"That's a very good idea,\" because one of the questions I'd been getting as I traveled overseas from other countries, whether it was from foreign ministers or education ministers or whatever in government, what can we do to face this problem? How do we address it? I had someone on my staff, I said, \"I want you to start drafting for me guidelines. Let's brainstorm guidelines. I don't want a long document. I want a two to three page document maximum.\" Then we'll decide what to do with it. He began to draft, of course, my whole team had input, as did I, of these global guidelines. We could have issued them as the United States government. This is the United State government's best practices for fighting antisemitism. But I wanted it to be a multilateral document. We began to bring in other countries, and we started with the EU [European Union] representative with whom I worked very closely because she represented so many countries and she would have a finger in what would work. We talked to Germany, we talked to France, we talked with quite a few countries, Canada. Then we began to circulate it, and within, we did it very quickly. Within a few months we had, I think by the time I left office, there were 35, 36 countries, some who had signed on. It's on the State Department website. It's been adopted by the [Donald] Trump administration by Secretary [Marco] Rubio, and four multilateral organizations, including the EU. The OSCE, the Organizational Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Organization for American States, and the Council [of Europe].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2551.0,2697.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e This is my only political question, I guess. How do you feel about the European and the U.S. response to the rise in antisemitism?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2697.0,2707.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e It depends what country you're talking about. I think that some countries have taken it very seriously. I think you say the same thing about universities, about cities, you can say, about states. Some have mal platitudes but haven't been as serious about it. It really is a case-by-case basis. We're just now 30 days after the Bondi Beach massacre. The Australian government was warned repeatedly by the Jewish community, something is going to happen. They just didn't take it as seriously as they should, and that's been problematic. In England, we had the, in Manchester, the attack on Yom Kippur of the synagogue where two people died. More would have died if they hadn't locked the doors and reacted the way, as quickly the leadership had been trained. Just now, two weeks ago, there was a case concluded in the UK, also in Manchester, of two radical Islamists who had gotten rapid-fire guns, which are very hard to get in the UK, and were planning to kill many Jews. If they killed some Christians, as they said, that would be fine, too. Some countries have reacted quite strongly. The others have not. It's not just the national government. It's also, I'm coming from England now, so I'm just familiar with a lot of these things. The police in England stopped supporters of an Israeli team that was coming to play from coming to the game. They said because they were hooligans. But it wasn't, the fact was that the supporters of the other team and some radical Islamists were planning to attack the Israelis, but they blamed it on them. That is really policing at its worst. Police should not say if you're in danger, you shouldn't come. They should say if you are in danger we're going to protect you. It's quite complicated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2707.0,2828.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e What about the U.S.?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2828.0,2831.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e I was very proud of the Biden administration. You asked one of the things I'm most proud of the National Strategy to Combat Antisemitism. We had 27 or 28 federal agencies that took part and they really, some did an excellent job in addressing issues. I think that that was good. I think sometimes there was a reluctance to speak out as clearly and as forcefully as needed to be said, and this general failure to take it seriously in and of itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2831.0,2870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Interesting. During the work you've done for decades, you've been living with some of the darkest moments and material, certainly in modern history. On a personal level. How do you cope with that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2870.0,2886.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e First of all, it's not who I am. I mentioned earlier that I love teaching this course on introduction to Judaism because it was Jewish subject, not Jewish object. I'm very much, I belong to a Jewish community, I'm with friends, they're not my only friends of course, but there's a very sense of positiveness. It doesn't consume me in the sense that this is the sum total of who I am and what I do. That really sustains me. The other thing is knowing that what I'm doing counts, that also sustains me. It matters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2886.0,2933.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e It matters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2933.0,2937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e I think there are a lot of people in this world who'd like to think that their vocation mattered. It matters that they can support their family, it matters that they could live a certain life, pay their bills, but I often have people say to me that, and I appreciate it because I think it's true that how lucky I am to do something I care about, but that counts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2937.0,2962.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e When you think about your legacy, what are the two or three things that are the most important that you hope will endure?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2962.0,2971.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e I think certainly my fight against Holocaust denial, going to court, though that fight continues, they all continue, my time in the White House, and my teaching. My time not in the White House, in the State Department, the federal government, and my teaching, the students. I'm as thrilled when someone comes up to me in the airport and says, \"Thank you for the work.\" Which happens all the time. \"Thank you for the work you're doing or what you did\" or things like that. But I'm even more thrilled when someone comes up and says you were my teacher, and I went into this or I'm active in my community or I I'm active in this organization or fighting this issue because of what I learned with you. That's . . . you can't ask for a better payoff then that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2971.0,3017.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e You've written many books and we only touched really on three of them. Would you just tell us what the others are and a little about them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3017.0,3023.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e My first book was on the American press reaction which I mentioned, the second book was on Holocaust denial, the third book was History on Trial now . . . called Denial in terms of the trial case. Then after that I wrote a book on the history of America's encounter with the Holocaust both politics, culturally, films, books, how America understood it, how it evolved. Then I wrote a book I loved writing on Golda Meir. I wrote that for Yale University Press. She was such a character . . . There's a great story about her. She was at the White House, [Richard] Nixon was president, and she had brought Abba Eban, who was her foreign minister, and Henry Kissinger was there as Secretary of State for the United States. President Nixon turned to her and said, \"Madam Prime Minister, we both have Jewish secretaries of state,\" and she said, \"Yes, but mine can speak English.\" Because Abba Eban spoke, born in South Africa, educated in Cambridge, spoke Cantabrigian beautiful, eloquent. But, so I enjoyed that, writing that very much. Then the book I wrote right before I went into the State Department was on antisemitism here and now. The contemporary antisemitism, and now I'm writing this book on my time in public service.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3023.0,3113.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm interested, I interviewed Sarah Hurwitz on her latest book for Book Festival, and she talks a lot about how we don't teach the Holocaust properly in this country. I'm just curious to hear your thoughts about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3113.0,3131.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e Look, I think you can't, there was an expectation, and it was naive, but it wasn't surprising, people that if we teach about the Holocaust and show that terrible damage antisemitism can do, people won't be antisemitic. It's like teaching, I'm going to teach about the Ku Klux Klan or I'm teach about racism, and then people won't t be racist. It doesn't work that way. Or I'm going to teach, I don't know, whatever, that homophobia and people won't be homophobic. Sometimes it does work that way, sometimes it doesn't. But I think it's important to teach about it in and of itself. You run into a danger when you say, I'm going to teach about this because. Because you never know what the because is. You hope. If I teach about antisemitism, I'm hoping that people will become sensitive and recognize and combat it and counter it and all that, but you never know. I like Sarah's work very much. I'm not sure exactly what her precise critique is, but I think it's exceptionally important. You can't run away from it. The two most important museums to me in Washington are the Holocaust Museum and the Museum of African American History, which I visited very, very. You can go through the whole thing in one time, but I would go and see a section each time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3131.0,3214.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you see as the future of the academy?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3214.0,3219.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm a historian, I can't predict.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3219.0,3221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, I know, right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3221.0,3223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e The Talmud says that after the completion of the Tanakh, the Hebrew scriptures and the books of writings and prophets, prophecy was left for children and fools. I'm not a children and I like not to be a fool, so I can't pretend.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3223.0,3239.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, so what's your dream for where you're going to be in the future?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3239.0,3245.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e I hope to be in the classroom until they wheel me out. I hope to keep writing and to be relevant, to be someone who people turn to and that I have something to give, not just that they should turn to me, but that I had something to given to help people understand some of what we're going through today in a historical context and a contemporary context. I'm very lucky, I feel very lucky. I had this chance to represent the United States for close to three years to speak on behalf of the United States government about an issue which I cared about greatly and to bring the message that the United States cared about this issue. I can think of no greater honor than that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3245.0,3289.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e What gives you hope?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3289.0,3292.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e You study antisemitism, you see terrible incidents. Before the Holocaust you had the Crusades, where the Christian Crusaders were going to the Holy Land to liberate it from the infidels, the Muslims. On the way they found Jews, they killed, tens of thousands of Jews. You see other issues. I was in the Soviet Union when it was still the Soviet Union. Of blessed memory, not blessed memory, of memory. I met with Refuseniks and the antisemitism they faced. Great scientists had been reduced to being night watchmen because they wanted to leave the Soviet Union. There have been so many, and yet Jews are here. Shortly before my trial, a couple days before it began, I got a call from a friend of mine, Grace Cohen Grossman, who passed away, but she was a curator of Jewish art. She said, \"You got to go to the British Museum.\" I said, \"Grace, I'm preparing for a trial.\" She said, \"No, you've got to go and see the Lachish reliefs.\" The Lachish reliefs deal from the destruction of the Ten Lost, when we talk about the Ten Lost Tribes, the Assyrians, Sub-Saharan and sixth, seventh century BC [Before Christ]. I said, \"Why do I have to go see it?\" She said, \"Because where are the Assyrians? Where are Romans? Where are the Babylonians? Where are Nazis? Where are Crusaders? They're gone. We're still here.\" That gives me hope . . . I was just at a conference in a learning festival in England and one fun panel I was on, I did some serious things, but one fun was your favorite books and films. One of the films, I gave two films, “The Frisco Kid,” with Gene Wilder, which is a great movie. Then the other was the, in a Jewish context, as a scholar of Judaism, I said, \"Shawshank Redemption.\" Lots of people in the audience were very excited because they loved that. They said, \"Why Shawshank?\" I said, \"First of all, it's a great move.\" You don't get better than that. Morgan Freeman is just a, but I said, \"That last scene, where Morgan Freeman is walking down the beach, and they've managed to get out of that terrible penitentiary. You would think for the first two-thirds of the movie, they're never going to get out there. If that doesn't give you hope, I don't know what does.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3292.0,3446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Wonderful. What are you reading besides scholarly?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3446.0,3452.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e What am I reading? I just read a great book called The Confidant on a woman who during the Roosevelt administration and then later [Harry] Truman as well, was in the State Department and the Defense Department and it's just, it's a terrific read. What else did I just read? I'm reading a book by Jonathan Freedland who writes, is one of the editors or columnists at the Guardian on Germans, non-Jewish Germans who challenged the Nazis and were internal spies during the Holocaust. I'm forgetting the name of the book but it's fascinating. People can make a difference. I stay very much within my narrow parameters. But I just heard an interview with a woman [Virginia] Evans, I think, she wrote her first novel. She wrote many novels that she never got published. Her first novel went to the top of the bestsellers, The Correspondents, it's called. I just listened to a great interview with her in the New York Times Book Review podcast, and I'm going to read that, I think, because I think anybody who can hang in there and write all these books and never get them published and keep doing it, that gives me hope, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3452.0,3527.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e I leave it there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3527.0,3528.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3528.0,3529.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEVANS:\u003c/strong\u003e Did we miss anything? Anything you want me to ask you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3529.0,3530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/transcript/90149/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLIPSTADT:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't think so. I'm done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3530.0,3533.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew York City is located in New York state. It is also known by the nicknames the Big Apple or NYC. It is the largest city by population and metropolitan area in the United States. It is made up of five boroughs sitting where the Hudson River meets the Atlantic Ocean. The city was settled in 1624 and in 1664 it was named for the Duke of York, later King James II of England. The city is a global center for everything from finance to arts and fashion to international diplomacy as the home of the United Nations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=0.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eErwin Lipstadt (1903-1972) was born in Hamburg, Germany to Gustav and Helena Lipstadt. He immigrated to the United States in 1926 and became a citizen in 1933. He owned the Lipstadt Memorial Company in New York City. In 1944, he married Miriam Peiman and they had three children, Helene, Deborah, and Nat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=0.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” Following a series of electoral victories, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933. Within two years, Hitler and the Nazis had created a dictatorship. The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=0.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Weimar Republic is the historical period in Germany that ran from the end of World War I in 1919 and the beginning of Nazi Germany in 1933. The era was a time of political turmoil and violence as well as economic hardship. It also was a period of new social freedoms and vibrant artistic movements. The challenges and complexity of the era helped give rise to Adolf Hilter’s rise to power.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=0.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Upper West Side is a neighborhood in Manhattan, New York City. It is considered an affluent area with many cultural institutions, including schools and museums. The Upper West Side is a significant Jewish neighborhood, with one of the largest communities of Orthodox Jews outside of Israel. Shearith Israel, the oldest Jewish congregation in the United States is also located in the Upper West Side. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=0.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiriam Peiman Lipstadt Roth (1915-2013) was born in Toronto, Canada to Nathaniel and Rebecca Karp Peiman. She came to the United States in 1926 with her family and grew up in Detroit, Michigan. In 1944, she married Erwin Lipstadt and they had three children, Helene, Deborah, and Nat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=0.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDetroit is the largest city in the midwestern state of Michigan in the United States. In the mid and late twentieth century, it was known as an industrial powerhouse and as “Motor City” for its ties to the auto industry. Its location on the Detroit River also made it a major shipping commerce hub. The city entered a significant state of urban decay following the loss of jobs in the auto industry and rapid suburbanization. The population declined significantly, and the city filed for bankruptcy in 2013, successfully exiting in 2014. In recent years, Detroit has been revitalized, being described as a city of renaissance as it successfully reversed the negative trends of prior decades. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=0.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust was the systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=0.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA synagogue is a Jewish house of worship where the congregation meets for religious services and instruction.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=0.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat Shirah or Shabbat of Song is a special moment in the Torah, when the story of Parashat Beshalach is read. It recounts the story of Moses and Miriam leading the Israelites across the Sea of Reeds (The Red Sea) and out of Egypt. The service is often celebrated with music and songs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=0.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRebecca Karp Peiman (1874-1942) was born in Poland and immigrated to Canada. In 1926, she and her family immigrated to the United States and settled in Detroit, Michigan. She and her husband, Nathaniel had five daughters and one son.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=71.0,86.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNathaniel Peiman (1875-1942) was born in Poland and immigrated to Canada. In 1926, he and his family immigrated to the United States and settled in Detroit, Michigan. Nathaniel worked as a painter and decorator. He and his wife, Rebecca Karp had five daughters and a son, including Miriam Peiman Lipstadt, who was the mother of historian Dr. Deborah Lipstadt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=71.0,86.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHelene Munk Lipstadt (abt. 1862-1932) was born and lived her whole life in Germany. In 1887, she married Gustav Lipstadt and they had six children, including Erwin Lipstadt, who immigrated to the United States and was the father of historian Dr. Deborah Lipstadt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=71.0,86.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGustav Lipstadt (1856-1921) was born and lived in Germany. In 1887, he married Helene Musk and they had six children, including Erwin Lipstadt, who immigrated to the United States and was the father of historian Dr. Deborah Lipstadt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=71.0,86.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=89.0,118.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos/Shabbes (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=89.0,118.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCentral Park is an urban park between the Upper West Side and Upper East Side in Manhattan, New York City. It is the most visited urban park in the United States, with attractions such as the Central Park Zoo and Wollman ice skating rink. The first areas of the park were opened in 1858. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=89.0,118.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWashington Heights is a neighborhood in the northern part of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. It is named for Fort Washington, which was a fortification built at the highest natural point on Manhattan by the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. The area begin as a middle-class neighborhood with many Irish and Eastern European immigrants. By the 1960’s and 1970’s, many white residents moved out to nearby suburbs and the Latino population increased.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=120.0,137.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Air Force is one of the eight branches of the U.S. military whose core mission is aerial surveillance and reconnaissance, air supremacy, global integrated intelligence, rapid global mobility, global strike and command and control. Originally created in August 1907 as part of the U.S. Army Signal Corps, it was founded as a separate military branch in September 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=142.0,204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Emanuel Rackman (1910-2008) was an American Modern Orthodox rabbi. He attended Columbia University and rabbinical school at Yeshiva University. During World War II, he was served as a chaplain in the U.S. Air Force and a military aide to the European Theater of Operations. He served as rabbi at Congregation Shaaray Tefila in Far Rockaway Queens and Fifth Avenue Synagogue in Manhattan. He later served as vice-president of Yeshiva University and President of Bar-Ilan University.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=142.0,204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Shaaray Tefila is an Orthodox synagogue founded in 1910 in Far Rockaway, Queens, New York. As of 2026, the synagogue is located in Lawerence, New York and Uri Orlian is the rabbi.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=142.0,204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFar Rockaway is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. It is on the eastern part of the Rockway peninsula and sits along Rockaway Beach.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=142.0,204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eQueens is a borough of New York City, located on Long Island and bordered by Brooklyn in the west. Nearly half of its residents are foreign-born, it is the most linguistically diverse place in the world, and it is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=142.0,204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=236.0,277.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEliezer \"Elie\" Wiesel (1928-2016) was a Romanian-born American writer, professor, political activist, Nobel laureate, and Holocaust survivor. He authored 57 books, written mostly in French and English, including Night, a work based on his experiences as a Jewish prisoner in the Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps. In his political activities, Wiesel became a regular speaker on the subject of the Holocaust and remained a strong defender of human rights during his lifetime. He also advocated for many other causes like the state of Israel and against Hamas and victims of oppression including Soviet and Ethiopian Jews, the apartheid in South Africa, the Bosnian genocide, and the Armenian genocide. He was a professor of the humanities at Boston University, which created the Elie Wiesel Center for Jewish Studies in his honor. He helped establish the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. Wiesel was awarded various prestigious awards including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986. He was a founding board member of the New York Human Rights Foundation and remained active in it throughout his life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=314.0,370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEva is a novel written by Meyer Levin and was published in 1959. The book is a fictionalized account of Ida Loew, a young Jewish girl from Poland who survived the Jewish pogroms of the Nazis and the Auschwitz camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=314.0,370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMeyer Levin (1905-1981) was an American novelist. He also worked as journalist for the Chicago Daily News and editor at Esquire. During War World II, he worked a war correspondent in Europe. He is best known for his work on the Leopold and Loeb case and the book Compulsion. He wrote a told of 18 novels and two autobiographical works.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=314.0,370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eExodus is a historical novel by the American novelist Leon Uris about the founding of the State of Israel, beginning with a compressed retelling of the voyages of the 1947 immigration ship Exodus and describing the histories of the various main characters and the ties of their personal lives to the birth of the new Jewish state. Published by Doubleday in 1958, it became an international publishing phenomenon, the biggest bestseller in the United States since Gone with the Wind (1936), and was still at number one on The New York Times Best Seller list eight months after its release. Otto Preminger directed a 1960 film based on the novel, featuring Paul Newman as Ari Ben Canaan. It focuses mainly on the escape from Cyprus and subsequent events in Palestine\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=314.0,370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) was the wife of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the President of the United States from 1933 to 1945. She supported the New Deal policies of her husband and became an advocate for civil rights. After her husband’s death in 1945, Eleanor continued to be an international author, speaker and politician and activist.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=314.0,370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe New York Giants are a professional American football team that is based in the New York metropolitan area. The team’s inaugural season was 1925. It was one of five teams to join the National Football League (NFL) that year and is the only team that still exists. The team ranks third among all the NFL franchises with eight championship titles. As of 2026, the team plays at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=314.0,370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Polo Grounds was the name of the three stadiums located in Upper Manhattan, New York City. They were mainly used for professional baseball and football from 1880 to 1963. The grounds were originally built in 1879 for polo and demolished in 1889. Various New York sport teams played at the site over the year including the New York Yankees and New York Mets baseball teams, and the New York Giants and New York Jets football teams. The Polo Grounds was demolished in the 1960’s and a public housing complex, Polo Grounds Towers, was built at the site.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=314.0,370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCentral Yeshiva University High School for Girls is a private all-girls school located in Queens, New York. The school was founded in 1948 and focuses on both Judaic and general academics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=375.0,408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe City College of the City University of New York, also known as the City College of New York, or simply City College or CCNY, is a public university in New York City. It was founded in 1847, the first free public institution of higher education in the United States. It is located in Hamilton Heights in Manhattan. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=411.0,462.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Six-Day War, also known as the June War, or 1967 War was a brief, but bloody, Arab-Israeli conflict that took place June 5–10, 1967. It was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states. It ended with Israel capturing the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=411.0,462.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI) is a public research university based in Jerusalem, Israel. Co-founded by Albert Einstein and Chaim Weizmann in July 1918, the public university officially opened in April 1925. It is the second-oldest Israeli university, having been founded 30 years before the establishment of the State of Israel but six years after the older Technion University. The university has five affiliated teaching hospitals (including the Hadassah Medical Center), seven faculties, more than 100 research centers, and 315 academic departments. Four of Israel's prime ministers are alumni of the university. As of 2018, 15 Nobel Prize winners, two Fields Medalists, and three Turing Award winners have been affiliated with the HUJI. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=411.0,462.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrandeis University is a private research college located in Waltham, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1948, as a non-sectarian, co-ed university sponsored by the Jewish community. The university was named for Louis Brandeis, the first Jewish United States Supreme Court Justice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=495.0,497.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVietnam anti-war movement occurred from the late 1960’s and early 1970’s. The protests were held in opposition to the U.S. government policies in Vietnam., the increasing escalation of the war, and the increasing number of draft calls. Protests occurred across the country in cities and college campus and included diverse groups including artists, veterans, elected officials, and the middle class. It was one of the most pervasive displays of opposition to government policy in modern times.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=497.0,525.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLouis Lipsky (1876-1963) was an American Zionist leader, President of the Zionist Organization of America, magazine editor, and author of books on Jewish culture and politics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=525.0,530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmerican Zionism began in the late 19th century as a marginal movement and grew into a powerful movement that advocated for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. When Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis became involved in the movement in 1912, American support for Zionism increased. Growth also increased as supporters of the cause began to see and believe in the need for a haven for the Jewish people of Europe, and a potential refuge in case the situation for American Jews changed for the worse. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=530.0,559.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Washington is a public research university located in Seattle, Washington. The university was founded in 1861 and is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast. The school is the flagship institution of the state’s six public universities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=530.0,559.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSeattle is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States in the state of Washington. It is surrounded by water, mountains, and evergreen forests, and contains thousands of acres of parkland. Seattle is home to the headquarters of many major companies including Boeing, Microsoft, Amazon, and Alaska Airlines. Seattle is also known for its music scene, including jazz in the early to mid-20th century and the rock and grunge scene in the 1990’s. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=530.0,559.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Halpern (1912-1990) was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He earned a bachelor and doctoral degrees from Havard, and a second bachelor’s degree from Hebrew Teachers College. He was professor emeritus of Near Eastern and Judaic studies and taught at Brandeis from 1960 to 1980. Halpern was author of several books including The American Jew, A Zionist Analysis and The Idea of a Jewish State. He and his wife Gertrude Gumner had two sons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=564.0,588.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlexander Altmann (1906-1987) was an Orthodox Jewish scholar and rabbi born in Kassa, Austria-Hungry. He immigrated to England in 1938 and later to the United States. He was a professor with the Philosophy Department at Brandeis University. He was best known for his studies of the thought of Moses Mendelssohn and also made important contributions to the study of Jewish mysticism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=564.0,588.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNahum Sarna (1923-2005) was a modern biblical scholar who is best known for his study of Genesis and Exodus. He was born in London to Ashkenazi Jewish parents and received his MA from the University of London and a degree in Jews College. In 1951, he immigrated to the United States and received his Ph.D. from Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning. He was the Dora Golding Professor of Biblical Studies at Brandeis University.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=564.0,588.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColumbia University is a private Ivy League university located in New York City. The university was founded in 1754 and was known as King’s College. It is the oldest higher education institution in New York and the fifth oldest in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=564.0,588.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was found in 1636 and was named for its first benefactor, a Puritan clergyman John Harvard. It is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=564.0,588.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArtificial intelligence or AI is technology that enables computers and machines to perform tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making. Applications of AI are found in such things including advance web search engines, recommendation systems found on YouTube or Netflix or autonomous vehicles. The 2020’s have seen a rapid period of growth for AI, and it has raised ethical concerns about the long-term impacts and risks of its use.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=610.0,633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChatGPT is a generative artificial intelligence chatbot that was developed by OpenAI. It was released in November 2022. It has been created with accelerating the AI boom. Users can interact with ChatGPT through text, audio, and image prompts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=610.0,633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoston, Massachusetts is the capital and largest city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The city was founded in 1630 by Puritan settlers. During the American Revolution, the city was the location of various key events including the Boston Tea Party, the Boston Massacre, and the siege of Boston.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=637.0,738.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCambridge is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts. It is a suburb in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, across the Charles River from Boston. Harvard University, an Ivy League university founded in Cambridge in 1636, is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. The Harvard Art Museums comprise the Fogg, Busch-Reisinger and Arthur M. Sackler collections.  Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Lesley University, and Hult International Business School also are based in Cambridge. Founded in December 1630 during the colonial era, Cambridge was one of the first cities established in the Thirteen Colonies, and it went on to play a historic role during the American Revolution. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=637.0,738.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoston University is a private university in Boston, Massachusetts. The university was founded in 1839 by a group of Boston Methodists. Originally the campus was in Newbury, Vermont and was later chartered in Boston in 1869.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=637.0,738.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUCLA or the University of California, Los Angeles is a public land grant research university in Los Angeles, California. It was established in 1881 as a normal school and was then known as the southern branch of the California State Normal School, which later became San Jose State University. The branch as transferred to the University of California and became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919. It is the second oldest campus of the ten-campus University of California system.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=738.0,739.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOccidental College is a private liberal arts college in Los Angeles, California. It was founded in 1887 as a co-educational college by clergy and members of the Presbyterian Church. The school became non-sectarian in 1910. It is old of the oldest liberal arts colleges on the West Coast.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=739.0,783.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBarack Hussein Obama II (1961- ) was the 44th President of the United States, serving two consecutive terms from 2009-2017. He is a member of the Democratic party. He also was the first African-American elected as president in United States history. Prior to being elected President, he served as a U.S. Senator representing Illinois and a Illinois state senator. Although Obama declared himself a Christian, rumors began that he was a Muslim. Whether the rumors were an effort to discredit him or to equate him with a faith some Americans perceive as negative, the rumors persisted throughout his presidency. During his first term, his administration had to respond to the 2008 financial crisis and included legislation like the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Additionally, he supported and pushed for passage of the Affordable Care Act, which became law in 2010; it’s often called Obamacare. In 2009, Obama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for efforts in international diplomacy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=739.0,783.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=739.0,783.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePasadena, California is located northeast of downtown Los Angeles. The city is well-known for the annual Tournament of Roses, the Rose Bowl, and the California Institute of Technology.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=739.0,783.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLos Angeles, California is located southern California. It’s the state’s largest city and the second largest city in the United States. It has long been known as the center of the United States film and television industry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=739.0,783.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrandeis-Bardin Institute is a Jewish retreat center located since 1947 in the northeastern Simi Hills, in the city of Simi Valley, California. It is now known as the Brandeis-Bardin Campus of American Jewish University. It used for nondenominational summer programs for children, teens, and young adults.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=783.0,786.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHolocaust denial is the act of denying the genocide of European Jews in the Holocaust during World War II. Holocaust denial and distortion are forms of antisemitism. Holocaust denial and distortion generally claim that the Holocaust was invented or exaggerate by Jews as a means of advancing Jewish interests, including the legitimacy of the State of Israel. Holocaust denial unites a broad rang of radical right-wing hate groups in the United States and elsewhere around the world. Although deniers insist that the idea of the Holocaust as a historical event is a myth, legitimate scholars do not doubt the overwhelming weight of evidence. The debates that deniers put forward are more about antisemitism and hate politics than history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=819.0,926.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish community in Warsaw [Polish: Warszawa] was the largest in Poland, composing about 30 percent of the entire population of the city (about 337,000 Jews). Before World War II, Warsaw was a major center of Jewish life and culture. The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II. German authorities established it in November 1940. The Jews of Warsaw and the surrounding areas were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall. The ghetto population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews. The conditions in the ghetto were harsh. There was not enough food, coal in the winter, shelter, or basic necessities. Starvation and illness from the over-crowded, deplorable conditions inside the Warsaw ghetto killed many. From July 22 until September 12, 1942, about 265,000 Jews were deported from Warsaw to the Treblinka extermination camp while approximately 35,000 Jews inside the ghetto were killed. Then there was relative quiet until January 1943 when a second major wave of deportation started. When German SS and police units, assisted by auxiliaries entered the ghetto, they were surprised to be met with organized armed resistance and withdrew. When they returned on April 19, 1943, stiff resistance that continued for three weeks met the Germans. By the time the better-armed Germans ended the operation on May 16, 1943, the ghetto was largely destroyed. At least 7,000 Jews sided during the fighting, another 42,000 survivors were captured and deported, and approximately 10,000 escaped to the Aryan side of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=819.0,926.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYisrael (Israel) Gutman (1923-2013) was born in Warsaw, Poland and lived in the Warsaw Ghetto during World War II. After he participated in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, he was deported to the Majdanek, Auschwitz, and Mauthausen concentration camps. His parents and siblings died in the ghetto. In January 1945, he survived the death march from Auschwitz to Mauthausen, where he was liberated by United States forces. He immigrated to Mandated Palestine in 1946 and joined Kibbutz Lehavot HaBashan. He became a professor of history at Hebrew University of Jerusalem and deputy chairman of the International Auschwitz Council of Auschwitz-Birkenau Foundation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=819.0,926.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMount Scopus is a mountain located in Jerusalem and is home to the main campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Hadassah Medical Center. Since 1967, the area now lies with Jerusalem’s Israeli municipal boundaries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=819.0,926.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYehuda Bauer (1926-2024) was a Czech-born Israeli historian and scholar of the Holocaust. He was a professor of Holocaust studies at the Avraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia and immigrated with his family to Palestine on March 15, 1939, the day the Nazis annexed Czechoslovakia. In 1995, he left his position at Hebrew University to direct the International Institute of Holocaust Research at Yad Vashem, Israel’s official Holocaust memorial. He was awarded the Israel Prize, the nation’s highest cultural honor, in 1998.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=819.0,926.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeyond Belief: The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust, 1933-1945 is a book written by Deborah Lipstadt and was originally published in 1986. The book focuses on how the American press reacted to the Holocaust and details how it down played or ignored reports of Jewish persecution over a 12 year period.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=819.0,926.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDenying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory was written by Deborah Lipstadt and originally published in 1993. The book focused on the Holocaust denial movement. In the book, she named British writer David Irving as a Holocaust denier, which lead him to sue her and her publisher for libel. He lost the case and the British court found him to be a Holocaust denier and antisemite.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=926.0,941.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=941.0,997.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePenguin Books Limited is an English publishing home that was co-founded in 1935 by Allen Lane with his brothers Richard and John, as a line of the publishers the Bodley Head. It became a separate company in 1936. The company revolutionized the publishing business in the 1930’s with its inexpensive paperbacks. In 2013, Penguin Books became an imprint of the worldwide Penguin Random House.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=941.0,997.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid John Cawdell Irving (b. 1938) is a British Holocaust denier and author who has written on the military and political history of World War II, with a focus on Nazi Germany. He filed an unsuccessful libel case against American historian, Debrorah Lipstadt and Penguin Books. In 2000, the British court found that he was an active Holocaust denier, antisemite, and racist who due to his own ideological reasons misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence. He has been denied entry to various countries, expelled from others, and sentenced to three years in prison by Austria in accordance with the law prohibiting Nazi activities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1097.0,1108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18, 1851.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1108.0,1252.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Washington Post is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in Washington, D.C. since 1877. It is known for breaking important stories in American history, including the Pentagon Papers and Watergate. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1108.0,1252.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil War, widely known in the United States as the “Civil War” or the “War Between the States,” was fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. In January 1861, seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often called the “South,” grew to include 11 states, and although they claimed 13 states and additional western territories, the Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by a foreign country. The states that did not declare secession were known as the “Union” or the “North.” The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. After four years of bloody combat, which left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring national unity and granting civil rights to freed slaves began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1108.0,1252.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, was about 2-1/2 miles away from the main camp. It had the largest total prisoner population. This is the camp with the big brick gate and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp and where the four gas chambers and crematoria came to be located.  The Monowitz camp also known as Auschwitz III or Buna, was about 4 miles east of the Auschwitz Main Camp. It was a complex built to house slave laborers for the German chemical firm IG Farben.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1253.0,1400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Libson (b. 1967) is a British solicitor at the firm of Mischon de Reya. He began working for the firm in 1991. He helped represent Deborah Lipstadt in her libel case filed against her by David Irving.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1253.0,1400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDiana, Princess of Wales (1961-1997) was born Diana Spencer and was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of King Charles III, who was the Prince of Wales at the time of their marriage in July 1981. She is the mother of Prince William, the current Prince of Wales, and Prince Harry. She was known for activism and glamour that made her an international icon and popular worldwide. In 1992, she and Charles separated due to incompatibility and extramarital affairs. Their divorced was finalized in 1996 and she was killed in a car crash in August 1997. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1253.0,1400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eT. S. Eliot or Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965) was a poet, essayist, and playwright. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri and moved to England in 1914. In 1927, he became a British subject and renounced his American citizenship. He was a leading figure in English-language Modernist poetry and noted for his critical essays, that often re-evaluated long-held cultural beliefs. In 1948, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1253.0,1400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe “Talk of the Town” is a feature of the New Yorker magazine. The feature frequently includes humorous, whimsical, or eccentric vignettes of life in New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1253.0,1400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe New Yorker is an American magazine featuring journalism, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. It was founded on February 21, 1925, by Harold Ross and his wife Jane Grant, a reporter for The New York Times. Together with entrepreneur Raoul H. Fleischmann, they established the F-R Publishing Company and set up the magazine's first office in Manhattan. Ross remained the editor until his death in 1951, shaping the magazine's editorial tone and standards.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1253.0,1400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnthony Julius (b. 1956) is a British solicitor advocate known for being Diana, Princess of Wales’ divorce attorney. He also represented Deborah Lipstadt in her libel case brought by David Irving. He is the deputy chairman at the law firm Mischon de Reya, an honorary solicitor to the Foundation of Jewish Heritage, and holds the chair in Law and Arts in the Faculty of Laws at the University College London. He is also a visiting professor at the University of Haifa.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1253.0,1400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHistory on Trial: My Day in Court with a Holocaust Denier was written by Deborah Lipstadt and originally published in February 2005. The book details the four month trial that Lipstadt faced when David Irving brought a libel suit against her in the United Kingdom for statements made in her 1993 book, Denying the Holocaust. The trial tested the standards of historical and judicial truth and resulted in the formal denunciation of Irving, as a Holocaust denier.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1508.0,1516.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Denial” was the 2016 biographical film based on Deborah Lipstadt’s 2005 book History on Trial: My Day in Court with a Holocaust Denier. The film was written by David Hare, directed by Mick Jackson and starred Rachel Weisz, Tom Wilkinson, Timothy Spall, Andrew Scott, Jack Lowden, Caren Pistorius, and Alex Jennings.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1508.0,1516.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the world’s oldest and largest broadcasting organization with radio, TV, and online services. It is headquartered in London, United Kingdom. During World War II, listening to BBC broadcasts (or any other banned broadcasts) in occupied countries was often punishable by death. In Poland, it was illegal to even possess a radio. The BBC broadcast news bulletins in multiple different languages, often featuring refugees and exiled politicians of German occupied countries in its programs. As resistance fighters in Europe tried to strike back against their occupiers, the BBC’s European Services would broadcast secret messages to them. The BBC’s policy of honesty in its reporting and openly admitting defeats was in marked contrast to the propaganda of Germany’s radio stations. As the war began to turn in favor of the Allies, many Germans even tuned in to the BBC, in spite of harsh penalties and jamming of the frequencies. The BBC has used a 1926 recording of the bells of London’s St. Mary-le-Bow church as an interval signal since the early 1940s. During World War II, the familiar tone became a symbol of hope to listeners throughout Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1516.0,1566.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSir David Hare (b. 1947) is an English playwright, screenwriter, and director. He is known for his plays “Plenty,” which he adapted in a film, “Racing Demon,” “Skylight,” and “Amy’s View.” He also wrote the screenplay for the 2016 film “Denial.” Hare has won two Laurence Olivier Awards, a BAFTA TV Award, and a Writers Guild of America Award.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1516.0,1566.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRachel Weisz (b. 1970) is an English actress who is known for various roles including “The Mummy,” “The Mummy Returns,” “About a Boy,” “Black Widow,” and she played Deborah Lipstadt in the 2016 film “Denial.” She has won an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award (BAFTA), a Golden Globe, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and a Laurence Olivier Award. She has been married to actor, Daniel Craig since 2011 and they have a daughter together. She also has a son with filmmaker and producer, Darren Aronofsky. She grew up in a Jewish family in a suburb of London.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1516.0,1566.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jimmy Carter Library and Museum in Atlanta, Georgia houses United States President Jimmy Carter's papers and other material relating to the Carter administration and the Carter family's life. The complex opened in 1986 and is located next to Freedom Parkway, which was originally called “Presidential Parkway” and at one point, “Jimmy Carter Parkway” in its planning stages.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1584.0,1659.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States State Department is the executive department of the U.S. federal government that is responsible for country’s foreign policy and relations. It’s primary duties are to advise the U.S. President on international relations, administer diplomatic missions, negotiate international treaties and agreements, and represent the U.S. at the United Nations. The State Department was founded in July 1789 and is headed by the Secretary of State.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1584.0,1659.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as “FDR,” he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of World War II. He was a Democrat. FDR was an avid horseback rider and enjoyed an active early life. He was diagnosed with infantile paralysis, better known as polio, in 1921, at the age of 39. Despite permanent paralysis from the waist down, he was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1584.0,1659.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Allied Forces of World War II was an international military coalition formed to oppose the Axis powers, that included Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy. While membership in the Allied forced varied during the war, the principal members were the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1584.0,1659.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChristian nationalism is a form of religious nationalism that focuses on promoting the Christian views of its followers, in order to achieve prominence or dominance in political, cultural, and social life. In the United States, Christian nationalism asserts that the county is founded by and for Christians and advocate for cultural conservatism with American civic belonging. Most researchers describe Christian nationalism as an “authoritarian” and “boundary-enforcing.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1665.0,1765.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIslamic extremism is characterized by extremist beliefs, behaviors, and ideologies adhered to by some Muslims with Islam. Radical Islamists will often used faith to justify violence and political goals, and advocate for a religiously governed state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1665.0,1765.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Israel Congregation in Jackson, Mississippi was founded in 1860 and hired its first rabbi in 1870. The congregation is Reform and is the only synagogue in Jackson. In 1967, the synagogue was bombed by the Ku Klux Klan. Again, in January 2026 the congregation was targeted by an arson and the building suffered significant damage. The congregation has rebuilt after both attacks.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1665.0,1765.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJackson is the capital of Mississippi. The city was founded in 1821 and named after President Andrew Jackson. It was in honor of his role as General in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. Starting in 1960, the city became the site for various non-violent protests in the civil rights movement. In May 1961, 300 Freedom Riders were arrested and jailed in the city. Their arrests led to mass demonstration and attracted national media attention to the growing civil rights efforts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1665.0,1765.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or Knights of the Ku Klux Klan today, also referred to as the KKK) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-Black secret society, whose methods have included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860s and then died out and has come back several times, most notably in the 1920s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past its members dressed up in white robes and pointed hoods designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1665.0,1765.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against Black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1665.0,1765.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorgia Institute of Technology, which is commonly referred to as Georgia Tech is a public research university and institute of technology in Atlanta. It was founded in 1885 during Reconstruction as part of the plan to build an industrial economy in the post-Civil War South.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1885.0,1892.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Tam Institute for Jewish Studies (TIJS) was established in 1999 at Emory University. TIJS works to bring together students and scholars in the interdisciplinary exploration of Jewish civilization and culture. It is the largest Jewish Studies program in the southern United States. It is named for Rabbi Donald A. Tam, the founding rabbi of Atlanta’s Temple Beth Tikvah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1969.0,1972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Arthur M. Blank Family Foundation was established in 1995 by Arthur M. Blank, co-founder of The Home Depot. The foundation grants money to organizations, focusing primarily on Georgia and Montana. The foundation focuses on five key areas of giving: Atlanta’s Westside, Democracy, Environment, Mental Health and Well-Being, and Youth Development.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1972.0,2004.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Donald Tam (b. 1943) was the founding rabbi of Temple Beth Tikvah in Atlanta, Georgia in 1987. He attended the University of Florida and Hebrew Union College (HUC). He was ordained in 1973 and received an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Divinity from HUC in 1998. The Tam Institute for Jewish Studies at Emory University is named for him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=1972.0,2004.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWashington, D.C. is the United States capital. The city sits on the Potomac River and borders Maryland and Virginia. The city is home to the three branches of the federal government including the Capitol, the White House, and the Supreme Court. It is also home to various well-known museums and performing arts venues such as the Kennedy Center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2204.0,2225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism is an office of the under secretary of state for civilian security, democracy, and human rights at the United States Department of State. The office works to advance “U.S. foreign policy on antisemitism” through the development and implementation of policies and projects to support efforts to combat antisemitism. The office was established by the Global Antisemitism Review Act of 2004 and is headed by the special envoy for monitoring and combating antisemitism. Deborah Lipstadt held the position during President Joe Biden’s administration. She helped launch the U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2204.0,2225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Jefferson Clinton (b. 1946) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the attorney general of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979, and as the governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992. Clinton, whose policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy, became known as a New Democrat. Born and raised in Arkansas, Clinton graduated from Georgetown University in 1968, and later from Yale Law School, where he met his future wife, Hillary Rodham. Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. Most of the accomplishments of his second term were overshadowed by the Clinton-Lewinsky scandal. This scandal escalated throughout the year, culminating in December when Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives. He was acquitted by the Senate. He has remained active in Democratic Party politics, campaigning for his wife's 2008 and 2016 presidential campaigns.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2233.0,2278.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Holocaust Memorial Council was established by Congress in 1980 to lead the nation in commemorating the Holocaust and to raise private funds for and building the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. After the museum opened in 1993, the Council became the governing board of trustees of the museum. The Council meets twice a year and is made of up 55 members appointed by the President, as well as five members from both the Senate and House of Representatives, and three ex-officio members from the Department of Education, Interior, and State. Those appointed by the President serve a five-year term.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2233.0,2278.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) in Washington D.C is the United States’ official memorial to the Holocaust. It provides for the documentation, study, and interpretation of Holocaust history. Dedication ceremonies for the museum were held on Thursday, April 22, 1993. At the dedication, speeches were made by United States President William Clinton; Chaim Herzog, President of Israel; Harvey Meyerhoff, Chairman of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council; and Elie Wiesel, professor, author, and Holocaust survivor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2233.0,2278.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThomas “Tom” Lantos (1928-2008) was a Hungarian-born American politician who served as a U.S. representative from California from 1981 until his death in 2008. He was a member of the Democratic party. He was the only Holocaust survivor to serve as member of the U.S. Congress. He emigrated to the United States in the late 1940’s to attend college at the University of Washington and received his Ph.D. at the University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2282.0,2312.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe White House is the official residence and office of the President of the United States. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C. Construction on the White House begin 1792 and was completed in 1800. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the British forces set fire to the White House destroying much of the building. It was rebuilt with various remodels done over time. In 1949 a major reconstruction was completed after the building was declared to be in imminent danger of collapse.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2282.0,2312.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Walker Bush (b. 1946) was the 43rd President of the United States. He served from 2001 to 2009 and he was a Republican. He also served as the 46th governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. He is the eldest son of the 41st president, George H. W. Bush. In the 2000 presidential election, he won over Democratic incumbent Vice President Al Gore, while losing the popular vote after a narrow and contested Electoral College win. In office, Bush signed a major tax-cut program and an education-reform bill, the No Child Left Behind Act. He pushed for socially conservative efforts such as the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act and faith-based initiatives. He also initiated the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, in 2003, to address the AIDS epidemic. The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, decisively reshaped his administration, resulting in the start of the war on terror and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security and the creation of the Patriot Act to authorize surveillance of suspected terrorists. In 2004, Bush was re-elected president in a close race, beating Democratic opponent John Kerry and winning the popular vote. Bush was widely criticized for his handling of Hurricane Katrina and the midterm dismissal of U.S. attorneys. At various points in his presidency, he was among both the most popular and the most unpopular presidents in U.S. history. He received the highest recorded approval ratings in the wake of the September 11 attacks, and one of the lowest ratings during the 2007 to 2008 financial crisis. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2282.0,2312.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarion Erster Wiesel (1931-2025) was born Mary Renate Erster in Vienna, Austria to Jetta and Emil Erster. She and her parents flee Austria when the Nazis annexed the country in 1938. They settled in Belgium, where she began using the name Marion. The family eventually fled to France where they interned in the Gurs internment camp, which they later escaped. In 1942, they made it to Basel, Switzerland and lived there until 1949 when they immigrated to the United States. In 1969, she married Elie Wiesel and they had one son. She also had a daughter with her first husband. Marion translated 14 of her husband’s book from French into English and advised him on his public appearances. She also wrote and produced “Children of the Night” a documentary about the children murdered in the Holocaust. She was a founding chairman of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, which was established in 1993.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2314.0,2380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBibendum, commonly known as the Michelin Man or the Michelin Tire Man in English is the official mascot of the Michelin Tire Company. The humanoid figure consisting of stacked white tires was introduced at the Lyon Exhibition of 1894, where the Michelin brothers had a stand. He is one of the world’s oldest trademarks that is still actively used.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2314.0,2380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Robinette Biden Jr. (b. 1942) is an American politician who is, as of 2022, the 46th and current president of the United States. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the 47th vice president from 2009 to 2017 under Barack Obama and represented Delaware in the United States Senate from 1973 to 2009. He is notable as the oldest person elected as President of the United States, and the first to have a female vice-president (Kamala Harris).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2380.0,2394.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSara J. Bloomfield (b. 1952) is originally from Cleveland, Ohio. She attended Northwestern University and earned a master’s from John Carroll University. She began working at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1986. She became the director of the museum in 1999 and continue to serve in the role as of 2026.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2394.0,2502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Abraham Accords were announced in August and September 2020. The accords are a set of agreements that established diplomatic normalization between Israel and several Arab states, beginning with the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain. Morocco and Sudan later agreed to normalization relations with Israel. The accords were a major shift in Middle East relations by fostering cooperation, trade, and tourism between Israel and Middle Eastern countries without needing to resolve the long-standing conflict between Israel-Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2394.0,2502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Council of Europe is an international organization that works to uphold human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe. The council was founded in 1949 and is Europe’s oldest intergovernmental organizations and represents 46 European member states. The organization is different from the European Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2551.0,2697.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Organization of American States (OAS) is an international organization founded in 1948 to promote cooperation among its member states within the Americas. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, the OAS is a \"multilateral regional body focused on human rights, electoral oversight, social and economic development, and security in the Western Hemisphere\", according to the Council on Foreign Relations. As of November 2023, 32 states in the Americas are OAS members.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2551.0,2697.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) is a regional security-oriented intergovernmental organization that is comprised of members from Europe, North America, and Asia. The organization was founded in 1975 during the Cold War era. OSCE focuses on issues such as arms control, the promotion of human rights, freedom of the press, and free and fair election.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2551.0,2697.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarco Rubio (b. 1971) is an American politician, attorney, and diplomat who became the 72nd United States Secretary of State, beginning in 2025. Prior to being serving as Secretary of State, Rubio served as United States Senator from Florida from 2011 to 2025. Rubio is a member of the Republican Party. He is a Cuban American born and raised in Miami, Florida. His parents immigrated from Cuba in 1956.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2551.0,2697.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDonald John Trump (b. 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman born in Queens, New York who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. While president, Trump implemented a travel ban on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, diverted military funding toward building a wall on the U.S.-Mexico border, appointed Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett to the U.S. Supreme Court, and withdrew the U.S. from the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Iran nuclear deal. In 2019, he became the first sitting U.S. president to enter North Korea, meeting with Kim Jong Un three times. Trump is seen as a controversial figure, the only federal official to be impeached twice, and in August 2023 he was charged with conspiracy to defraud the United States, witness tampering, conspiracy against the rights of citizens, and obstruction of and attempt to obstruct an official proceeding by a federal grand jury. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2551.0,2697.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are party to the EU's founding treaties, and thereby subject to the privileges and obligations of membership. In the 1950’s, six core states founded the EU's predecessor European Communities (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany). The remaining states have acceded in subsequent enlargements. To accede, a state must fulfill the economic and political requirements known as the Copenhagen criteria, which require a candidate to have a democratic government and free-market economy with the corresponding freedoms and institutions, and respect for the rule of law. The United Kingdom, which had acceded to the EU's predecessor in 1973, ceased to be an EU member state on 31 January 2020, in a political process known as Brexit. No other member state has withdrawn from the EU and none has been suspended, although some dependent territories or semi-autonomous areas have left.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2551.0,2697.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pentagon is a large five-sided building in Arlington county, Virginia that serves as the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2551.0,2697.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Global Guidelines for Countering Antisemitism are a landmark, international framework that was launched in 2024 and has been endorsed by dozens of countries and other multilateral organizations. The guidelines were created under Deborah Lipstadt’s time as the U.S. Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2551.0,2697.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Bondi Beach shooting took place on December 14, 2025, at the Archer Park area of Bondi Beach in Sydney, Australia. It was an ISIS-inspired Islamic terrorist attack during a celebration of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah attended by around 1,000 people. Two gunmen began shooting towards the celebration where fifteen people were killed including men, women, and children. Most of the victims were the members of the Jewish community. Four people confronted the gunmen attempting to stop the attack, and three were killed and one was injured. In addition to those killed, 40 others were injured. One of the gunmen was killed and the other was injured before being taken into custody. Additionally, the terrorist threw four homemade bombs into the crowd, but they failed to detonate. The Australian government and other world leaders declared that the shooting was motivated by antisemitism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2707.0,2828.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Manchester synagogue terrorist attack occurred on October 2, 2025, in Manchester, England during the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur. A man drove a car into pedestrians before stabbing worshippers at the Heaton Park Hebrew Congregation. Three people were killed in the attack, including the attacker and a worshipper who were both shot by the police. Three other people were injured and treated for their injuries. The attack has been labeled a terrorist attack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2707.0,2828.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur [Hebrew: “day of atonement”] The most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2707.0,2828.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 23, 2025, two men inspired by Islamic state ideology were convicted in Manchester, England of plotting an antisemitic attack. The two men had planned to infiltrate a march against antisemitism in Manchester and unleash the attack. Prior to their arrest, one of the men had arranged the purchase and delivery of two assault rifles, an automatic pistol and almost 200 rounds of ammunitions. The prosecutors in the case stated that if the attack had occurred it would have been one of the deadliest antisemitic attacks in British history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2707.0,2828.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism was announced on May 25, 2023, during President Joe Biden’s administration. The plan consists of four core pillars: increase awareness and understanding of antisemitism and broad the appreciate of Jewish American heritage, improve safety and security for Jewish communities, reserve the normalization of antisemitism and counter antisemitic discrimination, and build cross-country relationships and solidarity and collective action to counter hate. It also calls for tech companies to establish a zero tolerance policies for antisemitism on their platforms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=2831.0,2870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCantabrigian refers to a person associated with Cambridge, England, specifically the University of Cambridge.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3023.0,3113.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry (Heinz) Alfred Kissinger (1923-2023) was a German-born American a political scientist, diplomat, political advisor and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. His Jewish family fled Nazi persecution in 1938. They immigrated to the United States and settled in New York. He served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as United States Secretary of State in the administrations of presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He played a prominent role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977, especially regarding the Vietnam War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3023.0,3113.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbba Solomon Meir Eban (born Aubrey Solomon Meir Eban, 1915-2002) was a South African-born Israeli diplomat and politician, and a scholar of the Arabic and Hebrew languages. His career included roles as Israeli Deputy Prime Minister, ambassador to the US and UN, and Vice President of the UN General Assembly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3023.0,3113.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard Nixon (1913-1994) was the nation's 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961, after he came to national prominence as a representative and senator from California. He served as the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign the office in the wake of the Watergate Scandal. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as the 36th vice president under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1961. His presidency saw the reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, detente with the Soviet Union and China, the Apollo 11 Moon landing, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3023.0,3113.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYale University Press is the university press of Yale University. It was founded in 1908 by George Parmly Day and Clarence Day. It became a department of Yale University in 1961, but continues to remain financially and operationally independent.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3023.0,3113.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGolda Mabovich Meir (1898-1978) was an Israeli teacher, politician, and the fourth Prime Minister of Israel. A native of Kiev, Ukraine, she was raised in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and immigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1921 with her husband Morris Meyerson (1893-1951) and the couple Hebraized their name to Meir. She later became Israel’s Ambassador to the Soviet Union, Minister of Labor, and Foreign Minister before her election as Prime Minister in 1969, a position she held until 1974. To date (2021) she is the only woman to have served as Prime Minister of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3023.0,3113.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSarah Hurwitz (abt. 1982) is an American speechwriter and author originally from Wayland, Massachusetts. She attended Harvard University and Harvard Law School. She was a speechwriter for President Barrack Obama and later the head speechwriter for Michelle Obama. She served on the United States Holocaust Memorial Council. She has also worked as a speechwriter for Hillary Clinton, John Kerry, and General Wesley Clark. Additionally, she has written two books including As a Jew: Reclaiming Our Story From Those Who Blame, Shame, and Try to Erase Us.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3113.0,3131.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Book Festival of the MJCCA is an annual event hosted by the Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta. The event hosts international authors giving talks, meet-and-greets, book signings, community reads, and panel discussions. It was started in 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3113.0,3131.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Museum of African American History and Culture is a Smithsonian Institution museum located in Washington, D.C. It was established in 2003 and opened in its permanent home in 2016 with a ceremony led by President Barack Obama. The museum is dedicated to African American life, history, and culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3131.0,3214.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHomophobia is the term used to describe rejection, fear or discrimination towards people who identify or are perceived as being lesbian, gay, or bisexual.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3131.0,3214.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Talmud [Hebrew: study] is the legal code spanning 1,000 years. Based on the teachings of the Bible, the Talmud interprets biblical laws and commandments. It also contains a rich store of historic facts and traditions. It has two divisions: the Mishnah and the Gemara. The Mishnah is the interpretation of Biblical law. The Gemara is a commentary on the Mishnah by a group of later scholars.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3223.0,3239.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTanakh is the Hebrew Bible, a canonical collection of Jewish texts corresponding closely, but not identically, to the Protestant and Catholic Old Testament.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3223.0,3239.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorgan Freeman (b. 1937) is an American actor, producer, and narrator. His career has spanned six decades, and he has won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award. He has also been nominated for a Grammy Award and a Tony Award. He has starred numerous movies including in “Million Dollar Baby,” “Street Smart,” “Driving Miss Daisy,” “The Shawshank Redemption,” and “Glory.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3292.0,3446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“The Shawshank Redemption” is a 1994 American drama film written and directed by Frank Darabont. It is based on the 1982 Stephen King novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption. The film tells the story of banker Andy Dufresne, who is sentenced to life in at Shawshank State Penitentiary for murder of his wife and her lover. The film covers his life over the two decades in prison where he befriends following prisoner, Ellis “Red” Redding played by Morgan Freeman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3292.0,3446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGene Wilder (1933-2016) was an American actor, comedian, writer, and filmmaker. He was known for his various comedic roles, including collaborations with Mel Brooks on the films “The Producers,” “Blazing Saddles” and “Young Frankenstein.” He also starred as Willy Wonka in the 1971 film “Willy Wonka \u0026amp; the Chocolate Factory.” He was born Jerome Silberman to a Russian Jewish family in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Wilder died from complications of Alzheimer’s disease, which he was diagnosed with in 2013.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3292.0,3446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“The Frisco Kid” is a 1979 American Western comedy film directed by Robert Aldrich and started Gene Wilder and Harrison Ford. Wilder plays a Polish rabbi traveling to San Francisco, California and Ford is a bank robber who befriends him on the journey to California.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3292.0,3446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ten Lost Tribes of Israel were part of the original 12 Hebrew tribes that were said to have been exiled from the Kingdom of Israel after it was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire around 720 BCE. The tribes include: Reuben, Simeon, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Manasseh, and Ephraim. In 930 BCE, the 10 tribes formed the independent Kingdom of Israel in the north and the other two tribes, Judah and Benjamin, set up the Kingdom of Judah in the south.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3292.0,3446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Lachish reliefs are a set of Assyrian palace reliefs that narrate the story of the Assyrian victory over the kingdom of Judah during the siege of Lachish in 701 BCE. The reliefs were carved between 700 and 681 BCE, as a decoration of the South-West Palace of Sennacherib in Nineveh, which is modern Iraq. The reliefs are now held by the British Museum in London.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3292.0,3446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe British Museum is a public museum focused on human history, art, and culture. It is located in London, England. It was established in 1753 and was the world’s first public national museum. The museum holds eight million works in its permanent collection, making it the largest in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3292.0,3446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRefusenik is an unofficial term for individuals—typically, but not exclusively, Soviet Jews—who were denied permission to emigrate, primarily to Israel, by the authorities of the Soviet Union and other countries of the Soviet Bloc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3292.0,3446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRefusenik is an unofficial term for individuals—typically, but not exclusively, Soviet Jews—who were denied permission to emigrate, primarily to Israel, by the authorities of the Soviet Union and other countries of the Soviet Bloc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3292.0,3446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Union of Soviet Socialist Republic/USSR was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. It was made up of fifteen national republics. It was a communist state with the capital in Moscow. The nation had it foundation in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks established the Russian Soviet Republic. In 1922, the Bolsheviks and Vladmir Lenin proved victorious in the Russian Civil War and formed the Soviet Union. After Lenin’s death in 1924, Joseph Stalin came to power. Under his rule the country saw rapid industrialization and forced collectivization, which resulted in economic growth but also famine that killed millions. Stalin also conducted the Great Purge, which removed actual and perceived opponents. After the World War II, the Cold War began with the Eastern Bloc of the Soviet Union confronting the Western Bloc, which was led by the United States and eventually NATO. In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union’s last leader Mikhail Gorbachev sought to implement various reforms. Additionally various Soviet satellite countries overthrew their Marxist-Leninist regimes. By 1991, a coup attempt against Gorbachev failed and the Soviet Union collapsed with various republics of the Soviet Union remerging as independent nations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3292.0,3446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated by the Latin Church in the medieval period (1095-1291). The wars were intended to recover Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Islamic rule.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3292.0,3446.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry S. Truman (1884-1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as the 34th vice president. He implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain Communist expansion. He proposed numerous liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the Conservative Coalition that dominated Congress. Only upon Roosevelt’s death was he told about the ongoing Manhattan Project and the atomic bomb. Truman authorized the first and only use of nuclear weapons in war against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Truman's administration engaged in an internationalist foreign policy by working closely with Britain. Truman staunchly denounced isolationism. He energized the New Deal coalition during the 1948 presidential election, despite a divided Democratic Party, and won a surprise victory against Republican Party nominee Thomas E. Dewey. Truman presided over the onset of the Cold War in 1947. In 1948, he proposed Congress pass comprehensive civil rights legislation. Congress refused, so Truman issued Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981, which prohibited discrimination in federal agencies and desegregated the U.S. Armed Forces. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3452.0,3527.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJonathan Freedland (b. 1967) is a British author and journalist who writes a weekly column for The Guardian and presents the BBC Radio 4 contemporary history series The Long View. He has written various fiction and non-fiction books including The Traitors Circle and King Winter’s Birthday. He and his wife, Sarah Peters have two sons, and he conforms to Conservative Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3452.0,3527.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910/annotation_set/2336/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVirginia Evans (b. 1986) is an American novelist. She attended James Madison University and Trinity College Dublin. Her debut novel is the 2025 book, The Correspondent.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/166435/file/302910#t=3452.0,3527.0"}]}]}]}