{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/kd1qf8k28f/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Hirsch, Benjamin (1986)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1986-11-10 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Hirsch was interviewed by Erna Dziewinski Martino on November 10, 1986 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin (Ben) Hirsch was born on September 19, 1932. He was the fifth of seven children born in an Orthodox family in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Ben’s father, Hermann Hirsch was a dentist and a lay leader of the Jewish community. His mother, Mathilde Auerbach Hirsch, was a housewife. In November 1938, as the Nazi regime terrorized German Jews, Ben’s father was arrested and sent to Buchenwald.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn December 1938, Mathilde sent Ben and his four older siblings to Paris, France on a Kindertransport. The two youngest children were too young to go. Ben was separated from his siblings in France. His two sisters went to live with an uncle, his two brothers went to a religious boarding school, and Ben went to the home of Nathan and Helen Samuels. After the German invasion of France in 1940, the Hirsch children were evacuated from Paris. Ben shifted through various OSE (Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants) homes—Villa Helvetia and Chateau de Masgelier.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, as the Germans grip on France grew tighter, in September 1940, HICEM (the Jewish overseas emigration association) began making plans to facilitate the immigration of Jewish children to the United States on special State Department visas. In May 1941, Ben was sent with other children, including his two brothers to Marseilles for the first children's convoy. Shortly before the children were about to leave for Spain, Ben came down with what was misdiagnosed as appendicitis. His brothers went on ahead, and Ben, who by now was feeling better, went to join his sisters at another OSE home, Chateau de Morrelles, to wait for the next transport. In August 1941, Ben and his two sisters were smuggled out of France to Lisbon, Portugal on transports. From Lisbon, the children sailed for the United States aboard the SS Mouzinho.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Hirsch children were reunited in Atlanta, Georgia. Their mother had a cousin, Rabbi Selig Auerbach, who was a rabbi in Rome, Georgia. Though he did not have the resources to care for five more children, he offered to assist them if they found foster homes nearby. The Hebrew Orphan's Home in Atlanta sponsored the Hirsch children, who were all separately placed in local Jewish foster homes. Ben lived with several Jewish families until he graduated from high school.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBen’s parents and younger brother and sister perished in the Holocaust. Hermann had been released from Buchenwald in early 1939, only to be rearrested a few years later. He was sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp and then transferred to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where he died on November 5, 1942. Mathilde and Ben’s two younger siblings were deported to their death in Auschwitz-Birkenau in the autumn of 1943.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBen served in the United States armed forces during the Korean War and then studied architecture at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Ben became an architect in Atlanta, designing several award-winning structures. For a short time he was in practice with Warren Epstein in the firm of Epstein and Hirsch. In 1978, Hirsch founded Benjamin Hirsch and Associates, Inc. Ben is the designer of the Holocaust Gallery at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum as well as the Memorial to the Six Million in Atlanta’s Greenwood Cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1959, Ben met his wife, Jacqueline, with whom he had four children. Ben was an active member of Atlanta’s Jewish community. He was a founding member of Eternal Life-Hemshech and later served as President. He actively shared his experiences with students and published two autobiographical books, \u003cem\u003eHearing a Different Drummer: A Holocaust Survivor’s Search for Identity\u003c/em\u003e (2000) and \u003cem\u003eHome is Where You Find It\u003c/em\u003e (2006). A third, \u003cem\u003eIn Search of Validation: A Child Survivor of the Holocaust Chronicles His Adult Years\u003c/em\u003e, was published posthumously in 2019. Ben died on February 11, 2018. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin introduces his family. He recollects what it was like to grow up Jewish in 1930s Germany. Benjamin considers why his parents did not emigrate. He describes what he witnessed on \u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e. Benjamin explains how his mother sent him and four of his siblings on a Kindertransport to Paris. He talks about adjusting to a new life in France. Benjamin describes the OSE (\u003cem\u003eOeuvre de Secours aux Enfants\u003c/em\u003e) homes he spent the next two years in. He shares what he knows about his father’s experience. Benjamin recollects his journey from France through Spain to Portugal before sailing to the United States. He recalls arriving in New York City and settling in Atlanta, Georgia with his siblings. Benjamin details the conflicts he encountered as he adjusted to a new life in the United States. While navigating harassment for being Jewish and an immigrant, Benjamin recounts the little bit of communication he and his siblings had with their parents before realizing they had perished. He reflects on his changing Jewish identity. Benjamin discusses reparations and his experiences returning to Germany as an adult. Benjamin ponders a childhood memory from his time in France. The interview closes with Benjamin’s thoughts on current events and the persistence of antisemitism.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28311"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Benjamin Hirsch (personal name)","Jack Hirsch (Jacob Hirsch) (personal name)","Asher Hirsch (Anselme Hirsch) (personal name)","Flora Hirsch Spiegel (Blimel Hirsch) (personal name)","Sarah Hirsch Shartar (Gustl Hirsch) (personal name)","Dr. Hermann Hirsch (personal name)","Mathilde Auerbach Hirsch (personal name)","Werner Hirsch (personal name)","Roseline Hirsch (personal name)","Jacqueline Hirsch (personal name)","Shoshanah Hirsch (personal name)","Adinah Hirsch (personal name)","Michal Hirsch Appelbaum (personal name)","Rafael Hirsch (personal name)","Rabbi Selig Sigmund Auerbach (personal name)","Rabbi Hyman Friedman (personal name)","Dr. Irving Greenberg (personal name)","Dr. Ernst Papanek (personal name)","Rebbetzin Ebstein (personal name)","Daryl \"Whitey\" Kubler (personal name)","Ted Levinsky (personal name)","Bregman Family (personal name)","Hirschberg Family (personal name)","Samuels Family (personal name)","Adolf Hitler (personal name)","Congregation Shearith Israel (corporate name)","Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta (corporate name)","Georgia Institute of Technology (corporate name)","American Civil Liberties Union - ACLU (corporate name)","Camp Or Chedva (corporate name)","Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants - O.S.E. (corporate name)","Friedberger Anlage Synagogue (corporate name)","Yad  Vashem (corporate name)","Jewish Family Services (corporate name)","Hebrew Orphans' Home (corporate name)","Frankfurt, Germany (geographic term)","Oranienburg, Germany (geographic term)","Berlin, Germany (geographic term)","Fuerth, Germany (geographic term)","Schweinfurt, Germany (geographic term)","Paris, France (geographic term)","Creuse, France (geographic term)","Montmorency, France (geographic term)","Vichy, France (geographic term)","Madrid, Spain (geographic term)","Lisbon, Portugal (geographic term)","Pyrenees Mountains (geographic term)","Catskill Mountains, New York (geographic term)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Fort Lewis, Washington (geographic term)","Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Chateau de Masgelier (geographic term)","Chateau des Morelles (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Russia (geographic term)","Spain (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Portugal (geographic term)","United States of America (geographic term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Concentration Camps (topical term)","Gas Chambers (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","Discrimination (topical term)","Persecution (topical term)","Holocaust Survivor (topical term)","Holocaust Experiences (topical term)","German War Reparations (topical term)","Shabbat (topical term)","Kindertransport (topical term)","Kristallnacht (topical term)","Nuremberg Laws (topical term)","Hitler Youth (topical term)","Jewish Refugees (topical term)","Orthodox Judaism (topical term)","Kippah (topical term)","Kosher (topical term)","Atlanta Jewish Community (topical term)","Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship (topical term)","Foster Homes (topical term)","S.S. Mouzinho (topical term)","Korean War (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","United States Army (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Hirsch was interviewed by Erna Dziewinski Martino on November 10, 1986 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin (Ben) Hirsch was born on September 19, 1932. He was the fifth of seven children born in an Orthodox family in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Ben’s father, Hermann Hirsch was a dentist and a lay leader of the Jewish community. His mother, Mathilde Auerbach Hirsch, was a housewife. In November 1938, as the Nazi regime terrorized German Jews, Ben’s father was arrested and sent to Buchenwald.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn December 1938, Mathilde sent Ben and his four older siblings to Paris, France on a Kindertransport. The two youngest children were too young to go. Ben was separated from his siblings in France. His two sisters went to live with an uncle, his two brothers went to a religious boarding school, and Ben went to the home of Nathan and Helen Samuels. After the German invasion of France in 1940, the Hirsch children were evacuated from Paris. Ben shifted through various OSE (Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants) homes—Villa Helvetia and Chateau de Masgelier.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, as the Germans grip on France grew tighter, in September 1940, HICEM (the Jewish overseas emigration association) began making plans to facilitate the immigration of Jewish children to the United States on special State Department visas. In May 1941, Ben was sent with other children, including his two brothers to Marseilles for the first children's convoy. Shortly before the children were about to leave for Spain, Ben came down with what was misdiagnosed as appendicitis. His brothers went on ahead, and Ben, who by now was feeling better, went to join his sisters at another OSE home, Chateau de Morrelles, to wait for the next transport. In August 1941, Ben and his two sisters were smuggled out of France to Lisbon, Portugal on transports. From Lisbon, the children sailed for the United States aboard the SS Mouzinho.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Hirsch children were reunited in Atlanta, Georgia. Their mother had a cousin, Rabbi Selig Auerbach, who was a rabbi in Rome, Georgia. Though he did not have the resources to care for five more children, he offered to assist them if they found foster homes nearby. The Hebrew Orphan's Home in Atlanta sponsored the Hirsch children, who were all separately placed in local Jewish foster homes. Ben lived with several Jewish families until he graduated from high school.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBen’s parents and younger brother and sister perished in the Holocaust. Hermann had been released from Buchenwald in early 1939, only to be rearrested a few years later. He was sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp and then transferred to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where he died on November 5, 1942. Mathilde and Ben’s two younger siblings were deported to their death in Auschwitz-Birkenau in the autumn of 1943.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBen served in the United States armed forces during the Korean War and then studied architecture at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Ben became an architect in Atlanta, designing several award-winning structures. For a short time he was in practice with Warren Epstein in the firm of Epstein and Hirsch. In 1978, Hirsch founded Benjamin Hirsch and Associates, Inc. Ben is the designer of the Holocaust Gallery at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum as well as the Memorial to the Six Million in Atlanta’s Greenwood Cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1959, Ben met his wife, Jacqueline, with whom he had four children. Ben was an active member of Atlanta’s Jewish community. He was a founding member of Eternal Life-Hemshech and later served as President. He actively shared his experiences with students and published two autobiographical books, \u003cem\u003eHearing a Different Drummer: A Holocaust Survivor’s Search for Identity\u003c/em\u003e (2000) and \u003cem\u003eHome is Where You Find It\u003c/em\u003e (2006). A third, \u003cem\u003eIn Search of Validation: A Child Survivor of the Holocaust Chronicles His Adult Years\u003c/em\u003e, was published posthumously in 2019. Ben died on February 11, 2018. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin introduces his family. He recollects what it was like to grow up Jewish in 1930s Germany. Benjamin considers why his parents did not emigrate. He describes what he witnessed on \u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e. Benjamin explains how his mother sent him and four of his siblings on a Kindertransport to Paris. He talks about adjusting to a new life in France. Benjamin describes the OSE (\u003cem\u003eOeuvre de Secours aux Enfants\u003c/em\u003e) homes he spent the next two years in. He shares what he knows about his father’s experience. Benjamin recollects his journey from France through Spain to Portugal before sailing to the United States. He recalls arriving in New York City and settling in Atlanta, Georgia with his siblings. Benjamin details the conflicts he encountered as he adjusted to a new life in the United States. While navigating harassment for being Jewish and an immigrant, Benjamin recounts the little bit of communication he and his siblings had with their parents before realizing they had perished. He reflects on his changing Jewish identity. Benjamin discusses reparations and his experiences returning to Germany as an adult. Benjamin ponders a childhood memory from his time in France. The interview closes with Benjamin’s thoughts on current events and the persistence of antisemitism.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/393/small/Benjamin_Hirsch_2.png?1619299875","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Hirsch_Benjamin_1986.mp4"]},"duration":6342.971,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/393/small/Benjamin_Hirsch_2.png?1619299875","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/103/393/original/Hirsch_Benjamin_1986.mp4?1608300109","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6342.971,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Hirsch, Benjamin [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: What is your name and where do you live?\n\nHIRSCH: My name is Benjamin Hirsch. I live at 1038 Burton Drive in Atlanta, Georgia.\n\nMARTINO: When were you born?\n\nHIRSCH: I was born in September 1932.\n\nMARTINO: Where were you born? Please tell me the city and the country.\n\nHIRSCH: Frankfurt am Main, Germany.\n\nMARTINO: Please tell me about your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family--some general conditions, who lived in\nyour house, how many people . . .\n\nHIRSCH: My mother and father had seven children, of which I was the fifth. My\nfather was a dentist. He was a leader in the Orthodox Jewish community in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frankfurt. From what I understand, to the point that he was finally incarcerated\nmany years after we had left, or many months after we had left. There were four\nboys and three girls. My youngest brother and sister, of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course, did not leave\nwith us when we got out. They stayed with my mother and perished in Auschwitz.\n\nMARTINO: When you were a child . . . How old were you when the war started in 1939?\n\nHIRSCH: Actually, I was born in 1932. For Jews in Germany, in a sense, the war\nstarted shortly thereafter because the Nuremberg Laws were enacted in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1933.\nThings . . . I'm not sure I could remember any true peaceful times when Jews\nwere not concerned about the fact that they were Jews in a place where it was\nnot the right thing to do to be Jewish.\n\nMARTINO: When you were a small boy at that time, what type of school did you go to?\n\nHIRSCH: I went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to similar what we call a day school today.\n\nMARTINO: A Jewish school?\n\nHIRSCH: A Jewish school, yes.\n\nMARTINO: Describe for us a little bit what Shabbos, and Yontif, and your life in\ngeneral was like, if you had Jewish friends or non-Jewish friends.\n\nHIRSCH: I don't remember any friendship ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"associations. I left Germany when I was\nsix. There are certain things I remember very vividly, but I don't remember any\nfriends. It's possible that most of my associations were with my siblings. I\nhave certain recollections about things that we did, some real wild, playful\nthings, and they always involve brothers and sisters. I don't remember anyone ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"else.\n\nMARTINO: I see. Then, can you distinguish for us and describe for us how your\nlife began to change with the coming of the Nazi movement? I mean, it is\ndifficult since you were a very young child at the time.\n\nHIRSCH: It's difficult. I don't remember exactly when it started to happen.\nThere was a time--it probably was in 1937 or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1938--where if I would walk out of\nthe house, I would have to worry about being attacked.\n\nMARTINO: Physically?\n\nHIRSCH: Physically attacked by youth groups in Nazi uniforms.\n\nMARTINO: Teenagers?\n\nHIRSCH: Even younger.\n\nMARTINO: Even younger German children?\n\nHIRSCH: Even younger than teenagers--starting from about seven or eight.\n\nMARTINO: Really? And you were only four or five at the time?\n\nHIRSCH: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right.\n\nMARTINO: In other words, then your relationship with the non-Jewish neighbors\ndid change at that point in time?\n\nHIRSCH: I suppose so. I have some fond recollections of the earlier days where\nwe used to go to the park and we used to sit and watch the ducks and the geese\nin the pond, but those things changed because after a while parks were not a\nplace ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where a Jew could go. We were quite restricted, quite limited.\n\nMARTINO: Right. Do you yourself remember any of the laws changing and things\nlike that, or is that not something that is part of your recollection?\n\nHIRSCH: No, that's something I learned afterwards.\n\nMARTINO: Alright. As things started to happen, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what transpired in your personal\nlife as the Nazis came to power? If you can, just give us a course of events.\n\nHIRSCH: Looking at it from the perspective of a little boy, I can only remember\nthe things that specifically happened to me. I got to the point where I learned\nhow to cope with the situation. If I wanted to go out of the house, I would have\nto know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how to fend for myself if I was going to be attacked by several black\nshirt kids. What I found--I don't know whether I was taught this or I picked it\nup by myself--whenever they would start chasing me, I would run to the house and\nstart yelling, \"Mama!\" They would run away. It wasn't my house, but they thought\nthat my mother would come out. That was a way of taking care of myself. I only\ngot beat up once. After ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, they didn't bother.\n\nMARTINO: Then what was the progression of events that led to your being sent away?\n\nHIRSCH: My mother was quite fearful of what was going on. I understand--this is\nfrom finding out from siblings later on--that they had arguments, my mother and\nfather, about sending us away. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She wanted to send us away. He felt that this was\ngoing to pass, that this had happened before. He didn't believe in the idea of\nsplitting up families. There was pressure from a lot of relatives. My mother's\ntwo brothers had gone to Israel. They were saying that we ought to get out. Of\ncourse, my father couldn't get out.\n\nMARTINO: Why could he not get out?\n\nHIRSCH: By 1938, I think it was already too late for an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adult Jew to get out. He\nwas a dentist and he felt responsible for the Jewish community. He was the only\ndentist that was allowed to work on Jewish teeth, so he felt a responsibility\nthere. Also, he had a leadership position in the community. He really felt a\ngreat responsibility for the community. He felt like his place was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here.\nKristallnacht is something that I vividly remember, which is unusual for a\nsix-year-old to remember things like that, but I guess some things just stick in\nyour mind. That was a very momentous occasion. I don't know if my father was\nincarcerated as a result of Kristallnacht, but somewhere right around that time,\nhe was taken in. At that time, my mother took advantage of the situation. She'd\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"known about what they called a Kindertransport.\n\nMARTINO: A children's transport.\n\nHIRSCH: A children's transport. The head of the Kindergarten in Frankfurt had\nseen the handwriting on the wall as early as 1929. He set up a system of student\nexchange from his kindergarten. It's not necessarily limited to the age we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know\nof as Kindergarten children. It was children all the way up to about eight,\nnine, ten. My two uncles actually had gone to Israel on a Kindertransport. They\nwere much older. The transports went to different areas. This particular one was\ngoing to Paris. The five oldest of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children were able to go. It was a time,\nincidentally, where Hitler was trying to get something from the world community.\nHe was trying to look a little better to the world, so he eased up a little bit.\nThere was an opportunity for Jewish children under the age of 13 could leave.\nAdults could not go, but children under 13 could go. My sister, Flo, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\nactually too old to go, but she was allowed to go in the transport as a\ncounselor to take care of the younger children who couldn't take care of\nthemselves. That's how we got out.\n\nMARTINO: Before we continue, you said you had recollections of Kristallnacht.\nCan you tell me what they actually were?\n\nHIRSCH: Specifically, it had to do with the destruction of a synagogue. We had a\nvery beautiful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue, the Anlage shul.\n\nMARTINO: Were you at home that night? What were you doing?\n\nHIRSCH: I don't remember the night. I remember the day. Kristallnacht was a\nnight and day. It was a whole situation. I remember the daytime, when they took\nthe Torahs out of the shul and they opened them up. There was a picket fence on\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outside. They kind of just had the scrolls just kind of be punctured by the\npickets and wrapped around the shul. They weren't Molotov cocktails, just these\nround black bomb type things. Whatever they were, they threw them. They were\nfirebombs of some sort. They threw them at the building and the building. The\nbuilding started burning and it was destroyed. I just stood there, kind of\ndumbfounded. I couldn't fathom ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. It was the shul. It's the place where you . . .\n\nMARTINO: In other words, there were other children and adults standing around?\n\nHIRSCH: There were a lot of people. It was . . .\n\nMARTINO: Jews as well as non-Jews?\n\nHIRSCH: Jews as well as non-Jews. Jews were standing there crying. Non-Jews were\nstanding there cheering.\n\nMARTINO: Did you see anyone . . .\n\nHIRSCH: I'm sure there were non-Jews that were not cheering. I'm sure that not\neverybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was in favor of what was going on.\n\nMARTINO: Was this strictly material destruction that you witnessed or did you\nsee people getting hurt as well at that time?\n\nHIRSCH: That's not part of what I recollect. The thing that sticks in my mind is\nthe building, the destruction of the building.\n\nMARTINO: Do you ever dream about it? Does it ever come back to you?\n\nHIRSCH: No, I don't think I ever dreamt about it, but I think about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it.\n\nMARTINO: Then your mother took it upon herself to send five of the older\nchildren away. You all were sent away together?\n\nHIRSCH: We all were sent on a train. We went to Paris. She had set it up that we\nwould be split up with family because we had family in Paris.\n\nMARTINO: Who did she make the arrangements with?\n\nHIRSCH: She made the arrangements with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family.\n\nMARTINO: She personally did this or it was through some agency?\n\nHIRSCH: No, I'm sure she did it herself. My two sisters stayed with Uncle Gusti,\nthat's my father's brother. My two brothers stayed with another uncle. I don't\nremember his name. I was supposed to stay with another uncle, Uncle Jaki.\nSomething happened that they weren't able to keep ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, so a friend of the family\ntook me in.\n\nMARTINO: This was where in France?\n\nHIRSCH: Paris.\n\nMARTINO: All in Paris. How did you get there?\n\nHIRSCH: We got there by the Kindertransport, which was a train. We went on a train.\n\nMARTINO: Right. With adult supervision?\n\nHIRSCH: Actually, the supervisor was my sister.\n\nMARTINO: Really? How old was she at the time?\n\nHIRSCH: She was thirteen.\n\nMARTINO: Thirteen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You went on the train and they picked you up at the train station?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: Then they took you into their different homes? In other words, the\nchildren were split up?\n\nHIRSCH: Right, we were split up--two, two, and one.\n\nMARTINO: You were hidden with family, with uncles and aunts?\n\nHIRSCH: For a short while, for just a few months until it was imminent the\nGermans were coming to Paris.\n\nMARTINO: Did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understand what was happening or did the older children\nunderstand what was happening?\n\nHIRSCH: That's a good question. No, I didn't.\n\nMARTINO: It must have been very confusing.\n\nHIRSCH: I was asked a couple of years ago to speak to an AZA or BBYO group of\nchildren about my experiences. The one thing, as I stood there trying to\nremember what was going on, was the night before we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left. I watched my mother\nand she was packing our stuff. Everything was so perfect. She packed with love,\nso much love. Everybody was crying. My brothers were crying and my sisters were\ncrying. I couldn't understand why they were crying. It was an adventure for me.\nI'm going to Paris, see new people, see different things . . . It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just . . .\nI didn't even cry. I think about that a lot.\n\nMARTINO: Sure.\n\nHIRSCH: I never thought that I would never see my mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again or the rest of my family.\n\nMARTINO: That was tough because that was the last time you saw your parents and\nyour mother.\n\nHIRSCH: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: When you began to live in Paris then, what were your daily activities?\nHow did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"function there?\n\nHIRSCH: I went to school. I remember that two weeks after I got there, I was\nenrolled in a public school. Some of the kids came up and asked me who I was and\nwhere I was from. I told them I was from Germany. They asked, \"Will you speak\nsome German?\" I couldn't. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In two weeks' time, I had totally blacked out all the\nGerman. I was speaking French, by the way.\n\nMARTINO: How did you speak French?\n\nHIRSCH: I don't know. Because it's all that there was. I was living with a\nfamily. They had a young daughter. She was, I think, three-years-old. Everybody\nspoke French, so I spoke ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"French.\n\nMARTINO: You just blocked the German out?\n\nHIRSCH: I just blocked it out.\n\nMARTINO: The children and everyone in France was friendly toward you?\n\nHIRSCH: Pretty much so. They beat me up when I told them I couldn't speak any German.\n\nMARTINO: They did?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes, because they thought I was lying to them.\n\nMARTINO: Did they know you were a Jew or they thought you were a German?\n\nHIRSCH: No, that's not why they beat me up. It's because they thought I was a\nwise ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guy.\n\nMARTINO: Because they thought you were lying since you could not speak German?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes, because I told them I was from Germany and they thought I was\nlying. How could I be from Germany if I can't speak German?\n\nMARTINO: Right. Basically, you started living sort of a routine life? They tried\nto get you into a routine life of going to school and coming home?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Every now and then, my brothers would come to visit me over there.\nWhen they left, I would start crying. Mr. Samuels, the man who I was staying\nwith, would take me up and down the elevator to quiet me down.\n\nMARTINO: At that time, you still heard from your parents? You would get letters?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: You did?\n\nHIRSCH: I didn't, but the older ones did.\n\nMARTINO: The older children did. This was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now 1938 or 1939, right?\n\nHIRSCH: That's correct.\n\nMARTINO: Then what happened? How long you were there and what happened in so far\nas the events in France?\n\nHIRSCH: It was less than six months really that we were in Paris. We just maybe\nthree or four months exactly. Paris was under siege. It was about that time I\nguess that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the children's homes under Mr. Papanek . . . This I know from reading\nthe book afterwards. I didn't know who he was then . . . I was sent to\nMontmorency. There was a children's home there that I went to. My siblings also\nwere sent to children's homes but a little bit later. Not quite as soon as I\nwas. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jack and Ash always stayed together, and Flo and Sarah always stayed\ntogether, and I was always by myself.\n\nMARTINO: What was the reason--since you were staying with family--to send you to\nthe children's homes?\n\nHIRSCH: Because they feared for my safety and for their safety as well. I've met\nthem since and found out that they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also left Paris.\n\nMARTINO: They were afraid of discovery?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: Someone finding out that they were hiding you?\n\nHIRSCH: No, they were Jewish, too. They were afraid of the Nazis.\n\nMARTINO: After you went into the children's homes, did you still maintain\ncontact with your parents? What happened from that point on?\n\nHIRSCH: My contact with my parents actually ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came through my brothers and\nsisters. I would occasionally see my brothers and sisters. They would come visit\nme and bring some kind of word. I remember one time--it was my seventh\nbirthday--my brothers Asher and Jack came by to see me. They had gotten me a\nchocolate bar. That was like gold at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. They forgot I didn't like\nchocolate, but that was okay because I bought my friendship with everybody. I\njust passed out a little piece of chocolate to everybody in the home and I was\nlike the king.\n\nMARTINO: They were all Jewish children?\n\nHIRSCH: All Jewish children, yes.\n\nMARTINO: They were being kept by French people or Jews?\n\nHIRSCH: No, they were Jews who were in charge.\n\nMARTINO: Was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it clandestine or people knew?\n\nHIRSCH: It was to a degree clandestine. The whole purpose of these homes . . .\nThese homes were formed only for this purpose, for refugee children whose\nparents were either political enemies of the Reich or were Jews. They were\nformed only for that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"purpose. I stayed in Montmorency-- Montmorency is a suburb\nof Paris almost--until Paris was taken. From there we went to Creuse, de\nMasgelier, which is south central France. It was in Creuse that I got the\nmessage I was going to rendezvous with my brothers and we were going to be going\nto the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States.\n\nMARTINO: Who made all these arrangements that you were all going to get\ntogether, your brothers and sisters? Who did this? Do you know?\n\nHIRSCH: It depends on which thing. Going from Montmorency to Creuse to de\nMasgelier, that was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decision of the people who were running the children's\nhomes. That wasn't just me. It was everybody. The whole place just disbanded and\nwent over to the new place. That was for safety. I found out after reading the\nbook Out of the Fire, that Doctor Papanek was very afraid for his life. They\nwanted him not only because he was a Jew, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but for his political leanings as well.\n\nMARTINO: Who was he?\n\nHIRSCH: Doctor Papanek was the man who was hired to form this children's home\nnetwork. He escaped Europe and went to New York. Immediately upon his arrival,\nhe published a list of all the children in the children's homes. They did this\nin a full-page ad in the New York Times. Pleaded with anyone who could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recognize\nany of the names to claim them and bring them to the United States because the\nimmigration laws were such that, if there was child who was a relative, that you\ncould bring him as long as you could vouch for his support. There was a cousin\nof my mother, who was a rabbi in Rome, Georgia, who saw that. He went to the\nleaders of the Atlanta Jewish community and said, \"You must take ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in these five\nchildren. They are the children of my cousin.\"\n\nMARTINO: Going back when you were in this children's home, was there any schooling?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: There were classes being held and you were being taught?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: There were religious celebrations on Jewish holidays?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes. There was one home that was just for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religious kids. I don't know\nwhy. I know my two brothers were in that home. But it wasn't established when I\nwent to Montmorency. For some reason, I was never categorized as such. I was\nnever there in that home. But they were all definitely Jewish, just different\ndegrees of observances. I think they all were kosher.\n\nMARTINO: I never asked you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before. In your own home, to what degree were your\nparent's observant?\n\nHIRSCH: My parents were very observant. They were shomer Shabbat.\n\nMARTINO: They kept the sabbath?\n\nHIRSCH: Kept the sabbath, yes.\n\nMARTINO: They kept kosher?\n\nHIRSCH: They kept kosher, yes.\n\nMARTINO: Would you say Orthodox in today's frame of reference or very traditional?\n\nHIRSCH: I would say in today's frame of reference, Orthodox, yes.\n\nMARTINO: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Especially considering in Germany?\n\nHIRSCH: Frankfurt had quite a large Orthodox community. That's why we were in a\nday school.\n\nMARTINO: Right, you mentioned that.\n\nHIRSCH: We could have been in a public school.\n\nMARTINO: Exactly. Then, can you tell us what happened next? In frame of a time\nreference, you said there were arrangements being ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made for all of you to be\nreunited in and to be sent to the United States?\n\nHIRSCH: Right, this was already 1941.\n\nMARTINO: Nineteen forty-one. Can you tell me, before we go any further, what was\nhappening with your parents in Germany at the same time? Or were you aware of it\nat that time? Maybe through your brothers and sisters?\n\nHIRSCH: I was not aware at that time. The only recollection I have of hearing\nfrom my parents was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after we'd gotten to the United States. In 1942, we'd gotten\na letter from my mother. She was, I think, in a camp when we got that. My sister\nhas these letters.\n\nMARTINO: What about your father?\n\nHIRSCH: My father was I think in camp then. He was in Oranienburg. My father had\nbeen in and out several times. In the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gathering in 1981 in Jerusalem, I met a\nlady who had lived in my house after we had left. She had stayed in the room\nwith my little brother and sister. When she was finally forced to leave\nFrankfurt to go to Berlin to work in a munitions plant, she said my father came\nto visit her as late as 1941, which meant that he was a free man. He was able to\ntravel from Frankfurt to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin in 1941, which is amazing. He was killed in\n1943. He was incarcerated in Oranienburg. He was a dentist there. They had him\ntaking care of people's teeth. He had ulcers. His ulcers were bleeding and they\nwould not allow him treatment, so he had a very painful death.\n\nMARTINO: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conceivably, being a dentist may have helped him stay alive as long as\nhe did. Do you think his profession . . .\n\nHIRSCH: Being a dentist and I think the role that he had in the community.\nApparently, according to the lady who stayed at my house, our house became . . .\nThere were eight Jewish girls living there from outside of Frankfurt. People\nwould send them there. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw to their education. Next door in my grandparent's\nhouse, he had set up a kosher kitchen for the elderly in the community.\nApparently, he was doing a lot of community work other than just his dentistry.\nI guess that kept him alive. I don't know.\n\nMARTINO: That is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting. When the arrangements were being made for you to\nleave Europe, how did you come to leave then? How were you transported? At this\npoint, was this done secretly? How did you get by, for example, without . . .\nwearing the star?\n\nHIRSCH: We were in Free France. We were in Free ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France. Of course, that was a\nquisling government. You should know, when I left Chateau de Masgelier to meet .\n. . and I did rendezvous with my brothers when we were to go. When we were\nwaiting in the bread line--there was a line where you'd wait to get bread and a\nlittle soup and so on--I got an attack of severe stomach cramps ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and was\ndiagnosed as appendicitis. I was not allowed to go. The transport was going to\ngo through the Pyrenees, and Spain, and Portugal. I was left behind. I went from\nthere to Vichy, to Chateau des Morelles, where my sisters were staying. I stayed\nwith them for three months until they left on the same exact route. That's how\nwe got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here. I've got to tell you this. When my daughter who just got married,\nMichal, when she was eight years old, one summer she was at Camp Chedva in\nupstate New York. Jackie and I went up to see her and the other two girls\ntoo--Shoshanah and Adina. When we got there, Michal comes up to me and says,\n\"The head nurse at the camp has been waiting for you to come. She wants to see\nyou.\" I thought, \"My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"G-d, what happened?\" I go and I see her. I go over to her\nand Michal introduces me, \"Rebbetzin Ebstein, this is my father.\" \"Ah, you must\nbe Asher Hirsch's brother.\" I said, \"Yes, that's right.\" She said, \"Which\nbrother are you? Are you Bob or are you Ben?\" Jack was called Bob in France. I\nsaid, \"I'm Ben.\" She said, \"You're the one that had appendicitis!\" I said,\n\"Okay.\" She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"When did you finally leave?\" I said, \"Three months later. We\nleft in August.\" She said, \"Oh, you saved my life.\" I said, \"I don't even know\nyou. How could I save your life?\" She said, \"You don't understand. When you got\nappendicitis, I took your place. I was fifteen going on sixteen. By the time the\nsecond transport left, I would have been sixteen.\"\n\nMARTINO: She would not have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gone?\n\nHIRSCH: The rule in Vichy, free France was the Germans would not . . . The deal\nwas the Germans would not attack the children's homes, but in order for them not\nto, then the authorities would have to turn over any Jew who turned sixteen and\nbe sent right to the death camp.\n\nMARTINO: You really did save her life.\n\nHIRSCH: I told her, \"You want to know the kicker? I didn't have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appendicitis. It\nwas just a stomachache.\"\n\nMARTINO: Really? That is quite a coincidence. Then you finally were on your way\nwith your sisters to Spain?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes, we traveled by train over the Pyrenees and we stopped in Madrid. We\nstayed overnight at a convent. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They treated us very nicely.\n\nMARTINO: At this time, were you accompanied by adults at all or was it just\nchildren taking care of small children?\n\nHIRSCH: I think there were some young adults. They were leading the way, telling\nus where to go, telling us what to do. Yes, there were some. We stayed only one\nnight in Madrid and then went on to Lisbon. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Madrid, it was much more\nclandestine. You could tell that the surroundings were not that friendly. The\nnuns in the convent were as nice as they could be, but they acted clandestinely,\nbecause they weren't sure about the people around them and what they would do if\nthey were caught. But when we got to Lisbon, it felt like we could almost\nbreathe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"free. It was almost like we were already in the free world. Lisbon was\nneutral. We stayed there for two weeks and then left on the same boat that my\nbrothers left on. It was called the S.S. Mouzinho.\n\nMARTINO: I am wondering as I am listening to you whether you recall what your\nfeelings were during this period of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. For example, at night when you went to\nsleep or during the day. I happen to have a child the same age as you were at\nthe time you were traveling and when you were in these homes. I wonder what your\nfeelings were. Do you recall feeling ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"frightened at night? Feeling alone?\n\nHIRSCH: No. I think I quickly got used to being alone--that is, alone without\nfamily. I sought out friends. I never tried to have a whole lot of friends. I\nalways tried to pick out just one or two that I could be close to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I did\nwant to be close to someone always. I think I was just a regular, mischievous\nkid. There were so many things going on. A lot of it was just surviving and it\ncomes natural to a child. You don't sit there and analyze, \"Why is this\nhappening to me?\" You don't think about that. You think that's the only way to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live. I don't know how many nights we had to wake up, and run out of bed, and\nrun down to the bomb shelter. That always happened. Planes always came by. You\nheard the sirens. It became a game. I remember one night in the bomb shelter in\nCreuse, I drank a bottle of ink on a dare. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's not a frightened kid.\n\nMARTINO: No, I do not suppose so. I forgot earlier to task you the names of your\nbrothers and sisters. Would you please now give us all of the names--first of\nall, of both your parents and then starting with the oldest of your brothers and sisters?\n\nHIRSCH: My father's name was Doctor Herman ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hirsch. He was a dentist. My mother\nwas Matilde Auerbach Hirsch. My older sister was Flora. In German, her name was\nBlimel. My oldest brother is Ascher. His German name is Anselme. My next sister,\nSarah, her German name was Gustl. Then Jack, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whose German name is Jacob. Then\nmyself. Then my younger brother, Werner, and my youngest sister, Rosaline.\n\nMARTINO: The two youngest did not survive?\n\nHIRSCH: Right. The two youngest died in Auschwitz with my mother.\n\nMARTINO: You were all--you and your brothers and sisters--were all reunited in Spain?\n\nHIRSCH: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No.\n\nMARTINO: Not in Spain?\n\nHIRSCH: No, my brothers had already left.\n\nMARTINO: How many brothers had left?\n\nHIRSCH: Two. My two brothers that time that I first went to Marseilles from\nCouers, I met with my brothers. That stomachache--that appendicitis attack, they\ncalled it--separated us again. They went on and I was rendezvoused with my\nsisters in Vichy in another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home.\n\nMARTINO: At that time, they had already left to the United states?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes, they arrived in the United States three months before I did.\n\nMARTINO: Then you came . . . with your two older sisters on a boat?\n\nHIRSCH: On a boat.\n\nMARTINO: How long were you at sea?\n\nHIRSCH: Fourteen days.\n\nMARTINO: Do you have any special recollections of that trip?\n\nHIRSCH: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.\n\nMARTINO: Was it a passenger ship?\n\nHIRSCH: A passenger ship. It was called the S.S. Mouzinho, M-O-U-Z-I-N-H-O.\n\nMARTINO: How many Jewish children were on that trip?\n\nHIRSCH: I wish I could remember. I am sure there were several hundred.\n\nMARTINO: Several hundred?\n\nHIRSCH: I'm sure. I don't really know that for a fact but there were a lot of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids on the ship. There were two such transports--the one that my brothers went\non and the one that I went on. After that, the escape route was discovered by\nthe Germans. That was the end of it.\n\nMARTINO: That was the last trip?\n\nHIRSCH: That was the last trip. I remember I was pretty skinny. I was real\nskinny. One night I was walking along . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like a balcony, where the rooms are.\nThe wind started blowing. They had this long carpet on there. This carpet\nstarted going like a serpent. All of a sudden, I almost flew overboard. I\ngrabbed hold of one of those rails. Just barely made it. I was so light that the\nwind was ready to blow me over the thing.\n\nMARTINO: You were not supervised?\n\nHIRSCH: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not particularly. My sisters' kind of watched over me on that ship a\nlittle bit, but they weren't with me at that time. I was by myself.\n\nMARTINO: You had already become quite independent at that point.\n\nHIRSCH: Yes. By the time I had met up with my sisters, I had been for over two\nyears with myself, in a sense. I developed some independence--probably too much.\n\nMARTINO: How did the people on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ship conduct themselves towards the children\nin the context that you might have had? It was an American ship or not?\n\nHIRSCH: No, a Portuguese ship.\n\nMARTINO: A Portuguese ship?\n\nHIRSCH: I don't really remember adults very much, except there was the crew of\nthe ship obviously. I don't know if there were any adult passengers.\n\nMARTINO: It was a small ship?\n\nHIRSCH: No, it was a pretty large ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ship. There were some stowaways on that ship.\nThere were some people who had broken out of jail in Lisbon and stowed away on\nthe ship. They were downstairs. The word was that they had killed one of the\ncrewmen and cannibalized him. I remember when we got to America, we got here on\nLabor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Day. Nobody could get off the ship, except they took those captured\nstowaways off the ship.\n\nMARTINO: That must have been frightening.\n\nHIRSCH: Yes, it was frightening. They were black. They had been down where the\ncoal was. They were just pitch black almost.\n\nMARTINO: When you arrived in the United States, you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrived where?\n\nHIRSCH: In New York.\n\nMARTINO: And you were met?\n\nHIRSCH: We were met by social workers. I don't know which organization it was.\nThey were nice to us. They asked me . . .\n\nMARTINO: What did they do with you?\n\nHIRSCH: We were sort of in a holding place. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assigned people to us. I don't\nknow whether I had one person assigned to me but I felt like I was . . . They\nasked me, \"What do you want?\" I wanted some chewing gum. The idea of having some\nchewing gum was just wonderful. They asked me what I thought about New York. I\nexpected to see Roosevelt riding up and down the street on a white ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"horse and he\nwasn't there. It was very disappointing.\n\nMARTINO: Did you know on your way to the United States, did you have any idea\nwhat was going to happen to you? Did your brothers and sisters or the other\nchildren have any concept of what was going to happen and where you were going?\n\nHIRSCH: I'm sure they had more of a concept than I did. I had no idea\nwhatsoever. By the time that I was on the ship, I was already ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used to being\ntaken care of because I'd been with my sisters for about three months. I just\nfigured I'll go with the flow, with whatever happens.\n\nMARTINO: Then, from the time that you arrived in New York, were you together\nwith your brothers and sisters?\n\nHIRSCH: No, when we got to New York, my two brothers were already in Atlanta.\n\nMARTINO: That is right. I thought maybe you were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reunited there. They had\nalready gone on?\n\nHIRSCH: They had already gone on to Atlanta because Atlanta was sponsoring us.\nWe stayed in New York maybe a couple of weeks or something like that.\n\nMARTINO: You already knew when you left that you were going to Atlanta?\n\nHIRSCH: Me? I didn't know anything.\n\nMARTINO: You didn't know but, for example, your brothers and sisters would have known.\n\nHIRSCH: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: At that time, you said when you came to France, you forgot you're\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German. How were you communicating with the other children?\n\nHIRSCH: French.\n\nMARTINO: Were all the children speaking French?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes, most of the children were living in France, in children's homes in France.\n\nMARTINO: All the children picked it up?\n\nHIRSCH: Picked it up, yes.\n\nMARTINO: When you arrived in the United States, you still spoke French?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: At that time . . . I don't know. It is difficult ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because you were so\nyoung, but what were your feelings if you can remember about your parents? Did\nyou think you would see them again, that you would be reunited?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes. I really thought that the time was going to come where we would see\nthem again. But it was not like something that you would sit back, and\nanticipate, and wait ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for because it was all so far away. I couldn't even\nremember my parents.\n\nMARTINO: At that point?\n\nHIRSCH: At that point, yes. Some years ago, some friends of ours went to Israel\nand left their child with us. The child was, I think, maybe one year old or\nsomething like that. They came back two or three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weeks later, and the child\ndidn't know who they were.\n\nMARTINO: That is natural for that to happen. Then, you went on from New York to\nAtlanta. What happened when you came to Atlanta?\n\nHIRSCH: I was put in a foster home with my two brothers, so that was the first\ntime I was together with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them for any period of time.\n\nMARTINO: This was a Jewish family?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes, the Bregman family, Larry and Betty.\n\nMARTINO: These people decided they would just simply volunteer to take you in?\n\nHIRSCH: There was an organization called the Hebrew Orphans Home. Used to have a\nbuilding on Washington Street sometime before I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came. That had been disbanded\nsometime before. They set up a system where people could become foster parents\nand would be paid for this by this organization. Today, it's called the Jewish\nFamily Services or Jewish Children's Home, something like that. It still is in\nexistence today, but there are not very many, if any, children under that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"auspices. They would find foster parents. I stayed with four foster parents.\n\nMARTINO: That must have been very confusing.\n\nHIRSCH: I guess you get used to it.\n\nMARTINO: How long did you stay with the Bregman's?\n\nHIRSCH: With the Bregman's, I stayed about a year.\n\nMARTINO: One year. They had no children of their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own at that time, or they did?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes, sure.\n\nMARTINO: They had children of their own?\n\nHIRSCH: Sure. Doctor Larry Bregman is their oldest child, and Patty, and\nPauline. Pauline was the youngest. From there, we went to the Hirschberg's on\nAtlanta Avenue.\n\nMARTINO: How did you adjust? You learned the language very quickly or did you\nhave difficulty?\n\nHIRSCH: Fairly quickly. I was a little older than the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"last experience I had had\nwith languages, but I forgot French in about a year's time. They put me in third\ngrade. Then they jumped me up to fourth grade because the fourth-grade teacher\ncould speak French, so we communicated a little bit. But it didn't take long for\nme to learn English. My family is afraid that if I ever leave the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States for a\nperiod of time, I'll forget English.\n\nMARTINO: It is becoming a habit. Did you feel then . . . You knew then that you\nwere never going to go back, or you did not really think about that at that time?\n\nHIRSCH: I didn't think about it. It's probably one of the most painful things\nfor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me is to look back at the time when my parents were alive and with the\nlittle bit of contact that we had. I gave it very little thought. I was just\ngoing on with life and not really concerned very much with anything as I was\ngoing on.\n\nMARTINO: Was there any communication then when you were living here? We're\ntalking about now ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1940?\n\nHIRSCH: Nineteen forty-two.\n\nMARTINO: Nineteen forty-two, which was when things were really escalated,\nconcentration camps were in full swing, and so on, and so forth. What did you\nhear in the way of conversation in the Jewish homes that you stayed in here, in\nso far as awareness of what was happening in Europe? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what did you hear from\nEurope from your parents?\n\nHIRSCH: The letters we got from my parents were censored, of course. It's good\nto know that they knew that we were okay. That's really important. At least they\nknew we were here in the United States. They had that peace of mind.\n\nMARTINO: Right. They knew all of you were alive.\n\nHIRSCH: Right. The letters were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not as down beat as you would expect them to be,\nprimarily because everything that they wrote down was watched. They were very\ncarefully. I don't know how many letters we got. Not too many. Maybe a couple.\nThe last time we heard was 1942, I think.\n\nMARTINO: How would you describe the level of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"awareness in the Jewish community\nhere to what extent you can recollect? I do not mean now in retrospect, but from\nwhat you can remember as a child then?\n\nHIRSCH: I remember my peers--the children that I was going to Hebrew school with\nand so on--would ask me questions about what was going on there. I began to\nrealize how little I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew about what was happening there. About what was\nhappening in concentration camps, I didn't have firsthand information. The only\nthing I had firsthand information on was what was happening to me.\n\nMARTINO: At this point, you are ten years old, but it had been four years since\nyou had been home.\n\nHIRSCH: That's right. I could vividly remember the things that happened to me,\nthings that were going on there, and the fact ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Jews were obviously picked on\nand discriminated against, but the concept of death camps was totally foreign to\nme. I didn't know anything about that.\n\nMARTINO: But people were talking about it here?\n\nHIRSCH: No.\n\nMARTINO: There was no dinnertime conversation as to, \"What are they doing to the\nJews now?\"\n\nHIRSCH: No.\n\nMARTINO: What was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mentality then that you saw among the people you stayed\nwith? What was their level of concern? Or what did they think was happening?\n\nHIRSCH: The people that I stayed with never talked about it. Their concern was,\n\"How are we going to take care of this family?\" That's it. \"We're not going to\ntalk about it.\" Whether they had anything in mind, I don't know. I can remember\nwhen I was in grammar school, there was obviously some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"awareness because I\nremember the reactions of people I would meet, particularly when I first got\nthere. There was a lot of pity, a lot of people trying to be nice to this poor\nkid type of thing. Even, there was some goyem who took me to their homes and\nwanted to know what it was like in Europe and so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on. One thing that just blows\nmy mind is the first year I was here, there was one non-Jewish kid who was in\nthe same grammar school I was in. Invited me over to his house and had me meet\nhis parents. They just asked me a lot of questions and showed me a tremendous\namount of deep concern about it. I remembered that. A few years later in high\nschool, I was walking home from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school on the corner of Georgia Avenue and\nCapital Avenue. Somebody came up to me, grabbed my ear, had a knife in their\nhand, and threated to cut my ear off. Walked with me for three blocks like that.\nI thought I was going to get my ear cut off. I thought the guy was crazy. That's\nthe same person who took me to his house.\n\nMARTINO: The same boy?\n\nHIRSCH: The same boy.\n\nMARTINO: Did he ever tell you why he was doing that?\n\nHIRSCH: He was calling me a 'dirty ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jew.' The time that he took me to his house,\nhe had rachmones of me because I was a Jew, because I was a refugee. All of a\nsudden, a few years later . . .\n\nMARTINO: Something happened to him between the time he was ten or eleven . . .\n\nHIRSCH: Something happened . . . Until the time he was fifteen.\n\nMARTINO: He became an anti-Semite, to say the least.\n\nHIRSCH: Yes, and a viscous ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person. I never quite understood that, but thank G-d\nthat he let me go.\n\nMARTINO: It is strange, though, that the same progression happened here that\nsort of happened in Europe at the same time.\n\nHIRSCH: Yes. See, as much as I was persecuted, if you will, as a young child in\nGermany, it doesn't hold a candle to how I was persecuted here until ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I . . .\n\nMARTINO: Do you want to elaborate on that?\n\nHIRSCH: I used to walk home from cheder, from Hebrew school on Washington\nStreet. I'd be walking home with a couple of my friends from Hebrew school. A\ngang would come up and say to the other two boys, \"We don't want you. We want\nthat Jew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"foreigner.\" Then start a fight. \"Good. I can fight, too.\" There was\nonly one problem. If you win, you've had it because then the other ones jump in.\nI learned you stand there and you take it. You don't fight back because it's\nworse when you fight back.\n\nMARTINO: What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the other children you were walking with? Did they abandon you?\n\nHIRSCH: They did what was good for them.\n\nMARTINO: They ran away?\n\nHIRSCH: They ran away when they could and sometimes, they just sat there and\nwatched because that's what they were told to do.\n\nMARTINO: Were the other kids older or basically was everybody the same age?\n\nHIRSCH: We were the same age. You're talking about the ones who picked on me?\n\nMARTINO: Who were threatening ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you.\n\nHIRSCH: The ones who were threatening me were the same age, maybe a little bit older.\n\nMARTINO: We are talking about what age now? Fifteen?\n\nHIRSCH: This was younger than that. This was more like about 13 or 12.\n\nMARTINO: In other words, you encountered really strong antisemitism?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: In the United States, in Atlanta, Georgia?\n\nHIRSCH: It's strange, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"though. You're talking about anti-Semitism, there were\nother Jewish kids who weren't getting it.\n\nMARTINO: It was not only anti-Semitic; it was because you were a foreigner?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes. I never really could quite understand it. It went on for years\nuntil I got a little more meat on my bones, first of all. In high school, I got\ninto a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scrapes. I fought. At least in school, you could fight back. In\nschool, the other kids are not going to jump on you.\n\nMARTINO: After you had been here several years and were picking up the language,\nhow did they know that you were a foreigner? Are you talking about the same\ngroup of children or did you encounter the problem with different children?\n\nHIRSCH: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Basically, in grammar school there was one group. Then when I got into\nhigh school, in eighth or ninth grade, it was another group. That group,\nincidentally, got sent to a reform school. When I came home to Mrs. Gunsher, who\nwas my foster parent at the time, a social worker was there talking to her. Took\na look at me and said, \"What happened to you?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd gotten bloodied up. I was mad\nenough to tell him and I gave him names. They sent these boys up.\n\nMARTINO: They did?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes. When they got out, I thought they were going to kill me, but they\nturned out to be good friends after that.\n\nMARTINO: Really?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes, they would see me and they were nice to me. I couldn't understand it.\n\nMARTINO: Very bizarre.\n\nHIRSCH: The whole thing's very strange. But in high school, it was different. It\nwould be a one-on-one type of situation. I could handle that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just was in a\nlot of fights.\n\nMARTINO: It was still mostly because of your being a foreigner you would say or\nat that time it was a combination?\n\nHIRSCH: At that time, I just don't know. In high school, people start fights for\nvarious reasons.\n\nMARTINO: But you are not a very aggressive person.\n\nHIRSCH: No, not really. I fight back, but, no, I'm not aggressive. That's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"true.\n\nMARTINO: What sort of conclusions did you draw from this at the time, as a\nteenager? After your experience of having had to leave . . .\n\nHIRSCH: I thought the whole world was anti-Semitic. If you grow up in Germany,\nit happens to you. You leave Germany and go to France; it happens to you. You\ncome to the States, it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doubles. It's even worse. What are you supposed to think?\n\nMARTINO: Sure.\n\nHIRSCH: I'll tell you, when I was in about tenth grade, in the hallway, somebody\nwas starting a fight with me. We were about the same size. It didn't matter too\nmuch to me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As we were about to get started, this guy called 'Whitey' Kubler,\nDaryl Kubler, came up. He was six foot four, dark hair, real stocker. He was\ngoing to be playing the part of Ozark Ike in a movie some years later. He was a\ngreat boxer, great football player, great basketball player. He comes up and\nstands between us. He picks this guy up, grabs him by his shirt. He says, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"That\nis my friend. Pass the word around in the school that that is my friend. Anybody\nwho messes with him has got to come through me.\" There were no fights after that.\n\nMARTINO: Too bad he did not come along earlier!\n\nHIRSCH: Right. Wonderful guy.\n\nMARTINO: What happens after this? Basically, you are growing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up, still together\nwith your brothers, and in different foster homes in Atlanta. At what time did\nyou know what happened to your parents in Europe?\n\nHIRSCH: My brother, Asher, was in the United States ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Army in the late 1940s and\nhe went to Germany. He found out. Before then, we really didn't know for sure.\n\nMARTINO: The correspondence just stopped?\n\nHIRSCH: The correspondence stopped in 1942. It's possible maybe that we even\nknew before then. It's possible that my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sisters may have known before then. I\ndon't know. Yad Vashem found out through an aunt of mine, that was living in . .\n. When I went to Israel, I went to Yad Vashem to find out, \"Where did they get\nthat information?\" I don't know where Asher got the information, but I know that\nby the late 1940s, he . . . I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think he probably knew that they were dead. When\nwe didn't hear anything after the war in 1945, we assumed as much. But the\nquestion is: how did they die? Where did they die? When did they die?\n\nMARTINO: You do not know the answers?\n\nHIRSCH: There is a death certificate with my father because he died of a\nmedical. He died of a bleeding ulcer. With my mother, brother and sister, they\nwere seen in the line to the gas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chambers by an uncle or an aunt--I forget\nwhich--so, we know.\n\nMARTINO: Where was this?\n\nHIRSCH: In Auschwitz. We have some idea. This month, I have yahrzeit on the\ntwenty-fifth of Heshvan for my father. Then on the twenty-eighth of Heshvan is\nthe yahrzeit for my mother, and my brother, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister. What I usually do is I\nsay Kaddish for the whole week for them.\n\nMARTINO: What happened to your grandparents? Do you know?\n\nHIRSCH: My grandparents died before. I remember when I was still a little kid,\nthere was a funeral for one of my grandparents. I was too young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go. Everybody\nelse went. I looked out the window as everybody was going.\n\nMARTINO: None of them perished as a result of the Holocaust?\n\nHIRSCH: No, they died, I guess, of natural causes before that.\n\nMARTINO: Then you say your brother was in the army and you found out. About how\nold were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you, would you say, when you found out about your parents?\n\nHIRSCH: I can't remember just exactly when I . . . I must have been about 14\nwhen I found out or something like that. I seem to remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there was a\nyahrzeit. I knew about a yahrzeit when I was about 15 or 16 because I remember\nmissing davening and missing the chance to Kaddish for yahrzeit. I had just\nforgotten. My siblings had forgotten to remind me about it. I was aware of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that.\n\nMARTINO: You were always Orthodox? As a teenager, you remained Orthodox? Were\nyou able to maintain that or not?\n\nHIRSCH: It was very difficult to maintain in the Atlanta community. I have to go\nback a little bit to when I first got here. I always wore a kippah. I didn't\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know any other way. When I went to grammar school, even though it wasn't a\nJewish school, I wore a kippah. It just was quite natural for me.\n\nMARTINO: That might have been part of your problem.\n\nHIRSCH: There was a Jewish teacher in one of the lower grades who was very\nembarrassed by that. She pulled me aside. She tried to explain to me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why it was\nreally bad for the other Jewish people in the school for me to be wearing the\nkippah and I shouldn't do it. I just couldn't understand what she was talking\nabout. Not that I couldn't understand the language; I understood the language. I\ncouldn't understand the concept. Why? What does my wearing a kippah got to do\nwith anybody else? Since she couldn't convince me, I didn't take it off. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bless\nher heart, she got a hoodlum who had been in her class--he was in an upper\nclass--to get me in the recess yard and to take it away from me. This guy was in\nthe third grade and I was in the fourth grade. Of course, he was old enough to\nbe in the sixth grade. I didn't know that. He was the school bully and I didn't\nknow that. All I knew was I was he was in the third grade and I was in the\nfourth ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grade. That was enough to show me I was superior to him. He came and he\ntook away my kippah and I beat him to a pulp.\n\nMARTINO: Did you get in trouble?\n\nHIRSCH: Did I get in trouble? That night . . .\n\nMARTINO: He did not get in trouble for taking away your kippah?\n\nHIRSCH: No, that's not the trouble I got into. The trouble I got into was that\nthe following night, I went to mail a letter for my sister. There at the corner\nwas this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guy and his whole gang. They taught me a lesson: you don't mess with\nhim. They taught me well. That was the gang that used to beat on me all the time\nin grammar school. That probably had a lot to do . . . I stopped wearing the\nkippah very shortly after that.\n\nMARTINO: You did?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes, it wasn't worth the pain. My brother Asher ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left Atlanta. He was the\ninfluence really. He had a much deeper traditional education that we had, than I\nhad in particular. I used to go to shul with him a lot. I still kept Shabbos and\nkept kosher. Then, by the time I was 15 or 16, the temptations were getting very\ngreat. A lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids that I ran around with that used to sell colors at football\ngames on Saturday and came home with lots of money. That just was too tempting.\nI started to do that. I remember Rabbi Friedman, who was assistant rabbi at\nShearith Israel, asked me, \"How much can you make on a Saturday?\" I said, \"I can\nmake six dollars,\" which was a lot of money in the 1940s. We're talking about a\nlot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money. He said, \"I'll give six dollars to wash my car on Sunday.\" That's\nridiculous. You could get your car washed for a quarter. I knew what he was\ndoing and I wouldn't take it, but he tried to keep me from becoming shomer\nShabbat. I had nice thoughts about him about that, but I still yielded to\ntemptation. I went away quite a bit. I really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did. About the time I was 18 or\n19, I started eating treif. It was not until I'd been a tech in the army for two\nyears that non-Jewish people used to come to me. They wouldn't go to anybody\nelse. There were other Jews around, but they'd come to me and ask me about\nJudaism. I used to fake ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. I realized from all the questions they asked that I\ndidn't know anything. Here I thought I was such a big shot. I had gone to\ncheder. I used to be a chazzan in the junior congregation. I knew everything. I\nused to be an \"A\" student in Bible class. I knew all that . . . I didn't know\nanything and it bothered me. I got to thinking about it as I got old enough to\nstart being able to think a little bit. I thought, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here my mother, and my\nbrother, and my sister, and my father, and so many others died because they were\nJews. I'm giving it up and I don't know the first thing about it. I didn't feel\nI had the right to do that.\n\nMARTINO: Did you give it up out of disenchantment or just because you were a\nyoung boy, a teenager, and there were too many temptations?\n\nHIRSCH: It just happened because when you're . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To have maintained being a\nfirm Jew, an Orthodox Jew, in the Atlanta that I was growing up in, would have\nmade me different than everybody else. That's for sure.\n\nMARTINO: Yes, that was in itself a feat.\n\nHIRSCH: But that doesn't . . . There were people who did other things that\ndidn't go quite as far as I did. I had no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compunction about going and getting a\nham sandwich.\n\nMARTINO: The people you we reliving with at the time, how religious were they?\n\nHIRSCH: Mrs. Gunsher was traditional Orthodox. I would say quite traditional by\ntoday's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"standards. When I was 16, I went to live with my sister. My sister,\nSarah, was married at a pretty early age. She wanted me to come live with her\nafter she was married for about a year.\n\nMARTINO: Where was this?\n\nHIRSCH: In Atlanta. When I was a senior in high school, I went and stayed with\nmy sister.\n\nMARTINO: For how long?\n\nHIRSCH: I stayed with her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through two years of college and there was a year in\nbetween high school and college. Then I went to the army for a couple of years.\nI came back and lived with her while I finished college.\n\nMARTINO: At that time, we are talking about a few years after the war had ended.\nPeople were starting to find out what happened. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What kind of sentiment did you\nencounter then here in Atlanta amongst Jews and amongst non-Jews, particularly\nwhen people realized that you had come out of Germany?\n\nHIRSCH: Actually, people didn't want to talk about it. Very seldom could you\nfind somebody who would want to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk. Every now and then, if I was working\nsomewhere and somebody would recognize an accent, if they were linguists or\nsomething like that, they would want to know, \"Gee, where are you from?\" You'd\ntell them you were from Germany. They'd say, \"How about your parents?\" \"My\nparents died.\" They would stop. They didn't want to talk anymore. Nobody wanted\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk.\n\nMARTINO: Both Jews and non-Jews?\n\nHIRSCH: Jews and non-Jews. Non-Jews, I guess it wasn't even part of their\npsychic. It just wasn't important to them. But Jews specifically didn't want to\ntalk about it. They just did not want to talk about it. Of course, by that time,\nafter the war, a lot of other children a little bit older than myself started\ncoming over. I was meeting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. They themselves didn't want to talk about it\neither. They just wanted to go on with their lives, and start picking up the\npieces, and start making something of themselves.\n\nMARTINO: How did you feel about yourself with relationship to this society? Did\nyou always feel like an outsider or was there a point in time where you started\nfeeling like an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American? How did you regard yourself?\n\nHIRSCH: Up until the time when I went to the army, I always felt like I was a\nward of the community. I always felt a little bit like a second-class citizen. I\ndon't want to say 'second-class citizen.' That's not right. It's just that some\npeople support themselves and some people are supported by the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community. By the\ntime I was living with my sister, I was already supporting myself in a way. I\nwas working and I was giving her some. Granted, I know it wasn't enough to pay\nfor my food and everything, but I was trying. I was trying to get some\nself-respect. I think I was probably made a little bit to feel like I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a\ndependent of the community.\n\nMARTINO: How about the feeling of foreigner?\n\nHIRSCH: No, not as much. I probably had less of an accent than anyone else in my\nfamily and all the other 'Greeners,' as we were called. I was blending in pretty\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well by the time I was late in high school and going into college. I think I\nprobably would have had more pride in being a foreigner than I would have if\nanyone labeled me.\n\nMARTINO: Did you have good friends?\n\nHIRSCH: I thought I did, yes.\n\nMARTINO: For example, at high school age. Do you still see some of the people\nyou knew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes. I went to a high school reunion just in February of this year. It\nwas the first time I'd gone. We're talking about. . . I graduated in 1950.\nUnfortunately, the thing was on Shabbat. It lasted late into the evening, so I\nwent to this hotel. This was not just my year. There were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about ten to fifteen\nyears where all the people were there. A lot of people were there. I saw one guy\nthere. He said, \"I remember when you first came.\" There were people there that .\n. . A lot of the people I went to school with never knew that I was from Europe.\n\nMARTINO: Do they still not know now?\n\nHIRSCH: They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do because there was an article in the paper a couple of months\nbefore that. A lot of them had read that. A lot of them said they read that.\nThey said they never knew. They came to me and said, \"I never knew that that was\nyour background.\"\n\nMARTINO: Have you talked about your war experience with your family or other\npeople? If ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so, what were their reactions?\n\nHIRSCH: My kids used to ask me questions. I would tell them. I would tell them\nstories. I don't think I ever sat them down and said, \"Here, now listen to this.\nYou've got to hear it.\" It was never that type of a situation, but we openly\ncommunicated. They were interested, so I told them things. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As things would\nhappen in their life that was parallel to things that made me think about it, I\nwould just talk to them about it. I've spoken to groups.\n\nMARTINO: You were singled out just for being a Jew. How do you feel about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that?\n\nHIRSCH: I expect it.\n\nMARTINO: You expect it?\n\nHIRSCH: I expect it. Some years ago, I was in the . . . It happens again now I\nam in the CRC, the Communications Relations Committee of the Federation. Some\nyears ago, I was on the CRC also. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had spent two years on a study on what to\ndo about Christmas in public schools. They did a wonderful job, really a\nterrific piece of work. All these articles on when they could put up Santa\nClaus, what Christmas carols they could sing, and what they could do when. They\nbrought it to the group. Everybody had read it before hand and they had a big\nvote. The vote was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"44 to one in favor. I was the one who was opposed to it. Dr.\nGreenberg stood up and he said, \"Stop. Ben Hirsch voted against this and I\nrespect his opinion. I want to know why,\" so I told them. I said, \"We are Jews\nliving in a Christian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country. Whether you know it or not, there are a lot of\npeople who hate us. There is no reason to give them more reasons to hate us. I\ngrant you, the Constitution says 'X,' and the Constitution says 'Y,' and the\nConstitution says 'Z.' Let somebody else fight that problem. That's not the\nproblem for Jews. You don't like Christmas in public schools? Send your kids to\nJewish schools. You've got Jewish schools today. But don't do this. They're\ngoing to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hate you. And the next step after hating you is hurting you. And the\nnext step after hurting you is killing you.\"\n\nMARTINO: Basically, I think what you are saying is not that much has changed . . .\n\nHIRSCH: Not really.\n\nMARTINO: . . . in the sense of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews' place in society. Correct me if I am\nmisinterpreting, but I seem to feel that you are saying that the Jew is\nbasically tolerated, rather than accepted as a part of society.\n\nHIRSCH: The fact that we have a state of Israel does a lot for Jews in their\nacceptance in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the world. But the Jew has been a pariah much too long. The Jew\nneeds to have is a place he can live. Germany was the most sophisticated culture\nof the world of its time. It can happen there; it can happen here. It can happen\nanywhere. What I'm really saying is we as Jews have to understand who we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are.\nThere are so many causes we have to fight. Why should we fight causes that keep\nChristians from being Christians or keep Muslims from being Muslim? That's . . .\nIf we chose to live in a Christian society, we should be able to accept the fact\nthat we are in a Christian majority and there's certain things that they want to\ndo. Let them do it. We certainly know how to profit from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. I mean, Jewish\nchurches certainly aren't going to say, \"We aren't going to make any money off\nChristmas because it's un-Constitutional.\" No, let them celebrate it.\n\nMARTINO: Do you think all of this has in anyway affected your Judaism, because\nyou are now quite Orthodox again?\n\nHIRSCH: It definitely has ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"affected my life. In many ways it affected my life\nbecause when I was at Georgia Tech, I did a thesis, which was in a synagogue. I\ndid that because of my tie in to Judaism. I wanted to do something Jewish. By\nthe time I got out of the army, I told myself that I am going to get to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"point\nwhere I am going to do something. I am going to try out living Judaism as a Jew.\nI'm going to find out was Judaism is about and the only way to do that is to\nlive it. You can't read a book about it. Then if I decide after I really give it\nmy all, if I decide that it's not for me, in spite of the fact that my parents\ndied for it, then I have the right to do it. But I don't have the right to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it\nout of ignorance. It has to be done out of knowledge. I am still doing it. I'm\nstill practicing. Maybe I'll learn how.\n\nMARTINO: Did you ever apply for and receive war reparations?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes. I applied ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for war reparations. I was denied anything for loss of education.\n\nMARTINO: On what grounds?\n\nHIRSCH: On the grounds that I was too young to start school when I was in\nGermany. That whole concept is ridiculous in the first place. What this is\nsaying is that if you were having an education ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it was curtailed by the war,\ntherefore they owe you for this, assuming that's a valid concept. I did start my\neducation in Germany. I had a sworn affidavit from my first-grade teacher to\nthat effect. She was living in New York at the time. The Germans looked at that\nand said, \"The affidavit means ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing. According to our records, you were too\nyoung to start school.\" Simple as that. I would have gotten more than any of my\nsiblings because I had a higher level of education, but I got absolutely nothing\non that. What I did get was about $3,000 for loss of my father and my mother.\n\nMARTINO: How would you describe your feelings in regard to that?\n\nHIRSCH: I've never touched that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money. It's just sitting there in a CD. I've had\nto borrow money before, but I wouldn't touch that. I would take anything that\nwould be me taking away from them. I don't agree with the attitude that, \"I\ndon't want anything from them,\" because if it means taking away from them, then\nI'll take it, yes. Someday I may use it for something. I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know. But it's\nsitting there in a CD.\n\nMARTINO: Have you ever returned to Europe since the war?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes. When I was in the army, I made a great effort to get sent to\nEurope. I was stationed in Fort Lewis, Washington.\n\nMARTINO: What year was this?\n\nHIRSCH: This was in 1954. That was during the Korean War. That was the port of\ndisembarkation for Korea. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I made a tremendous effort and I was successful in\ngetting sent to Europe because I wanted to go.\n\nMARTINO: Where in Europe?\n\nHIRSCH: I was in Fuerth, which is the twin city of Nuremberg. From there, on to\nSchweinfurt. The reason that I wanted to go is that, in 1954, I still couldn't\naccept that my brother and sister were dead. I had this notion that I was going\nto go to Germany and find them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was really what was behind the motivation\nto go. Of course, as soon as I got there, I went to see Ted Levinsky, who had\nbeen my father's attorney. He verified the fact that they were not alive. He\nknew someone who saw them go into the gas chambers, so that was over very quickly.\n\nMARTINO: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was this the only time you went back there or you have gone back since?\n\nHIRSCH: No, the only other time I have been back was when my son and I went to\nIsrael for Pesach a couple of years ago. We were on a KLM flight to Amsterdam.\nAmsterdam was fogged in. We couldn't land, so we landed in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frankfurt and stayed\non the plane. I found out later that my son was terrified for me. He thought\nthat I was going through trauma being in Frankfurt. It didn't bother me a bit.\n\nMARTINO: It did not feel strange to you to be there?\n\nHIRSCH: I'd been in Frankfurt so many times. In 1954, when I was in the army,\nevery weekend I was in Frankfurt because we still owned a house there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's\nGruenstrasse, Green Street. There's one block long. It was row houses, no spaces\nbetween them. When I got there to see the house, the entire block was bombed\nout. One house was standing. That was ours. There were six families living in it\nand there was a rent ceiling. It was costing us more to maintain the house than\nwe were getting out of six families. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My siblings had given me power of attorney\nto sell the house, so I was trying to sell the house. When I was in Germany,\nthere were interesting reactions that I was having there. I used to . . . When I\nwent to town, I wouldn't being wearing a uniform. I'd be in civilian clothes.\nThey must have had some kind of a spy network in Germany because everybody knew\nwho I was--not my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name, but what I was, who I was, that I was a Jew, and that I\nwas a survivor from Germany. In the middle of the street, a complete stranger\nwould come up to you, put his arm around you, and start crying, start apologizing.\n\nMARTINO: Was the reaction always like that or you had negative reaction also?\n\nHIRSCH: One negative. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were people who were doing that all the time,\ntelling me that it was that one person that did it all. They would cry and say\nsorry, and say that they wished it hadn't happened, and wished they could have\ndone something. There was a young German--he must have been about 30--who was an\nart teacher at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the USO. He attacked me verbally. For the same reason that these\npeople felt that they could come to me and cower, in a sense, he felt that he\ncould come and attack me. Just it was the reverse. He also knew who I was. It\nwasn't like I was wearing a placard saying, \"Hey, look at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. I'm Ben Hirsch and\nmy mother was killed in Auschwitz and my father was killed in Oranienburg.\" I\ndon't know how these people knew. I don't know how this guy knew, but he really\ncame down on me. He started asking me who do I think I am, blaming everybody? I\nthought, \"What am I saying? What am I doing?\" People were blaming themselves. In\n1954, they were wearing their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guilt on their sleeves. I guess he objected to\npeople feeling guilty, so he blamed it on me.\n\nMARTINO: Right, he was overreacting. When you go to a certain event, or\nsometimes in a particular place, or when you sleep, do you ever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have nightmares\nor recollections of things that happened?\n\nHIRSCH: The only thing that I have recollections of over and over again is\nsomething that nobody else remembers but me. I don't know where it happened to\nme or anything like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. I've talked about it to my sisters and to my brothers.\nThey've even tried to tell me that it never happened, but I know it did. I don't\nknow exactly where or when but it was something in France, where I was obviously\ntoo skinny for whatever it was I was staying. I don't know which one of the\nhomes it was. They sent me to a special, like a summer camp-type, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place to\nfatten up. They were going to fatten me up. The first thing that happened when I\ngot there, they took my upper clothes, my tallit off, and tore them up, and\nthrew them away.\n\nMARTINO: You did or they did?\n\nHIRSCH: They did, the people there. The second thing, they sat me down at a\ntable and gave me a plate of ham. I must have been about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"six or seven. I\nwouldn't eat it. They said, \"Okay.\" Next meal, they gave me a plate of the same\nexact piece of ham, a little greener. I still wouldn't eat it. Third meal, same\nexact piece of ham.\n\nMARTINO: These were Jews that were doing this to you?\n\nHIRSCH: I have no idea. I really want to know, but I can't . . . I tried to find\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. I can't get anybody to shed any light on it. I even talked to Mrs. Papanek,\nthe widow of the man who was in charge of the whole system and all. She doesn't\nknow what I'm talking about. She doesn't have the audacity to say it didn't\nhappen. She just doesn't know anything about it. Believe me, it happened. What\nthey did after that third meal when I wouldn't eat, they took me out to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\npigpen. They had this huge sow there. They took a butcher knife and stabbed it\ninto the stomach. The blood started gushing out. They let the blood go into a\npail. When the pail filled up, they threw it right in my direction. I threw my\nguts up. There wasn't anything there but I threw up everything there was. It was\na horrible experience. Probably . . . I don't remember, but I'm sure I must have\neaten after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. That's something I'll never forget.\n\nMARTINO: I would say so. That is very bizarre.\n\nHIRSCH: I don't know under whose auspices it was, nothing, just the events. Of\nall the things that happened, that's the weirdest one to remember. That's the\none that just always comes back.\n\nMARTINO: That is a pretty terrible thing.\n\nHIRSCH: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: Do you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think that another Holocaust is possible?\n\nHIRSCH: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: Tell me why or why not.\n\nHIRSCH: Why or why not? Look what's happening in Russia. We have a state of\nIsrael. We have a Jewish community ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the United States of America that,\ncompared to its numbers, has a fair amount of power. Yet, in Russia today, a Jew\nis put in jail for teaching Hebrew. A Jew who wants to leave loses his job. Jews\nare sent to Siberia. We can't do anything about it. If they wanted to, they\ncould put Jews in concentration camps. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could put them in the gas chambers.\nWhat would we do about it? What would you do? Protest?\n\nMARTINO: That is a good question.\n\nHIRSCH: I'd protest. What good would it do? It can happen. We just don't have\nthe control of it.\n\nMARTINO: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vis-à-vis that, how important do you feel is the existence of the\nstate of Israel today?\n\nHIRSCH: Extremely important. At least it's a place that, if something like that\ndoes happen, things get to that severe, I think you would find more Jews leaving\nRussia then there are today. It would be more clandestine. They would be taking\nchances, but they would be getting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out.\n\nMARTINO: In other words, . . .\n\nHIRSCH: There is a place to go.\n\nMARTINO: There is a place to go. At the time of World War II, there was no place\nto go.\n\nHIRSCH: That's correct. Plus, because of the fact that there is the state of\nIsrael, I think it would be a deterrent for any country to be as overt about\ntheir persecution of the Jews as the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis were. I think that if anything, it\nwould be very clandestinely done, unless things just got so bad. Let's face it,\nthere are a lot of hate groups here in the United States of America. They're\nteaching their kids some pretty hateful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things. What's going to happen when that\ngeneration of kids grows up? We don't have any guarantees against their getting\ninto any power. We saw where there were two LaRoushites on the Democratic ticket\nin Illinois.\n\nMARTINO: It must be pretty horrible for you to look back on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"events and to\nsee that in your lifetime . . .\n\nHIRSCH: It can happen again.\n\nMARTINO: . . . the same sort of ideas are springing up again.\n\nHIRSCH: I don't know if you have any idea how painful it was to live through\nthis thing in Skokie, Illinois, when they were going to allow Nazis under police\nprotection, to march in Skokie with all the survivors there, and Jews were\nprotecting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. Jewish lawyers from the ACLU were protecting them. Then\nlistening to the debates on it and finding out that Jews were the most violent .\n. . I remember one of our survivors got up to speak and he poured his heart out.\nHe was so violently opposed by Jews saying, \"How dare you mess with my freedom\nto not care about what happened to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you?\" It broke my heart.\n\nMARTINO: It is ironic. I would like to thank you for your time. We understand\nthat it must have been difficult for you to do this, but we appreciate it. We\nthank you again, because it is very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/transcript/21292/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important that people like you allow us to\ndo this.\n\nHIRSCH: My pleasure. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=6330.0,6360.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrankfurt [German: Frankfurt am Main] is a central German city on the Main River. It is the largest financial center in continental Europe. Prior to World War II, Frankfurt was notable as having the largest timber-framed old town in Europe, but much of the city was destroyed during the war and rebuilt afterward.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Germany, the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were passed on November 15, 1935. The Nazi’s racial laws were a set of policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany, asserting the superiority of the “Aryan race,” and based on a specific racist doctrine that claimed scientific legitimacy. These policies targeted Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, handicapped people, and others who were labeled as inferior in a racial hierarchy to the “master race” of Germans. They included the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, prohibiting marriages and sexual relations between Jews and Germans, and the Reich Citizenship Law, which stripped Jews of their German citizenship. Allies of the Nazis emulated these laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew) or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e (Yiddish) is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays.  Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. According to Jewish laws, driving on the Sabbath is not allowed. Orthodoxy generally prohibits driving altogether, but some Conservative congregations make exceptions for attending synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYontif\u003c/em\u003e is the Yiddish word; in Hebrew it is ‘\u003cem\u003eyom tov\u003c/em\u003e.’ It is generic word for Jewish holidays.  It includes all but the High Holy Days of \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hitler Youth [German: \u003cem\u003eHitlerjugend\u003c/em\u003e] was a youth organization of the Nazi Party in Germany. It existed from 1922 to 1945. It was modeled after its adult counterpart, the \u003cem\u003eSturmabteilung\u003c/em\u003e (SA), and was paramilitary in organization. It was for males 14 to 18 years of age. There was another section for young boys called \u003cem\u003eDeutsches Jungvolk\u003c/em\u003e and a girls’ section called \u003cem\u003eBund Deutscher Madel\u003c/em\u003e [German: Association of German Girls]. The Hitler Youth were viewed as future “Aryan supermen” and were indoctrinated as such. The Hitler Youth put emphasis on physical and military training. The Hitler Youth emphasized sports as a means of preparing boys for service as soldiers in the armed forces or, later, in the SS. They had uniforms like the SA with similar ranks and insignia. It also served to indoctrinate students with the National Socialist worldview. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNazi leaders began to make good on their pledge to persecute German Jews soon after their assumption of power. During the first six years of Hitler’s dictatorship, from 1933 until the outbreak of war in 1939, Jews felt the effects of more than 400 decrees and regulations that restricted all aspects of their public and private lives. The anti-Jewish policies brought radical and daunting social, economic, and communal change to the German Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn January 1933 there were approximately 523,000 Jews in Germany. Approximately 304,000 German Jews emigrated during the first six years of the Nazi dictatorship. When the Nazis came to power, there was an initial wave of emigration, mostly to neighboring European countries, which would later be occupied by the Nazis. In 1938—especially after \u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e—Jewish emigration increased dramatically. Only about 202,000 Jews remained in Germany by the end of 1939. By October 1941, when Jewish emigration was officially forbidden, the number of Jews in Germany had declined to 163,000. Until October 1941, German policy officially encouraged Jewish emigration. However, American immigration quotas and the increasing reluctance of European and British Commonwealth countries to accept additional Jewish refugees combined with increasingly restrictive German policies to make emigration increasingly difficult. The cost for Jews to leave Germany was increasingly and prohibitively high in the years leading up to World War II. Most of the German Jews who managed to emigrate after \u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e were completely impoverished by the time they were able to leave. In order to further pay the various taxes and restrictions imposed on Jews leaving Germany and the high cost of emigration, many Jews were forced to sell their real estate, possessions, and other assets for far less than their actual worth. To keep the purchase and sale of Jewish property and assets “legal,” local currency offices policed emigration. German authorities considered Jewish belongings and their financial capital to German property and Jews who emigrated were not allowed to take anything of material value with them. The amount of currency (10 Reichmarks, or about US $4) and assets Jews were allowed to take out of Germany was also highly restricted. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 8 and 9, 1938, a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom was started by the Nazis. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called '\u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e,' which means 'Night of Broken Glass,' because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThousands of German Jews and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after \u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e'\u003cem\u003eKindertransport\u003c/em\u003e' is the name given to a series of rescue missions that assisted Jewish children in leaving Nazi-occupied Europe. The United Kingdom took in nearly 10,000 predominantly Jewish children from Nazi Germany, and the occupied territories of Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Danzig. The children were placed in British foster homes, hostels, and on farms. Some transports were organized by \u003cem\u003eOeuvre de Secours aux Enfants\u003c/em\u003e (OSE) in France where German-Jewish children were put up in a series of OSE children's homes. When the Germans occupied France, the 144 children, in two separate transports, were smuggled out of France into Portugal where they caught a ship to the United States. The first transport left on June 21, 1941 and the second on September 1, 1941. Altogether the OSE sheltered and assisted in getting nearly 1,600 Jewish children out Nazi-occupied areas. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear whom Ben is referring to. The\u003cem\u003e Jüdische Wohlfahrtspflege\u003c/em\u003e (Jewish Social Services) of the Jewish Community in Frankfurt was in charge of the organization of the transports in the south-west of Germany. In Frankfurt, the head of a Jewish orphanage, Isidor Marx, was active in organizing transports of children as well as Martha Wertheimer, a journalist and social worker who accompanied several transports. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBen seems to be referring to Youth Aliyah rather than \u003cem\u003eKindertransports\u003c/em\u003e. Youth Aliyah [Hebrew: \u003cem\u003eAliyat Hano’ar\u003c/em\u003e] is a program founded in 1933 in Germany by Recha Freier, the wife of a Berlin rabbi. The aim of the organization was to rescue Jewish youth ages 15 to 17 from Nazi Germany and Austria by sending them to study in Palestine. The organization provided vocational training for the youth and arranged for their resettlement at kibbutzim and villages in Palestine. While Freier was responsible for organizing activities in Germany, the work in Palestine was overseen by Henrietta Szold of the Jewish Agency and arranged in cooperation with the Jewish National Council [\u003cem\u003eVa’ad Le’umi\u003c/em\u003e] and the kibbutz movement. Initially, British authorities in Palestine displayed a positive attitude toward the program and Youth Aliyah’s activities expanded throughout the 1930s. By the time World War II broke out in 1939, 5,012 children had been taken to Palestine by Youth Aliya. During the war, Youth Aliya pressured the British authorities to increase the number of Jews allowed into Palestine. However, the British refused to increase their immigration quotas substantially, so only 9,342 Jewish children entered Palestine during the war (1939-1945). Youth Aliya sent another 15,000 to Western European countries, most notably Great Britain. In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, Youth Aliyah took many thousand orphans to Palestine as illegal immigrants. After the foundation of the state of Israel in 1948, it focused its attention on the rehabilitation of immigrant children from the Middle East or in poverty. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSynagogue Friedberger Anlage was Frankfurt, Germany’s largest synagogue and could seat 1,600 people. It was dedicated in 1907 and belonged to the Orthodox community. It was destroyed during \u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e, in November 1938. The main building contained a tall barrel vault space, built in the reform architecture style. In front of the main building was an atrium with two large portals. In 1942, a bunker was built on the site, which still exists today and is marked by a memorial. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Torah scroll [Hebrew: \u003cem\u003eSefer Torah\u003c/em\u003e] is the holiest book within Judaism, made up of the five books of Moses. It is hand-written by a pious scribe in the original Hebrew and must meet extremely strict standards of production. It is rolled up around two ornate wooden shafts, attached to either end of the scroll. Torah scrolls are routinely read aloud in all synagogues and are a core representation of Judaism itself. The desecration of Torah scrolls and other holy artifacts was one method of humiliation and abuse employed by the Nazis. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Molotov cocktail, also known as ‘petrol bomb,’ or ‘poor man’s grenade,’ is a generic name for a variety of bottle-based improvised incendiary weapons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough Nazi Germany was a looming threat to France in 1939, when Ben arrived in Paris, France was still a republic and not under the control of Germany. Therefore, Ben (and other Jews) did not need to be hidden.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB’nai B’rith Youth Organization (BBYO) is a Jewish youth movement for students in grades from 8 through 12.  The organization emphasizes its youth leadership model in which teen leaders are elected by their peers on a local, regional and international level and are given the opportunity to make their own programmatic decisions. B'nai B'rith Girls (BBG) is the female order of the BBYO. The male brother order is the Aleph Zadik Aleph (AZA).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGermany attacked France, Belgium, and the Netherlands on May 10, 1940. The campaign lasted less than six weeks. Paris, the French capital, fell to the Germans on June 14, 1940. Germany occupied northern France and all of France's Atlantic coastline down to the border with Spain. A new French government was established in the unoccupied southern part of France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eErnst Papanek (1900-1973) was an Austrian-born child psychologist and educator known for his work with refugee children during and after World War II and for his involvement in socialist parties in Europe and the United States. After the Social-Democrat party was banned in 1934, Dr. Papanek left Austria for Spain. In 1937, Dr. Papanek, his wife and their two children opened a summer camp in France. He served as the General Director of the \u003cem\u003eOeuvre de Secours aux Enfants\u003c/em\u003e [French: Children’s Relief Work, or OSE] in France from 1938-1940. Under the threat of imminent arrest, the family escaped France in the summer of 1940. They settled in New York, where Dr. Papanek continued his work in child welfare and became a professor as Queens College. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first \u003cem\u003eOeuvre de Secours aux Enfants\u003c/em\u003e [French: Children’s Relief Work, or OSE] home was a large house called Villa Helvitia in Montmorency, a town located 15.3 km (9.5 mi) north of the center of Paris. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the German invasion of France, efforts were made by various groups to hide Jewish children. Wherever possible, efforts were made to send them on to safety in other countries such as Switzerland and the United States. One of the most active organizations in this effort was \u003cem\u003eOeuvre de Secours aux Enfants\u003c/em\u003e [French: Children’s Relief Work, or OSE], a French Jewish humanitarian organization that saved hundreds of refugee children during World War II. OSE is a worldwide Jewish organization for health care and children's welfare. It was founded in Russia in 1912 and transferred to France in 1933. OSE gave assistance to children and adults in as many as fifteen towns and the internment camps in southern France. After the German movement into southern France, OSE went underground but continued to hide children and transfer them to Switzerland when that was possible. Overall, it was possible for OSE to rescue more than 5,000 children. Some of the children were French but many were refugees that had come from Germany, Belgium, Austria, Poland and other European countries.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCreuse is a department (administrative region) in central France, approximately 340 kilometers (211 miles) south of Paris.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChateau de Masgelier is a medieval castle built in 1174 in Le Grand-Bourg—a small village in central France’s Creuse region—which was used by the \u003cem\u003eOeuvre de Secours aux Enfants\u003c/em\u003e [French: Children’s Relief Work, or OSE] to house Jewish children. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Germans occupied France, the 144 children the OSE had already hidden in a series of homes across France were smuggled out of France, in two separate transports, into Portugal where they caught a ship to the United States. The first transport left on June 21, 1941 and the second on September 1, 1941. Altogether, the OSE sheltered and assisted in getting nearly 1,600 Jewish children out Nazi-occupied areas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn account of Papanek’s experiences was published as a book called \u003cem\u003eOut of the Fire\u003c/em\u003e. It was published in 1975, two years after Papanek’s death, with Edward Linn as coauthor. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eNew York Times\u003c/em\u003e is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18, 1851. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States during the 1930s and 1940s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (Federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSelig Sigmund Auerbach (1906-1997) was a Conservative Rabbi born in Hamburg, Germany. Selig, his wife Hilde, and daughter Chana left Germany after \u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e and came to the United States in 1941, where he took a temporary position in a small synagogue in Rome, Georgia. Rome, Georgia, is a city located in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, approximately 70 miles (112 kilometers) northwest of Atlanta. Two more daughters were born in the US. Rabbi Auerbach served as a chaplain in the army during World War II and accepted various positions as a rabbi throughout the US before retiring to Rochester, New York. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/\u003cem\u003eKashrut\u003c/em\u003e is the set of Jewish dietary laws. Food that may be consumed according to \u003cem\u003ehalakhah\u003c/em\u003e (Jewish law) is termed ‘kosher’ in English. Kosher refers to Jewish laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSomeone who is \u003cem\u003eshomer\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: to guard, watch, or preserve] \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observes commandments for the Jewish Sabbath from sundown Friday evening until sundown Saturday evening. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1933, more than 26,000 Jews lived in Frankfurt, making the city the second largest Jewish community in Germany. As soon as the Nazis rose to power in January 1933, the Jews of Frankfurt, like Jews all over Germany, were subjected to discrimination. The city's Jewish mayor was immediately kicked out of office and many Jewish workers were fired from their jobs. The Nazis in Frankfurt began their anti-Jewish boycott earlier than the rest of the country, and continued boycotting Jewish enterprises after the official one-day boycott of April 1, 1933. The Jews of Frankfurt responded to their community's seriously deteriorating economic circumstances by establishing a widespread welfare system. By 1935, almost 20 percent of the Jews in Frankfurt were being assisted by the welfare network. The Jewish community also boosted morale by setting up its own cultural activities, including a symphony, theater groups, and sports programs. During the \u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e pogrom of November 9-10, 1938, many of the city's synagogues were burnt down, Jewish stores were attacked and pillaged, and homes were ransacked. The Frankfurt yeshiva was also destroyed. Soon, thousands of Jews were arrested and over 2,000 were sent to Buchenwald. The grave violence led many Jews to flee the country, and by May 1939, only about 14,000 Jews were left in Frankfurt. Just a few months after World War II broke out in September 1939, the Gestapo began the Aryanization process of confiscating Jewish property. The Frankfurt municipality bought Jewish community property for much less than its true worth, and the Jewish cemeteries were vandalized. In March 1941 Jews were made to do forced labor, and in October, the first Jews were deported to Lodz. On November 11, 1,052 Jews were sent to Minsk, and another 902 were deported to Riga on November 22. During 1942, 2,952 Jews from Frankfurt were sent to Theresienstadt. More Jews were deported eastward in late 1942 and throughout 1943. The last transport of Jews from Frankfurt was transferred to Theresienstadt in January 1944. Altogether, only 600 Jews from Frankfurt survived the war. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSachsenhausen was established as the principal concentration camp for the Berlin area in Germany. It was located near Oranienburg, Germany. When the camp was opened in 1936, it housed mainly political opponents, criminal offenders, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses and other “asocials” such as Roma and Sinti and, later, Soviet civilians. The camp ultimately included more than 40 sub-camps concentrated around the armaments industries of northern Germany. Prisoners were forced to perform hard labor. SS doctors conducted medical experiments on prisoners and a gallows, shooting gallery, and gas chamber allowed the SS to directly kill prisoners in Sachsenhausen. The number of Jewish prisoners varied over the course of the camp’s existence, but most Jewish prisoners were deported from Sachsenhausen to other concentration camps, most often Auschwitz-Birkenau. Soviet forces liberated the camp on April 22, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn June 1981, approximately 8,700 survivors from 23 countries gathered at the “World Gathering of Holocaust Survivors” held in Jerusalem, Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis subjected millions of people (both Jews and other victim groups) to forced, or slave labor, both inside and outside concentration camps, often under brutal conditions. Within the German Reich, prisoners of the early concentration camps were recruited for forced labor as early as 1933. From the end of 1938 on, Jews in Germany and Austria were deployed as forced laborers at a variety of municipal projects, in agriculture, mining, and industry, as well as to enlarge military infrastructure. Forced labor was part of the systematic persecution of Jews but also served as a method for economic gain and to meet the increasingly desperate labor shortages necessary for the war effort.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBen's father, Hermann, was released from Buchenwald in early 1939 only to be rearrested a few years later. He was sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where he died on November 5, 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn ulcer is a sore that develops on the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine. Ulcers occur when stomach acid damages the lining of the digestive tract. Common causes include the bacteria H. Pylori and anti-inflammatory pain relievers including aspirin. Upper abdominal pain is a common symptom. Treatment usually includes medication to decrease stomach acid production. If a bacteria is the cause, antibiotics may be needed. Internal bleeding is the most common complication of stomach ulcers. More severe bleeding, known as hemorrhaging, can be life-threatening.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or \u003cem\u003eMagen David\u003c/em\u003e, on their outer garments. The star had the word “\u003cem\u003eJude\u003c/em\u003e” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death. In France, German authorities issued a decree on May 29, 1942—to take effect on June 7—that all Jews in occupied France must wear the yellow star. In France, Jews wore a yellow Star of David outlined in black with \u003cem\u003eJuif\u003c/em\u003e [French: Jewish] written in Hebraic style. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin is referring to Vichy France rather than the Free French Forces, the military forces of the French government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle during the Second World War. Vichy France, known officially as the French State (\u003cem\u003eÉtat français\u003c/em\u003e), was the government headed by Marshal Philippe Petain (French: \u003cem\u003ePétain\u003c/em\u003e) from July 1940, after the Germans invaded France, until September 1944, when the Allies liberated France. An armistice signed in June 1940 divided France into two zones: one under German military occupation and one left under French sovereignty (the Vichy government). Although it was officially neutral, Vichy France collaborated closely with Germany. The Vichy government was complicit with German racial policies, aiding and cooperating with the detainment and deportation of Jews from both occupied and unoccupied France. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAppendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. If the inflamed appendix is not surgically removed, it usually ruptures, causing a fatal infection.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pyrenees is a range of mountains in southwest Europe that forms a natural border between France and Spain.  It separates the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe, and extends for about 305 miles from the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean Sea.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJack and Asher Hirsch escaped from Europe in a group of 111 children, who left the Marseilles train station at the end of May 1941. From France, the children traveled to Portugal by way of Spain. In Lisbon, they boarded the \u003cem\u003eSS Mouzinho\u003c/em\u003e, which sailed on June 10, 1941 and arrived in New York on June 21, 1941. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChateau des Morelles [French: Château des Morelles] is a nineteenth century home built near Brout-Vernet [French: Broût-Vernet], a small town in central France, around 15 kilometers (9 miles) northwest of the city of Vichy. Rabbi Zalman Schneerson was the head of the \u003cem\u003eParis de l'Association des Israélites Pratiquants\u003c/em\u003e [French: the Paris Association of Jewish Practitioners, or AIP]. In cooperation with the Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (OSE), he opened Château des Morelles as a home for Jewish children. During the war, it housed 340 children—as many as 100 at once. The children slept in at least four dormitories—two for the girls and two for the boys. One report calculates that some 340 children stayed at the castle between 1939 and 1944. On November 2, 1943, the steward was arrested and, along with his two young children, deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The staff then decided to disperse and hide the rest of the children. Most survived the war. The home officially closed February 4, 1944. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs a neutral country during World War II, Spain was a refuge to thousands of Jews fleeing Europe in the 1930’s. By 1940, however, Spain began tightening its restrictions on immigration, issuing far fewer visas and detaining refugees caught crossing the border illegally before returning them to German-Occupied France until the Allies began pressuring Spain to allow more refugees to enter the country as long as someone else would provide for their care and help the refugees leave the country as soon as possible. The Joint Distribution Committee mainly provided for the refugees. Between the summer of 1942 and the fall of 1944, some 7,500 Jews fled to Spain and were given temporary refuge. Nonetheless, in January 1943, when the German embassy in Spain told the Spanish government that it had two months to remove all of its Jewish citizens from Western Europe, Spain failed to act in time to save some 4,000 Spanish Jews living in German-occupied areas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eS.S. Mouzinho\u003c/em\u003e was built in Kiel, Germany in 1907 for the Hamburg America Line and was originally named the \u003cem\u003eGuglielmo Pierce\u003c/em\u003e. She changed owners and names several times before being acquired by the Companhia Colonial de Navegacao of Portugal in 1930 and renamed the \u003cem\u003eMouzinho\u003c/em\u003e. The \u003cem\u003eS.S. Mouzinho\u003c/em\u003e was sold to Italian ship makers in December 1954. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to a list of Jewish victims from the book \"\u003cem\u003eVictims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933—1945\u003c/em\u003e\" prepared by the German Federal Archives and available from Yad Vashem, Mathilde Hirsch was deported to Raasiku, Estonia on September 24-26, 1942. Records for Roseline and Werner have not been located, but it is likely they were deported with their mother. Ben’s uncle, Philip Auerbach, had witnessed Mathilda, Werner and Roselene going into the gas chamber at Auschwitz-Birkenau sometime in the autumn of 1943. Philip was an inmate at Auschwitz-Birkenau, working as a chemist, when he saw a list of the latest transport that had just arrived. The list included the names Mathilda, Werner and Roselene Hirsch. The ages and nationality matched too. Philip ran to the barbed wire and saw them in the distance, preparing to enter the gas chamber. Unable to do anything to help them, he stood and watched until they went inside.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarseille is a port city in southern France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eS.S. Mouzinho\u003c/em\u003e set sail from Lisbon, Spain on August 20, 1941 with 625 passengers on board, 611 of whom were immigrants. Flora, Ben and Gustl (Sarah) are shown on the ship’s manifest as having their passage paid for by USCOM and as charges of the United States Committee of Protection of European Children in New York City. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTwo Portuguese men were recorded on the ship’s manifest as stowaways who were then “held for special inquiry upon arrival.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLabor Day in the United States is a national holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September. It is a celebration of the American labor movement and is dedicated to the social and economic achievements of workers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePopularly known as ‘FDR,’ Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. FDR was an avid horse rider and enjoyed an active early life. He was diagnosed with infantile paralysis, better known as polio, in 1921, at the age of 39. Despite permanent paralysis from the waist down, he was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability. He died just a few months before the end of the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Orphans’ Home was located at 478 Washington Street in Atlanta, Georgia. The residence facility was open from 1876 to 1930. It was originally called the Hebrew Orphans’ Asylum and was originally an actual orphanage. In 1901, the name was changed to the Hebrew Orphans’ Home. Then its services phased into placing children in foster home care and helping with adoptions instead of an actual orphans' home, during which time it was called the Jewish Family and Children's Bureau (and another variation—Jewish Children's Services). Finally, it got out of the children's institutional care business entirely. In 1988, the organization’s mission changed and it became the Jewish Educational Loan Fund (JELF) with the goal of providing low-interest post-secondary education loans for Jewish students.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hirsch siblings settled in Atlanta under the sponsorship of the Jewish Children’s Service, an organization under the umbrella of the Jewish Welfare Board.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGoy\u003c/em\u003e [plural: \u003cem\u003egoyem\u003c/em\u003e] is a Yiddish term meaning “people” or “nation.” In common usage, it designates a non-Jewish or Gentile person. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCheder\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: room] is a Jewish religious elementary school for boys. Religious classes were usually held in a room attached to a synagogue or in the private home of a teacher called a ‘\u003cem\u003emelamed\u003c/em\u003e.’ It was traditional for boys to start cheder at three or five years old, learning to read Hebrew from a primer and studying the Book of Leviticus. Girls did not attend \u003cem\u003echeder\u003c/em\u003e.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOzark Ike was a newspaper comic strip created by Rufus A. \"Ray\" Gotto. It ran as a syndicate from 1945 until 1959. Ozark Ike McBatt, was a dumb but likeable youth from a rural area in the mountains who excelled in sports.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance Authority, was established in 1953 by an act of the Israeli Knesset. Since its inception, Yad Vashem has become a leading center for documentation, research, education, and commemoration of the Holocaust. Construction began in Jerusalem in 1954 on the western side of Mount Herzl and in 1957 the memorial and museum opened. On March 15, 2005, a new museum complex four times larger than the old one opened at Yad Vashem. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEach year, mourners light a special \u003cem\u003eyahrzeit\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: anniversary] candle and recite the \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e to observe the anniversary of the death of a relative. Memorial services for the dead are also held during the High Holy Days and the Festivals.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew for ‘holy’) is a hymn of praises to G-d found in the Jewish prayer service that is recited aloud while standing. Mourner's \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e is said at all prayer services and certain other occasions. Following the death of a parent, child, spouse, or sibling it is customary to recite the Mourner's \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e in the presence of a congregation daily for 30 days, or 11 months in the case of a parent, and then at every anniversary of the death. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavening is the act of reciting Jewish liturgical prayers during which the prayer sways or rocks lightly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish men cover their heads during prayer with a small skull-cap called a ‘\u003cem\u003eyarmulke\u003c/em\u003e’ or ‘\u003cem\u003ekippah\u003c/em\u003e.’  Orthodox Jewish men wear it at all times to remind themselves of G-d’s presence. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Hyman R. Friedman (1913-2000) served the congregation at Shearith Israel from 1945 to 1952.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. They officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003echazzan\u003c/em\u003e (cantor) is the official in charge of music or chants and leads liturgical prayer and chanting in the synagogue. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA ‘greenhorn’ is an inexperienced person, and oftentimes refers to newcomers who are unfamiliar with the ways of a place or group. The form “greeny” or “greenie” was also widespread in America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds, which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community.  Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, and educational opportunities. It is part of the Jewish Federation of North America (JFNA).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Irving \"Greenie\" Greenberg (1911-2006) was born in Poland and came to Atlanta with his family in 1913. He was a graduate of Emory University Medical School. Following his service in the United States Army (1941 to 1946) he returned to Atlanta where he practiced General Surgery for more than 40 years and pioneered Early Ambulation, post-operative care in which a patient gets out of bed and engages in light activity as soon as possible after an operation. He served on the board of almost every major medical and Jewish organization in Atlanta. He co-founded the Greenfield Hebrew Academy, helped establish the first blood bank in Atlanta, and co-chaired the Jewish Federation’s first annual campaign that raised $1,000,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Georgia Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as ‘Georgia Tech’ or ‘Tech’) is a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States. It is a part of the University System of Georgia.  The educational institution was founded in 1885 as the Georgia School of Technology as part of Reconstruction plans to build an industrial economy in the post-Civil War Southern United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBen graduated from the Georgia Institute of Technology with a degree in Architecture in 1958. For his thesis project, Ben designed a new synagogue for Congregation Beth Jacob, an Orthodox synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia. When the congregation was first founded in 1943, it had met in a converted house on Boulevard Avenue in Atlanta. By 1952, it had moved to a converted church also on Boulevard. The synagogue Ben Hirsch designed was never built as the proposed site on Briar Cliff Road proved too small to provide the necessary parking area. In 1962, the synagogue moved to its current location on Lavista Road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1945 and 1947, the Allied governments enacted various legislation dealing with reparations to be paid to the victims of Nazi oppression. The Jewish Agency presented the first official claim to the Allied governments in September 1945. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference) was established in October 1951 to help with individual claims against Germany arising from the Holocaust. The Claims Conference initially recovered $100 million from West Germany, with direct compensation to Holocaust survivors paid in installments. In 1952, the government of West Germany reached an agreement with the state of Israel and the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany to pay reparations for material losses and injuries incurred during the Holocaust. Three separate German laws, known as the West German Federal Indemnification Laws, were adopted in 1953, 1956, and 1965. They further provided for compensation in the form of one-time payments and monthly pensions to Holocaust survivors. In the years since, other agreements for reparations have also been reached.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA certificate of deposit (commonly called a “CD”) is a time deposit, a financial product commonly sold by banks, thrift institutions, and credit unions. CDs differ from savings accounts in that the CD has a specific, fixed term and usually, a fixed interest rate.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Lewis is a United States military facility located 9.1 miles (14.6 km) south- southwest of Tacoma, Washington. In 2010, it merged with the United States Air Force’s McChord Air Force Base. Joint Base Lewis-McChord is now a training and mobilization center for all services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Korean War began when North Korean forces invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. American troops entered the war in defense of the Republic of Korea to the south against the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the north. Fighting ended on July 27, 1953, when an armistice agreement was signed maintaining a border between the Koreas near the 38th  Parallel and creating the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between the two Korean nations that still exists today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFuerth [German: Fürth] is a city located in northern Bavaria, Germany, just outside the city of Nuremberg. The U.S. Army operated the Fuerth Air Base and Monteith Barracks in Fuerth from 1949-1993.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNuremberg [German: Nürnberg] is a city in Bavaria, Germany on the Pegnitz River and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal. It is distinguished by its medieval architecture. The Nazi Party held its massive annual rally in Nuremberg from 1927 to 1938. The event was held at the Nazi party rally ground and each were propaganda events to showcase the power of National Socialism to the rest of Germany and the world. The city was severely damaged by Allied bombing from 1943-1945 and further devastated by intense German resistance as United States troops advanced into the city at the end of the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSchweinfurt is a city in central Germany, in the Bavaria region. It is located midway between the cities of Frankfurt and Nuremberg, approximately 38 kilometers (24 miles) north of Wurzburg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: \u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e] is the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzah\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the central event of the holiday is celebrated. The \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKLM Royal Dutch Airlines, legally \u003cem\u003eKoninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V.\u003c/em\u003e, is the flag carrier airline of the Netherlands. KLM is headquartered in Amstelveen, with its hub at nearby Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe USO (United Service Organizations) is a private, non-profit, non-partisan organization whose mission is to support American troops and their families with programs and services. During World War II, the USO began a tradition of entertaining the troops that still continues. The USO is not part of the United States government, but is recognized by the Department of Defense, Congress and President of the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003etallit\u003c/em\u003e is a prayer shawl fringed at each of the four corners in accordance with biblical law. Similar to a poncho, it is traditionally worn either under or over one's clothing by Jewish males. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder kosher laws, pork is not permitted to be eaten because pigs do not chew their cud or have cloven hooves.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder Stalin, Soviet Jews had been harshly suppressed. Soviet Jews were often placed in Siberian gulags and faced physical oppression. During the 1960s and 1970s—even after Stalin’s death—Soviet Jews continued to experience antisemitism as the government engaged in a systematic suppression of cultural and religious life. The government made it increasingly difficult for Jews to engage in religious practices by closing synagogues and imprisoning or executing Jewish leaders. Hebrew teachers were specifically targeted to the point that religious study occurred only clandestinely. While Soviet Jews could apply to leave the country, the vast majority were denied. They became known as \"refuseniks\" and were often unable to get a job. Restrictions only began to ease in the 1980s after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power and the Soviet Union began to collapse.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSiberia is an extensive geographical region in Russia that extends eastward to become what is often referred to as ‘North Asia.’ It is a sparsely populated area with long, cold winters. Siberia has been a part of Russia since the seventeenth century. The majority of Soviet forced labor camps in the 1930’s through 1950’s were in remote areas of northeastern Siberia. The Siberian labor camps were used as a form of political repression and prisoners were often worked to death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLaRouchites refers to a political and cultural movement based on the controversial ideas of Lyndon Hermyle LaRouche Jr. (1922–2019), an American political activist, convicted fraudster, and accused cult leader who founded the LaRouche movement and its main organization the National Caucus of Labor Committees (NCLC). The movement originated within the radical leftist student politics of the 1960s. In the 1970s and 1980s, hundreds of candidates ran as Democrats in the United States on the LaRouche platform, which was based on what has been described as conspiracy theories, economic doom, antisemitism, homophobia and racism. In 1986, the movement reached its height in electoral success when LaRouchite candidates won several Democratic primaries for state offices in Illinois. LaRouche himself ran in every election from 1976 to 2004 as a candidate of third parties established by members of his movement. He also tried to gain the Democratic presidential nomination. In 1988, LaRouche was convicted of income tax evasion, mail fraud and a scheme that took money without permission from the credit card accounts of elderly donors. He served five years of a 15-year sentence and ran his 1992 campaign from a federal prison in Rochester, Minnesota.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSkokie is a village in Illinois, approximately 15 miles (24 kilometers) north of the city of Chicago. In 1977, the National Socialist Party of America (NSPA) had wanted to conduct a demonstration in Chicago. The NSPA was a group that wore swastika armbands and was devoted to inciting racial and religious hatred, primarily against people of the Jewish faith and non-Caucasians. When authorities blocked the NSPA from demonstrating in Chicago, they announced they would march in Skokie. Skokie was a predominantly Jewish suburb and home to many Holocaust survivors. Residents and officials in Skokie attempted to stop the march on the grounds that the NSPA used hated speech. In a controversial decision, the ACLU legally defended the NSPA. In 1978, the courts ruled that the NSPA had the right to demonstrate because, although many considered their ideas offensive, displaying the swastika did not constitute “fighting words,” one of the few reasons free speech can legally be restricted. Therefore, not allowing the NSPA to march would violate the group’s right to free speech. Although the ACLU prevailed in its free speech arguments, the group never marched through Skokie. Instead, just days before the proposed demonstration, the NSPA announced it had agreed to stage a rally at Federal Plaza in downtown Chicago. The Skokie decision was notable as one of the first decisions in what would become an ongoing debate over the constitutionality of limiting hate speech. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/annotation_set/279/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a nonprofit organization founded in 1920 \"to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States\".\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=6270.0,6300.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Hirsch, Benjamin [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"General Information and the Hirsch Family in Frankfurt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=0.0,140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":" What is your name and where do you live?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=0.0,140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Asher Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration 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Then, can you distinguish for us and describe for us how your life began to change with the coming of the Nazi movement? I mean, it is difficult since you were a very young child at the time.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=213.0,395.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Attacks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler Youth","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis Movement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=213.0,395.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Kindertransport","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=395.0,615.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then what was the progression of events that led to your being sent away?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=395.0,615.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dentist","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Flora Hirsch Spiegel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hirsch Children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kindertransport","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=395.0,615.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=615.0,752.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before we continue, you said you had recollections of Kristallnacht. 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You all were sent away together?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=752.0,987.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Asher Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"August Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Flora Hirsch Spiegel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hirsch Children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jack Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kindertransport","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sarah Hirsch Shartar","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=752.0,987.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daily Life in Paris","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=987.0,1149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you began to live in Paris then, what were your daily activities? How did you function there?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=987.0,1149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helen Samuels","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nathan Samuels","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Public School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Speaking French","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=987.0,1149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moving to O.S.E. Homes and Contact with His Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1149.0,1366.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then what happened? How long you were there and what happened in so far as the events in France?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1149.0,1366.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Asher Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chateau de Masgelier","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Creuse, Fance","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Ernst Papanek","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jack Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montmorency, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (O.S.E.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1149.0,1366.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arrangements Made to Rendezvous and Escape Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1366.0,1558.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was in Creuse that I got the message I was going to rendezvous with my brothers and we were going to be going to the States.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1366.0,1558.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Asher Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Creuse, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Ernst Papanek","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jack Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Selig Sigmund Auerbach","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rome, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States of America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1366.0,1558.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Observance in the Hirsch Home","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1558.0,1633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I never asked you before. In your own home, to what degree were your parent's observant?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1558.0,1633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frankfurt, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hirsch Home","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Observance","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kosher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1558.0,1633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Hermann and Mathilde Hirsch in Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1633.0,1801.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you tell me, before we go any further, what was happening with your parents in Germany at the same time? Or were you aware of it at that time? Maybe through your brothers and sisters?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1633.0,1801.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Community Work","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dentist","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Hermann Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frankfurt, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Letter","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mathilde Auerbach Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oranienburg, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ulcers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States of America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1633.0,1801.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reuniting with the Hirsch Siblings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1801.0,1876.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the arrangements were being made for you to leave Europe, how did you come to leave then? How were you transported? At this point, was this done secretly? How did you get by, for example, without . . . wearing the star?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1801.0,1876.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Appendicitis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Asher Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bread Line","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Free Frence","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jack Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leaving Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vichy, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1801.0,1876.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meeting the Girl He Saved","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1876.0,2022.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've got to tell you this. When my daughter who just got married, Michal, when she was eight years old, one summer she was at Camp Chedva in upstate New York. Jackie and I went up to see her and the other two girls too--Shoshanah and Adina. When we got there, Michal comes up to me and says, \"The head nurse at the camp has been waiting for you to come. She wants to see you.\" ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1876.0,2022.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adinah Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Asher Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Camp Chedva","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Catskills Mountains, New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jacqueline Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Michal Hirsch Appelbaum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rebbetzin Ebstein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shoshanah Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vichy, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=1876.0,2022.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping Europe with Sarah and Flora","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2022.0,2122.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then you finally were on your way with your sisters to Spain?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2022.0,2122.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Flora Hirsch Spiegel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lisbon, Portugal","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Madrid, Spain","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pyrenees Mountains","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"S.S. 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Feeling alone?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2122.0,2258.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bomb Shelter","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feelings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Friends","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2122.0,2258.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Hirsch Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2258.0,2382.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I forgot earlier to task you the names of your brothers and sisters. Would you please now give us all of the names--first of all, of both your parents and then starting with the oldest of your brothers and sisters?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2258.0,2382.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Asher Hirsch (Anselme Hirsch)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Hermann Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Flora Hirsch Spiegel (Blimel Hirsch)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jack Hirsch (Jacob Hirsch)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mathilde Auerbach Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Roseline Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sarah Hirsch Shartar (Gustl Hirsch)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Werner Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2258.0,2382.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boat Trip to the United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2382.0,2606.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then you came . . . with your two older sisters on a boat?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393#t=2382.0,2606.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34499/file/103393/index/47488/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Flora Hirsch Spiegel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Independence","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Portuguese Ship","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"S.S. 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