{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/k93125qw4h/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Sondervan, Eli"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2002-10-09 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta","Legacy Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eEli Sondervan was interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on October 9, 2002 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eEli Sondervan was born in 1939. He was the first child born to a recently married Jewish couple living in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. His father was a teacher and economist. His mother and father’s parents and siblings also lived in Amsterdam. In May 1940, the Germans invaded and occupied the Netherlands. In 1942, Eli’s family was forced to move to the cramped Jewish quarter and deportations began. Eli’s father and mother were both teachers and were allowed to stay in Amsterdam with permission from the local Jewish council. However, Eli’s paternal grandparents received deportation papers in November 1942. When the authorities came to collect them, Eli’s grandmother died of a heart attack. Eli’s parents sent him to the city of Utrecht to temporarily live with a German woman while the family decided what to do. After a few days, his parents came for him. Eli, his parents, and his father’s two sisters illegally travelled south to Brussels, Belgium. Eli’s paternal grandfather and maternal grandparents refused to leave Amsterdam. All three were deported and killed. Using false papers and with the help of the Belgian resistance, Eli’s family stayed in Belgium for the remainder of the war. A younger brother was born in Belgium around 1943. Both of Eli’s aunts and his mother’s brother survived the war in hiding as well. \u003cbr\u003eAfter the Americans liberated the Netherlands, his father returned to Amsterdam where he worked for the United States army. Eli, his mother, and his brother returned to Amsterdam in August of 1945. En route to Amsterdam, they were temporarily housed in the Eindhoven transit camp. When they returned to the Netherlands, Eli returned to a country and city that was not eager to recall the deportation of nearly 75 percent of the Jewish population. Rather, the narrative focused largely on resistance efforts. In Amsterdam, Eli returned to school and another brother and a sister were born in the 1950’s. Eli’s relationship with his mother, who suffered from depression, soured. After his father suddenly died in 1959, Eli left the Netherlands for Israel.\u003cbr\u003eEli returned to the Netherlands after a few years and met his wife. His wife’s family had also survived by hiding during World War II. As a baby, a Dutch family hid his wife from the Germans. Eli and his wife moved to Israel for many years, where they had two children. Eli was a journalist in Israel and covered the Yom Kippur War. He personally knew Israel’s first Prime Minister, David Ben Gurion. He also interviewed Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. Eli and his family returned to the Netherlands for a few years, while waiting for visas to move to the United States. In 1987, they moved to Atlanta, Georgia. Eli began to reexamine his Jewish heritage and eventually joined an Orthodox Sephardic synagogue. Following Jewish law and living an orthodox Jewish life became extremely important to Eli. He also became a collector of Judaica. Eli died on January 16, 2016.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eEli introduces his parents and shares what he knows about his family’s life in Amsterdam at the beginning of World War II. He describes his family’s decision to go into hiding when deportations began. Eli recalls being hidden temporarily by a German woman in another city before his family fled to Belgium. He recounts the kindness of the Belgians who helped his family. After liberation, Eli considers his father’s decision to return to the Netherlands. Eli discusses post-war Amsterdam and his family’s efforts to reclaim their lives in the shadow of the Holocaust. Eli describes his move to Israel, meeting his wife, and his career as a journalist. He expresses his views on the Arab-Israeli conflict. Eli details his return to Orthodox Judaism and the prophecies that he believes exist in the Torah, which enable his understanding of the hardships endured by Jews and has helped him come to terms with the Holocaust. Eli explains his family’s move to the United States and decision to settle in Atlanta, Georgia. Eli closes with a brief discussion of his children and his hopes for the future.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28460"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Eli Sondervan (personal name)","Eddie D'here (personal name)","Aaltje Leefma Paraira (personal name)","David Cohen Paraira (personal name)","Alida Taas Sondervan (personal name)","Asser Philip Sondervan (personal name)","President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (personal name)","General George Smith Patton (personal name)","Anne Frank (personal name)","Willy Paul Franz Lages (personal name)","Julius Streicher (personal name)","Adolf Hitler (personal name)","Golda Meir (personal name)","David Ben-Gurion (personal name)","HaAri Hakadosh (Rabbi Isaac Luria) (personal name)","Rambam (personal name)","Moses (personal name)","Muhammad Anwar El Sadat (personal name)","Yasser Arafat (Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raout Arafat al-Quda) (personal name)","Lekstraat Synagogue (corporate name)","Congregation Beth Jacob (corporate name)","Ner Hamizrach Orthodox Sephardic Congregation of Atlanta (corporate name)","Supreme Headquarters  Allied Expedition Forces (SHAEF) (corporate name)","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (corporate name)","Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (corporate name)","Amsterdam, Holland (geographic term)","Eindhoven, Holland (geographic term)","Utrecht, the Netherlands (geographic term)","Amersfoort, the Netherlands (geographic term)","Brussels, Belgium (geographic term)","Bnei Brak, Israel (geographic term)","Tel Aviv, Israel (geographic term)","Jerusalem, Israel (geographic term)","Beit El, Israel (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","Los Angeles, California (geographic term)","Las Vegas, Nevada (geographic term)","Holland (geographic term)","the Netherlands (geographic term)","Belgium (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","United States of America (geographic term)","Egypt (geographic term)","Suez Canal (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Concentration Camps (topical term)","Ghetto (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Holocaust Experiences (topical term)","Holocaust Survivor (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","War Experiences (topical term)","Liberation (topical term)","Deportation (topical term)","Trauma (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) (topical term)","Dutch Police (topical term)","Resistance (topical term)","Communism (topical term)","Fake Identities (topical term)","Joodse Raad (Jewish Council) (topical term)","Orthodox Judaism (topical term)","Mitzvot (topical term)","Torah (topical term)","Talmud (topical term)","Bible (topical term)","Quran (topical term)","Battle of Arnhem (topical term)","1973 Arab-Israeli War (Yom Kippur War) (topical term)","The Trial of Major War Criminals (The Nuremberg Trials) (topical term)","Oslo Accords (topical term)","Wye River Memorandum (topical term)","September 11, 2001 (topical term)","Sephardic Jews (topical term)","Ashkenazi Jews (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eEli Sondervan was interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on October 9, 2002 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEli Sondervan was born in 1939. He was the first child born to a recently married Jewish couple living in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. His father was a teacher and economist. His mother and father’s parents and siblings also lived in Amsterdam. In May 1940, the Germans invaded and occupied the Netherlands. In 1942, Eli’s family was forced to move to the cramped Jewish quarter and deportations began. Eli’s father and mother were both teachers and were allowed to stay in Amsterdam with permission from the local Jewish council. However, Eli’s paternal grandparents received deportation papers in November 1942. When the authorities came to collect them, Eli’s grandmother died of a heart attack. Eli’s parents sent him to the city of Utrecht to temporarily live with a German woman while the family decided what to do. After a few days, his parents came for him. Eli, his parents, and his father’s two sisters illegally travelled south to Brussels, Belgium. Eli’s paternal grandfather and maternal grandparents refused to leave Amsterdam. All three were deported and killed. Using false papers and with the help of the Belgian resistance, Eli’s family stayed in Belgium for the remainder of the war. A younger brother was born in Belgium around 1943. Both of Eli’s aunts and his mother’s brother survived the war in hiding as well. \u003cbr\u003eAfter the Americans liberated the Netherlands, his father returned to Amsterdam where he worked for the United States army. Eli, his mother, and his brother returned to Amsterdam in August of 1945. En route to Amsterdam, they were temporarily housed in the Eindhoven transit camp. When they returned to the Netherlands, Eli returned to a country and city that was not eager to recall the deportation of nearly 75 percent of the Jewish population. Rather, the narrative focused largely on resistance efforts. In Amsterdam, Eli returned to school and another brother and a sister were born in the 1950’s. Eli’s relationship with his mother, who suffered from depression, soured. After his father suddenly died in 1959, Eli left the Netherlands for Israel.\u003cbr\u003eEli returned to the Netherlands after a few years and met his wife. His wife’s family had also survived by hiding during World War II. As a baby, a Dutch family hid his wife from the Germans. Eli and his wife moved to Israel for many years, where they had two children. Eli was a journalist in Israel and covered the Yom Kippur War. He personally knew Israel’s first Prime Minister, David Ben Gurion. He also interviewed Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. Eli and his family returned to the Netherlands for a few years, while waiting for visas to move to the United States. In 1987, they moved to Atlanta, Georgia. Eli began to reexamine his Jewish heritage and eventually joined an Orthodox Sephardic synagogue. Following Jewish law and living an orthodox Jewish life became extremely important to Eli. He also became a collector of Judaica. Eli died on January 16, 2016.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEli introduces his parents and shares what he knows about his family’s life in Amsterdam at the beginning of World War II. He describes his family’s decision to go into hiding when deportations began. Eli recalls being hidden temporarily by a German woman in another city before his family fled to Belgium. He recounts the kindness of the Belgians who helped his family. After liberation, Eli considers his father’s decision to return to the Netherlands. Eli discusses post-war Amsterdam and his family’s efforts to reclaim their lives in the shadow of the Holocaust. Eli describes his move to Israel, meeting his wife, and his career as a journalist. He expresses his views on the Arab-Israeli conflict. Eli details his return to Orthodox Judaism and the prophecies that he believes exist in the Torah, which enable his understanding of the hardships endured by Jews and has helped him come to terms with the Holocaust. Eli explains his family’s move to the United States and decision to settle in Atlanta, Georgia. Eli closes with a brief discussion of his children and his hopes for the future.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/105/170/small/Eli_Sondervan.png?1619303497","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Sondervan_Eli.mp4"]},"duration":6055.118,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/105/170/small/Eli_Sondervan.png?1619303497","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/105/170/original/Sondervan_Eli.mp4?1612519048","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6055.118,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Sondervan, Eli [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SONDERVAN: I was born in 1939 in Amsterdam just before the war started. My\nname is Eli Sandovan and that's what we want to talk about as far as I understand.\n\nKENT: Maybe describe your family, the home situation . . .\n\nSONDERVAN: My family . . . my parents got married shortly before the war. My\nfather was a teacher and economist. He was one of the first that got jobless\nwhen the whole ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing started. I had no brothers and sisters then. I was the only\none, the first-born. We lived in Amsterdam, just opposite the famous Lekstraat\nSynagogue, which, by the way, is now a museum . . . a kind of Holocaust\nremembrance museum. I had then grandparents that I vaguely remember. When the\nwar started we were living in a very nice ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apartment in the new area of\nAmsterdam. We already . . . in 1942, when I was a little baby, the Germans\nstarted to concentrate all the Jews in the ghetto. We had to move from our house\ninto kind of apartment house, where there were lots and lots of people in a very\nsmall space. I vaguely remember that. That was also the time that they started\nto allow Jews not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to buy in the stores anymore. You had to buy in the markets.\nYou could not ride in the streetcars any longer. In 1940 . . . end of 1942, the\nfirst deportation started. That was very traumatic area at the time because\ncontrary to the other European countries, where the Germans went and picked up\nthe people and rounded them up and put them on the trains or whatever, in\nHolland it not the Germans who did it, it was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dutch police. They were too\neager to cooperate with the Germans. The Germans didn't have to do anything. It\nwas the Dutch police that came, picked you up, rounded you up, and delivered you\nas a ready package to the Germans. In nineteen . . . end of 1942, my parents by\nthe way, got special papers that they were not to be rounded up yet. My father\nwas a teacher and was necessary to teach Jewish children that were not gone ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yet.\nMy mother was also considered a teacher they got special papers from the Joodse\nRaad, which was the community organization to organize the deportations of the\nJews. Because it was all nicely organized . . . the little yekes . . . by the\nJews themselves. There were a couple of lawyers and important people that were\nsitting there who decided who wouldn't go, and what list, and whatever. It was\nall very nicely organized. You got a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"letter home that said on \"dah dah dah\" date\nyou had to present yourself at \"dah dah dah\" railway station and you had to\nbring \"dah dah dah\" luggage because you were were going be deported, or as they\ncalled it in those days, \"put on a transport,\" which was of course very strange,\neven strange way of using language because what do you put on a transport? A\nbox, maybe a horse, but to transport, to deport people . . . that already was an\nindication of what was going on. I mean, you were not going to travel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somewhere;\nyou were going to be deported. Nobody knew exactly where and what country to . .\n. the Jews in East Europe, in Western Europe, it was not . . . about the camps\nand all the things were not known yet. There were certain rumors about it, but\nnobody believed them. One day the deportation papers for my grandparents\narrived. My father said, \"This is the moment to go into hiding. If not, they'll\npick us up within two days and we'll be gone.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Both his parents and my mother's\nparents refused to go in hiding. They said, \"It won't be that bad. Let's go and\nsee what they have for us in the East.\" He tried to convince them. They refused\nto. Then one day they came to collect them. As they knocked on the door, my\ngrandmother got a heart attack and died on the spot--which saved her a lot of\ntroubles. Because of that, because of that calamity, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left. They left us\nalone for a few days. Then one day, they took me and sent me to another city,\nUtrecht. There was a German lady over there, who was a good German, who left\nGermany because of Hitler, and lived in Holland already for quite some years. I\nthink she left around 1935. She took me in. I, as a little boy, did not\nunderstand that. To me, she was a German. I hated that woman ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although she\nactually saved my life in that instant. I know one day she took me in the\nstreetcar to the market to buy some vegetables. As loud as I could, said in that\nstreetcar, \"We Jews are not allowed to buy vegetables. Don't you know that?\" I\ncould have given her away . . . luckily nothing happened. I saw her as a German\neven long time after the war--until I really was wise enough to understand that\nwas a very stupid ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing to do. A few days later . . . my parents were not able\nto convince their parents to leave. They left and came to Utrecht to pick me up.\nThen we went to the south. The idea they had was to go to Belgium, France,\nSpain, and then from Spain to cross into the United States. What happened is . .\n. before the war, my father was working with a cousin of his. They were very\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rich. Just as the war started, they took a boat and went to America. My father\nbegged him to take him, and his wife, and his kid with him. He said, \"You stay\nhere. It will not be that bad over here.\" He decided he was going to America and\nleave the whole thing behind and try to do what he could from there. They came\nand picked me up. At night we traveled through the south, partly by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bus, partly\nby train. It was very dangerous because you had to make sure that they couldn't\nsee that once there was a star on your coat. Of course, you've taken the star\noff, you could still where the stitches had been and all that. It was very\ndangerous. We arrived in the south of the Netherlands late in the evening. There\nwe had to meet a passeur, what they called it. That was a gentleman, in the\nmiddle of the night, that would help you cross the border illegally. These guys\nwere extremely expensive. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My grandfather was a world famous stamp collector. He\nhad one of the most expensive collections in the world. My father got a whole\nenvelope of very expensive stamps from his father-in-law that might help him\nthrough the war. As a matter of fact, it did because they sold from time to time\nstamps. With that, they got the money straight to live ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through the hiding. They\nhad to pay a fortune to this passeur. He took us over the border and helped us\nto get to Brussels. Now in Belgium, already the war was not as bad as in\nHolland. Holland was the worst of all European countries because Holland was by\nthe Germans considered as part of Germany. All the others were occupied\nterritories. Holland was not occupied. Holland was annex as part of Germany. In\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Belgium already you could move a little bit safer. We went to Brussels, which is\nthe capital of Belgium. My mom had an aunt in Brussels. We knocked on her door\nto ask her if we could stay over night. She looked at us and said, \"I don't\nallow Jews in.\" She was Jewish herself. She was so afraid, she did not allow us\nto get into the house. In the meantime, my parents ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had, through the passeur and\nother people, received new papers--fake papers with fake identities. Those\nidentities were Belgian identities . . . that we were Flemish from the west\ncoast. We especially went to the east so they would not recognize our accents\nbecause we didn't speak Flemish, but we speak Dutch--which is close to each\nother, but still different. That day, we got our new documents, and new\nidentities, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and our new names. They told me, at three years old, that my name\nfrom that moment on was Eddie D'here, which . . . it's very nice, but it didn't\nsink in very well. We went to a little hotel and took a room. In the middle of\nthe night, they knock on the door and there was Gestapo. The hotel owner had\ntold the Gestapo that there were strange people over there and he wanted to\ncheck them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. For my mother, that was the second time because she . . . I want\nto go back because it's a very interesting story . . . A few days before that,\nwe were going to leave Holland, we needed fake papers. There was somebody that\nwas going to make those papers. My mom had to go there with a lot of money and\nwith photographs so they could make the papers and she could get the papers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on\nthe spot. Then we could leave with those papers. Those were papers identifying\nus as non-Jewish. She went to that place and knocked on the door. The door was\nopen and the man was not there. There were five Gestapo officers waiting for her\nthere. They took her to the Gestapo head office where she met Willy Lages, who\nwas the most famous leader of the Gestapo in Holland--young man, German officer,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very famous. On the way over there, she managed to lose all the passport\npictures that she had in her purse. While she was brought to his office by the\nGestapo, she managed to lose all those pictures. When he came there, they\ninterrogated her, \"Why were you there? What were you doing there?\" She told all\nkinds of stories. She was kept as his personal prisoner for two days and\nsomehow--nobody knows ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why--she was released. Immediately after that, we left.\nGoing back to Brussels . . . that was the second time that she looked the\nGestapo in her eyes and was given up again. She said, \"We are from Flanders, the\nname is D'here,\" and all that. Showed the papers. Papers looked pretty good.\nThere were no photocopies in those days but people were very good in faking\npapers. Nowadays, every day that I look at the Xerox machine and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say, \"My G-d,\nif we would have had those machines in those days, what could we have done? How\nmany people could we have saved?\" That goes through my mind today, 50 years\nlater, almost every day, when I see this technology that we have today. Anyhow,\nthose papers looked, more or less, okay, so the Germans decided to take a test.\nThere was this little boy in the crib sleeping. They decided to ask him for his\nname . . . they wake me up in the middle of the night, this little boy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They go,\n\"Who are you?\" I said, \"Eddie D'here.\" I don't know why, but I said the right\nthing. That saved us again. They left us. From there, we went to eastern Belgium\n. . . French-speaking part of Belgium. In Belgium, there was a whole underground\norganization called the 'Underground Train.' There were Catholic priests . . .\nthere were other people that organized a system to save Jews. They saved\nsomething like 500 Jewish children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Antwerp and all kinds of things. We fall\nin the hands of those people. They put my mother and me on a big farm outside .\n. . my father got to work in another farm, nearby. My mom was heavily pregnant\nthen. What they did, they took us back from the farm and put her in a hospital\nwith the nuns. They put me in an orphanage. The first thing the orphanage ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did .\n. . was baptize me Catholic so at least, if I would be caught, my soul would be\nsaved. Mom was in the hospital. Then my brother was born and the evening that my\nbrother was born--he was born on a Friday afternoon . . . in the evening, the\nCatholic priest came. He brought two challahs. He brought wine so that my dad\ncould make kiddush in the Catholic hospital with all the nuns. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those Belgians\nwere phenomenal. That's the way we stayed through the whole the war. Of course,\nthere are all kind of little war stories but they are not the big line of the\nstory. What happened in October 1944, when the Americans liberated France . . .\nthey liberated Paris in October, and three days later came to the little village\nwhere we were hiding. I remember huge fighting at night, it was like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fireworks,\nbut sometimes bigger. The whole horizon was lit up by the shooting. The Germans\nwere still there and the Americans were coming so they were fighting all night.\nWhen we got up in the morning, the Germans were gone. They left their military\nvehicles behind. They were gone. We were liberated by the Americans. I remember\nunbelievable things. We thought a car is a car and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stonewall is a stonewall. In\nthe village there was a castle. The Americans with the Sherman tanks drove\nthrough the wall of the castle . . . just drove thought it. It was totally\nunbelievable, for a kid in those days, that you could take a vehicle and drive\nthough a stone wall. There was, in front of our farm, a German half-track left\nbehind. We climbed into it and found green bread with . . .\n\nKENT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Green bread?\n\nSONDERVAN: Yes, bread with green mildew on it and cheese with mildew on it. I\nhave never seen anything like it. They explained to me that's what the Germans\neat. I could fairly well understand that people so bad eat something with mildew\non it. Actually it's supposed to be something real good but I don't know. What\nhappened then: my father lived on a farm where he was employed as a farm hand.\nHe didn't know a thing about it. If there would have been two left hands, he\nwould have had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four. When the Americans came, he immediately decided he wanted\nto take part in the whole thing and enlisted in the SHAEF . . . Supreme\nHeadquarters Allied Expedition Forces. He got a job with . . . Patton. This is\nhis arm symbol. He had chevron and the flaming sword. He became ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"head of the\nentertainment department of the army. He had to bring all the movies and all the\nstars to the army to get them, to keep them fighting. He stayed in Brussels. We\nwent back to Brussels where we bought an apartment--not bought, we rented an\napartment. He served at the headquarters in Brussels. The war went on in Holland\nuntil May 5, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1945. An interesting detail is Holland was one of the few countries\nthat were never liberated and where the Germans never gave up. The war went on\nuntil the last day--the day of the capitulation of Germany. When Germany\ncapitulated, Holland became capitulated together with them. They tried to\nliberate Holland with the Bridge Too Far . . . the story of the Battle of\nArnhem, which did not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"succeed because of the treason of Prince Bernhard. The man\n. . . the husband of the previous queen . . . was one of the biggest traitors\nEurope has ever seen. That's why the operation in Arnhem did not succeed and\nstupidity by 'Monty,' the British Marshal 'Monty' who was a total idiot. Holland\nwas never liberated until May ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"5, 1945. Then my father, with the forces, was\nrelocated in Amsterdam. We stayed in Brussels. There they had the headquarters.\nBy the way, this picture you see over there was taken at the building at the\nheadquarters of the U.S. forces in Amsterdam where he was working. Although in\nthis picture he's civilian, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most of the time he was wearing uniform.\n\nKENT: As a child, how was all this explained to you? There was this war going on.\n\nSONDERVAN: They didn't have to explain it. You knew it. You saw it around you.\nYou felt it. But the real explanations came much later and that's where we are\nheading to. You saw it happening. You saw the shooting. You saw people dying.\nYou saw people disappearing. You were in kindergarten and the next day five\nchildren were not there anymore and the next day another five were gone. This\nwas . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's very hard to explain to somebody who did not live through it but\nyou lived in a world that was diminishing. Everyday there were a few people and\nthen we came home and my parents were whispering, \"The Nordheims have been\ndeport today . . . this and this.\" They tried not to tell the children. My\nparents were using a trick. They were speaking French. They thought I wouldn't\nunderstand French, which, of course, as a kid you understand every language.\nWhatever I was not supposed to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know, they told each other in French which I, of\ncourse, understood immediately. This was a kind of atmosphere. It was so weird,\nso frightening, it's hard to explain, but you knew exactly what was going on,\nbecause every day you saw it. You couldn't go to the market anymore. You\ncouldn't go to work anymore. There were German soldiers with guns waiting at the\nentrance of the synagogue, they're picking out people and putting them on trains\n. . . That didn't need ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"explanation. What happened then is that in August 1945 my\ndad decided it was time for his family--in the meantime, he had a wife and two\nchildren--to come back to Amsterdam. He sent us letters, he was sending me\nletters every week--beautiful letters with illustrations about the army and the\ntrucks . . . my father couldn't draw. He had no clue, but I still keep those\nletters. They're unbelievable. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were written for a six-year-old,\nfive-year-old kid with illustrations, unbelievable. He decided it was time for\nus. He sent a jeep from the army, from the headquarters in Brussels, to pick us\nup and to bring us to Amsterdam. We packed . . . I have another little, very\nnice story what happened in Brussels. We didn't know who survived and who didn't\nsurvive. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were in our flat in Brussels. One day, in the middle of the night .\n. . we were liberated . . . somebody knocks on the door . . . That was after May\n1945, after the . . . when you hear the knock on the door, you froze for fear.\nBeing the middle of the night . . . although the war was already over but this\ntrauma was not gone. Somebody knocks on the door. My mother goes to the door and\nsays, \"Qui est ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"là?\" She spoke . . . we spoke French in Brussels. The man says,\n\"Ton frère.\" Now that is a terrible grammatic mistake because in French it goes\nby the subject. It would be \"Ta frère.\" My mother knew it was her brother\nbecause he didn't know French. He had somehow survived. He had been in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hiding\nsomewhere and he survived the war, too. The two sisters of my father, who came\nwith us, also survived in Belgium, by the way. That was in the middle of the\nnight. It was unbelievable because by his mistake she knew it was really him.\nLater on, he went back to Holland. She sent him little packages from Belgium\nbecause there was nothing to eat in Holland. One day she sent him a package with\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dried bacalao. You know what it is? You can buy it here in the market. It's\njust dried fish that they . . . It's haddock that they dry, that they salt and\ndry it in the air. It's very famous in Spain, Portugal, in western European\ncountries. You moisten it . . . but it stinks like hell. She sent a package to\nAmsterdam, to her brother because he really loved it already before the war\nwhere this fish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is. She got a letter back from the United States headquarters in\nAmsterdam that she was never allowed to send such a stinking package again\nbecause the soldier that had to bring it, almost fainted on the way . . . Anyhow\nwe were picked up in the jeep and were taken to the Netherlands, to the southern\npart of the Netherlands. There, we were stopped by Dutch officers. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Where are\nyou going?\" \"We're going to Amsterdam.\" \"What do you want to do there?\" \"We used\nto live there before the war.\" \"Why did you live there before the war?\" \"Well,\nthat's where we came from.\" \"Do you have papers?\" \"No.\" \"Do you have a\npassport?\" \"No.\" \"How do we know you're Dutch?\" \"You hear our Dutch speaking?\"\n\"That's not enough.\" They picked us up and took us to Eindhoven, the city where\nthe big Philips factories are. They had taken over a couple of buildings from\nPhilips where they had made ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a kind of concentration camp. Whoever came back,\nwhether they came back from the East or from the West, all the Jews were brought\nover there, and were treated very, very harsh, because the Dutch were absolutely\ntotally unhappy that we came back. They told us, \"Why did you come back?\" \"Well,\nwe came from here.\" \"Why didn't you die? Why did you survive?\" That kind of\nquestions. We were put in there, a big, big, big hole, four ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"layers of beds,\nwomen, children, everybody together. No privacy whatsoever, hardly no food--on\npurpose non-kosher food. That was a very unpleasant situation. We were there and\nnobody knew where we were. In the meantime, my dad was in Amsterdam waiting for\nus to arrive and we never came. He stared to do inquiries, couldn't find out.\nTalked to the headquarters in Brussels ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they told them that the Dutch had\ntaken care of us. They didn't know what happened, so he became furious. He sent\na colonel from Amsterdam to Eindhoven to find us. The guy came there and he\nasked those Dutch if they were crazy. He made an enormous scandal over there. He\ntook us out and he took us to Amsterdam. We arrived in Amsterdam in midsummer\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1945. Only then, really, the situation of the war started to sink in because . .\n. some people had come back, not too many. Holland . . . I don't know if you're\naware of it, but the lowest number of Jews that survived is in the Netherlands.\nOnly eight percent of Jewish population survived. In Poland it was almost 20\npercent. That is because--contrary to all of the propaganda after the war, all\nthe Anne Frank stories, and all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that--the Dutch were the worst collaborators\nwith the Germans that there were in history. Very few people came back. Those\nthat came back started to try to rebuild life as if nothing had happened. They\nopened the schools again, started the synagogues, and everything as if it was\njust . . . as it was before. They didn't realize that it was a new world, new\nsituations. They started to rebuild everything as before, which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was an\nunbelievably weird situation, because we had to go to school and learn German\nsentence like, \"Soldaten marschieren für über.\" So on one hand, everything was\nas if nothing had happened, on the other hand the synagogues were empty because\nthere was nobody. The schools were almost empty because there was nobody. Every\nday you heard, \"Oh, he died in Theresienstadt . . . Oh, he died in Ravensbruck .\n. . She? Oh, she went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Auschwitz.\" This whole thing started to only then sink\nin really . . . People got total nervous breakdowns. My mom was a total wreck\nand made everybody crazy around her including her kids and her husband. People\nwere crying at night in bed and were crying during daytime. People started only\nthen started to realize what really . . . how big the trauma ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was. We were\nbrought up with all those ideas. When I didn't . . . when I left a little piece\nlike that of food on my plate, my Mom would say, \"You can't do that. The\nchildren in the camps would have lived another week off that\" . . . that kind of\nthing. We totally . . . that is when the second and third generation started.\nBecause my other brother and my other sister were born after the war and my kids\nwere born so many years after . . . are still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suffering these same traumas,\nbecause they are so deep and so . . . I immediately there and then got a\ntremendous hatred of the Dutch. The way they treated us when we came back and\nwhen we saw them behave like . . . as if nothing had happened since the\noccupation. When the war . . . when the army started to go back to the United\nStates they offered my Dad to follow them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to become American citizen and\nsettle in America with his kids. He did not. He said, \"My job is here to rebuild\nthe community. I have to stay here and work on rebuilding whatever is left of\nthe community.\" I was fuming. I was six years old then and I was fuming. I\nnever, until recently, understood why he did it. From that moment on, I decided\nI wanted to live in America. Took me another 30 years to get there. But that's a\ndifferent thing.\n\nKENT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Could you give just a little bit of context as to why the Dutch were so\nstrongly against the Jews? . . . like in Poland?\n\nSONDERVAN: No, it's a national thing. The Dutch are a Germanic people. Their\nculture and the culture of Germany are very close to each other. Their languages\nare pretty close. What happened before the war already, they had a very big Nazi\nparty. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People were very unhappy with the government, very unhappy with the\nQueen, very unhappy with the almost socialist government. They saw the Germans\nas liberators. They really--most of the Dutch--were very, very happy with the\nGermans coming as liberators to get rid of the old regime. Now there was a very\n. . . there is a very strange . . . the police and what was left of the army and\nall that were only too willing to cooperate with them, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get enlisted and\nwhatever. There was a very strange situation now, because . . . the majority of\nHolland, particularly in those days, was very strongly reform Christian. The\nreform say, \"Give to the King what belongs to the King and give to G-d what\nbelongs to G-d.\" They were split. Some of them were real good and helped Jews\nand some of them were real bad. You could have in one family a husband ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who tried\nto hide Jews in his house while his wife was a Nazi or the other way around.\nThat was a very weird situation. The majority of the Dutch said, \"Let them do\nwhatever they have to do. They are the government and let's stay out of it and\nnot get involved at all.\" That is why many, many Dutch didn't do a thing. The\npolice, etc . . . they collaborated. The only resistance that there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was--and\nthat is the one of the things the Dutch were never willing to admit when the war\nwas over--were the Communists. They were already. They fought the Germans with\ntheir teeth or with whatever they had. They were the real resistance--not out of\nlove for the Jews, but out of hatred of the Germans. They were not as good for\nthe Jews as they fought ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans because of fighting Nazism, fascism. There were\na lot of Jews, by the way, that were communist and were very involved in this\nresistance. Actually, today the only people . . . after the Soviet Union is\ngone, everything is gone . . . the only people that really still believe in\nCommunism in Holland are Jews. We had been communist since the 1930's. Old\npeople, they are dying, most of them. There is no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"follow-up generation. The\nthing is: the war wasn't over and they started to build this myth that most\npeople believed. Suddenly everybody came out of his basement in a blue uniform\nas if he had been in resistance all the war and had quickly put away his real\nuniform that he wore before. Suddenly on May 5, 1945, Holland was full of\nresistance fighters that had never been resistance fighters before the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberation. Then they started to build this myth: the Anne Frank story, which of\ncourse was a beautiful thing to build this myth, show how good they were and the\nQueen that went to . . . London--ruled Holland from London as it were--and her\ndaughter was in Canada. All these stories build up. Now one of the things they\nhad to do, in order to build this myth, was get rid of all the resistance\npeople. They forced most of the people that were in the resistance to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immigrate\nto Canada or Australia. It's why today you have large communities of Dutch in\nCanada, who are all Reform Christians and all were in the resistance. They're\nvery much anti-the royal house in Holland, where only the day before yesterday,\none of the big Nazis died -- the husband of the Queen, Claus von Amsberg.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holland was real bad. They were good for the Jews in the sixteenth and\nseventeenth century, maybe still the eighteenth century, but in our time they\nwere real bad partner.\n\nKENT: Did your family go back to your old home to see if anything was still\nthere? Were you allowed back?\n\nSONDERVAN: Our house was sold to a Nazi family by the government. They stole\neverything. We were robbed blind. That's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why right now we finally are getting\nsome money back. We were totally . . . The house was given back to my family\nafter the war by the government and some of the property that was sold by the\nVerwalter to Dutch museums was also given back. There were some paintings, there\nwas some silverware, some very valuable and very historical family things that\nwere given back, but a good part of it is still in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the state museum in\nAmsterdam, in the so-called . . . It was never given back. It is still there,\nplainly stolen by the government. You may be aware, you may not be aware, that\nafter the war they found all this documentation about what was stolen of the\nJews. Instead of giving it back they made sure it disappeared. Only now, 50\nyears later they suddenly re-find it and tried to buy their conscience off with\nmoney ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and have given us reasonable sums of money, but still it's nothing\ncompared to what they stole, and the suffering, all that.\n\nKENT: Where left off a few minutes ago, is that you wanted to get to America eventually.\n\nSONDERVAN: Yes.\n\nKENT: What happened next? How did your parents . . .\n\nSONDERVAN: What happened next is that I went to school. I went to high school.\nThen in 1959, my father died . . . very young. He was 59. I had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very bad\nconnection to my mother, because of the war as well. She was a total nervous\nwreck and so was I. We did not see each other. I left home and I went to Israel.\nIt was the only place where I could go then as an 18, 19-year-old boy. I went\nthere. I lived for a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couple of years. Then I went back and met my wife in\nHolland. I was appointed a journalist. I got my appointments and I was sent back\nto Israel, where I stayed for 14 years. We lived . . .\n\nKENT: Tell us about meeting your wife and what was she like. How did the two of\nyou start out?\n\nSONDERVAN: My wife was born during the war and as a three-month ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"baby already put\nin hiding with a Christian family in Amersfoort. She was born in Amersfoort, a\nlittle town . . . one of the famous concentration camps was in the city of\nAmersfoort--the very same city. She was put in hiding as a little baby and\nstayed with a very nice Christian family. They were very simple people. He was a\nroad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"repairman. He knew how to put those little bricks in the road that built\nroads. Very simple person. He grew . . . my wife was in a very, very bad medical\nsituation. He grew in his backyard special vegetables to feed her and to keep\nher alive. She almost died three or four times during the war. He kept her alive\nthrough the war. He belonged to the good ones that gave her back after the war\nto her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents, which also had, by miracle, survived. But that miracle was\nsmaller because they had a lot of money. They were real rich people. If you were\nrich enough, they could buy themselves all kinds of sparen. Could buy yourself\nsafety. Her dad and her mom both survived, although her mom died in 1946 during\ngiving birth, because she gave birth to her little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother. She had a bleeding\nand there were no medicines. There was no nothing. After liberation, hospitals\nwere like this room more or less. There was nothing. She bled to death. That\ngave my wife an additional trauma because she hardly ever knew her mother. She\nalso had terrible memories of always hiding. As a little kid she was now allowed\n. . . she had to stay in the house, she was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never allowed out of the house,\nnever allowed to play with children whatever, because officially she was not\nthere. She did not exist. Those people were extremely afraid that someone . . .\nthey had Nazis living next door on both sides . . . they were very much afraid\nthey would ask, \"Hey, who is that little child in your yard?\" because that could\nmaybe mean their death. The Germans had very simple rules. If you were hiding\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews, you were shot on the spot. No court date, no nothing, no . . . even. They\nshoot you on the spot. These people were very, very brave--much braver than the\npeople in Belgium because in Holland it was much more dangerous to hide people.\n\nKENT: What was your wife like when you met her, when you were 20 years old or so\n. . .\n\nSONDERVAN: I was 24 when I met her.\n\nKENT: What was she like in the beginning of the relationship?\n\nSONDERVAN: We met . . .\n\nKENT: You had similar experiences as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children?\n\nSONDERVAN: Yes, in a very strange way. I earned my living with photography. In\nAmsterdam, there was a Jewish club. I was asked to make pictures of the club for\nsome publication. I was there and there was a 'Pippi Longstocking' lady . . .\nyoung girl with two big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"braids. She happened to be there, but she left that very\nsame day. I spoke French. She came from France and spoke French because she was\nan au pair in Toulon in France. How do you call an au pair . . . ?\n\nKENT: A nanny?\n\nSONDERVAN: . . . a nanny in France. She spoke French with a very funny accent\nwith a lot of mistakes. I speak French. It's my second language because of my\nstay in Belgium. I was really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"amused by her French. We started to talk, and to\ntalk, and to talk, and the rest is history. We have been married now for 40\nyears . . . two children. My daughter is a moviemaker in New York. She . . .\nmost of the movies she makes is about either the Holocaust or subjects close.\nShe just finished a movie you'll probably hear of real ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soon called the \"Hebrew\nHammer.\" It's going to be presented next week at a film festival at Sundance.\nIt's already sold. She has the same trauma . . . a little less, but she still\nhas the same war trauma that we have. I just told the young lady . . . to give\nyou an example of how we lived with it day in day out. This Sunday, we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a bar\nmitzvah brunch of one of the rabbis here, his son is a bar mitzvah. He happens\nto be my rabbi, so I'm very close with those people. They made a big brunch in\nBeth Jacob. We arrived there and they had separate seating men and women, which\nis not very common even in Orthodox circles. As we entered, a guy that I know\nvery well, came to us and said, \"We separate here. Women ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left, men right.\" My\nwife and me, we each looked each other in the eyes. It didn't take three\nminutes: we were out of there, on our way. This . . . selection came so hard\ninto our heart, we couldn't stay. I had a lot of explanation to do the next day.\nThe rabbi was fuming that I did that. I said, \"You're from Iran. You'll never\nunderstand what the Holocaust means to people.\" A ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"few hours later I was in his\nhome and his wife said, \"Yes, I know exactly why did it. You were right. I know\nexactly. I lived in Bnei Brak, among people with numbers on their arms. I know\nexactly.\" She's also Iranian. She understood exactly what happened.\n\nKENT: To stay chronological, before getting into the Israel phase of your life,\ntalk about life after the war, still in Europe, growing up . . .\n\nSONDERVAN: That's what I tell you--that it was very weird because, on one hand\neverything was dominated by the stories and the affects . . . my cousins were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gone, my nieces were gone, my uncles were gone, everybody was gone. My\ngrandparents were gone. Children with grandparents were something that hardly\nexisted. Children had two parents like me were already a rarity. In school,\nthere were children had one parent or no parents at all. Children with\ngrandparents hardly . . . was not an existent thing. I was telling my\ngranddaughter, \"You know how lucky you are?\" She is American. \"You know how\nlucky you are that you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have four grandparents?\" She said, \"Yes, yours\ndisappeared in the war, right, with those bad people?\" She's six years old, five\nyears old; she understands it already, at her age. That was a very unreal world\nbecause we saw the goyish children around us. They had all complete families. We\ndid not have something like that.\n\nKENT: What did Jewishness mean to you at that age? What did it look like as you\nwere growing up?\n\nSONDERVAN: The same thing as luckily enough again ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today: an import way of life,\nactually I would say today. I know that better today than then . . . the only\nway I would ever want to live because you are special and now today. Then I\nasked myself if this Holocaust was a curse to the Jews. Today I know it was not.\nToday I would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say it's the opposite. If we look around us and see how many Jews\nare coming back . . . now today there are more Jews than there were in 1940\naround the world and definitely more Jews that keep mitzvoth and live according\nto the way we should all live. We all promised G-d to live that way. I think\nthat the fact that we were punished so badly in those years is because we did\nnot live according to the way we should have in the way we live. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a lot\nof . . . background material in the Talmud, in the Mishnah, in the Megillat\nEsther . . . Wherever you go, you can see all that what happened . . . Was it\nthe gas chambers? Is it the dogs? Whatever they did, it's all already in the\nbooks for 2,000 years. Today I know why it happened and I understand why. That\nis what makes me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so bad feeling because what happened in Israel today has the\nsame cause. We have still not learned.\n\nKENT: Explain that part more, given your history . . .\n\nSONDERVAN: It's very easy to explain. If we quote Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf you\nhave the answer. Adolf Hitler writes in Mein Kampf the reason why he doesn't\nlike the Jews is because they dress like Germans, they eat like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans, they\ntalk like Germans; you cannot recognize them as Jews. That's why he hates them.\nThat's exactly what happens. The Torah tells us already, \"If you go and behave\nlike the goyim, I'll punish you with . . . \" Then in different places there are\nmany different things mentioned among others. The gas chambers are mentioned in\nthe Psalms, believe it or not. We see when we look at the history of the Germans\nof the Mosaic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"belief in Germany around the beginning of this century, the end of\nthe previous . . . century . . . and the beginning of the last century, we see\nthat that is exactly what happened. They were Germans of the Mosaic belief. They\nwere Jews in the house and goyim outside. If there were Jews in the house, they\nate everything that G-d forbid . . . they didn't keep any of the mitzvoth and\nthis punishment came exactly as it was foreseen 2,000 years ago, 3,000 years\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ago, 4,000 years ago. If I look at Israel, and I see all the unbelievable\nmiracles that happened there and on the other hand those that do not happen, and\nI say, \"Okay, part of it, part of what we do today results in miracles.\" The\nfact that Israel is still there, that Israel still survives with this enormous\namount of Arabs around them . . . it's unreal; it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cannot happen without G-d's\nintervention. Humanly speaking, Israel should have been gone long ago. If you\ntake one versus one, you take a soldier versus a soldier, a tank versus a tank .\n. . you say the Arabs are inferior, you take ten soldiers against one and ten\ntanks again one, Israel would have been gone away long ago. The fact that it\nsurvives, still is there, the fact that those bombs . . . how many people they\nkilled, they kill less people than are killed in Israel on the roads every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year.\nThat's a miracle. There is no human explanation to that.\n\nKENT: Maybe just to challenge this just a little bit. I've always heard from\nsurvivors that more of the religious Jews in the East tended to die and more of\nthe secular ones in the West tended to escape, or hide, or buy their way out.\n\nSONDERVAN: Yes, that's . . .\n\nKENT: How come most of the mainstream religious or pious ones died?\n\nSONDERVAN: . . . because G-d does not look at each one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"singular. When something\nbad happens, if you take the history of Korach; when Korach did whatever he did\n. . . it's in the Bible the ground opened and swallowed 400 people. Not all 400\nwere as bad as Korach was but when a punishment happens in a certain area\neverybody that is in that area . . . I can give you . . . I can go even further\nthan what you said. I can give you an even stronger argument. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe of all\nthe mitzvoth of all the commandments that there is, the strongest and most\nimportant one is living in Israel. Everyone that does not live in Israel\ndisobeys the most important of all mitzvoth. It's in the Talmud . . . it says it\nin the Talmud. If you go back to the same very period, you will see that very\npious, very Orthodox people in Europe died by the masses, while Jews that eat\npig and do not keep ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat and whatever in Eretz Yisrael, in Israel survived.\nNone of them was touched. Here you can see the balance between following the\nmitzvoth and not following the mitzvoth. They were all saved because they\nfulfilled the most important mitzvoth: living in Israel. That's one of the\nexplanations you can give to it. I think that the fact that G-d did not select\nand kill that one because he ate chazir and did not kill that one because he\nfollowed the Torah, that too actually ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is already written in the Torah. In the\none before last paragraph of the Torah, Parashah Ha'azinu, the Psalm of\nHa'azinu, G-d says that if you behave the way you behave I will take you to the\ndesert of people, I will kill you with whatever it is, and I will not show my\nface. Now lots of people say, \"Where was G-d during the camps? Why didn't we see\nhim?\" Because he promised us we will not see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. He said, \"I will not show you\nmy face when that happens. I'll not be there for you.\" He promised that 3,500\nyears ago. So we have no reason to say today, \"Well, we don't understand why\ndidn't see him. Where was he?\" He told us he wouldn't be there. When the real\npunishment comes, he will not be there because we deserve that punishment. As I\nsaid, coming back to Israel, that is what makes me so sore about what happens in\nIsrael. Now on one hand, there are miracles happening and that is because when I\nwent to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel in the . . . late 1950's, there were two percent of the people in\nIsrael were keeping mitzvoth and Shabbat and kosher. David Ben-Gurion personally\nsaid to me--I have known him very well--said to me, \"You wait another ten years\nthere won't be.\" Today, 30 percent of the Israeli population is Jewish, what we\ncall 'Jewish.' It's going the right way, the right direction. That's why those\nmiracles ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened. That's my personal belief. Because today . . . you think in\nthe 1950's you'd see someone with a kippah in Tel Aviv? You had a few in Bnei\nBrak, you had a few in Jerusalem, maybe Tsfat. That's it. Today you see them all\nover Israel. There are more and more people going to back to our ancient values.\nWe as Jews have only a right to live if we follow our own traditions and live by\nour own right to live. People that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say we have to give back those \"territories\"\nto the Arabs don't understand anything of what's going on. If they were come to\nme, say, \"Listen, we want to give Tel Aviv back.\" I can understand that. Tel\nAviv was never part of the Jewish heritage. Tel Aviv belonged to the\nPhilistines. Where were we?\n\nKENT: Can you tell us about growing up or being in Israel from 1959 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through . .\n. about 1973?\n\nSONDERVAN: Yes, I was until after the peace agreement. I was with Sadat on his\nplane . . . I interviewed Sadat actually long before this whole peace thing\nstarted, when they were still at war. I was in Egypt, couple of times. I was in\nEgypt just before Yom Kippur war. I was taken to the Suez Canal then, together\nwith some Korean general, and we were shown by the Egyptians--it was part of\ntheir ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deception--how bad condition the army was. Tanks were rusted and the\npeople were so . . . They were in the worst thinkable condition. They showed us\nthe . . . on the other side of the Suez Canal. That was part of deception\nbecause in reality at the place we were not, they were preparing for this war\nand were ready for the war. I saw through all this deception. I wrote my paper\nwhat was going to happen, because I knew the background. I knew the background\nthat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sadat actually wanted to make a deal with the Israelis, but could only do\nthat out of a situation of strength not out of weakness. The day before Yom\nKippur when everyone was . . . the famous Yom Kippur . . . when everyone was\nready to go and to pray and whatever and everybody was . . . I sent a fax . . .\nno fax, there were no faxes in those days . . . a telex to my newspaper. I said,\n\"Listen, keep me informed tomorrow about every little piece of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"news that's\ncoming out of the Arab world because here in Israel it's Yom Kippur. The radio\nis going down, all the news going down. Within 24 hours there is going to be\nwar.\" I knew that exactly. I knew the date. I knew everything. Actually, when\nthe war started, that Saturday afternoon, the Yom Kippur afternoon--I don't\nremember what day of the week it was--we had a press conference with Golda Meir,\nwho was prime minister in those days. Golda Meir started, \"Oh, those bad\nEgyptians they attacked us without any warning and we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were not prepared for it.\"\nI got up and I said, \"Miss Meir, how come you claim you didn't know while I knew\nyesterday there would be war today? Look at this telex.\" She got so fuming and\nnever talked to me anymore. We were very friendly before that. I was a very good\nfriend . . . Ben-Gurion I knew very well . . . I was at his kibbutz and house\nnumerous times. But in this politics, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a lot of dirty things going on.\nComing back to Sadat, I interviewed Sadat before he went to Jerusalem. He\npointed to me that never again will there be war after October. I told him on\nIsrael television certain people thought I was an idiot. How could I . . . a lot\nof people stopped me on the street, and said, \"Was that you yesterday on the\ntelevision? You really sure that that's going to happen?\" Then a couple weeks,\nlater he announced that he was coming to Jerusalem, which again was not surprise\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me.\n\nKENT: How about a real simple question: If you were the leader of Israel, what\nyou would do now? How would you deal with the problem?\n\nSONDERVAN: You will be shocked by what I am going to tell you. I would solve the\nproblem in one night.\n\nKENT: How?\n\nSONDERVAN: I would take whatever can roll on four wheels: trucks, busses,\ntrains, whatever. I would evacuate all the Arabs over the River Jordan. I would\nget the next day a tremendous outcry from the United Nations, the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States,\nRussia, you name it. After 14 days everybody would be . . . the whole thing\nwould be forgotten.\n\nKENT: Explain that some more.\n\nSONDERVAN: Because the United Nations likes to cry out and make resolutions . .\n. When the resolution is made, it's over. The Arabs have an enormous world that\nthose so called 'Palestinians'--there were no Palestinians because there no\nPalestinians before 1956--have places enough to go in the Arab ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world. The Arab\nworld is big. They came from there. They came because the Israelis created\nprosperity. Now they are not allowed . . . they do not deserve to stay there any\nlonger. It's our land. It belongs to us. It has always belonged to us for the\nlast 3,000 years. How often is Jerusalem mentioned in the Quran?\n\nKENT: Not many times.\n\nSONDERVAN: How many times?\n\nKENT: Zero?\n\nSONDERVAN: You got it. How often is it mentioned in our books?\n\nKENT: Two or three?\n\nSONDERVAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Over 300. How long have the Arabs being praying next year in\nJerusalem, in the last 2,000 years?\n\nKENT: Realistically though, how easy would it be to get those Arabs on those\ntrucks to deport them?\n\nSONDERVAN: Much easier than surround Arafat in his headquarters and then let him\ngo in the end. In 1948, the Arabs didn't know how fast they had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"run. They run\nby themselves. They weren't even told so by the Israelis. They run. You can make\nthem run again. They have no place there. There is no place between the Jordan\nand the Sea. You may think I'm an idiot, I'm a lunatic. You may think I'm a\nfollower of one of the extreme right wing organizations. I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not. I'm a very\nliberal person when it comes to liberties but there's one thing that is very\nclear: nobody ever wanted us. They didn't want us in Germany. They didn't want\nus in Europe. We are tolerated and tolerated nicely in America. I must say that\nis unique in the history of the world: the way they tolerate us and even give us\na feeling to be at home here, which we definitely have. I at least have. But\nstill we're strangers. There's only place ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and 4,000 years ago when Jacob\ntraveled from Arbah and he came to the city of Beit El and he had a dream of a\nladder with angels going up and down, G-d told him, \"This land I'm going to give\nto you and all the generations after you.\" This is a written contract. This is a\ndeed. That land, Beit El, belongs to us, nobody else. Now come the goyim and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say, \"Listen, you say you have a deed? Where's the signature?\" I'm going to tell\nyou something you're not going to believe. NASA made aerial pictures of that\narea two years for all kind of reasons. People were stunned when they saw the\npicture because what they saw . . . I don't think I have it here . . . I think I\nhave it at the other house. On the aerial picture, in the valleys between the\nmountains is written G-d's name. The great name of G-d: 'Yud, Hey, Vav, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hey'.\nIt's written in the valleys. It's the signature of G-d in the valleys of Beit\nEl, in the very same place. We have a signature on that contract. That belongs\nto us. If I buy this house today, I have a deed to this house, and you come here\nand you settle in my house, I'll throw you out. Very simple. You'd do the same.\nIf I settled down in your house, in particular if I start to beat you up and to\nkill your children in your own house, what would you do?\n\nKENT: Continuing with your own ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"personal story, what prompted you to . . .\n\nSONDERVAN: . . . that are meant for the time when they will be discovered. This\none was put there for our time, because had Jacob discovered it, he would not\nhave been able to read it because he didn't know those characters. This is from\n. . . and we have all . . . this is what made my beliefs so strong. We look\naround and find in the Bible . . . all over in the holy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"book, we find things\nthat connect to different times in history. We say, \"Hey, why didn't we see it\nearlier?\" Because it was not meant to be seen earlier. If we go back to the\nHolocaust, for example . . . do you know the Megillat Ruth, the beginning of\nEsther, the Scroll of Esther? In the end of the Scroll of Esther, they hang\nHaman's ten sons and the thing is over. Then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Scroll goes on . . . then\nEsther goes to the king and asks permission to go on fighting for two more days\nand asks permission to hang the sons of Haman on a tree. According to the book\nit has already happened. Why does she ask it again? Very interesting. If we take\nthe Scroll and we look at the Scroll, it's all written in one hand, one writing\nthroughout. There are four characters ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, however, that are much bigger than\nthe others. Those four characters create together a year: the year 1947.\nInteresting. What do we know today? That after the Nuremberg process, ten Nazis\nwere condemned to be hanged. They were not hung in 1947 because there were\nappeals and it happened only in . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1947. When those were hanged . . . they\nwere hanged from a wooden thing exactly as written in the Megillat. Not only\nthat, the American corporal that hanged them, his name was 'Wood'. Not only\nthat, when Julius Streicher . . . when to the gallows, he asked in German,\n\"Purim Fest? Is this a Purim festival?\" This hanging of those ten is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"predicted\nin the Scroll of Esther. You can go on like that for hours and hours. There are\nso many things in there that our modern day science today only can understand\nand can prove.\n\nKENT: Continuing with your family's history, what was happening with your mother\nand was your brother still in Holland when you went to Israel?\n\nSONDERVAN: Yes. In the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meantime . . . just after the war . . . I got a sister.\nShe was called 'Chaya,' which means 'life,' because that was the new life. Then\nmuch later, just before my father died, the little brother was born. He came\nreal late. My father died of cancer. My little brother, who lives in Holland,\nhas a wife and four children, also suffers from cancer. He's only 46. My mother\n. . . when I was already a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"long time . . . actually I was already back in\nHolland when my mother with her two other children, three other children went to\nIsrael. My brother just has this weekend the wedding of a third daughter. My\nsister . . . still lives there . . . she has four daughters. My little brother\nwent to back to Holland. He's not very happy there either, because the whole\ncommunity in Holland is now falling ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apart. That's . . . again there is a very\ninteresting connection here. When we see that Moses went up to the Mount Sinai\nand he gets the tablets--the Ten Commandments--he comes down with the tablets of\nTen Commandments and he sees the Jewish people are worshiping this golden calf,\nmask, whatever. Then he goes and he smashes the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tablets. He's not punished by\nG-d. The opposite: G-d praises him for that and asks him to come on the mountain\nagain and meet Him again. Why was he praised for breaking the words written by\nG-d himself? That there is the link to the Holocaust again. That's why I tell\nthis. He saw the situation was so bad for the Jewish people there that it could\nnot go on the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way, just trying to correct the mistake. They had to start\nall over again, from the beginning. By smashing the Ten Commandments, he said,\n\"We start again from zero. We restart it. That's the only way the Jewish people\ncan survive this golden calf, by starting again.\" What they did--I emphasized\nthis before--when the war was over, they tried to play as if it never happened.\nThey did not rebuild from the ground . . . they went on that rotten ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basement . .\n. foundation and built a house that was not stable. Today, 50 years later the\nwhole thing is falling apart. The foundation was not good. They should have\nrestarted from the beginning after the war like was done by certain community in\nAmerica today, that are really thriving, in New York . . . there's others. They\nwere built from scratch after the war. In Holland . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know how it is\nin other European countries . . . in Holland it was not that. Today you see they\ndon't have rabbanim, they don't have . . . shechita is going away, Jewish stores\nare going away. The whole thing is falling apart because they did not start from\nscratch again, but went on as if nothing had happened, with the same old people\nand the same old things that were maybe fine when there were 130,000 Jews, but\nwhen there were only 5,000 left, it didn't work.\n\nKENT: But how ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should Jewishness have changed after the war because of what\nhappened, or should it? Is the answer, in your opinion, to basically go back to\nearly fundamental Orthodox Jewishness? That would have been the answer?\n\nSONDERVAN: Let's turn the thing around. There is no future for any Judaism that\nis not Orthodox. People may argue about it, \"Yes, but there are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conservatives,\nthere are Reform. . .\" All fine and nice and dandy, but they don't have a third\ngeneration because once you go the way of Conservative and then the Reform and\nyou get mixed marriages, then the children don't remember that their parents\nwere somehow Jewish, the next generation is gone. There's no future in it. Only\nthose that keep according to the mitzvoth and stay according to the Jewish rules\nand keep our rules, they will stay alive. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact that people today know they\nare Jewish is because at least their grandparents were Orthodox. If you go back\nto the roots of American Judaism, those were Orthodox people who came from\nmostly from East Europe and created this Jewish community in America. They\nfinally wanted to be modern and assimilate in the society. Assimilation says so\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"itself: once you assimilate, you disappear. There's no future in it. A very\ninteresting fact is, for example, they had some figures . . . they published\nsome figures only a couple of weeks ago, about 20 percent of the Jewish in\nAmerica are Orthodox. Forty-two percent of all synagogues are Orthodox. Because\nthe Conservatives, the Reform they built big temples, big synagogues where they\ncome once a year with a nice cantor and listen on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yom Kippur and Rosh Ha-Shanah\nand that's it. They have no Jewish life. The Orthodox, they go to shul two or\nthree times a day. They have Jewish life. That is something you can pass to your\nchildren. I didn't do that, to my big shame because I believe too that you can\ndo it different. Today I know that I was wrong. I was terribly wrong.\n\nKENT: Continuing with your own story, what was happening in the early 1970's\nthat prompted you to move to America?\n\nSONDERVAN: No, I moved to America ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the late 1980's.\n\nKENT: What prompted you to leave Israel?\n\nSONDERVAN: First of all, my wife. She didn't like Israel at all. We lived very\nsecular then. Secular Israel was too Orthodox to her mind . . . unbelievably\nstupid, but that's a fact. My wife was afraid for the safety of her\nchildren--although it was a lot safer then than it is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today--so we left it.\nEverybody said, \"It's time to go to America,\" but it took me nine years to get a\ngreen card. I went back to Holland for some time. I worked on my green card\nuntil I got a green card. I must say no country has ever been as good to us as\nAmerica has. In Israel, we were strangers. We were foreign journalists. We\nbelonged to the community of foreign journalists. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of them were not Jewish.\nIt was a kind of life. But I won't go back to that kind of life for any money in\nthe world. I've been in Israel, a couple of months ago, for the first time in\nalmost 20 years. It has tremendously changed.\n\nKENT: How?\n\nSONDERVAN: To the good and to the bad. How? There are many more Jews in Israel\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today. But on the other hand, also the non-religious secular have become much\nmore aggressive versus the Orthodox. The situation is much more tense.\nPolitically, it's more . . . it's hard to explain. Politically, a lot of things\nhappened there that the majority of the Israeli people do not like, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because even\nthose who are secular, most of them keeping kasher, have a Jewish mind, and they\ndo not like what's happening politically, which is very left wing. I mean Wye,\nand Oslo, and all that. The Israelis detest them. They are pressed on them by\nthe Americans. The economical situation is so bad that they have no leeway than\nto go against the grain of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judaism just because America keeps them fed. When you\nhear about peace movements in Israel and all that kinds of things, those are\nunbelievably small minorities. I mean they have actually no influence\nwhatsoever. It wasn't that they are supported by the world and not America that\npushes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them.\n\nEINSTEIN: You said that you were living a more secular life in Israel. Were you\na Baal Teshuvah or were you . . .\n\nSONDERVAN: I'm a Baal Teshuvah, yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: Can you explain why you decided to go more towards traditional\nOrthodox Judaism? What prompted you and how did that . . .\n\nSONDERVAN: Very easy, very short: I saw a movie of Yehoram Gaon a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couple of\nyears ago. I realized that my heritage was in Spain and Portugal. I traveled to\nSpain and Portugal to find out. I went to look into the documents of the\nInquisition and all that. I realized that, if it was important enough for my\nforefathers to be burned alive, that I had no right not to fulfill the mitzvoth.\nI did not have any belief then, but I decided that fulfilling the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mitzvoth was\nthe most important thing. I slowly went that way. In the meantime, I have\nlearned a lot. Today there is no doubt in my mind about things that I was so\narrogant and so stupid not to believe. I mean atheism is absolutely unbelievably\nstupid. I can say that today, now that I know what I'm talking about. I believed\nin that nonsense for many, many years. I brought my children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up with it and I'm\nso sorry that I did. Because the Torah, the things that we have are so clear,\nare so brilliant, are so full of things that there's no other way to explain\nthem. The Torah is so full of knowledge that a man, Moses, on his bare feet in\nthe desert, could never have . . . it's absolutely impossible. It's still there,\nso it can only be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from one source, the source that created all that. How could\nthe Torah tell us . . . I'll give you an example: that we can eat fish with\nscale and with fins and no other fish and there are fishes that have fins and no\nscales, but there are no fishes that have scales and no fins? Perfect, Torah\ntells us. There are no . . . What did Moses know about the Indian Ocean, the\ndepth of the Pacific Ocean, about the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"waters of Mexico, whatever? The fact is\nthat modern science today will tell you that they have never, ever found a fish\nwithout fins and with scales. Who could know that? Only He who created all the\nfish. That's only one out of a thousands examples.\n\nKENT: You said that you raised your kids a certain way . . .\n\nSONDERVAN: Secular, yes.\n\nKENT: . . . what were your reasons at the time for having those values even\nthough you changed?\n\nSONDERVAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I thought that I knew better. I had read a lot about Nietzsche, and\nabout other people, and about evolution theory that now I know that it could\nnever have happened, because they were never proved. Even Darwin himself moved\naway from that theory at the end of his life. It's still taught in schools, but\nDarwin himself knew that it didn't work because he had found out why it didn't\nwork, but they don't tell you that in school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nowadays. Our things are so full of\nproof . . . scientific. I give you the proof, the thing of Beit El. I can give\nyou another one. The Torah tells you what you can eat and what you cannot eat.\nIt tells you, it gives you all the different . . . then it tells you . . .\nseparately it names one animal you can absolutely not eat because if you eat\nthat one, you will die. That's the pig. Now what did Moses know then that we\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know today? That the pig--of all animals in the universe--is the only one that\nhas 99 percent same DNA as man. Eating a pig is cannibalism. That's why the\nTorah forbids it. What did Moses know about DNA? We know today. Like that you\ncan go on and on and on. The beginning of the Torah, Bereishit tells it already\nthat the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world is a sphere with water on top and water on bottom and land in the\nmiddle. How could Moses in the desert know things like that? How could he know\nabout dinosaurs? But he writes it, \"And in the third day, G-d created the big amphibians.\"\n\nEINSTEIN: Can you talk a little bit about your Sephardic background? What that\nhas meant to you throughout your life and whether you feel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any conflict with\nAshkenazi culture that is so prevalent here in the United States.\n\nSONDERVAN: First of all I wonder how prevalent it is. That's question number\none. Question number two: yes, my Sephardic heritage is very important because\naccording to what I have learned, and what I know, and I what I feel, it's much\ncloser to the way of life of our forefathers during the Second Temple. The\nAshkenazi have, on purpose, done lots of changes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for political reasons.\n\nEINSTEIN: Can you give an example?\n\nSONDERVAN: Yes, they have just taken things out of the prayers that the\nChristians in Europe didn't like. They have removed them. They're not there\nanymore. That is because of political expedience. Of course, they have a lot of\nrules that are based absolutely on nothing like than just human mistakes and\nturn those into mitzvoth . . . like not eating rice on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pesach--which has\nabsolutely no foundation to Halacha, but one stupid wife of one rabbi that once\nmade a mistake and boiled the wrong thing and then they said, \"Well, in order to\nprevent that we will not eat rice on Pesach. In order not to make a mistake, we\nwill also not eat beans,\" and all that kind of stuff. Totally berserk. Now that\nis one of the reasons why I feel a much stronger for our Sephardic heritage\nbecause it's much more normal. It's much closer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Rambam, It's much closer to\nthe HaAri Hakadosh. I think it's cleaner. Although our rabbis today have\ntendency today to go stricter, and stricter, and stricter, which I do not really\nlike too much. But that's definitely a thing. I think that Sephardim . . . first\nof all there are many more of them in the world than Askenazi. I mean community\nwise. The communities of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"East are all . . . if you go to Iran, Afghanistan,\nor you go to Turkey, or you go to Egypt, or you go to North Africa, they're all\nfollowing Sephardic tradition, although many of them are not even Sephardic.\nIranians are not Sephardim, they were there in the days of Queen Esther. They've\nnever seen Spain from afar, neither have those in Afghanistan, or in Uzbekistan,\nyou name it. They all follow the same culture. The Yemenites follow the same\nculture. That already in itself is proof that it is much closer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the original\nJudaism than Ashkenazi that have all kind of things that are typically smelling\nafter Germany in the Middle Ages.\n\nKENT: You've made various comments about prophecy that various things that have\nhappened were actually written in the past. What do you believe is happen in the\ncoming decades?\n\nSONDERVAN: I'll tell you something. A prophecy is no longer prophecy if you can\nread it before it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happens. If we know from reading prophecy that tomorrow\nsomething terrible is going to happen, we will prevent it and then prophecy will\nnot happen. It never was prophecy.\n\nKENT: What things did . . .\n\nSONDERVAN: Prophecies . . . you can only read them after it happens. Say, \"Look,\nthat's written there and it happened exactly.\" Like the Kabbalah writes us about\nSeptember 11 in detail. It tells us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that in the big city, which of course is New\nYork . . . on, on. It give us even the date on the . . . sixty-seventh day of\nthe, sixty-third day of the Omer, the three big buildings will fall over and\nthey will be destroyed by a dog, because the person, whose name is Bin Laden, is\nnot a person but a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dog--they even give the name 'Bin Laden' in the Kabbalah--and\nthe whole economy of the world will collapse as a result of it. That's in the\nKabbalah, written 1,800 years ago. But on September 10 nobody would have\nunderstood this prophecy. On September 12, it was suddenly clear. There was, a\ncouple of years ago, a television series about a guy that in Chicago, got the\nnext day's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"newspaper. Then he went and changed history according to . . . the\npaper said somebody who died all that, and he went and changed history. That is\nwhat would happen with prophecy. Then there wouldn't be prophecy anymore.\n\nEINSTEIN: Could you talk about coming to the United States and what your\nimpressions were of coming to this country?\n\nSONDERVAN: I took an airplane and I landed in New York, picked up my car in the\nharbor and drove to Las ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vegas where I had to be at the tradeshow--not to gamble,\nbecause I don't gamble. That's very simple.\n\nEINSTEIN: What kind of tradeshow?\n\nSONDERVAN: Computers. I had a stand in the COMDEX show in Las Vegas. It was very good.\n\nEINSTEIN: Can you tell a little bit about your education then? Did you go to\ncollege or did . . . what career did you end up having?\n\nSONDERVAN: Because of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war, our education was broken off and was incomplete\nbecause two reasons. First of all, when we went first to school, we were too old\nto start at the bottom, so the bottom is missing. Then when I was in the middle\nof my high school time, my father died. He was sick for a year so I was too\nnervous to really finish my school the way I should. Then I went to technical\nschool and then my father really died, so that messed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up. Then I went to Israel.\nSo I do not have formal education in that formal way because the war and all\nthose things caused too much turmoil really to finish an education. Others did,\nbut, for certain people, the trauma was bigger than for others. Whatever I have\nreached in life I have done myself with my own hands.\n\nKENT: Is there any connection with that cousin who had left right before the war\nwho didn't let you all . . .\n\nSONDERVAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No. He had the audacity in 1946 to come to Holland to visit us. There\nwasn't very much to eat or whatever. Those were very hard times. My mother baked\nfrom whatever she could find together . . . baked some kind of a cake with egg\npowder and all kind of things that were hard to come by in those days. He came\nto see my father and she served him. He said, \"No, I don't eat bread.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was\nlast time we ever talked to him. What else? I think we have . . .\n\nKENT: You said that you and your mother were similar in terms of how all the\nturmoil affected you. How has it affected you and your wife over the years in\nterms of your relationship and raising kids?\n\nSONDERVAN: From time to time, it was different. There were periods . . . that's\nvery short, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"period very shortly before I came to America that I had a\ncomplete nervous breakdown. I started to realize that I was alive because\nsomebody else went to the camps on my number. I got worse, and worse, and worse,\nand worse, and was almost suicidal. Somehow I overcame it. I don't know why but\nthat was a period . . . I was crying day and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night. I heard a sentence then that\nI still find it a little hard to reproduce. It's a sentence about a girl. She\nwas in school and she got a three on the scale of ten for geography, but the\nnext day she knew exactly where Sobibor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was. I still get something in my throat\nwhen I repeat that, but she was my age, you see.\n\nKENT: What's been called survivor guilt?\n\nSONDERVAN: Yes, very strong until today.\n\nEINSTEIN: Was that at all any kind of a motivating factor in your return to . .\n. along with your Sephardic heritage, did the Holocaust play any factor . . .\n\nSONDERVAN: Not in the beginning. No, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"definitely not. I . . . while starting to\nlearn Judaism . . . getting, looking for answers . . . I would say secondary. I\nstarted to find answers to questions that were open for many years but that was\nnot the primary reason. That was a . . . probably a very strong result. Suddenly\nfinding answers to questions that had been open for years and years and years\nwhere I didn't know the answer for. Like the one: where was G-d? The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"questions\neverybody tells us. Now I know where he was. He was not there on purpose. Now I\nalso know that what the Germans did I mean was real bad, but they did it because\nG-d wanted them to do that. That does not say that therefore there is no blame\nfor them. G-d just looked for the worst people in the world and let them do the\ndirty job. He didn't take the French to do it. He didn't take the Americans to\ndo ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. He looked for who was willing to do the job and used them as an instrument.\n\nKENT: Just to keep stirring things up on such a difficult subject: what would be\nyour response to the complaint that the reasons why the Israelis are so militant\nand hard core and all that is because the Holocaust is still traumatizing\neverybody . . .\n\nSONDERVAN: No, I don't agree with that. I think we have to be that because if we\nwant to survive, we have to do that. If we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't, then we will be gone. Don't\nforget one thing: they always claim that the PLO was created to \"end the Israeli\noccupation.\" Now the occupation was in 1967. PLO was created in 1963. There's\nyour answer. They have only one intention: to drive us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the Dar El Islam,\nout of the house of Islam. They don't want Jews to be in the Dar El Islam. They\ndon't want anybody else, but definitely they don't want Jews. Therefore, there\nis no way we could ever make a deal with them. All this dreaming about peace\ncontracts and negotiations, forget about it. It will not work. They don't want\nit. They want it as an instrument, but they don't want to make an agreement with\nJews ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ever. They cannot. Islam does not allow them to do it, even if they want\nit. All these stories you hear in America about Islam is taking for a ride here\nand these people--these 'fundamentalists' as they are called--they are the real\nIslamists, because that is exactly what the Koran teaches. All those people that\ntalk about how good Islam is have never read the Quran. I did read the Quran.\nIt's in there. That's exactly what the Quran wants. The Quran writes that Jews\nare worse than ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pigs and you should never trust them.\n\nKENT: Assuming they wouldn't get on those trucks voluntarily it sounds like\nall-out war is the only inevitable conclusion.\n\nSONDERVAN: No, they will. If they look into the barrel of a gun, they will go.\nIf that is the . . . but it will not happen because it will never happen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\nrulers of Israel today are not brave enough to do the real thing. They are under\npressure from the Americans, under pressure here, under pressure there. It's the\nonly way Israel can survive is if the Arabs leave the country. Even in the\ncircumstances you have today, even if the Intifada and all the fighting would\nstop tomorrow morning and they would nicely live in peace--the Israelis would go\nto Ramallah to buy pitas and the Arabs would come to Tel Aviv to buy radios and\neverybody would be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happy--then in 20 years from now, in the year 2024, the Arabs\nare the majority in the area and they'll throw the Jews out by law. They're\nalready nearly Arab majority. They don't even need this Intifada. They have time\non their side. But we have G-d on our side.\n\nEINSTEIN: If we can go back just a little bit to something you were talking\nabout a couple of minutes ago: you were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saying that at the point that you were\nabout to leave Holland for the United States, you felt a lot of emotional\nturmoil as a result of your experiences during the war. Was that feeling\nalleviated when you finally left Europe and came to the United States?\n\nSONDERVAN: Totally.\n\nEINSTEIN: Can you talk about that?\n\nSONDERVAN: Yes. In Europe, I had nightmares every night that they were coming to\npick me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up, they were knocking on the door . . . for years and years and\nyears--not for a short period, for years and years. I couldn't sleep at night. I\nwas looking at everybody in the street, \"What did you do?\" or \"What did your\nparents do?\" That was over the day I landed in New York. Never came back. I had\ndreams that I was hiding, that they were knocking on the door . . . I had\nnightmares all over. That was over the day I landed in New York. Never came\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back. No, that's really . . . listen, we were liberated by FDR. Whatever\npolitically I may not agree with FDR, he liberated. I am here today because he\nwent in there at the last moment.\n\nEINSTEIN: What do you remember about the day that you realized that you had been liberated?\n\nSONDERVAN: I just told you about it. It was an unbelievable ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day. It was an\nunbelievable experience to see the Germans were gone. They were coming to our\nfarm every day, to get the eggs, to get the butter. They wanted\neverything--never paid for it, of course. They were due to it. They were\nsuddenly gone.\n\nKENT: During those about 14 years after the war, until you actually left Europe\ncan you talk a little . . .\n\nSONDERVAN: That's a much longer time . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: You said you left in 1959?\n\nSONDERVAN: In 1959, I went to Israel.\n\nKENT: You were still in Europe for 14 years?\n\nSONDERVAN: I was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel until . . . I came to America in 1987.\n\nKENT: For those years after the war, you were still within Holland?\n\nSONDERVAN: Yes, as a kid. I went to school and all that. We talked about it.\n\nKENT: Can you give a little bit more about what life was like after the war . . .\n\nSONDERVAN: We talked about it extensively, about the . . .\n\nKENT: I'm always curious . . . the people . . .\n\nSONDERVAN: If you can ask specific questions maybe. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think we talked about it extensively.\n\nKENT: I'm just always interested in what people made of the war after it was\nover, in terms of . . .\n\nSONDERVAN: I just told you. On one hand, they tried to play the games as if the\nwar never took place, it never happened. We went to school. We had to learn\nGerman . . .\n\nKENT: Yes, I remember.\n\nSONDERVAN: On the other hand, there was this trauma of all the people gone, and\neverything gone, and the destroyed cities, and all that. That was a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contradiction that was--specifically for children--very hard to swallow.\n\nKENT: You didn't sense any acknowledgement or remorse from the rest of the\npopulation, not from the Jewish but . . .\n\nSONDERVAN: No, because the Dutch were so good, remember? They had done\neverything to save the Jews. There was Anne Frank and whatever, remember? They\nalmost feel that we owed them to be thankful for whatever they did.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What did you tell your children about your experience as they were\ngrowing up? Did they grow up . . . I don't know how old they are. Were they born\nin Holland or in Israel?\n\nSONDERVAN: In Israel.\n\nEINSTEIN: In Israel?\n\nSONDERVAN: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: What was that experience like, raising children in Israel? What did\nyou talk with them about?\n\nSONDERVAN: We talked about the war a lot. That's why my children are\nsecond-generation Holocaust survivors. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You don't even have to talk about it.\nYour whole life is colored by it. Everything that you do is related to it. My\ndaughter, specifically, she is exactly like it. I mean she also says when she\nsees some little food leftover that children in the camps could have lived for\ndays and all that. She has the same trauma. We definitely did not give that on\npurpose . . . the opposite: we tried not to, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's so deep ingrained, there\nisn't too much you can do about it.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you ever have any discussion with Israelis that said that the Jews\nin Europe were weak, not like the sabras, other survivors . . .\n\nSONDERVAN: Yes, but that's not an argument. In a way they were . . . today it's\nunbelievable how 500 people could be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deported by three armed Germans. Today it's\nunbelievable that it will happen, but given the conditions of those times, it's\nvery well explainable. But it's not a point of an argument. People who did not\nlive through that time will never understand.\n\nKENT: Three men with machine guns can do a lot of damage.\n\nSONDERVAN: Yes, but you can also overcome them. If you are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"willing to sacrifice\na few of you, then the others can overcome them. That plane that crashed in\nPennsylvania is an example of how it should have happened.\n\nEINSTEIN: As long as the one that are sacrificed isn't your mother or your sister?\n\nSONDERVAN: Even if. They were gassed anyhow. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then again, if in 1928 someone\nwould have killed Hitler, he would have been a terrible murderer of a friendly\nguy. Nobody would have ever understood what a big deed the guy did by killing\nhim. Historical perspective . . . it's like prophecy, you always have it only\nafterwards. Then it's very easy to judge, but then it's too late.\n\nEINSTEIN: How did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you end up in Atlanta?\n\nSONDERVAN: That's a story that has nothing to do with this. I had . . . I was\ntrying to get to America. In the meantime, I had a daily radio program in the\nNetherlands, which I used to do. My producer--a very nice older man--had a\ndaughter who was married to a United States Air Force officer. My wife and me,\nwe were deciding whether to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to New York or Los Angeles, one of the two\nconcentrations. He told me, \"That's absolutely stupid. You should never do that.\nDon't go to either of the two, because in New York they are . . . in San\nFrancisco they're all flakes and in New York they're all arrogant. You won't\nmake it.\" He said, \"But there's a little town where it's going to have . . .\nwhere the boom is going to be next coming in 20 years, that's Atlanta.\" I said,\n\"Is that where they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gamble?\" He said, \"No, that's Atlantic City.\" That summer I\ntook my wife and my kids, and we took the car, and drove from New York to\nAtlanta. As I entered the city limits of Atlanta, I fell in love with it. There\nwas a never a doubt in my mind where I wanted to live.\n\nEINSTEIN: What did . . . you said that was 1988?\n\nSONDERVAN: Yes, that's about 14, 15 years ago.\n\nEINSTEIN: You came here ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you joined Beth Jacob?\n\nSONDERVAN: No. I never joined Beth Jacob until today. We have our own Sephardic community.\n\nEINSTEIN: I was wondering about that.\n\nSONDERVAN: Ner HaMizrach. Yes, we have a very beautiful synagogue just opposite\nBeth Jacob on the other side of the street. I joined it only six years ago,\nafter the Teshuva.\n\nEINSTEIN: I didn't realize that the Teshuva was quite a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recent . . .\n\nSONDERVAN: Yes, the last six years or so.\n\nKENT: What's important to you now? What are you working on now or what are you .\n. .\n\nSONDERVAN: What's important?\n\nKENT: Yes, from now and into the future. We talked about the past and about\nhistory. What are you working on now?\n\nSONDERVAN: Try to do it as I can as a proud Jew, fulfill my objectives as a Jew,\ntry to get my daughter ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married with the right person. That's it. Try to make a\nlittle bit of parnassa as well, but I don't see that as the most important thing.\n\nEINSTEIN: Can you talk a little bit about this wonderful collection of\nJudaica--how you got started in that and what that means to you?\n\nSONDERVAN: It means to me . . . I like to look at it. They are beautiful things.\nI like to collect them. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started in a very strange way. It started when we\nwere in a Russian place and this guy had all kinds of icons. There were three\nyads that were obviously stolen from some Jews in Russia. I decided to redeem\nthem. I paid a lot of money for them, just to get them out of the hand of this\ngoy. That's how it started. I started to collect. I buy all the time. I see\nsomething and I put my mind on it. I buy. I have a lot of money ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"buried in it.\nBelieve me, it's a good investment because it doesn't go down like the stock\nmarket. They will be there for my children and my grandchildren one day.\n\nKENT: Tell us about your wife a little bit too. How is she? What is she doing?\n\nSONDERVAN: She's by profession a teacher for special education. She studied,\namong others, in the Bar ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/transcript/22357/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ilan University in Israel, where she got her degree.\nNo, she got her degree in Holland. Today she is the office manager and she wants\nme very urgently to call her back.\n\nKENT: Is there anything else maybe you want to mention we didn't get into?\n\nSONDERVAN: No, I don't think so. I think we went into every little detail,\nexcept my coffee that got cold.\n\nEINSTEIN: Thank you very much.\n\nSONDERVAN: You're welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=6030.0,6060.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmsterdam is the capital and most populous city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In 1940, Amsterdam had a Jewish population of about 75,000, which increased to over 79,000 in 1941. Jews represented less than 10 percent of the city's total population. More than 10,000 of these were foreign Jews who had found refuge in Amsterdam in the 1930’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn October 1940, Germans authorities forbid Jews from working for the civil service and Jewish teachers were dismissed from their jobs. Many teachers then found jobs in newly established Jewish schools after Jewish children were forbidden to attend school with non-Jewish children in January 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe synagogue at 63 Lekstraat was built in 1937 in the neighborhood known as the River District, which before World War II had about a 30 percent Jewish population. After September 1943, the synagogue was used as a warehouse for the furniture of Jews who had been deported. In the 1970’s, it became home to the Museum of the Dutch Resistance while the small shul continued to be used as a synagogue. In 1999, the museum moved to a new location and the large synagogue became an auctioneer's. In 2002 the building was designated a national monument.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1942, the Germans began relocating provincial Jews to Amsterdam. Foreign and stateless Jews living in Amsterdam were sent to Westerbork transit camp. Within Amsterdam, Jews were restricted to certain sections of the city. Many Jews in Amsterdam lived in the neighborhood around the Waterlooplein Market, in an area between the Amstel River, Oude Schans canal, Jonas Daniel Meyer Square [Dutch: Jonas Daniël Meijerplein], and Rapenburg [street]. This area became known as the ‘Jewish Quarter,’ but a ghetto like those created in Eastern Europe was not created. Instead, the Germans took advantage of the way the canals created a kind of island and would occasionally close off the bridges leading into the neighborhood when raids or roundups were conducted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInitially, the German civil administration allowed Dutch Jews to continue their daily lives as usual. As 1940 progressed, however, anti-Jewish measures were introduced one after the other. By the end of 1940, Jews were banned from the civil service and Jews were required to register the assets of their business enterprises so that Aryan owners may take over. In January 1941, the German authorities required all Jews to register themselves as Jews. As of April 29, 1942, Jews were required to wear a yellow Star of David on their clothing. Among other anti-Jewish laws, a curfew was enacted and Jews were forbidden to visit Christians in their homes. Jews were required to turn in their bicycles, forbidden to use trams or ride in cars, required to do their shopping at certain hours, and were permitted to shop at only Jewish-owned shops. Jews could not attend theaters or movies, use swimming pools or athletic fields, or participate in any public athletic activity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOne transport left Amsterdam for Mauthausen on February 23, 1941, but the mass deportation of Jews from the Netherlands to killing centers in occupied Poland—primarily to Auschwitz-Birkenau and Sobibor—began in July 1942. The Jewish council [Dutch: \u003cem\u003eJoodsche Raad\u003c/em\u003e] in Amsterdam was formed in February 1941 and was ordered to begin organizing deportations in June 1942. Jews who received deportation notices were assembled as the municipal theatre and then taken to Westerbork transit camp before being sent on to Auschwitz-Birkenau or Sobibor. The deportations continued throughout the rest of 1942 and early 1943. A major round-up in the Jewish quarter occurred in May 1943, followed by a series of raids by German and Dutch Nazi authorities to seize Jews in the city. There was substantial collaboration with the Germans in the deportation process from members of the Dutch population, including the Amsterdam city administration, the municipal police, and Dutch railway workers, as well as the Dutch Nazi party (NSB). In September 1943, the remaining members of the Jewish council were taken first to Westerbork and then to the transit ghetto of Theresienstadt near Prague. The last train left Westerbork for Auschwitz-Birkenau on September 3, 1944. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEli, his parents, and his two paternal aunts probably went into hiding in the winter of 1942—1943. According to Yad Vashem’s Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names, Eli’s paternal grandmother, Alida (née Tas) Sondervan died of a “heart attack by \u003cem\u003erazzia\u003c/em\u003e [German: police raid].” An obituary published in the Jewish Weekly newspaper [Dutch: Het Joodsche Weekblad] on November 20, 1942 gives November 14, 1942 as the date of her death. Her husband, Asser Philip Sondervan is reported to have died in Sobibor on March 26, 1943. He may have been on a transport of 1250 Jews that left the Westerbork transit camp in the Netherlands for Sobibor on March 23, 1943. Eli’s maternal grandparents, David and Aaltje (née Leefma) Cohen Paraira are reported to have died in Auschwitz-Birkenau on August 27, 1943. They were likely on a transport of 1001 Jews that left Westerbork for Auschwitz-Birkenau on August 24, 1943.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUtrecht is a city in the central Netherlands, approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) southeast of Amsterdam.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands, Eli’s Grandfather, David Cohen Paraira, “was a mathematician and worked as an actuary for a life insurance firm. He was also one of the greatest philatelists [stamp collectors] in the Netherlands, specializing in the Netherlands’ first issues. David was the son of the mathematician Dr M.C. Cohen Paraira, who chaired the council of the Portuguese-Jewish community and was secretary of the Portuguese-Jewish seminary Ets Haim.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrussels is the capital of Belgium. It is located approximately 200 kilometers (124 miles) south of Amsterdam, Netherlands.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEli seems to referring to attitudes among the civilian populations towards the German occupation. Although some Belgians did collaborate, there was considerable support in Belgium for resistance to the German occupation. Over 25,000 Jews avoided deportation by hiding from the German authorities. Since most of the Jews in Belgium were immigrants, they tended to be mistrustful of official appeals and were less likely to report their whereabouts to the authorities. Unlike the Netherlands, the Belgian civilian administration refused to cooperate in the deportations and it was the German military police that carried out the deportations. Compared to the Netherlands, Jews in Belgium had a higher rate of survival during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEthnically, linguistically, and culturally, the Dutch people have much in common with Germans. As a result of the Dutch religious stratification, a large percentage of the Dutch people could also be certified as almost 100 percent Aryan. German authorities did not want to alienate the Dutch people and anticipated the Netherlands would be fully integrated into Germany after the war. Thus, upon annexing the Netherlands into the Greater German Reich, a civil rather than military authority was established.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Kingdom of Belgium has three official languages: Dutch, French, and German. Dutch is generally spoken in the northern part of Belgium, while French is spoken in southern Belgium, and German to the east. Flemish refers to the region, culture, and people of western Belgium rather than a language or dialect, although there are some slight differences in pronunciation, lexicon, and expressions. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilly Paul Franz Lages was the German chief of the \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eSicherheitsdienst\u003c/em\u003e [German: security service], the intelligence gathering body of Nazi Party, in Amsterdam during the Second World War. He was sent to The Hague after the German invasion of the Netherlands in 1940. Then in March 1941, Lages was sent to Amsterdam, where he was appointed head of the \u003cem\u003eZentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung\u003c/em\u003e [German: Central Bureau for the Jewish Emigration], making him partially responsible for the deportation of Dutch Jews to extermination and concentration camps in Poland and Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear what organization Eli is specifically referring to. Belgian resistance movements hid thousands of people in monasteries, hospitals, orphanages, boarding schools, and private homes. One resistance organization in particular, the \u003cem\u003eComité de Défense des Juifs\u003c/em\u003e [French: Committee for the Defense of Jews, or CDJ], was very active in helping to hide people. The CDJ succeeded in saving between 3,000 and 4,000 of the estimated 5,000 children who became hidden children in Belgium. It is possible the CDJ was responsible for helping Eli’s family. In Antwerp, the Jewish population was mostly deported between 1942 and 1944 (when Eli’s family was in the area), but about 800 Jews were able to hide in the city with the help of organizations like the CDJ. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChallah is a braided bread eaten on special occasions like Sabbath and Jewish holidays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKiddush\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Sanctification] is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Sabbath. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn August 25, 1944, German forces in Paris surrendered. Much of Belgium was liberated in September 1944, although fighting continued as German troops offered resistance throughout the country and launched the Ardennes Offensive in December. By February 1945, the country was reported to be free of German troops.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA half-track is a civilian or military vehicle with regular wheels at the front and tracks at the back. The combination creates a vehicle with cross-country capabilities that still handles like a wheeled vehicle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) was formed in February 1943 to direct operations for the massive collaboration of American, French, British, and Canadian ground, air, and naval forces in Europe. United States General Dwight D. Eisenhower was in command of SHAEF throughout its existence. After the surrender of Germany, SHAEF was dissolved on July 14, 1945. After its dissolution, SHAEF continued its relationship with the liberated countries of France, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Norway. SHAEF continued to operate Missions in these nations until as late as 1947. The SHAEF shoulder sleeve insignia was a black, inverted triangular shaped patch with a rainbow across a rounded top and a sword with red flames pointing upward from the bottom point.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe southern part of the Netherlands had been liberated in the last months of 1944 and much of the eastern and northern Netherlands since March 1945. The western provinces, however, were not liberated until May 4, 1945, when the German army in Western Europe surrendered to the Allies and ceased fighting. The capitulation of the Netherlands was signed on May 5. The war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“A Bridge Too Far” is a 1977 American film based on a 1974 novel of the same name by Cornelius Ryan. It tells the story of the Battle of Arnhem during Operation Market Garden in the Netherlands in September 1944. The title comes from a comment made by British Lieutenant General Frederick Browning, who told Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, \"I think we may be going a bridge too far.\" \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle of Arnhem was a famous battle of World War II fought September 17-26, 1944 in and around the Dutch town of Arnhem. British and American troops were flown behind enemy lines and tasked with securing a network of bridges and canals along the Dutch-German border. The bold plan was meant to facilitate the Western Allies’ push into Germany. However, British Intelligence had ignored Dutch Resistance reports that the SS were in the region. Stiff German resistance overwhelmed British forces attempting to secure the bridge at Arnhem. By the time the decision was made to withdraw, over 1,200 British soldiers had been killed, nearly 3,000 were taken prisoner, and many wounded were left behind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld was a German aristocrat who married Princess Juliana, later Queen Juliana, in 1937. Together the couple had four daughters, including the former Queen of the Netherlands, Princess Beatrix. Prior to his marriage, the Prince had been a member of the Nazi Party and the Reiter-SS, a mounted unit of the SS. Various members of his family and friends were also aligned with the Nazis. During World War II, he remained in London with Queen Wilhelmina and the Dutch government-in-exile, where he took an active role in Allied planning and acted as Commander of the Dutch Armed Forces. Although the Prince proved himself to be a loyal Dutch citizen and officer, some accused his sympathies of remaining with Germany. Some suspected the Prince of disloyalty because of Dutch double agent Christiaan Antonius Lindemans, who served on his staff in September 1944. In October 1944, Lindemans was denounced as a German spy. As a trusted liaison between Dutch resistance and British intelligence, he is believed to have passed details of Operation Market Garden to the Germans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eField Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, also known as \"Monty\" and the \"Spartan General,\" was a senior officer of the British Army and one of the Allied commanders in World War II. Montgomery was in command of all Allied ground forces during Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of France, which was launched on June 6, 1944. Promoted to the rank of field marshal, Montgomery then led the Allied forces in Operation Market Garden, a controversial strategy that was poorly executed and proved a costly failure. Montgomery's 21st Army Group advanced to the Rhine in February 1945 and finally received the surrender of the German armies on May 4, 1945. Montgomery was notorious for his lack of tact and diplomacy as well as for being a cautious, thorough strategist, often exasperating the patience of fellow Allied commanders.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEindhoven is a city in the south of the Netherlands. Koninklijke Philips N.V. (Royal Philips, commonly known as Philips) is a technology company that was founded in Eindhoven in 1891. By World War II, the company owned a large campus of factories in Eindhoven. Most of the Philips family fled to the United States during the war, but Frederik (Frits) Philips stayed behind. To avoid losing his influence, he was forced to collaborate with the German government-appointed director of Philips. In December 1941, he created a special division of Jewish employees called the \u003cem\u003eSpecial Assignments Bureau\u003c/em\u003e (SOBU). By convincing the Germans that the SOBU employees were essential to wartime production efforts, he was able to protect these employees and their families until 1943, when they were deported to the Vught concentration camp. On June 7, 1944, they were deported directly to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where 382 managed to survive the war. The Philips factories in Eindhoven were badly damaged by Allied bombers during the war. However, after the war the factories were briefly used as a transit camp for refugees and displaced persons from the Netherlands, France, Poland, and Russia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn January 1941, all Jews in the Netherlands were required to register. A total of 159,806 registered, including 19,561 persons born of mixed marriages and some 25,000 Jewish refugees from the German Reich. Between 1942 and 1944, the Germans and their Dutch collaborators deported 107,000 Jews. Only 5,200 survived. Most were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau or Sobibor, where they were murdered. Two-thirds of the 25,000-30,000 Dutch Jews who went into hiding managed to survive. In all, less than 25 percent of Dutch Jews survived the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOnly approximately ten percent of Jews in Poland survived the Holocaust. In all, approximately 3,000,000 of a pre-war Jewish population of around 3,300,000 were murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Theresienstadt (Terezín) \"camp-ghetto\" near Prague in the present day Czech Republic was opened in late 1941 and existed until May 1945. In the course of its existence, approximately 140,000 Jews were sent to Theresienstadt. Roughly 33,000 died in Theresienstadt itself. Nearly 90,000 Jews were deported to other ghettos, concentration camps, and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRavensbruck [German: Ravensbrück] was established as a forced labor camp for women in 1939 near the village of Ravensbruck in northern Germany, about 50 miles north of Berlin. Approximately 120,000 women of 40 nationalities passed through it.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the Netherlands, as in many German-occupied territories throughout Europe, many people collaborated with the occupying German authorities. In some cases, antisemitism, anti-Communism, or greed and opportunism motivated the behavior. In others, coercion was the motivating factor. The Netherlands was also unique in that, initially, the implementation of the German civil administration had been a relatively uneventful transition. Many Dutch were deceived into thinking the German occupation would not be as brutal as in other countries. Dutch culture and tradition further reinforced the idea of obedience to the law and led many to believe cooperation was the best method to employ for outlasting the occupation. Religion played an important role in the political life of the Netherlands in the years leading up to World War II, when the main political parties were the Catholics, Protestants (the Reformed Church), Socialists, and Liberals. Ever since the Nazi Party had risen to power in Germany in the early 1930’s, the Netherlands also had its own antisemitic, right-wing movements. After 1940, the fascist National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (NSB) became the only legal political party and its members actively collaborated with the Germans. Local civilian and police authorities also collaborated closely with the Germans in rounding up and deporting Jews residing in the Netherlands. Thousands of Dutch volunteered to serve the German military. Between 20,000 and 25,000 Dutchmen volunteered to serve in the Heer (the German regular army) and the Waffen-SS and about 7,000 joined the Dutch version of the SS, the Nederlandsche SS.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Dutch Reformed Church is a Protestant church in the Netherlands that developed in the 1570’s based on the teachings of John Calvin. By the Second World War, it was the largest church body in the Netherlands. The reformed community was a self-contained community whose members were so centered on the rituals of their daily lives, they were isolated from what was happening in the rest of the world. The brutality of the German occupation of the Netherlands disrupted this religious and ideological isolation, causing a crisis of faith for many members, some of who actively engaged in resistance efforts in cooperation with communities that practiced other political or religious beliefs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a reference to a story found in the New Testament. In a story repeated in the books of Mathew, Mark, and Luke, Jesus answers a group of hostile questioners trying to force him into taking a stand on whether Jews should or should not pay taxes to Roman authorities, \"Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's.\" This phrase has become a widely quoted summary of the relationship between Christianity and secular authorities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN) was founded in 1909. After the German occupation of the Netherlands in 1940, the party reorganized as an underground movement. When the Germans invaded the USSR in 1941, the party became more active in its resistance efforts. In February 1941, after a series of clashes in Amsterdam between the Dutch pro-Nazi movement and Jewish self-defense groups, the Germans initiated a large-scale pogrom. In response to the pogrom as well as the forced labor in Germany, the CPN organized a general strike, known as 'The Strike of February 1941.' It was quickly suppressed, but is notable as the first direct action undertaken against German anti-Jewish policies in occupied Europe. About 2,000 CPN members lost their lives during resistance efforts in World War II. Many died as a result of the cooperation of the pre-war Dutch intelligence services with the Gestapo. In 1989, the CPN merged with three other small leftwing parties, becoming the GreenLeft [Dutch: GroenLinks], while other factions formed their own parties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1944, the three large armed resistance groups LKP (\"\u003cem\u003eLandelijke Knokploeg\u003c/em\u003e\", or National Assault Group), OD (\"\u003cem\u003eOrde Dienst\u003c/em\u003e\" or Order of Service), and RVV (\"\u003cem\u003eRaad van Verzet\u003c/em\u003e\" or Council of Resistance) were officially combined into one organization, the \u003cem\u003eBinnenlandse Strijdkrachten\u003c/em\u003e [Dutch: Forces of the Interior], often referred to as the BS. Uniforms consisted of ordinary blue overalls, armbands, and air raid defense helmets. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnne Frank was a German Jewish girl whose family fled to Amsterdam and eventually went into hiding with four others. After almost two years, they were discovered and deported to concentration camps. Anne died in Bergen-Belsen in April 1945, at the age of 15. Anne’s father, Otto Frank, is the only one of the eight people in hiding to survive. After the war, Anne became world famous because of the diary she wrote while in hiding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the German invasion of the Netherlands in 1940, Queen Wilhelmina, her son-in-law, Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, and much of the Dutch government left the country for the United Kingdom. The Dutch government-in-exile, also known as the London Cabinet, remained in London throughout World War II. Meanwhile, Princess Juliana (who reigned as Queen of the Netherlands from 1948 until 1980) and her children were evacuated to Ottawa, Canada, where they remained for the duration of the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the Second World War, thousands of Dutch civilians emigrated in search of work, asylum, and a better life far from the devastation in Europe. The Netherlands government actively encouraged emigration to relieve housing shortages and economic distress and entered into agreements with other governments that were eager to bolster their stagnant populations and economies. Hundreds of thousands of Dutch citizens emigrated to Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States. Almost one third went to Australia, but Canada was also one of the most popular destinations for post-war immigration. Approximately 15,000 Dutch farmers and approximately 2,000 war brides went to Canada in the first few years after the war. Former resistance members often emigrated when they saw how some collaborators retained their positions after the war. Likewise, many members of the Communist Party of the Netherlands (who had been active in the resistance) fled as Cold War tensions in Europe escalated and the newly established Dutch secret service began to target Communists.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eClaus George Willem Otto Frederik Geert van Amsberg was the husband of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. He was a German aristocrat, born in 1926, who married Princess Beatrix in 1966 and became Prince Claus of the Netherlands upon Beatrix’s ascension in 1980. Some of the Dutch population was unhappy about the match as Claus had been a member of the Hitler Youth and had been conscripted into the German Wehrmacht in 1944. Prince Claus died on October 6, 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom its inception as a country in the sixteenth century, the Netherlands has had a reputation of religious tolerance, with people of various faiths co-existing more or less peacefully alongside one another. Jews began to arrive in the Netherlands after they were expelled from Spain. Some Dutch cities were more welcoming and tolerant than others and Jewish communities began to appear in cities like Amsterdam, The Hague, and Rotterdam by the late sixteenth century. In 1796, Dutch Jews were formally emancipated and received full political and civil rights. The Netherlands, and Amsterdam in particular, remained a major Jewish population center until World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the years immediately following the war, the Dutch government attempted to return recovered works of art and property to their original owners. Some insurance policies were also paid, but efforts at restitution mostly stagnated by the 1950’s and remaining valuables or property were transferred to the Dutch government or remained assets of the various institutions in which they were housed. In the 1980’s and 1990’s, several archives detailing these items were rediscovered. As a result, the process of restitution was revisited. In the late 1990’s and early 2000’s, several committees and organizations were established to obtain compensation payments or the return of household effects, valuables, and works of art. Around the time of this interview, an agreement was also reached with the Dutch government, banks, and insurers to distribute million of dollars in funds belonging to Dutch Jews and their heirs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn October 1940, all Dutch firms under Jewish ownership or in which Jews had a dominant stake had to be registered with the \u003cem\u003eWirtschaftsprüfstelle\u003c/em\u003e (corporate inspection service) and they were assigned a caretaker, or \u003cem\u003eVerwalter\u003c/em\u003e [German: administrator], by the German authorities. The \u003cem\u003eVerwalter\u003c/em\u003e had to approve the firm‘s transactions from that point onward. Once the Jewish owners were deported, the firms were confiscated, liquidated, or sold. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, the Foundation of Jewish Religious Communities and Social Organizations for Reimbursement of Damage, commonly known by its Dutch acronym JOKOS, focused on obtaining compensation payments for the household effects of more than 29,000 Jewish homes in Amsterdam that were confiscated from deported Jews or those who had gone into hiding. A claim was filed regarding household contents taken from Eli’s grandparents, Asser and Alida Sondervan. A claim was also filed for compensation of household items and jewelry taken from his maternal grandparents, David and Aaltje Cohen Paraira, as well as for valuables and assets they were forced to surrender to the Lippman-Rosenthal \u0026amp; Co bank (Liro). Liro was an established Jewish bank in Amsterdam that was appropriated by the Germans and set up to systematically register and subsequently loot money, securities, and valuables (including paintings and jewelry) from Dutch Jews. Payments were made in the early 1960’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, the Dutch government attempted to return recovered works of art to their original owners. Between 1945 and 1952, the Netherlands Art Property Foundation [Dutch: \u003cem\u003eStichting Nederlandsch Kunstbezit\u003c/em\u003e or SNK] became the organization responsible for the recovery and restitution of works of art confiscated during World War II. SNK recovered many works of art and returned them to their rightful owners, and also organized \"viewing days\" for people to identify their property. Unfortunately, in order to submit a claim, individuals had to follow an extensive evidentiary procedure. Proving ownership often proved nearly impossible. Close to 4,000 works of art for whom an owner or heir could not be determined or located were registered in the 1950's and remained in the custody of the Dutch state in what was known as the NK Collection or Netherlands Art Property Collection. An inventory of the collection resurfaced in 1987, prompting the Dutch government to reexamine post-war restitution practices and Dutch museums to investigate the provenance of all acquisitions made during and shortly after the Second World War in an effort to make restitution for any stolen property. At the time of this interview, those investigations were still underway or had not been completed. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmersfoort is a municipality and the second largest city of the province of Utrecht in central Netherlands.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Amersfoort concentration camp [Dutch: \u003cem\u003eKamp Amersfoort\u003c/em\u003e] was one of three concentration camps operated in the Netherlands. It was located in Amersfoort, a city in central Netherlands near Utrecht. Amersfoort was used to confine and deport area Jews and as a prison for non-Jewish Dutch and Belgian citizens. Most of the prisoners were male, but some women and even families with children passed through Amersfoort. Between 1941 and 1945, about 37,000 people were registered prisoners in Amersfoort. Around 20,000 were sent east to German labor camps and close to 9,000 were released. Other prisoners were executed or died from torture and starvation. Around 400 survivors remained in Amersfoort at liberation. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEli may be referring to an organization known as Haboniem, or Ichoed Habonim-Dror beHolland [the Hebrew Association of Freedom Builders], an international socialist-Zionist youth movement for Jewish youth aged 7-17, which is located in Amsterdam. A younger Eli is pictured at a meeting in a collection of photographs by Leonard Freed called “Photographs of Jewish Amsterdam in the 1950’s” at the Joods Historich Museum (Jewish Historical Museum) in Amsterdam. As of February 2016, the photo can be found at \u003ca href=\"http://www.jhm.nl/collection/specials/leonard-freed\"\u003ehttp://www.jhm.nl/collection/specials/leonard-freed\u003c/a\u003e.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePippi Longstocking [Swedish: Pippi Långstrump] is the protagonist in a series of children's books by Swedish author Astrid Lindgren. She is recognizable by her distinctive red hair that is worn in two braids.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eToulon is a city on the Mediterranean coast in southern France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Hebrew Hammer\u003c/em\u003e is a 2003 American comedy film written and directed by Jonathan Kesselman. The plot concerns a veteran of the Israeli Defense Forces known as the Hebrew Hammer who must save Hanukkah from the evil son of Santa Claus. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Sundance Film Festival, a program of the Sundance Institute, is an American film festival that takes place annually in Utah. It is the largest independent film festival in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: son of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, he is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta, Georgia founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation. Today, it is Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBnei Brak is one of the most densely populated cities in Israel and home to a large Orthodox community. It is located just east of Tel Aviv.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstimates of the worldwide Jewish population in 1940 vary, but most place it around 16 million. At the beginning of 2002, the world’s Jewish population was estimated at over 13 million.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eTalmud\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: study] is the legal code spanning 1,000 years that interprets biblical laws and commandments. It also contains a rich store of historic facts and traditions. It has two divisions: the \u003cem\u003eMishnah\u003c/em\u003e and the \u003cem\u003eGemarah\u003c/em\u003e. The \u003cem\u003eMishnah\u003c/em\u003e is the interpretation of Biblical law and the central text of Rabbinic Judaism. The \u003cem\u003eGemarah\u003c/em\u003e is a commentary on the Mishnah by a group of later scholars.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eM\u003cem\u003eegillat Esther\u003c/em\u003e is commonly referred to as the Book or Scroll of Esther and is a firsthand account of the events of Purim. It is read twice in the course of the festival: on the eve of Purim, and during Purim day. It is read in the original Hebrew from a parchment scroll. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMein Kampf\u003c/em\u003e [German: My Struggle] is the autobiography of National Socialist leader Adolf Hitler. First published in 1925, the book outlines Hitler’s political ideology and future plans for Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMosiac refers to a group of Jews in nineteenth century Germany that founded a reform movement, which focused on assimilation and rejected the idea of a Jewish nation. They proclaimed themselves \"Germans of the Mosaic faith.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe second Palestinian Intifada or uprising broke out at the end of September 2000. At the time of this interview, Israeli-Palestinian violence was very intense, with both sides experiencing a high number of casualties. Palestinians often employed suicide bombing and gunfire, while Israelis used tank, gunfire, and air attacks. The death toll for 2002 was 385 people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e tells the story of Korach (also spelled Korah) in the book of \u003cem\u003eBaMidbar\u003c/em\u003e [Numbers]. Korach was a very wealthy leader of the Levites, who led a rebellion against Moses and his priests. To punished Korach, G-d caused the ground to split open beneath their feet. Korach and his associates and their families were buried alive. All of their belongings were swallowed up as well. G-d then sent a plague to kill those who protested the loss of so many to such terrible deaths. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to Jewish tradition, the “Ten Commandments” are ten categories that contain 613 \u003cem\u003emitzvoth\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew: commandments). The ten categories are significant because they form the basis of man’s relationship with G-d and man’s relationship with his fellow people. While G-d directly gave the Ten Commandments to the Jewish people, it was Moses, who also led the Hebrew slaves out of Egypt, that received the tablets and brought them down from Mount Sinai. In the book of Genesis, G-d promises the Land of Israel to Abraham and his descendants. That covenant and the directive for living in Israel became a requirement of Jewish law. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to Jewish law, pigs are not considered a kosher animal because they have split hooves. Therefore, pork and any food from a pig is forbidden.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew) or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e (Yiddish) is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and closes the following evening. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParashat Ha’azinu\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: “portion” and “listen”] is often called “The Song of Witness” or the “Song of Moses.” It is a poem that constitutes chapter 32, verses 1-43 of the book of \u003cem\u003eDevarim\u003c/em\u003e (Deuteronomy) and is near the end of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e. It is typically read between the holy days of\u003cem\u003e Rosh Hashanah\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSukkot\u003c/em\u003e, generally in September or October. It was written/orated just prior to Moses’ death. It is an indictment of the Israelites’ sins, a prophecy of their punishment, and a promise of G-d’s ultimate redemption of them. G-d warned Moses that the Israelites would abandon their covenant with G-d after his death. G-d then directed Moses to teach the song to the community. The Israelites’ lapse into idolatry compelled G-d to threaten them with national disaster and almost with national extinction. Only then will they be in the right mindset to speak to G-d and be granted victory over their foes. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/\u003cem\u003eKashrut\u003c/em\u003e is the set of Jewish dietary laws. Kosher refers to \u003cem\u003ehalakhah\u003c/em\u003e (Jewish law) that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Ben-Gurion (1886-1973) was one of the primary founders and the first Prime Minister of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), the total population of Israel in 2002 was 6.6 million. Over 5 million or 80 percent were Jewish while 20 percent were Muslim, Christian, or other. Of that 20 percent, approximately 80 percent or 1.2 million were Arab, 10 percent were Christian, and 10 percent Druze. Among the Israeli population that was identified as Jewish, many do not qualify as Jews according to the definition espoused by Orthodox Judaism. According to government figures, only approximately 4.5 percent of the Jewish population identified as Haredi (or ultra-Orthodox) and another 13 percent as Orthodox.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTel Aviv is Israel’s largest metropolitan area and second most populous city after Jerusalem. Founded by a Jewish community in 1909 on the outskirts of Jaffa, it is located on the Mediterranean coast in central-west Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJerusalem is the capital of the State of Israel, its seat of government, and the holiest city in Judaism. It is also Israel's largest, most populated and most religiously diverse city. Jerusalem has been a place of pilgrimage and worship for Jews, Christians and Muslims since the biblical era. The majority of residents are Jewish, with a sizeable Orthodox Jewish community. However, there is also a large percentage of Muslim residents and many Christians.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTsfat is the Hebrew name of Safed, Israel. Safed is a city in the northern district of Israel. The city has a high proportion of Orthodox Jews and very few Arab residents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Philistines were one of a number of people of Aegean origin who settled on the southern coast of modern day Israel at the end of the Bronze Age, around the twelfth century BCE. They settled on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, between modern-day Tel Aviv and the Gaza Strip, in the area that later became known as Philistia, or the Land of the Philistines. It was from this designation that the Greeks later called the country Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMuhammad Anwar El Sadat was the third President of Egypt, serving from October 15, 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on October 6, 1981. Sadat was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace for his diplomatic efforts that culminated in a peace treaty with Israel in 1979. His moderate policies and relationship with the West generated considerable domestic opposition.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1973 Arab–Israeli War, also known as the Fourth Arab-Israeli War or the October War, was a war fought by the coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel in October 1973. In Israel and the United States, the war is typically referred to as the Yom Kippur War because it began on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur). In the Muslim world, it is referred to it as the Ramadan War. The previous Arab-Israeli war, known as the Six-Day War (1967), was followed by years of sporadic fighting, which developed into a full-scale war when Egypt and Syria simultaneously attacked Israel on October 6, 1973. Thanks to the element of surprise, Egyptian forces soon crossed the Suez Canal and broke through to the Golan Heights. When the Soviet Union began to support Egypt and Syria, the United States commenced its own resupply efforts. Israeli forces soon turned the tide, surrounding the Egyptian Third Army and repulsing Syria forces. Fighting finally ceased on October 26, 1973. Israel and Egypt signed a cease-fire agreement in November and peace agreements on Jan. 18, 1974. On May 31, 1974, Israel and Syria signed a cease-fire agreement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Suez Canal is an artificial waterway in Egypt that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and separates the African continent from Asia. It is owned and maintained by Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Yom Kippur War in 1973, a senior North Korean official named General Han was serving as military attaché in Egypt and may have arranged for North Korean pilots to fly Mig-21s against Israel. An engagement between North Korean pilots and Israeli pilots took place on Oct. 6, 1973 when Israeli jets came upon a North Korean patrol near the Suez Canal and exchanged fire.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFax (short for facsimile), sometimes called “telecopying” or “telefax,” is the telephonic transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), normally to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device. The modern fax machine was introduced by the Xerox Corporation in 1964 and usage soon spread around the world. While still used by some businesses today, it has been largely surpassed by internet-based alternatives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTelex refers to a network of teleprinters similar to a telephone network, used to send text-based messages. Telex was first developed in Germany in 1933 and spread around the world very rapidly. It is still in operation today but usage has mostly decline since the advent of fax and email.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGolda Meir (1898-1978) was an Israeli teacher, politician and the fourth Prime Minister of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003ekibbutz\u003c/em\u003e, or collective community, of Sde Boker is in the Negev desert of southern Israel and is famous as the home of David Ben Gurion, Israel’s first Prime Minister. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe president of Egypt, Anwar Sadat, became the first Arab leader ever to visit the state of Israel in 1977. On November 9, 1977, Sadat had offered to travel to Israel during a speech to his parliament. Israel’s Prime Minister Menachem Begin issued an official invitation and, on November 20, 1977, Sadat addressed the Israeli Knesset. The gesture was significant for breaking an Arab policy of not dealing publicly with the Jewish state created in 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jordan River is in West Asia and flows from the border between Syria and Lebanon southward through Israel to the Dead Sea. It divides Israel and the Israeli-occupied West Bank border the river to the west, while the Golan Heights and Jordan lie to its east. After 1948, the river marked the frontier between Israel and Jordan from just south of the Sea of Galilee (Lake Tiberius) to the point where the Yabis River flows into it from the east (left) bank. Since Israeli forces occupied the West Bank in 1967, it has served as the cease-fire line as far south as the Dead Sea.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEli seems to be referring to cross-border operations by Palestinian Arab refugees into Israel from Syria in the mid-1950’s and the increase in tensions during and after the 1956 Suez Crisis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Quran [Arabic; also referred to as the Qur'an or Koran] is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from G-d.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEli is likely referring to Temple Mount, a walled-in area in the Old City of Jerusalem. It is one of the most contested religious sites in the world. The Temple Mount is the holiest sight in Judaism, as it is believed to be the site where God gathered the dust to create Adam and where Abraham offered his son Isaac as a sacrifice. It is also believed to be the location of both Jewish Temples. Muslims believe that the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven from the Temple Mount, called Haram al-Sharif [Arabic: the Noble Sanctuary]. Christians also view the site as sacred, believing it is where Jesus prayed and chased away merchants and moneychangers. Today, there are multiple structures from various periods on Temple Mount, but the site is dominated by three seventh century structures: the Dome of the Rock, Al Aqsa Mosque, and the Dome of the Chain. The Western Wall—a remnant of the Second Temple—stands in the southwest side. Israel has controlled the area since 1967. A restricted amount of non-Muslim visitors are allowed to visit the site, but only Muslims are allowed to pray at the site.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa (1929-2004), popularly known as Yasser Arafat, was a Palestinian leader. He was the founder of Fatah, a political and military organization, chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization, and president of the Palestinian National Authority. Under his leadership, Palestinian-Israeli relations often turned violent. After peace was established following the First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising that lasted from 1987 until 1991, Arafat—together with Israeli Prime Minister Yitzak Rabin and President Shimon Peres—was awarded the Nobel Prize in World Peace in 1994. Palestinian-Israeli relations soon grew hostile again, however. The Second Intifada, also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada, lasted from 2000 to 2005. Shortly before this interview, in June 2002, Israeli forces moved into the West Bank city of Ramallah and surrounded Arafat’s compound, only allowing him to leave after intense negotiations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the formation of the State of Israel in 1948, war broke out when five Arab nations invaded territory in the former Palestinian mandate immediately following the announcement of independence. Fighting continued until February 1949, when Israel and its neighboring states of Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria agreed to formal armistice lines.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe book of \u003cem\u003eBereishit\u003c/em\u003e (Genesis) includes a story about Jacob, who flees his father’s home in Arbah [Hebrew: Biblical location] to escape his brother’s wrath and travels to the modern day town of Beit El [Hebrew: Beth El], which is located just north of Jerusalem, Israel. There, Jacob spent the night under the stars. He dreamt of angels ascending and descending a ladder into heaven. During the dream, G-d promised to protect him in his travels. Jacob’s ladder has become the colloquial name for a connection between the earth and heaven. Most interpretations agree the ladder symbolizes a connection between G-d and the Jewish people. Some believe the dream also charges Jacob with the obligations and inheritance of the ethnic people chosen by G-d. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the United States government agency responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Book of Ruth or \"Scroll of Ruth” [Hebrew: \u003cem\u003eMegillat Ruth\u003c/em\u003e], is the second of the Five \u003cem\u003eMegillot\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: scrolls], which are parts of the \u003cem\u003eKetuvim\u003c/em\u003e, the third major section of the \u003cem\u003eTanakh\u003c/em\u003e. The \u003cem\u003eMegillat Ruth\u003c/em\u003e tells of Ruth's accepting the God of the Israelites as her God and the Israelite people as her own. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Book of Esther or \"Scroll of Esther” [Hebrew: \u003cem\u003eMegillat Esther\u003c/em\u003e], is the last of the Five \u003cem\u003eMegillot\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: scrolls], which are parts of the \u003cem\u003eKetuvim\u003c/em\u003e, the third major section of the \u003cem\u003eTanakh\u003c/em\u003e. It relates the story of Esther, a Jewish girl who becomes Queen of Persia. With the help of her cousin Mordechai, Esther thwarts plans by the king’s advisor, Haman, to slaughter all of the Jews in the empire. Haman’s ten sons were killed in the fighting that followed. The story forms the core of the Jewish holiday of Purim, a day of feasting and rejoicing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Trial of Major War Criminals (also referred to commonly as the Nuremberg Trials) was held from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946 in Nuremberg, Germany and was widely covered by the media. An international military tribunal tried 22 leading German officials for war crimes in Nuremberg, Germany. Twelve prominent Nazi Party members were sentenced to death. They were twelve additional tribunals including the trials of Nazi doctors, judges, and industrialists and of the \u003cem\u003eEinsatzgruppen\u003c/em\u003e (mobile killing squads) leaders.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Clarence Woods was a United States Army master sergeant who, along with Joseph Malta, carried out the Nuremberg executions of ten former top German leaders on October 16, 1946, after they were sentenced to death at the Nuremberg Trials.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJulius Streicher was a prominent Nazi prior to World War II. He was the founder and publisher of \u003cem\u003eDer Sturmer\u003c/em\u003e [German: \u003cem\u003eDer Stürmer\u003c/em\u003e], a highly antisemitic newspaper and central element of the Nazi propaganda machine. After the war, Streicher was convicted of crimes against humanity and executed on October 16, 1946. As he was positioned on the scaffold, he is reported to have shouted, “\u003cem\u003ePurim Fest\u003c/em\u003e!” \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the book of \u003cem\u003eShemot\u003c/em\u003e (Exodus), when Moses went up to retrieve the Ten Commandments from Mount Sinai, the Israelites began to worship the golden calf, an idol made from molten gold. When Moses returned, he was so angry he threw the tablets of stone on the ground, breaking them. He then gathered those who retained their faith in G-d and directed them to slaughter the rest.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShechita\u003c/em\u003e is the Hebrew term for the ritual slaughter of mammals and birds according to Jewish dietary laws. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. They also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis and \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvahs\u003c/em\u003e). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism especially in North America and the United Kingdom.  Historically it began in the nineteenth century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e and women rabbis), music is allowed in the services and most of the service is in English. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear which publication Eli was referring to. However, a nationwide survey conducted by the United Jewish Communities called \u003cem\u003eThe National Jewish Population Survey 2000-2001: Strength, Challenge and Diversity in the American Jewish Population\u003c/em\u003e, found that 21 percent of American Jews identified as Orthodox, 39 percent as Reform, 33 percent as Conservative, 3 percent as Reconstructionist, and 4 percent as other. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cantor is the official in charge of music or chants and leads liturgical prayer and chanting in the synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Wye River Memorandum was an agreement negotiated between Yasser Arafat, Benjamin Netanyahu, and senior negotiators for Israel and the Palestinian Authority at a summit at the Aspen Institute Wye River Conference Centers near Wye Mills, Maryland in October 1998. It aimed to resume the implementation of the 1995 Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (also known as the Oslo II Accord). The agreement allowed for the building of an international airport in the Gaza Strip. Israel agreed to pull back from an additional 13 percent of the West Bank and to release 750 Palestinian security prisoners. The Palestinian Authority agreed to combat terrorist organizations, arrest those involved in terrorism, and to collect all illegal weapons and explosives. Ultimately, neither side met the specific obligations that were to be implemented in a phased approach in accordance with a detailed time line and a new round of Israeli-Palestinian violence, known as the Second Intifada, began in 2000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Oslo Accords are a set of agreements between the government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). On September 13, 1993, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Negotiator Mahmoud Abbas signed a Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements, commonly referred to as the “Oslo Accord,” in Washington D.C. Israel accepted the PLO as the representative of the Palestinians, and the PLO renounced terrorism and recognized Israel’s right to exist in peace. Both sides agreed that a Palestinian Authority would be established and assume governing responsibilities in the West Bank and Gaza Strip over a five year period. Then, permanent status talks on the issues of borders, refugees, and Jerusalem would be held. By 2000, the peace process had run aground.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBaal Teshuvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: one who returns] refers to a Jew who turns to embrace Orthodox Judaism or “one who has returned to G-d.” \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYehoram Gaon is an Israeli singer, actor, director, producer, TV and radio host, and public figure. He has also written and edited books on Israeli culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCatholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile established the Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition, commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition, in 1478. It was originally intended to ensure the orthodoxy of those who converted from Judaism and Islam. This regulation of faith intensified after royal decrees issued in 1492 and 1501 forced a quarter million Jews to convert to Christianity or leave Spain. The Spanish Inquisition is often cited as an example of Catholic intolerance and repression. Although records are incomplete, estimates of the number of persons charged with crimes by the Inquisition range up to 150,000, with 2,000 to 5,000 people executed. Thousands were burned at the stake in public executions. The Inquisition was not limited to Spain or even Europe—it also spread to Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the New World and Asia—and was not formally abolished until 1834.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to Jewish law, fish is considered kosher only if it has both fins and scales. In the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e, in the book of \u003cem\u003eDevarim\u003c/em\u003e (Deuteronomy), it says, “These you may eat of all that are in the waters; all that have fins and scales, you may eat. But whatever does not have fins and scales, you shall not eat; it is unclean for you.” \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFriedrich Nietzsche was a German philosopher, cultural critic, poet, and Latin and Greek scholar in the late nineteenth century. His work challenged the foundations of Christianity and traditional morality and has exerted a profound influence on Western philosophy and modern intellectual history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Darwin was a nineteenth century English naturalist whose theory of evolution became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies. Darwin studied variations in plants and animals during a five-year voyage around the world and published his ideas on evolution in 1859 in a book called \u003cem\u003eOn the Origin of Species\u003c/em\u003e. The basic idea behind his theory of evolution is that all the diverse groups of species have evolved from one or a few common ancestors and the mechanism by which this evolution takes place is natural selection. Rumors of a revision of his views of religion and his controversial theories of evolution began to circulate almost immediately after his death in April 1882 and continue today, but no available evidence supports the suggestion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that carries most of the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. Although many species (such as chimpanzees, mice, and pigs) have similar DNA sequences to humans, there are also significant differences in the way the individual genes behave.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa, and the Middle East and their descendants. The adjective “Sephardic” and corresponding nouns Sephardi (singular) and Sephardim (plural) are derived from the Hebrew word ‘\u003cem\u003eSepharad\u003c/em\u003e,’ which refers to Spain. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAshkenazi is an ethnic division of Jews that formed in the Holy Roman Empire in the early 1000’s. They established communities in Central and Eastern Europe. Large scale Jewish immigration in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century brought a large influx of Ashkenazi Jews to the United States from Eastern Europe. Today, the Jewish community in the U.S. is composed predominantly of Ashkenazi Jews and their U.S. born descendants.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Second Temple period in Jewish history spans about six hundred years, beginning with the construction of the second Jewish temple in Jerusalem in 515 BCE and ending with the destruction of the temple by the Romans in 70 CE. Although Jewish culture was well established by this point, the so-called Second Temple period is when Jewish culture began to develop many of the characteristics that define Jewish religious experience to this day—engagement with the Bible, institutions such as the synagogue, and the notion of Judaism itself as a voluntary religious identity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn addition to eating \u003cem\u003ematzah\u003c/em\u003e (unleavened bread) during the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, Jews are prohibited from eating leavened bread during the entire week of Passover. In addition, Jews are also supposed to avoid foods made with wheat, barley, rye, spelt or oats unless those foods are labeled ‘kosher for Passover.’ \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaimonides, known in the Jewish world as ‘Rambam’ after the initial letters of his name (Rabbi Moshe Ben Maimon, or Rabbi Moses son of Maimon), is of the most well known and widely studied Jewish scholars today. Born in Spain in 1135, his family fled to Morroco, Israel, and finally Egypt to avoid persecution by Muslim rulers. Maimonides served as physician to the sultan of Egypt and wrote numerous books on medicine. His major contribution to Jewish life remains the \u003cem\u003eMishneh Torah\u003c/em\u003e, his code of Jewish law. He also published a commentary on the entire \u003cem\u003eMishnah\u003c/em\u003e, and wrote the philosophical \u003cem\u003eGuide to the Perplexed\u003c/em\u003e. He served as a leader of Cairo’s Jewish community until his death in 1204. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHaAri Hakadosh, also known as Rabbi Isaac Luria, was a sixteenth century mystical poet who is considered to be the father of contemporary Kabbalah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMizrahim are Jews who never left the Middle East and North Africa since the beginnings of the Jewish people 4,000 years ago. The Mizrahim and Sephardic communities are often confused with one another. There are some commonalities between the two and the Sephardic Jews that immigrated to the Middle East or North Africa often assimilated into the predominantly Mizrahim communities, but each retains distinct cultural traditions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKabbalah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Jewish book of mysticism; also spelled ‘\u003cem\u003eKabala\u003c/em\u003e’ or ‘\u003cem\u003eCabala\u003c/em\u003e’] is at one time a method, discipline and school of thought. In Judaism, it forms the foundation of mystical religious interpretation. \u003cem\u003eKabbalah\u003c/em\u003e seeks to define the nature of the universe and the human being, the nature and purpose of our existence, etc. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe attacks of September 11, 2001, also known as the ‘9/11’ attacks, were the deadliest terrorist attacks on American soil in United States history. Nineteen militants associated with an Islamic extremist group hijacked several commercial airplanes and attacked targets in New York City and Washington D.C. by crashing the planes into buildings. The attacks caused extensive death and destruction and triggered an intensive effort to combat terrorism in the Middle East and around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOmer\u003c/em\u003e refers to the forty-nine day period between the second night of \u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e (Passover) and the holiday of \u003cem\u003eShavuot\u003c/em\u003e. This period marks the beginning of the barley harvest when, in ancient times, Jews would bring the first sheaves to the Temple as a means of thanking God for the harvest. The word omer literally means “sheaf” and refers to these early offerings.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOsama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden, or Osama Bin Laded, was the founder of al-Qaeda, the organization that claimed responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States, along with numerous other mass-casualty attacks against civilian and military targets.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Early Edition” is an American television drama series that aired on CBS from 1996-2000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLas Vegas is a city located in the Mojave Desert in the U.S. state of Nevada. It is a resort town famed for its buzzing energy, 24-hour casinos, and endless entertainment options.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCOMDEX (an abbreviation of Computer Dealers' Exhibition) was a computer expo held at various locations in Las Vegas, Nevada each November from 1979 to 2003. It was one of the largest computer trade shows in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSobibor [Polish:  Sobibór] was an extermination camp that was established in March 1942 near Lublin in southern Poland and went into operation in May 1942. About 250,000 Jews were murdered there before Sobibor was closed and razed in July 1943.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of the \"liberation of Palestine\" through armed struggle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the end of the Six-Day War in June 1967, Israel took control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. The Sinai was returned but the other territories were incorporated into Israel. Originally, those territories were referred to as “Occupied Arab territories,” ruled via the Israeli Military Governorate system from 1967 to 1982. Today, the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territory generally refers to the West Bank, including East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip, and much of the Golan Heights. Much of the continued tensions over the area revolve around the occupation of East Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntifada\u003c/em\u003e is an Arabic word meaning “shaking off” although it is popularly translated into English as “uprising” or “resistance” or “rebellion.” The First \u003cem\u003eIntifada\u003c/em\u003e in Israel lasted from December 1987 to 1993. The Second Intifada began in September 2000 and lasted until around 2005. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRamallah is a Palestinian city in the central West Bank located 10 kilometers (6 miles) north of Jerusalem. Historically a Christian town, Muslims form the majority of the population today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the U.S. through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as ‘FDR,’ he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFlight 93 was a Boeing 757 operated by United Airlines that left from Newark, New Jersey on the morning of September 11, 2001. While en route to San Francisco, California, the flight was hijacked by four members of a militant Sunni Islamist organization known as al-Qaeda and rerouted towards Washington D.C. As passengers attempted to overcome the hijackers and break into the cockpit, the hijackers intentionally crashed the plane into a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. All 33 passengers, 7 crewmembers, and the hijackers were killed. The passengers and crew have been hailed as heroes because their actions potentially saved the lives of many more people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSan Francisco is a city located on a peninsula in the northern part of the U.S. state of California.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlantic City is a resort city on the Atlantic coast in the U.S. state of New Jersey that is known for its many casinos, wide beaches, and iconic Boardwalk.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNer Hamizrach\u003c/em\u003e is a Sephardic Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta, Georgia founded in 1991. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJudaica are literary, historical, or artistic materials such as books or religious items, that relate to Jews, Judaism, and Jewish life or customs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/annotation_set/336/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBar Ilan University is a public university in the city of Ramat Gan in the Tel Aviv District, Israel. Established in 1955, Bar Ilan is now Israel's second-largest academic institution.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=6030.0,6060.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Sondervan, Eli [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Sondervan Family and Life Before World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=19.0,64.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My family . . . my parents got married shortly before the war. My father was a teacher and economist. He was one of the first that got jobless when the whole thing started. I had no brothers and sisters then. I was the only one, the first-born. We lived in Amsterdam, just opposite the famous Lekstraat Synagogue, which, by the way, is now a museum . . . a kind of Holocaust remembrance museum. I had then grandparents that I vaguely remember.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=19.0,64.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Amsterdam, Holland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lekstraat Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sondervan Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=19.0,64.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moved to a Ghetto and Things Get Worse for Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=64.0,134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We already . . . in 1942, when I was a little baby, the Germans started to concentrate all the Jews in the ghetto. We had to move from our house into kind of apartment house, where there were lots and lots of people in a very small space. I vaguely remember that. That was also the time that they started to allow Jews not to buy in the stores anymore. You had to buy in the markets. You could not ride in the streetcars any longer.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=64.0,134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dutch Police","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=64.0,134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eli's Parents Saved from Being Taken and Deportations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=134.0,226.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In nineteen . . . end of 1942, my parents by the way, got special papers that they were not to be rounded up yet. My father\nwas a teacher and was necessary to teach Jewish children that were not gone yet. My mother was also considered a teacher they got special papers from the Joodse Raad, which was the community organization to organize the deportations of the Jews.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=134.0,226.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Deportation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Joodse Raad - Jewish Council","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Teacher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=134.0,226.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Receiving Deportation Papers and Living in Utrecht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=226.0,341.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One day the deportation papers for my grandparents arrived. My father said, \"This is the moment to go into hiding. If not, they'll pick us up within two days and we'll be gone.\" Both his parents and my mother's parents refused to go in hiding. They said, \"It won't be that bad. Let's go and see what they have for us in the East.\" He tried to convince them. They refused to. Then one day they came to collect them.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=226.0,341.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aaltje Leefma Paraira","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adolf Hitler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alida Tas Sondervan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Asser Philip Sondervan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Cohen Paraira","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Deportation Papers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hiding","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Restrictions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Utrecht, The Netherlands","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=226.0,341.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Traveling South with His Family and Smuggled into Brussels","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=341.0,456.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A few days later . . . my parents were not able to convince their parents to leave. They left and came to Utrecht to pick me up.\nThen we went to the south. The idea they had was to go to Belgium, France, Spain, and then from Spain to cross into the United States.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=341.0,456.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Belgium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brussels, Belgium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Smugglers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Spain","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stamp  Collector","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Star of David Patch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Netherlands","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States of America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Utrecht, The Netherlands","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=341.0,456.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arriving in Belgium and Getting New Identities","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=456.0,576.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He took us over the border and helped us to get to Brussels. Now in Belgium, already the war was not as bad as in Holland. Holland was the worst of all European countries because Holland was by the Germans considered as part of Germany. All the others were occupied territories. Holland was not occupied. Holland was annex as part of Germany. In Belgium already you could move a little bit safer. We went to Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=456.0,576.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brussels, Belgium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eddie D'here","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fake Identities","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Geheime Staatspolizei - Gestapo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=456.0,576.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eli's Mother Getting Fake Papers and Taken Prisoner","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=576.0,669.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to go back because it's a very interesting story . . . A few days before that, we were going to leave Holland, we needed fake papers. There was somebody that was going to make those papers. My mom had to go there with a lot of money and with photographs so they could make the papers and she could get the papers on the spot. Then we could leave with those papers. Those were papers identifying us as non-Jewish.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=576.0,669.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fake Papers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Geheime Staatspolizei - Gestapo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Willy Paul Franz Lages","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=576.0,669.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Encountering the Gestapo in Brussels","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=669.0,730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going back to Brussels . . . that was the second time that she looked the Gestapo in her eyes and was given up again. She said, \"We are from Flanders, the name is D'here,\" and all that. Showed the papers. Papers looked pretty good. There were no photocopies in those days but people were very good in faking papers.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=669.0,730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brussels, Belgium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fake Identity Papers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Geheime Staatspolizei - Gestapo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=669.0,730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going to Eastern Belgium and Put in an Orphanage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=730.0,822.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From there, we went to eastern Belgium . . . French-speaking part of Belgium. In Belgium, there was a whole underground organization called the 'Underground Train.' There were Catholic priests . . . there were other people that organized a system to save Jews. They saved something like 500 Jewish children from Antwerp and all kinds of things. We fall in the hands of those people. They put my mother and me on a big farm outside . . . my father got to work in another farm, nearby.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=730.0,822.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antwerp, Belgium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Baptism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Catholic Priests","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eastern Belgium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orphanage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Underground Train","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=730.0,822.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberated by Americans and Eli's Father Joining SHAEF","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=822.0,1083.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What happened in October 1944, when the Americans liberated France . . . they liberated Paris in October, and three days later came to the little village where we were hiding. I remember huge fighting at night, it was like fireworks, but sometimes bigger. The whole horizon was lit up by the shooting. The Germans were still there and the Americans were coming so they were fighting all night.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=822.0,1083.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1944","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Forces","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brussels, Belgium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"General George Smith Patton","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sherman Tanks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Supreme Headquarters Allied Expedition Forces (SHAEF)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=822.0,1083.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Understanding the War as a Child","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1083.0,1174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As a child, how was all this explained to you? There was this war going on.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1083.0,1174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Deportations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Disappearances","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1083.0,1174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Letters from His Father","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1174.0,1223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What happened then is that in August 1945 my dad decided it was time for his family--in the meantime, he had a wife and two\nchildren--to come back to Amsterdam. He sent us letters, he was sending me letters every week--beautiful letters with illustrations about the army and the trucks . . . my father couldn't draw.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1174.0,1223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1945","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Amsterdam, The Netherlands","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brussels, Belgium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Letters","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1174.0,1223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reuniting with His Uncle","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1223.0,1366.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have another little, very nice story what happened in Brussels. We didn't know who survived and who didn't survive. We were in our flat in Brussels. One day, in the middle of the night . . . we were liberated . . . somebody knocks on the door . . . That was after May 1945, after the . . . when you hear the knock on the door, you froze for fear. Being the middle of the night . . . although the war was already over but this trauma was not gone. Somebody knocks on the door.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1223.0,1366.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brussels, Belgium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1223.0,1366.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Taken to Eindhoven, Holland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1366.0,1458.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyhow we were picked up in the jeep and were taken to the Netherlands, to the southern part of the Netherlands. There, we were stopped by Dutch officers. \"Where are you going?\" \"We're going to Amsterdam.\" \"What do you want to do there?\" \"We used to live there before the war.\" \"Why did you live there before the war?\" \"Well, that's where we came from.\" \"Do you have papers?\" \"No.\" \"Do you have a passport?\" \"No.\" \"How do we know you're Dutch?\" \"You hear our Dutch speaking?\" \"That's not enough.\" They picked us up and took us to Eindhoven, the city where the big Philips factories are.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1366.0,1458.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dutch Officers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eindhoven, Holland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Netherlands","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1366.0,1458.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rescued by His Dad and Going to Amsterdam","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1458.0,1502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the meantime, my dad was in Amsterdam waiting for us to arrive and we never came. He stared to do inquiries, couldn't find out. Talked to the headquarters in Brussels and they told them that the Dutch had taken care of us. They didn't know what happened, so he became furious. He sent a colonel from Amsterdam to Eindhoven to find us. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1458.0,1502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Amsterdam, Holland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brussels, Belgium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eindhoven, Holland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1458.0,1502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Realizing the Effects of the War and Rebuilding Life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1502.0,1711.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Only then, really, the situation of the war started to sink in because . . . some people had come back, not too many. Holland . . . I don't know if you're aware of it, but the lowest number of Jews that survived is in the Netherlands. Only eight percent of Jewish population survived. In Poland it was almost 20 percent. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1502.0,1711.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anne Frank","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hate","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust Survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ravensbruck Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rebuilding Life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schools","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Netherlands","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Theresienstadt Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Trauma","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States Citizen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1502.0,1711.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dutch Attitudes About Jews, the Resistance Movement, and Myths","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=1711.0,1968.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Could you give just a little bit of context as to why the Dutch were so strongly against the Jews? 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How would you deal with the problem?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3300.0,3451.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arab People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arab World","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jerusalem, Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jordan River","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mediterranean Sea","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestinians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Quran","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Torah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United Nations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yasser Arafat (Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3300.0,3451.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel as the Jewish Homeland and the Bible Connecting to Historical Events","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=3451.0,3741.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm a very liberal person when it comes to liberties but there's one thing that is very clear: nobody ever wanted us. 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What that has meant to you throughout your life and whether you feel any conflict with Ashkenazi culture that is so prevalent here in the United States.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4581.0,4753.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Afghanistan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ashkenazi Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ashkenazi Practices","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Egypt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HaAri Hakadosh (Rabbi Isaac Luria)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew Prayers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Iran","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"North Africa","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rambam","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rules","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sephardic Background","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sephardic Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sephardic Tradition","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Spain","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Turkey","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4581.0,4753.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prophecies and What's To Come in the Future","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170#t=4753.0,4909.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35887/file/105170/index/47672/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You've made various comments about prophecy that various things that have happened were actually written in the past. 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