{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/k649p2z32q/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Regenstein, Lewis"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2025-02-27 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Regenstein, Lewis (Interviewee)","Smith, Ryan (Interviewer)","Bradbury, Rachael (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eLewis Regenstein was interviewed by Ryan Smith on February 27, 2025, in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eLewis Graham Regenstein was born in Washington, D.C., in 1943 while his father was stationed there during World War II. He grew up in Atlanta, Georgia, and was one of two children born to Helen Moses and Lewis Regenstein, Jr. His brother is Jonathan Kent Regenstein. Growing up, Lewis’ family were members of The Temple, and his father was a lawyer. He attended the University of Pennsylvania and went to work for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. He worked as a China specialist during the Cultural Revolution and then in the Domestic Collection Service. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLewis worked for the agency from 1966 through 1971. In 1971, he became involved in wildlife conservation, working to get the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 and the Endangered Species Act of 1973 passed. His career has since focused on writing about conservation, wildlife, pesticides, endangered species, and military topics. He is also a Charter Member of the Association of Former Intelligence Officers (AFIO). Lewis married Janice Kay Mendenhall in 1976, and they had two children, Anna and Daniel. They later separated, and Janice passed away in 2001. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eThe interview primarily focuses on Lewis’ family history and their involvement in the American Revolutionary War and the American Civil War. He talks about his upbringing, sharing his mother’s and father’s names and what they did for a living. He shares what schools he attended and shares a bit about his career. He discusses his Jewish upbringing and begins sharing about his family history. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLewis talks about his relative Isaac Harby and shares details about his family during the American Revolutionary War. He talks about his mother’s involvement in the Daughters of the American Revolution. He discusses his relatives who fought in the American Revolutionary War. He talks about his father’s background and when his family came to the United States. He talks about his ancestors’ involvement in the American Civil War. He expresses his thoughts on the brutality of the Union Army. He describes each of his ancestors and the role they had during wartime. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLewis discusses his mother and father’s involvement in the American Civil Rights Movement in Atlanta. He shares stories about Octavia Harby Moses, his mother's grandmother. He also discusses his ancestors, Andrew Jackson Moses and Raphael Jacob Moses. He talks about his family at the end of the Civil War. He shares his thoughts on how the legacy of the Civil War and the Confederate Army has changed. He talks about the history of Jews in the South versus the North. He talks about other conflicts and wars that his family has served in. He shares some stories of racism, antisemitism, and conflict during the Civil Rights Movement, including the bombing of The Temple. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLewis discusses some talks he has given about his family and the Civil War. He talks about some authors and their books that are also exploring the role of Southern Jews in the Civil War. He expresses his thoughts on the shifting narrative regarding the Civil War and Confederate monuments. He talks about writing to the editors of the major newspaper to try and correct them. He shares his opinion about flying the Confederate flag. He talks about his view of the Civil War, saying that it was Southerners defending their homeland, not fighting for slavery. He shares that he believes that historians have glossed over how Jews were treated in the North and how the Union Army treated Southerners. The interview concludes with Lewis talking about Dr. Samuel Nunez and how he came to Savannah, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Alexander, Jr., Cecil Abraham (born Henry Alexander II, 1918-2013) (personal name)","Arden, Elizabeth (1881-1966) (personal name)","Benjamin QC, Judah Philip (1811-1884) (personal name)","Butler, Benjamin Franklin (1818-1893) (personal name)","Darden, Claibourne Henry (b. 1943) (personal name)","Davis, Jefferson F. (1808-1889) (personal name)","Ezekiel, Moses Jacob (1844-1917) (personal name)","Farber, Jerry (personal name)","Grant, Ulysses S. (born Hiram Ulysses Grant, 1822-1885) (personal name)","Hagy, James William (b. 1936) (personal name)","Harby, Isaac (1788-1828) (personal name)","Hill, Jr., Jesse (1927-2012) (personal name)","Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826) (personal name)","Katz, Martha Jo Felson (personal name)","King Sr., Martin Luther (1899-1984) (personal name)","King, Jr., Martin Luther (1929-1968) (corporate name)","Korn, Sr., Bertram Wallace (1918-1979) (personal name)","Lebedin, Charles (1901-1989) (personal name)","Lee, Robert E. (1807-1870) (personal name)","Levy, Uriah Phillips (1792-1862) (personal name)","Lewis, John Robert (1940-2020) (personal name)","Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865) (personal name)","Longstreet, James (1821-1904) (personal name)","Lovett, Eva Grady Edwards (1873-1965) (personal name)","Maddox Sr., Lester Garfield (1915-2003) (personal name)","McGill, Ralph Emerson (1898-1969) (personal name)","McGill, Jr., Ralph Emerson (1945-2010) (personal name)","Mordecai, Samuel (1786-1865) (personal name)","Moses, Andrew Jackson (1815-1877) (personal name)","Moses, Graham (personal name)","Moses, Isaiah (1772–1857) (personal name)","Moses, Lieutenant Joshua Lazarus (1841-1865) (personal name)","Moses, Myer (1735-1787) (personal name)","Moses, Octavia Harby (1823-1904) (personal name)","Moses, Rachel (personal name)","Moses, Raphael Jacob (1812-1893) (personal name)","Moses, Jr., Raphael Jacob (1844-1909) (personal name)","Nixon, Richard (1913-1994) (personal name)","Nunes, Samuel (1668-1744, born Diogo Nunes Ribeiro, changed to Samuel Nunez in 1727, the name he is known by today) (personal name)","Nunez, Israel Moses (1838-1905) (personal name)","Phillips, Rebecca Machado (1746-1831) (personal name)","Oglethorpe, James (1696-1875) (personal name)","Potter, Edward Elmer (1823-1889) (personal name)","Regenstein, Helen Moses (1918-2023) (personal name)","Regenstein, Julius (1826-1914) (personal name)","Regenstein, Jr., Lewis Gabriel (1912-1994) (personal name)","Regenstein, Robert Sigman (1914-1998) (personal name)","Rosen, Robert N. (b. 1947) (personal name)","Rosenberg, Sr., Leman Loeb (1921-2008) (personal name)","Rosengarten, Dale (personal name)","Rothschild, Rabbi Jacob Mortimer \"Jack\" (1911-1973) (personal name)","Selig, Jr., Simon S. “Slick” (1913-1986) (personal name)","Selig, III, Simon (Steve) Stephen (b. 1943) (personal name)","Sherman, William Tecumseh (1820-1891) (personal name)","Stanton, Edwin McMasters (1814-1869) (personal name)","Stephens, Alexander Hamilton (1812-1883) (personal name)","Trounstine, Captain Philip (1843-1901) (personal name)","Washington, George (1732-1799) (personal name)","The Atlanta Journal-Constitution (AJC) (corporate name)","Capital City Club (corporate name)","Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (corporate name)","College of Charleston (corporate name)","Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) (corporate name)","Druid Hills Elementary (corporate name)","Ebenezer Baptist Church (corporate name)","Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (corporate name)","Georgia Tech/Georgia Institute of Technology (corporate name)","Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim (corporate name)","Kilpatrick, Stockton, Townsend (corporate name)","Lovett School (corporate name)","McCallie School (corporate name)","New Georgia Encyclopedia (corporate name)","New York Post (corporate name)","New York Times (corporate name)","Regenstein's Department Store (corporate name)","Sons of Confederate Veterans (corporate name)","The Temple (corporate name)","University of Pennsylvania (corporate name)","Washington Post (corporate name)","The Westminster Schools (corporate name)","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum (corporate name)","Aix-en-Provence, France (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Augusta, Georgia (geographic term)","Charleston, South Carolina (geographic term)","Columbia, South Carolina (geographic term)","Columbus, Georgia (geographic term)","Esquiline Hill (geographic term)","Fort Moore (formerly Fort Benning) (geographic term)","Fort Sumter (geographic term)","Marietta, Georgia (geographic term)","Mobile, Alabama (geographic term)","Monticello (geographic term)","New Orleans, Louisiana (geographic term)","Savannah, Georgia (geographic term)","Stone Mountain (geographic term)","Sumter, North Carolina (geographic term)","Washington, D.C. (geographic term)","Washington, Georgia (geographic term)","16th Street Baptist Church bombing (named event)","American Civil War (named event)","American Revolutionary War (named event)","Battle of Bentonville (named event)","Civil Rights Movement (named event)","Reconstruction (named event)","Spanish-American War (named event)","Spanish Inquisition (named event)","Vietnam War (named event)","War of 1812 (named event)","World War II (named event)","Antisemitism (other)","Confederate Army (other)","The Confederate Memorial (other)","Emancipation Proclamation (other)","General Order No. 11 (other)","Gone with the Wind (other)","Ku Klux Klan (other)","Malaria (other)","Neo-Nazis (other)","​​Orthodox Judaism (other)","Passover (other)","Pickrick Restuarant (other)","Reform Judaism (other)","Rosh HaShanah (other)","Segregation (other)","Slavery (other)","Tariffs (other)","Union Army (other)","Yom Kippur (other)","Zeta Beta Tau (other)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eLewis Regenstein was interviewed by Ryan Smith on February 27, 2025, in Atlanta, Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLewis Graham Regenstein was born in Washington, D.C., in 1943 while his father was stationed there during World War II. He grew up in Atlanta, Georgia, and was one of two children born to Helen Moses and Lewis Regenstein, Jr. His brother is Jonathan Kent Regenstein. Growing up, Lewis\u0026rsquo; family were members of The Temple, and his father was a lawyer. He attended the University of Pennsylvania and went to work for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. He worked as a China specialist during the Cultural Revolution and then in the Domestic Collection Service.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLewis worked for the agency from 1966 through 1971. In 1971, he became involved in wildlife conservation, working to get the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 and the Endangered Species Act of 1973 passed. His career has since focused on writing about conservation, wildlife, pesticides, endangered species, and military topics. He is also a Charter Member of the Association of Former Intelligence Officers (AFIO). Lewis married Janice Kay Mendenhall in 1976, and they had two children, Anna and Daniel. They later separated, and Janice passed away in 2001.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview primarily focuses on Lewis\u0026rsquo; family history and their involvement in the American Revolutionary War and the American Civil War. He talks about his upbringing, sharing his mother\u0026rsquo;s and father\u0026rsquo;s names and what they did for a living. He shares what schools he attended and shares a bit about his career. He discusses his Jewish upbringing and begins sharing about his family history.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLewis talks about his relative Isaac Harby and shares details about his family during the American Revolutionary War. He talks about his mother\u0026rsquo;s involvement in the Daughters of the American Revolution. He discusses his relatives who fought in the American Revolutionary War. He talks about his father\u0026rsquo;s background and when his family came to the United States. He talks about his ancestors\u0026rsquo; involvement in the American Civil War. He expresses his thoughts on the brutality of the Union Army. He describes each of his ancestors and the role they had during wartime.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLewis discusses his mother and father\u0026rsquo;s involvement in the American Civil Rights Movement in Atlanta. He shares stories about Octavia Harby Moses, his mother's grandmother. He also discusses his ancestors, Andrew Jackson Moses and Raphael Jacob Moses. He talks about his family at the end of the Civil War. He shares his thoughts on how the legacy of the Civil War and the Confederate Army has changed. He talks about the history of Jews in the South versus the North. He talks about other conflicts and wars that his family has served in. He shares some stories of racism, antisemitism, and conflict during the Civil Rights Movement, including the bombing of The Temple.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLewis discusses some talks he has given about his family and the Civil War. He talks about some authors and their books that are also exploring the role of Southern Jews in the Civil War. He expresses his thoughts on the shifting narrative regarding the Civil War and Confederate monuments. He talks about writing to the editors of the major newspaper to try and correct them. He shares his opinion about flying the Confederate flag. He talks about his view of the Civil War, saying that it was Southerners defending their homeland, not fighting for slavery. He shares that he believes that historians have glossed over how Jews were treated in the North and how the Union Army treated Southerners. The interview concludes with Lewis talking about Dr. Samuel Nunez and how he came to Savannah, Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/277/949/small/LRegenstein.mp4_1750356635.jpg?1750356640","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - L_Regenstein.mp4"]},"duration":5153.00674,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/277/949/small/LRegenstein.mp4_1750356635.jpg?1750356640","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/277/949/original/L_Regenstein.mp4?1750356628","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":5153.00674,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Regenstein, Lewis [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e This is Ryan Smith, it is February 27, 2025. I'm interviewing Mr. Lewis Regenstein at the Breman Museum in Atlanta, Georgia. Could you please state your name and date of birth for the record?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3.0,17.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Lewis Regenstein, 21 February 1943.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=17.0,22.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you. Where were you born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=22.0,25.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Washington, D.C. My father was stationed there during World War II.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=25.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you grow up there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=30.0,32.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I'm a fourth generation native Atlantan, very proud of that. Not many of us left.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=32.0,40.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me the names of your parents and siblings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=40.0,44.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e My parents' siblings?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=44.0,46.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Your parents and siblings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=46.0,48.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm sorry, I didn't hear the question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=48.0,49.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me the names of your parents and siblings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=49.0,53.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e My parents as siblings?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=53.0,55.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, if you had siblings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=55.0,59.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e I have a brother named Kent . . . the name, I'm sorry. Jonathan Kent Regenstein is my brother, he's about two years younger than I am.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=59.0,68.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e What's the name of your parents?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=68.0,70.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e My parents were Helen and Lewis Regenstein, Jr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=70.0,78.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e What did they do for a living?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=78.0,79.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Daddy was a lawyer with the firm of Kilpatrick, Cody, Rogers, McClatchey and Regenstein, now Kilpatrick Stockton, I think it's called. Kilpatrick, Stockton, Townsend, a very fine law firm here in Atlanta with offices all over the world and all over country. Very fine firm. He was also chairman of the board of Regenstein's Department Store here in Atlanta. Mama was a, I guess you'd say a housekeeper. She raised two kids and took care of my dad and threw parties for when they . . . cooked for everyone and it was a pretty full-time job. By the way thank you very much for the honor you give me of interviewing me today, Rachael and Ryan. I appreciate it very much and thanks for the great work that Breman does keeping alive the memory of our great legacy of the Jewish community here in Atlanta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=79.0,142.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBRADBURY:\u003c/strong\u003e We're very glad to have you. Thank you for coming in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=142.0,144.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=144.0,145.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you, sir. Tell me of the names of the schools you attended.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=145.0,151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e I went to Little Lovett up until about the third grade on West Wesley Road. This is before the Big Lovett school, but Mrs. [Eva] Lovett . . . Do you want to just talk like this? Anyway . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=151.0,171.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBRADBURY:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me stop it real quick. [interview pauses, then resumes]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=171.0,175.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Mrs. Lovett set up this school called, I guess, it was called Lovett. It's known as Little Lovett now. It was on West Wesley Road, set back in the woods. I went there until about the third grade, and she taught us all about nature. I remember seeing a flying squirrel. I don't think I've ever seen one before or since, but a flying squirrel, they wouldn't really fly, they'd just spread their wing-like appendages and go from tree to tree. I still run into people all the time that went to Little Lovett. I had lunch with a couple of Little Lovett alumni. Then I went to Druid Hills in the fourth, fifth, and sixth grade, Druid Hills Elementary. Then from the seventh grade on Westminster, and from there the University of Pennsylvania, and did my junior year abroad in Aix-en-Provence, France.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=175.0,233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e What did you do for a living?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=233.0,236.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Most of my time has been spent as a writer and a conservationist. When I got out of college, the Vietnam War was going on and I wanted to serve my country, so I joined the United States Central Intelligence Agency and I worked for them from 1966 to 1971, which was a really interesting experience and I'm still active in the alumni group and have done some articles for their journals and magazines and mailings. Then in 1971, I went to work on some projects involving wildlife conservation, trying to get the Endangered Species Act of 1973 passed as well as the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, which protected whales, dolphins, walruses, manatees, and other marine mammals, polar bears. I did that from about 1971 on, still doing it. But I'm mainly a writer. I've written a lot about conservation, wildlife, pesticides, endangered species, also military stuff, World War II, the Holocaust. Did a joke book with Jerry Farber, a famous comedian here in Atlanta. I'm a writer and a conservationist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=236.0,334.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e I learned that you're a descendant of Isaac Harby, who was one of the earliest supporters of the Reform movement in Judaism in the United States. Did you grow up in a religious household?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=334.0,347.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Somewhat, I went to Sunday School, Temple on Saturdays, I was confirmed. [interview pauses, then resumes] I grew up and I was confirmed at The Temple, and we had Passover dinners, went to temple on Yom Kippur and Rosh HaShanah, so it was a religious upbringing, but Reformed religious, nothing compared to the Orthodox. Did you ask me about Isaac Harby?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=347.0,382.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, sir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=382.0,383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Isaac Harby, who is considered the main founder of Reform Judaism in America, was my mother's great-great-grandfather and he had a very interesting background, but she has descended from him, and his family is very interesting. I'm going to tell you a little bit about them right now. Isaac Harby, she's his great granddaughter . . . No, sorry, Mom's great-great-grandfather was the renowned Charleston [South Carolina] journalist Isaac Harby. He was the leading founder of Reform Judaism in America, which was done through the synagogue in Charleston, Beth Elohim, which is believed to be the oldest synagogue in continuous use in the United States and may be the oldest surviving Reform synagogue in the world. Reform Judaism, back then, as they formed it, was quite different from Reform Judaism of today. The services were held in Hebrew, and a lot of people didn't speak Hebrew back then, so they changed the services, mainly to English would be, everyone could understand it and participate. He was very proud of his family's role in the American Revolution. He wrote an article in 1826 about his father-in-law Samuel Mordecai, who he described as a brave grenadier in the American Army. One branch of his family was the Levy's, they were responsible, a lot of people don't know this, they were responsible for buying up and preserving Monticello, which was the home of Thomas Jefferson, the main author of the American Constitution. A member of the family, Commodore Uriah P. Levy, he's well known, he was the famous naval officer who was responsible for abolishing flogging in the Navy. After he retired from the Navy, he bought Monticello, which had fallen into disrepair and farm animals were wandering in and out of it. The family rehabilitated it and donated it to a private foundation. It eventually became a national monument. By the way, his father, Commodore Levy's father, was Michael Levy. He was a member of the Silver George's Regiment, which protected Philadelphia [Pennsylvania] from the British during the American Revolution. His maternal grandfather, Jonas Phillips, who came to Charleston, South Carolina in 1750 as an indentured servant, sort of like being a slave. He gained his freedom after three years of work and he married Rebecca Machado, granddaughter of Samuel Nunez, and is believed to be the first Jewish wedding, perhaps in North America. But among the guests who danced at the wedding was said to be the Virginia planter and soldier, George Washington. That's the story of Isaac Harby.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=383.0,608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Speaking of the American Revolution, I see that your mother was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution [DAR]. Are you or other members of your family involved in American heritage type organizations?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=608.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e We're not as involved as she was. She was a member of the DAR for 82 years and was their parliamentarian for decades for the Atlanta chapter of the American Revolution, Daughters of the American Revolution. She was very active. I'm not much of a joiner but I love the group, and they were so nice to Mama. Honored her in every way, became wonderful friends of her and Mama had three, at least three relatives who fought for the American Revolution. The best known was Myer Moses. Myer Moses was the founding father of our extended family. He fought for Benton's [sp] company of militia in the American Revolution. He was living in Charleston during the war, during the British bombardment of Charleston. An artillery shell, a British artillery shell hit his home, burned it down, and killed his little daughter Rachel and the nurse whose lap she was sitting on. Rachel Moses is believed to be the only Jewish female to die during combat in the American Revolution. Mama had two more relatives, direct descendants, who fought in the America Revolution, so she was proud to be a member of the DAR and to honor this proud heritage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=622.0,726.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e What about your father? What's their background and when did they arrive in the United States?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=726.0,733.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Daddy's family arrived shortly after the Civil War, and his grandfather, Julius Regenstein, founded the department store, Regenstein's, and they sold all kinds of dry goods. They sold saddles and rifles and shoes and became a woman's specialty store here in Atlanta. One of the highlights, he was chairman of the board, and most of the time it was run by Julius, and then Julius' grandson, Robert Regenstein. But during the Gone with the Wind premiere held here in Atlanta, the biggest thing ever to happen in Atlanta until the Olympics, my parents had a table at the Gone With the Wind premiere, and Elizabeth Arden, the cosmetics queen, was their guest. She lost one of her earrings, so my mother had to get on the floor with my father and look for the earring, which I believe they did find. Regenstein's had a full-page ad giving the history of the store, I think it was started in 1878, giving the story of the story a full page ad and the souvenir edition of the Atlanta Journal of the Constitution Gone with the Wind edition. As well as in the junior league catalog and several other publications that came out during the premier. Regenstein's had three or four locations at one point and a very loyal following.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=733.0,841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e That's a good transition. Today, we're going to focus on your family's Confederate and Civil War history and the perception of that conflict by Jews in general. Let's focus on in your mother's family because you've written extensively about her family's involvement in that conflict for the Confederacy. What kind of stories did your mother, and her family tell you about the Civil War?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=841.0,867.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Mama had almost three dozen extended family members who fought for their homeland, the South, during the war between the states, as she called it. They were not fighting for slavery, they were fighting because the very brutal Union army was invading Georgia and South Carolina, burning people's homes, killing their livestock, killing civilians. In fact, when they got to Sumter, where she was from, they burned all the bales of cotton in our backyard, which was the family's fortune. She is directly descended from . . . her grandfather was Andrew Jackson Moses. He was 16 when the war ended and he and his four brothers fought from beginning to end for the South. It's very interesting, the stories about their exploits, particularly on the final day of the war, when the eldest brother, Joshua Lazarus Moses, was killed and his platoon, artillery battalion fired the last shots in defense of Mobile, Alabama. But on the last day of the war, this is after [Robert E.] Lee had surrendered, they didn't have radios back then, so they didn't know Lee had surrendered, so there was a lot of fighting going on that day, last day when Lee surrendered. After the Yankees, [William Tecumseh] Sherman's Army burned down Columbia, South Carolina, a contingent of Potter's Raiders attached to Sherman's army of about 1,500 men headed towards Sumter to burn it too, they figured. They hastily arranged a militia force composed of my great-grandfather, Andrew Jackson Moses, the wounded and the invalids from the local hospital, any people they could round up, old men, the sick, the wounded. They got about 150 men together and they rode out to meet Potter's raiders and try to hold them off. Several of them got killed and they held them off for about an hour, but they eventually reached Sumter. They didn't burn Sumter, and they didn't burn our family's home fortunately. They quartered a couple of officers in our home and that's what saved us probably. The family's servants, it's like something out of Gone with the Wind, they took the family's silver into the woods and buried it and hid it. It was very brutal. The Potter's Raiders committed some real atrocities, they sexually assaulted Mr. B's daughter, and when he tried to intervene to help her, they shot and killed him and then propped his body up in some kind of protest position they thought was amusing. There's a whole book written about this. That was the story of Andrew Jackson Moses. He survived the war; the eldest brother didn't. Another brother was captured planting landmines, land torpedoes they called them, and he returned from a Yankee prison camp looking like a skeleton, his mother said. Another brother was wounded. Then the fifth brother, Isaiah Moses, he fought in the last large land battle of the war in Bentonville, North Carolina. His company of 200 men, all the officers had been killed, so he commanded it. There weren't 200 left there, I think, maybe about 50 men left, and they fought to the end. He was very proud that after the surrender, he never surrendered to anybody and he rode home after the Battle of Bentonville, never having surrendered to the Yankees. Their mother, Octavia Harby Moses, named after her great-grandfather, Isaac Harby, she was very active. She organized the women of Sumter. They sent their silver to the government to be melted down for steel and for rifles, and ammunition. They sent clothing and coats and food to the troops and when the troops would come through Sumter on the railway at midnight she would go out and meet them with hot food and tea and refreshments and sometimes when the Union troops, the prisoners would come, through she'd go out and help them too. She had 17 children all but three of whom lived to be adults, and she formed the Sumter Monumental Association honoring the troops after the war and that became eventually the Daughters of the Confederacy. The whole family participated in the war. Let me make sure I didn't leave anything out. I also want to say something now that we've talked about the Confederates. My father and mother were very active. They had many, many friends of every different race and religion and ethnicity, people like John Lewis, some of the founding fathers of the Civil Rights Movement here in Atlanta. John Lewis, the Congressman John Lewis, and Jesse Hill, the greatest businessman Atlanta's ever had, they were friends of my parents. When the [Richard] Nixon IRS [Internal Revenue Service] and the Georgia Department of Revenue came after Martin Luther King [Jr.] and sued him for tax evasion and tried to take away the tax exemption for Ebenezer Baptist Church where they were holding a lot of civil rights meetings, my father pro bono represented Martin Luther King and Daddy King and got the charges dropped. Also I remember in the 1960's, the State Department had the Supreme Court of the Ivory Coast come make a tour of the United States, a goodwill visit, and they were having trouble getting a family in Atlanta to host them for dinner. This is during the days of segregation. I remember my parents had the entire Ivory Coast Supreme Court over for dinner, served them squab from the family's pigeon factory in Sumter, the largest pigeon factory in the world. I remember I spoke French at the time fairly well and I served as translator for the 12 or so members of the French-speaking Supreme Court of the Ivory Coast. We had a wonderful dinner. My parents, while my mother was very proud of her Southern heritage, they also were active in the . . . having many friends in the Civil Rights Movement and doing things to help build Atlanta to the city it is today. You got both sides there, the Confederate side and the civil rights side.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e What about your us stories from friends or neighbors about the Civil War and their families did you hear any stories about . . . ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1345.0,1355.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e My great . . . Octavia Harby Moses, whom I told you about, that'd be my mother's grandmother, there's a family story handed down, which is undoubtedly true, that when the Union troops got to Sumter, they were looking for her son, Andrew Jackson Moses, because he had killed some Yankees in that battle. They said to her, we're going to find him and hang him from this big oak tree in your front yard. She said, \"You've got to find him first.\" They never did; he survived the war. There's that story. There's so many, but I hardly know where to begin. The story of the occupation of Sumter by the Union forces is . . . my great-great-grandmother, Octavia Harby Moses, she did an article for the Sumter newspaper and said, \"I have no complaints. We survived the war, and my eldest son got killed, but we didn't have it so bad during the occupation, other people had it a lot worse.\" It was very brutal, and so was the reconstruction period in the South, where huge taxes were raised on property, people couldn't pay their taxes. They had to sell their property, sell their homes. Carpet baggers came down from the North and took office and ran everything. It was a very unpleasant time for the South. There are areas of the South that still haven't recovered because Sherman, on his march to the sea from Atlanta to Savannah, burned everything in sight. All you had between a large swath of land between Atlanta and Savannah were chimneys. It's the only thing that survived the fires of everything they burned. They killed a lot of civilians, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1355.0,1482.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did they get the name or that is the story about Andrew Jackson Moses, the Unionists? The Union soldiers that were threatening Andrew Jackson Moses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1482.0,1495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e They came to the house, a bunch of them, and said, \"We're going to hang your son from that tree,\" a very famous family story. They had two officers living in the house and they weren't persecuted like some people were. Once the initial atrocities took place, I think things calmed down. Octavia Harby Moses, she organized during the war the whole community of Sumter to support the troops. She was a real hero to the people of Sumter and was honored her entire life for that. Her daughters worked very hard through the Memorial Association to keep alive those memories and tell those stories. We weren't in Atlanta. Now we did have a relative, Octavia's brother-in-law was Major Jacob Raphael Moses. He was a planter in Columbus, Georgia, had a few hundred acres there. His plantation, Esquiline Hill, is now Fort Benning. Did they change the name of Fort Benning? Anyway, it was Fort Benning, and he grew peaches and pears. And he was the first planter to figure out how to put peaches in wicker baskets with charcoal and ship them out of state and they wouldn't spoil and get bruises. If you look him up, he is considered the father of the peach industry in Georgia, which is the peach state. We've got a Jewish father  of the Peach industry in the Peach State, Major Raphael Moses. He was the Chief of Commissary for General Longstreet, who was one of Lee's top generals. He in charge every day of feeding two or three meals to 50,000 men of Longstreet's army, of his corps which included . . . there weren't 50,000 soldiers they wished they had had them, but they had porters and teamsters and drivers and so on. He had to feed 50,000 people a day. He wrote his memoirs and there are some really good stories. Can you imagine trying to live off the land to feed 50,000 people a day? When he was in Maryland, they went into Maryland and captured parts of Maryland, and he was greatly harassed by the women of the cities in Maryland when he was at. He would come back home, and everybody would tease him about the women calling him a thievish Southern scoundrel, and he would try to get food . . . he always insisted on paying for the food he took but he paid for it in Southern tender. That was all he had, Confederate money, they didn't want that. But he always insisted on paying for it. The women would not give him the food, and he would find these warehouses full of food, and they'd say, \"We don't have the keys to it,\" and so he would bring out the axes and all of a sudden, the keys would appear. They'd open up the warehouses, and he'd take the food and pay them for it. His memoirs are that thick, and there are story after story like that in there. He treated it all with good humor, and he treated everybody decently and fairly, and took all the teasing from the women and all the persecution, and then he'd get back after a day's hard work and the men would tease him about how the women would tease him. It was completely different in cities like Union-occupied New Orleans [Louisiana] where you had Benjamin Butler, called Beast Butler, who really persecuted people and was very anti-Jewish and the Jewish women in New Orleans would work very quietly and secretly against the Union troops there. He would threaten to put them in jail, but they were very courageous in the way they resisted the Yankee troops. Major Moses was very honorable and treated the people in the occupied area very, very honorably. He ended up, the Confederates were almost out of food at the end of the war, so they sent him down to Georgia to see if he could get the Georgia farmers to grow more food and make it available to the Confederate troops. He ended up in Georgia at the time of the end the war. He ended up attending the last meeting of the Confederate Georgia in Washington, Georgia. There are monuments down there for it. He was given the order by President [Jefferson] Davis at the meeting to carry out the last order of the Confederate government. They gave him all of the silver and gold bullion which was left in the Confederate treasury. Lee had surrendered, and there wasn't any Confederate government left, really. There was some question as to who that gold and silver belonged to, and a lot of people wanted that. He got a dozen men, veterans of the war, armed men, and they commandeered a train car, they put that gold and silver bullion in that train car and guarded it with their lives and successfully delivered it as ordered to the commanding military forces in Augusta, Georgia, to be used to feed and provision and help the Southern soldiers there, the Confederates, in the hospitals. Also the Union troops there, and the Confederate soldiers straggling home from the war, sick, wounded, miserable, hungry, starving, without shoes, wounded. They successfully delivered it, and he got a receipt for it. The receipt is reprinted in his memoirs. I think the Chappell Foundation has the original, I'd love to get a hold of that, give it to the Breman. That's the story of Major Raphael Jacob Moses. His three sons fought for the Confederacy, one of them was fighting in Virginia and a union artillery shell penetrated the bunker he and his men were in, and he picked it up carried it out of there and threw it down and it exploded, and he saved the lives of his men. One of his sons was killed in a battle in Virginia, and two others survived. But it's a great story, all these are family stories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1495.0,1949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e What was their names? Raphael Moses' children?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1949.0,1955.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e There was a . . . give me a moment there. Can you turn that off for one second? [interview pauses, then resumes].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1955.0,1970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Both Moses children . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1970.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you have that email I sent you? It's in that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1980.0,1984.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, sir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1984.0,1985.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's look it up, can you do that? Last order of the lost cause.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1985.0,1989.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBRADBURY:\u003c/strong\u003e We can find that later too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1989.0,1992.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e You sure? But that's in that email on the last order of the speech I gave on Raphael Moses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1992.0,1999.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Just to kind of diverge for a moment. What about school? What kind of lessons, how did your teachers during grade school cover the Civil War and how did they portray the conflict?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1999.0,2013.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Back when I was growing up, it was okay to be proud of your Confederate heritage. In fact, most of the white people in Georgia had ancestors who fought for the Confederacy, not for slavery, but for their homeland, to protect their homes and their families and their states. It was considered a very proud thing. Now, it's considered by most of the historians today to be a shameful thing and I think that's really unfortunate. I remember in high school, we read there was a book of memoirs by Johnny Reb in the library at Westminster and there was book of memos by a Union soldier. You got both sides. The historians today, including the Jewish historians, are not proud of the role, the very proud and honorable role played by the Southern Jews who fought for the South. The largest Jewish community in the country was in Charleston and the Jews of Charleston were very loyal to their homeland, as you would expect them to be. The local rabbi, he composed a prayer for the Confederate soldiers that is well known. But this is considered not to be a proud chapter in the history of American Jews, and I think that's very unfortunate. I will always defend the Jewish communities of the South who loyally supported their homeland and their people. By the way, the Jews of the South were treated very, very well. They were accepted, generally speaking, as leading citizens of their community. The Secretary of War, and later the Secretary of State, Judah P. Benjamin, was Jewish. He was a Charleston Jew. Many of the community leaders were Jewish. Meanwhile, in the North, General Ulysses S. Grant was a top Union general, and he issued in 1862 his very famous, infamous, General Order No. 11, expelling all Jews as a class from his conquered territory, which would have been Kentucky, Tennessee, and one other state, Mississippi, and he expelled them because they were Jews. This was not considered a scandal. The Secretary of War supported him in the North. A delegation of Jews went to see President [Abraham] Lincoln, who rescinded the order after a few weeks but by then, the damage had been done. Jews had had to leave their homes. There are stories by a famous Jewish historian, [Bertram Wallace] Korn, K-O-R-N, who wrote the Jews of the Civil War, how a baby almost drowned. They had to throw a little baby into a boat when they were escaping. Terrible things happened. Lieutenant [Philip] Trounstine of the Union Army, he resigned his commission because of the antisemitism in the Union army. The order was eventually revoked, but nobody was ever disciplined or fired or demoted for it. [Edwin] Stanton, who I think was Secretary of War for Lincoln, he defended it. He said . . . he defended it, and it wasn't considered a scandalous thing in the North. In fact, Sherman and Grant, the two top generals, were notorious antisemites, as was Benjamin Butler, the general occupying New Orleans. Antisemitism was extremely common in the North. In the South, the Jews were accepted in leadership roles and as loyal citizens, and you never hear about that. When you do hear about it, they excuse it, they say, \"Grant was a great president, very friendly towards the Jews when he was president,\" which may be but they're very quick to forgive what is the greatest act of official antisemitism in American history. The Jewish historians gloss over that and I am very critical of them for doing so. There's almost no examples of antisemitism in the South, and no official acts at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2013.0,2332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Why do you think there's such a contrasting reception between the North and the South towards Jews at this time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2332.0,2339.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e At the time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2339.0,2342.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2342.0,2343.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e In the North, you had this tradition in Boston and everywhere else where the Puritans had founded many of these communities. There was a strong tradition of antisemitism in the North, including from the immigrant communities. In the South, you have a lot of very old families. As I said, the biggest Jewish community in the United States was in Charleston, and they had been there for 150 years at that time. They had fought in the American Revolution. They were considered honorable, loyal citizens who had fought and lost their lives, fighting for America, fighting for the American Revolution, and now fighting for their homeland in the South. That's the way it was, and you never hear about that, but it's all documented. Look up General Order No. 11 and General Grant's expulsion of the Jews and you'll find it. No one denies it. Historical fact. By the way, the classic book on all this is Robert Rosen, he's a Charleston attorney, he wrote the authoritative account called The Jewish Confederates. He has story after story, after a story in there of Jewish heroes of the Confederacy and these old families and my family, and how in the North the Jews were widely hated and reviled and discriminated against including by Lincoln's administration. I hear Jewish people all the time say they revere Lincoln, they say he was the greatest American president, but his administration was very antisemitic, although Lincoln himself may not have been, but he tolerated it, and he didn't discipline it when it happened. I'm very proud to defend the South against the North.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2343.0,2470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Why do you think historians and Jewish scholars have long ignored or misrepresented Jewish involvement in the Civil War?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2470.0,2478.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Because the Civil War is presented as being all about slavery and they think it's shameful to a fault for slavery, which it might have been. They weren't fighting for slavery; they were fighting for states. They wanted to have the rights to have their own country, states' rights. They wanted it to secede from the Union. They were being taxed to death by Lincoln's tariffs. Tariffs are back in the news now. Lincoln had tariffs on all these things that the South had to pay. There were southern politicians who had a very strong interest in and defense of slavery. But the average Confederate soldier, his family did not own slaves. I think something like two or three percent of them might have. They were fighting for their homelands. Then, towards the end of the war, for propaganda purposes, Lincoln portrayed the war as being about slavery. He is widely credited with having freed the slaves. He didn't do it. The Emancipation Proclamation very carefully and very cleverly did not apply to the Southern states where the slaves could have been emancipated. It applied to the Northern states. It really didn't free any slaves, and the slaves didn't get freed until Sherman came through there and freed the slaves. You had a group of slaves following Sherman's army, who Sherman considered a nuisance, and he referred to them by the N-word. There's a famous incident where he crossed a river and the slaves tried to follow him because they didn't feel safe being left behind, and a lot of them drowned. You had Sherman, who not only hated Jews, he was not very fond of the freed slaves either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2478.0,2603.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's return back to your family. Do you know of any on your father's side that possibly served in the Confederacy or . . . ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2603.0,2612.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e They weren't here then, they didn't come over until after the war, but they served in all the other wars and my mother's brother Graham Moses he was a combat engineer in World War II they were the ones that went into an area before the American the infantry went in and cleared out the mines and the snipers and he said his military unit had 300 percent casualties. That means if they started out with 200 men, 200 got killed, and then two hundred replacements got killed. He survived, but he was right there in the thick of everything. My mother's sister, Licia, her husband was in the Pacific on a boat waiting to invade Japan. Our family fought in the War of 1812, fought in the Spanish-American War, fought in all the other wars. We're very proud of that. My father's family came over after the Civil War and they helped build Atlanta and fought in World War II and we're very proud of what they've done for this city. Black and white, and for making Atlanta an example to really every other city in the world on how people of different ethnicities and races and beliefs can live together in harmony and respect and build one of the great cities of the world. It was a struggle, it didn't happen automatically, and a lot of people had to put their lives on the line. I played . . . on my soccer team at Westminster, Ralph McGill Jr. was our goalie, his father was publisher of the Atlanta Constitution which was very critical of segregation and promoted integration and they had crosses burned on their lawn. I remember we were going to play McCallie out in Tennessee in soccer and we stopped for gas in Marietta. At that time Mariette was not a ritzy suburb of Atlanta, it was country, and we pulled into this filling station and this guy had a central casting, the fellow, the owner of the filling station was a good old boy, probably a Klan member, and he had a big sign up, \"Wanted, dead or alive, Ralph McGill, race-mixing communist, publisher of the communist Atlanta Constitution.\" I remember our coach, Coach Simms, called Ralph over and said, \"I want you to meet Ralph McGill Jr.\" I'm sure Ralph didn't enjoy that encounter and neither did the gas station owner, but I'll never forget that. You never forget these things. I remember when a former mayor of Atlanta, before he became mayor, Lester Maddox, you all may have heard of. He had a restaurant called the Pickrick and it had good food, but Lester was a famous segregationist. He wasn't so bad as the governor. He brags about how he hired more African Americans than any other governor before or since. I don't know about since. One day, some students from Georgia Tech decided to integrate the Pickrick, it was segregated. He had about 24 African American workers and they, according to him and according to some of them, they were well paid. They didn't want to see the restaurant closed down. I went down there with Roddy White, I wanted to see what was going to happen. We were in there having lunch and Lester said, \"Friends, some of the communist race agitators have shown up, and I hope you're going to show your support for me.\" Everybody jumped up and ran outside and as you went outside, he would hand you an ax handle. He didn't tell you what to do with it, but the suggestion was you may want to use that ax handle, no one did. They had police there. Atlanta wasn't a violent place at that time, never has been. The demonstrators, they were young students. The black waiters and cooks and people who worked there went outside and talked to them and said, \"Look, we don't we don't want this place closed down we need this job, we like this job, we get paid well it's a good job.\" It was all resolved without any violence, but I'll never forget that and so then everybody came back in and finished their lunch. Lester got on the  microphone and said, \"Friends, I appreciate everything you've done, but some of my friends have not returned their ax handles to me. If you haven't returned the ax handles, please bring them back.\" There are a lot of ax handles that went unreturned. I'll never forget that. Another thing I'll never forget, is a Jewish guy named Charlie Leb, his real name was what? Lebedin. Charlie Leb was a Jewish deli owner in downtown Atlanta. He had the best deli, it's called Leb's. People loved it and one day . . . they kept trying to integrate it. He said, very understandably in my opinion, he said, \"If I integrate, I'll lose half my business and I'll be out of business.\" He refused to integrate and so they started picketing and then coming in and trying to integrate the restaurant. He hired some judo experts to throw them out. Not to hurt them, but so here you got a Jewish businessman and a delicatessen owner in the heart of downtown Atlanta throwing African American demonstrators out on the street. I don't think that happened anywhere else in the country, did it? Anyway, that was all very publicized. There were a lot of very unusual things happening in Atlanta on the racial issue. There were Jews on both sides of the issue. Of course, our rabbi, Rabbi [Jacob] Rothschild, he marched with Martin Luther King and some people didn't like that. I was being confirmed in my 10th year at The Temple when they bombed it one Sunday morning. I remember I was spending the night with Steve Selig, I think his father was on the board. I know he was on the board, and I thought he was president, Steve said, maybe not. Slick came in, Steve's father, woke us up and said, \"Boys, they bombed The Temple.\" We went down there, and there was police tape all around The Temple, that didn't stop us. We walked back and looked back in the side of The Temple the north side of The Temple, there was a big hole where dynamite had gone off. I think they set the dynamite intentionally to blow up before the Sunday school classes had begun. I don't think they wanted to kill anybody like they did in Birmingham, but they did blow a hole in it. They caught the guys who did it and the Atlanta Journal Constitution published their names and addresses over and over again. I talked to some people. I said, \"Maybe we ought to go down there and put a bullet through their windows or something.\" We never did. They brought one of them to trial and he had confessed to a stool pigeon, to an informant that the GBI [Georgia Bureau of Investigation] or the FBI [Federal Bureau of Investigation] had put in his jail cell and described how they did it and he testified at the trial and the jury acquitted him. It wasn't a hung jury. The jury acquitted him. I'm pretty sure it was an all white jury. They were not going to waste our time trying anymore of them. That was almost as bad as the bombing that you couldn't find a white jury that would even hang itself much less not acquit them. That was a really bad thing to think most people in Atlanta would acquit someone who bombed a house of worship but that happened. Those are some of my memories. Not that things were that . . . I remember growing up in Atlanta was very nice. We didn't encounter a lot of . . . you weren't invited to join any of the top country clubs, but all of those country clubs now have Jewish members. My son's a member of the Capital City Club. We had a lot of Christian friends. We went to their weddings and their funerals and their parties. They came to ours and it was a good place to grow up. If you went to Grady, that was a Jewish community that was a lot a fun to grow up in and tons of stories about people in that neighborhood who had just a great experience growing up there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you tell me about the roundhouse discussion that you attended in back in 2007 in Washington, that you gave a speech about your family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3193.0,3203.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Washington, Georgia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3203.0,3204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Washington, Georgia. Besides your family or the last order that was discussed, what other topics were discussed during that meeting?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3204.0,3214.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e I was very honored to be invited by the Civil War Roundtable, which is a historical group. I was invited by Claibourne Darden, a famous pollster here in Georgia. Claibourne would always go on TV after the election and tell you why someone won or lost. I teased him, I said, \"Claibourne, you never go on the day before and tell us who's going to win. You always tell us the day after.\" Claibourne's a great guy, still around, and I love Claibourne. He invited me to Fitzgerald, Georgia, down in the south Georgia to talk to the Civil War Roundtable about my ancestor Raphael Jacob Moses who attended the last meeting of the Confederate government in Washington, Georgia, which is right down there . . . no, it was in Washington, Georgia, not in Fitzgerald. Fitzgerald is where Martha Jo Katz is from. You all need to talk to her. She was the top . . . Martha Jo, top event planner in Atlanta for decades from Fitzgerald, Georgia. Her father was chairman of the Board of Regents. Nice Jewish girl. Jerry, great guy, her husband. Anyway, I was invited to address a Civil War Roundtable about my ancestor, who attended the last meeting right there in Washington, carried out the last order of the Confederate government. It was great. Everybody couldn't have been nicer. They put me up in this ancient hotel there called the Fitzgerald Hotel, and I think I was the only guest. The floors were uneven. It was great, and I began my speech saying, \"It's a great honor to be here, and thanks for putting me up at this very old, vintage, historic Fitzgerald Hotel.\" I said, \"This hotel is so old that the Gideon Bible in my room only has an Old Testament.\" I got a good laugh, so then I gave my little talk, and we had a question-and-answer period, and I said, \"I feel very uncomfortable giving a speech here about the Civil War to a bunch of people who know a lot more than I do about it, but I'll do my best,\" but it was a great experience. They basically invited me to honor my Jewish ancestor. I was happy to do it. I've talked to several other sons of Confederate veterans groups and Civil War roundtables here in Atlanta. I did one at Mary Mac's Tea House and I did one out in Marietta. I remember in the one in Marietta, they always began the meeting with a prayer, and I remember in Marietta they began the prayer, and they ended with Amen, and they didn't say in Jesus' name we pray, and I think they did that just out of respect for my being I thought that was a very nice gesture. I don't know that that's the reason, but they did it. I've had very welcoming, friendly, great experiences talking to Civil War groups about my Confederate ancestors and the valor of the Confederate soldier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3214.0,3415.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e How recently have you been invited to attend a speaking engagement regarding this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3415.0,3421.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e I got invited back to Washington, Georgia. I said, \"I don't know if you want me back, because I did a good job or you want to give me a second chance.\" But I hadn't made it back there yet. Claibourne's not program chairman anymore. When's the last time I did one? I spoke to the ZBT [Zeta Beta Tau] chapter at Georgia Tech about my Confederate ancestors. I don't think they enjoyed hearing about them as much as the Civil War groups. I did go to . . . where did I go? I went to a city outside Atlanta to talk to a group. It was a big convention of the Sons of Confederate Veterans. I was invited . . . also I was invited to the national meeting of the Sons of Confederate Veterans held, I believe, somewhere here in Georgia, I don't remember where, to talk about my Confederate ancestors. It's kind of an unusual thing, so you do get invited, not because I'm a great speaker or anything, but there's nobody really else talking about this. There are several books out, Robert Rosen's book, The Jewish Confederates, is the biggest and the classic one. Then Korn, K-O-R-N, the famous Jewish historian, he wrote a book called Jews in the Civil War, a lot of these stories are in there. There are other books. There's a book on the invasion of Sumter by Potter's raiders.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3421.0,3532.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Besides Rosen or Korn, what other sources did you use to research your family, particularly during their Civil War service?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3532.0,3541.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e A few dozen. I'll have to get those to you. There's a . . . at the University of Charleston. No, it's the University at Charleston, South Carolina.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3541.0,3553.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBRADBURY:\u003c/strong\u003e College of Charleston?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3553.0,3554.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Where is Dale Rosengarten?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3554.0,3556.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBRADBURY:\u003c/strong\u003e The College of Charleston.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3556.0,3558.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e The College of Charleston had a historian there called Dale Rosengarten who was fabulous, she was, probably still is the premier Jewish historian of Southern Jews. She's written several books, one of them is called A Portion of the People and that's a great book, a picture book. She's written several books. There are a lot of sources around. They're all in my . . . I've written a book, it hadn't been published yet, but I mention all the sources in there. There's a book called This Happy Land by [James William] Hagy, H-A-G-Y, which describes a killing by the British with an artillery shell of Rachel Moses, who was the daughter of our family founder, Myer Moses, and as I said, is the only Jewish female to die in combat during the American Revolution. But there are dozens of sources, not necessarily just about Jews, but where Jews are mentioned. There are two books which mention George Washington dancing at our family's wedding. The problem is the two books differ on which wedding it was. That is part of the family's lore, history, and has been handed down through generations. Supposedly the name Harby, Isaac Harby being one of the family's founding ancestors, patriarchs, the name Harby came from the name of a Jewish soldier in Israel when the Romans fought their war against the Jews, who fought very valiantly against the Romans, was wounded and taken prisoner and taken to Rome and who survived and had children and supposedly is one of the ancestors of Isaac Harby.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3558.0,3696.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Besides your mother's family, what other aspects of the Civil War have you researched, if any?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3696.0,3707.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e I pretty much read a lot about it. My version of the Civil War would be very much at odds with what the current stylish version is. It's true, we unfortunately fired the first shots, artillery rounds at Fort Sumter, a Union Fort, right in the Bay of Charleston there, and one of my ancestors was there firing at the Yankees, but they provoked us. They kept resupplying these forts right off of the shores of the Confederacy and in fact six months before the war began in January of 1861 one of my ancestors, I think it was Joshua Lazarus Moses, the oldest Moses brother, he was a cadet at the Citadel, the military academy there in Charleston and those cadets fired the first shots of the Civil War before the war had began in January, it began in April, four months earlier. They fired at a Union ship called Star of the West, which was resupplying Fort Sumter. You could say I had ancestors who fired the first two rounds of shots of the Civil War. I don't brag about this, because it's no reflection on me but I do take great pride in the Jewish soldiers of the Confederacy, especially my family. I want to keep their legacy alive. But I'm not, I don't want you to think I'm bragging about how . . . as I said, I've done very little to deserve any credit for it very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3707.0,3829.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you have an opinion regarding the controversy regarding Stone Mountain or Confederate statues?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3829.0,3838.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e You can't abolish history, and stone mountain was donated as a Confederate monument. If you take away . . . and now they want to take away the Reconciliation Monument in Arlington Cemetery, a beautiful monument sculpted by Ezekiel Moses, probably the most famous Jewish sculpture of his time. It's supposed to be a monument in reconciliation between the North and the South. For decades after the war, there'd be reunions of the soldiers, and the southerners would come to the Union's reunion and the Union soldiers would come the Confederate unions and there was reconciliation. Now you're supposed to hate everybody. You're supposed hate the Southerners and the Confederate soldiers who, they say, were fighting for slavery. They weren't. It's very out of style and you'd have trouble ever getting anything published, saying these things. I've tried, I've sent letters, a lot of letters, to the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, the Washington Post, saying, \"You're factually incorrect when you say . . . \" and they will not publish letters or articles defending in any way the Confederacy and in fact, a very wonderful columnist for the New York Post has written several articles on the Confederate background of the family that owns the New York Times the Sulzberger's who come from Chattanooga [Tennessee]. His family not only owned slaves, they traded in slaves. I'm very happy my family never engaged in the slave, the shameful, brutal and murderous slave trade, but the New York Times family did. You don't ever hear about that, do you? But you can look it up. There have been articles in the New York Post by this columnist. You would think that would have made news, wouldn't you? Not a word about it outside of the New York Post has been published.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3838.0,3987.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBRADBURY:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me pause this recording. [interview pauses, then resumes]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3987.0,3992.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e When you try to erase the past, because you don't agree with one side or the other, where do you end? They tore down a monument to . . . was it Lincoln in one of those demonstrations? Now that we're supposed to hate George Washington and the founding fathers, because they owned slaves, and so it's a whole movement to try to erase history, I think it's very dangerous. Yogi Berra, he is wrongly attributed with having said, \"The hardest thing in the world to predict is what's going to happen in the future.\" He didn't really say that, but and I say, the hardest to predict is also the past. Look what's happening now. There are so many different versions of who the heroes and the villains are in the past, and some people just hate the founding fathers, because they weren't politically correct, they were people of their time. I think it's a shame they're trying to destroy these monuments. They want to sandblast the Confederates off of Stone Mountain. First of all, that would cost, what did they say, 12 million dollars or something? Millions! It's just crazy but that is a very powerful group of people think that way now. Until just a couple of months ago they were running the country. Can I also mention something about Major Moses? This is a great story, when the Civil War began, he had three children who were of military age. One day one of them got the draft notice, and it was Saturday. And so the whole family walked for several hours to the train station to see him off, because it was a Sabbath. You can't ride a horse on the Sabbath. You got this Jewish family, Major Moses' family, walking for hours to see off one of their members, because they couldn't ride a horse. The Jewish traditions at that time were very strong and they kept them, and I think we ought to recognize and honor that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3992.0,4150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e You mentioned also that you reached out to these publications like the New York Times, Washington Post, New York Post about corrections, trying to correct them. What has the response been back towards your writings to them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4150.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't like to brag but I may have the world's largest collection of rejections from the major newspapers because I used to . . . I'd see distortions, and misstatements of fact, and errors. I wrote to the major newspaper. I did do an article for the Atlanta Journal of Constitution, the AJC, a few years ago. The article was about why many people of good will, good people, still honor their Confederate ancestors. I went through this, what we went through now. When the Union army arrived, they killed people, raped women, burned homes, burned courthouses, and a lot of people resisted, fought back. We're proud of that. I know my ancestors and the battles they were in, they were outnumbered, 10 to 1, 15 to 1, 20 to 1 in these battles. But they fought on, and they usually lost. I did this article for the AJC. They published two letters to the editor in reaction to it. One of them called me a defender of slavery. After I made the point in the article, they weren't fighting for slavery, and slavery is an evil institution, particularly the slave trade. The second letter called me a neo-Nazi. Those were the two letters they published in response. But at least they ran the article. It was a big article on the op-ed, on the editorial page . . . and I've done several articles on other topics like Major Moses, and being the father of the peach industry, which I did for their Sunday Section. I've forgotten what it's called now. They had a Sunday editorial section. I did an article there. I think the editor got in trouble for running it. But as I've gotten older, and all writers will tell you this, the editors, the book editors, and newspaper editors, they get younger and dumber as we go along. Anyway, I've sent a bunch of articles to the major newspapers saying, \"You've run a whole series of articles about how evil the South was. General Lee was evil, he whipped his slaves. There's no evidence of that. Can I please do an article for you about why the Southern soldiers were fighting? It wasn't for slavery and why a lot of really good people in the South honorable people are proud of that legacy.\" You either get rejected or you just don't get a response so as I said I've got quite a large collection I think the times eventually put my email address on their block list because I stopped getting any kind of response at all. I got my son to set me up with another email address and I started using that. I don't think that one's blocked yet. In fact, I've had a couple of letters to the editor in the Times but not about the Confederacy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4170.0,4377.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBRADBURY:\u003c/strong\u003e Can I? This is Ryan's interview, but I just realized since we're talking about things that you've written that you wrote the article in the New Georgia Encyclopedia about your ancestor, Raphael Moses, how did you come to do that? Did you approach them, or did they ask you to do that? How'd that happen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4377.0,4398.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e They did not ask me to do it, but they either had an inadequate article, or no article at all, so I wrote to them. Yes, they did have an article, and I talked to the editor, or the writer, and said, you left out the fact that he was the father of the peach industry and all that. It was not a friendly conversation, but I thank them profusely for letting me run, write the entry in the Georgia Encyclopedia. I hadn't checked out, it may not still be there, on Raphael Moses who deserves to be in there since he is generally credited by people other than my family as being the father of the Georgia peach industry. He pioneered that. That's in there, I'm going to have to check that when I get home. But thank you for mentioning that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4398.0,4453.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you think about the Confederate battle flag being flown on the grounds of State Capitol? You think it should be or not?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4453.0,4461.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e The new Georgia flag was designed by a wonderful leader of our community and a wonderful friend of my family and my parents' named, Cecil Alexander. That may be a picture of him behind you. He flew fighter bombers in World War II in the Pacific . . . no, below him. I don't know. Leman Rosenberg flew fighter-bombers against Germany in World War II. Cecil Alexander flew fighter bombers against the Japanese. But anyway, Cecil is a great architect, and he designed Georgia's new state flag, which some people don't like. I understand where people find it offensive. I'd like to live in a society where you've got the Confederate . . . it's not the flag of the Confederacy, it's the Robert E. Lee's battle flag of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, which behaved at all times in a very honorable manner in the war. They didn't commit atrocities. That's their flag. You're not honoring the Confederacy, you're honoring a very honorable military unit that fought against huge odds, and then eventually surrendered. I wish we lived in a society where you could have that flag. But that flag has come to . . . it's been co-opted by some bad groups. When the Ku Klux Klan marches, it carries that flag, which is a source of great consternation to the Sons of Confederate Veterans, because it makes groups like that that honor the legacy of the ancestors look bad. When the Klan marches, it also carries the American flag, so a lot of these groups do carry this battle flag, which is now called the Confederate flag, but they also carry the American flag, we don't ban that. In some quarters, it's come to be called a symbol of hate. I understand. It's a losing battle, a lost cause, to try to defend it. I do try to point out whenever I can it's an honorable emblem and it does not represent a defense of slavery and it's not the flag of the Klan or these neo-Nazi parties. That's a good question, I appreciate your asking that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4461.0,4623.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e What would you like my generation to know about the Civil War that's not commonly talked about or taught in school and university these days?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4623.0,4634.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e It'll never happen, but I'd like them to know that when the war began, every male of military age in the South, just about, went off to fight the war. The Confederate soldier, I'm not talking about the politician, whenever you read about the war, Alexander Stephens, who was . . . was he president of the Confederacy for a while? Anyway, he gave this stirring speech in defense of slavery. The soldiers, not the politicians, the Confederate soldiers were hopelessly outnumbered, outgunned, out-supplied, but they were never out-fought. They took on these Union armies and military units. Being outnumber 10 to 20 to 1, they fought valiantly with great courage and great honor. They were not fighting for slavery. They were fighting for their homeland. They knew what was going to happen if they lost the war and the Yankees came down and occupied the South and that is what happened so that's what I’d like people to know but you can't teach that these days. If you write it, you can get it published, there's only one publisher I know left in the country that'll publish a book that says anything nice about the South and that's a South Carolina publisher named Clyde, his name is Clyde. There's only one. I'd like your generation to know that and if you do your own research, you'll see it and if your read books like Robert Rosen's books, the Jewish Confederates, you'll see that the war is not being accurately portrayed by today's historians, and especially the Jewish historians, who gloss over the atrocities committed against the South and against Jews by the Union Army and by Lincoln's administration. They ignore it and people don't believe you when you tell them about it when they look it up, they see it's true, it's part of history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4634.0,4778.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Very last question, is there anything else you would like to add before we end your interview Mr. Regenstein?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4778.0,4785.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Again, I'd like to thank you all, Rachael and Ryan and the Breman for doing a wonderful job of keeping history alive, things like the Holocaust and World War II. It's so wonderful you're preserving these oral accounts. You all have so many Holocaust survivors on tape and they're going very fast. Someday there won't be any left. There won't be anybody to testify to that, but you've got it on tape, and that's great. Can I check my notes? Let me check my note, because I know we left some things out. I won't try to get into everything. [interview pauses, then resumes]The names of Raphael Moses' children are Raphael Moses, Jr., Israel Moses Nunez, that's his last name, Nunez. Named after Samuel Nunez. Did I mention Samuel Nunez? I'm going to mention him and y'all can put it anywhere you want. The third one I can't remember. Nunez . . . you ready?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4785.0,4865.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes sir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4865.0,4866.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREGENSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Raphael Moses' direct ancestor was Dr. Samuel Nunez. He was the first doctor in the state of Georgia. He arrived in 1733 in Savannah with a boatload full of Jews fleeing from England, but they were fleeing the aftermath of the Inquisition in Portugal. There was still a lot of discrimination going on. When Dr. Nunez arrived in Savannah . . . It wasn't clear whether Jews would be allowed to stay in Georgia. It was a colony, it wasn't a state, and James Oglethorpe was the governor. He arrived there, and there was a terrible fever sweeping through Savannah. Probably malaria, they didn't know what it was. But he arrived, he treated the people who were sick, he got them to drain the stagnant water where the mosquitoes were reproducing, and nobody died again after he arrived. He was credited with saving the colony of Georgia from being wiped out by some fever, Samuel Nunez. After that, Jews were considered to be welcome to settle in the colony of Georgia, at least that boatload of Jews. He was very prominent. He was in the court of the king. He was the king's physician in Portugal but there was a faction there that didn't like Jews and was looking for an excuse to throw him in jail. He had to get out of there quickly. It's a great story. What they did, is they invited . . . he used to have really big parties, he invited his Jewish friends and relatives and some other very prominent people to a party on a boat held offshore. And when everybody got on the boat, they had a lot to eat and drink. And before you knew it, the boat had taken off for England. Then they took the other residents back who wanted to go back. He managed to get his family and his friends out that way. from England they came to Savannah. I'd like to just say this, that before it folded, I did a column for the Jewish Georgian newspaper here in Atlanta. The newspaper came out every two months. That would have been bi-monthly. I get bi-monthly and semi-monthly mixed up. Semi-monthly would be twice a month. It came out bi-Monthly, and I used to do . . . I love doing stories on small town Jews from rural communities. I have heard more stories about Jews in rural communities and almost all of them are very nice stories. And there's this image in the North that the South is very violent and antisemitic and people hate Jews. That's not true. If you talk to a Jew from a small southern town, they'll tell you, \"yes, growing up was great. I was accepted by my friends. I was excepted by the community.\" There was one woman that told me she grew up in South Carolina in a . . . I think Dale Rosengarten wrote about this. Her father had a dry goods store, and he sold shoes. One day the Klan marched down the street of this small town and this little girl, she got scared. They all had sheets on, and she went running in and her father said, \"Don't be scared, honey. Most of those people buy their shoes here.\" She said, \"How do you know that?\" He said, \"I recognize the shoes on the marchers.\" Of course, Martha Jo Katz from Fitzgerald, Georgia, one of Atlanta's great citizens. She grew up in Fitzgerald. Her father was chairman of the board of regents. There are some bad stories too, but I have found that Southern Jews from rural areas have basically very happy memories of growing up and living in these Southern towns. I wish more people would appreciate that. The years I spent as a columnist writing these stories, I heard very few really nasty stories. There are some, but most people had very happy childhoods and adulthoods. Again, thank you to the Breman for keeping a lot of these stories and the history alive. Thanks to you all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4866.0,5150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/transcript/81285/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSMITH:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you, sir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=5150.0,5153.00674"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Atlanta celebrates and commemorates Jewish history, culture, and art through events and museum spaces. The Breman also contains the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History, which houses thousands of manuscripts, oral histories, and photograph collections, related to southern Jewish history and the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3.0,17.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWashington, D.C. is the United States capital. The city sits on the Potomac River and borders Maryland and Virginia. The city is home to the three branches of the federal government including  the Capitol, the White House, and the Supreme Court. It is also home to various well-known museums and performing arts venues such as the Kennedy Center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=25.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=25.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHelen Moses Regenstein (1918-2023) grew up in Sumter, South Carolina. She graduated from Agnes Scott College and was married to Lewis Regenstein, Jr. She served as parliamentarian of the Atlanta Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, which honored her for over 80 years of membership. She was a member of The Temple, a retired board member of The Alliance Theater, and a life member of the High Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=70.0,78.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLewis Gabriel Regenstein, Jr. (1912-1994) was an Atlanta attorney. He was born to Lewis Sr. and Lavinia Liebman \"Venia\" Regenstein in Atlanta, Georgia. His father’s family ran a high-end women’s clothing shop called Regenstein’s, which was eventually sold off. He grew up in the Druid Hills neighborhood and after graduating from Boy’s High, he went to Harvard University and got both a bachelor’s and a law degree. He returned to Atlanta and practiced law as a member of the firm Kilpatrick \u0026amp; Cody. He was also a board member of numerous organizations such as the Jewish National Fund and the High Museum of Art. He married Helen Moses, and they had two children. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=70.0,78.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKilpatrick Townsend \u0026amp; Stockton is an international law firm based in Atlanta, Georgia. The firm has 22 offices around the United States, Japan, China and Sweden. It is known for its intellectual property practice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=79.0,142.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRegenstein’s was an upscale women’s apparel store founded by Julius Regenstein in 1892 on Whitehall Street in Atlanta, Georgia. It was sold in 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=79.0,142.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Lovett School is a coeducational, private day school in Atlanta, Georgia, founded by Eva Edwards Lovett. The Lovett School was founded in 1926 and in 1957 became affiliated with the Episcopal Diocese of Atlanta. In 1963, after public schools in Atlanta began integrating, the Lovett School denied admission to three African American children: two members of the Episcopal Diocese, and Martin Luther King, III. In response, the Diocese disassociated itself with the school, and in the fall of 1963, Episcopalians from Atlanta and around the country picketed the school. In the fall of 1966, the school announced an admission policy that did not consider race or religion. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=151.0,171.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEva Grady Edwards Lovett (1873-1965) was an educator who began the Lovett School in 1926. She was administrator of the school until her retirement in 1954. She was born in Georgia and attended Peabody College, Emory University, and Columbia University. She was married to Dr. William Cuyler Lovett, and they had three children. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=151.0,171.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAix-en-Provence, or simply Aix, is a city and commune in southern France, about 20 miles north of Marseille. The population of Aix-en-Provence is approximately 145,000. Its inhabitants are called Aixois or, less commonly, Aquisextains.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=175.0,233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Pennsylvania is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The university is among one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution. Benjamin Franklin founded the university and served as its first president. It has four undergraduate schools and 12 graduate and professional schools.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=175.0,233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Westminster Schools, founded in 1951, is a co-educational, Christian day school for students in kindergarten through grade 12. The school is widely regarded as one of the top private schools in the Atlanta area. Its campus is located in the Buckhead neighborhood.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=175.0,233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University founded the Emory School in the Fishburne Building on the Emory Campus in 1919 as a public school for faculty children. In 1928, the K-11 school moved to its current site at 1798 Haygood Drive and renamed Druid Hills High School. In 1959, the elementary students were moved to Fernbank Elementary School and Druid Hills High School then housed grades 8-12.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=175.0,233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Vietnam War occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from November 1, 1955 to the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975. This war fought between North Vietnam—supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies—and the government of South Vietnam—supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=236.0,334.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government tasked with advancing national security through collecting and analyzing intelligence from around the world and conducting covert operations. The agency is headquartered in the George Bush Center for Intelligence in Langley, Virginia The CIA exerts foreign political influence through its paramilitary operations units, including its Special Activities Center. During World War II, U.S. intelligence and covert operations had been undertaken by the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). The office was abolished in 1945 by President Harry S. Truman, who created the Central Intelligence Group in 1946. The agency has been the subject of numerous controversies, including its use of political assassinations, torture, domestic wiretapping, propaganda, mind control techniques, and drug trafficking, among others.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=236.0,334.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust was the systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=236.0,334.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJerry Farber is a comedian and entertainer from Atlanta, Georgia. He graduated from the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill and worked in his father’s business before he quit to pursue a comedy career. In the 1980’s he opened Jerry Farber’s Side Door and in 2011, he opened a new club with the same name.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=236.0,334.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=334.0,347.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsaac Harby (1788-1828) was an early 19th-century teacher, playwright, literary critic, journalist, newspaper editor, and advocate of reforms in Judaism from Charleston, South Carolina. Harby's writings were anti-abolitionist, and staunchly supportive of slavery. Harby came from a Sephardic Jewish family, and he and some associates created a new synagogue in 1824. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=334.0,347.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or “Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,” is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1500 families. As of 2022, its Senior Rabbi is Peter S. Berg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=347.0,382.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzo\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=347.0,382.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: “day of atonement”] The most sacred day of the Jewish year. \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting \u003cem\u003eyizkor\u003c/em\u003e for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the \u003cem\u003eshofar\u003c/em\u003e (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=347.0,382.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRosh HaShanah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on \u003cem\u003eRosh HaShanah\u003c/em\u003e, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e may revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=347.0,382.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=347.0,382.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Washington (1732-1799) was the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Washington was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. When the American Revolutionary War against the British began in 1775, Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. He directed a poorly organized and equipped force against disciplined British troops. Ultimately Washington led a combined French and American force to a decisive victory over the British at Yorktown in 1781. Washington set enduring precedents for the office of president, including republicanism, a peaceful transfer of power, the use of the title \"Mr. President\", and the two-term tradition. As a planter of tobacco and wheat at Mount Vernon, Washington owned many slaves. He began opposing slavery near the end of his life, and provided in his will for the eventual manumission of his slaves. Washington's image is an icon of American culture and he has been extensively memorialized; his namesakes include the national capital and the State of Washington. In both popular and scholarly polls, he is consistently considered one of the greatest presidents in American history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=383.0,608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Nunes (1668-1744, born Diogo Nunes Ribeiro, changed to Samuel Nunez in 1727, the name he is known by today) was a Portuguese physician and among the earliest Jews to settle in North America. Nunes and his family escaped from Lisbon to London in 1726 for religious freedom, fleeing the Portuguese Inquisition. Before his arrival in Georgia, an epidemic had killed 114 colonists. Upon his arrival, Nunes was allowed by the colony's founder, General James Edward Oglethorpe, to begin treating the ill. The death rate dwindled dramatically to only a few with the epidemic ending by the end of that year. Over the protests of the London Trustees who did not want Georgia to become \"a Jewish colony,\" General Oglethorpe allowed the Jewish people to settle in Savannah. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=383.0,608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRebecca Machado Phillips (1746-1831) was born in Reading, Pennsylvania to Maria Caetana Zipporah and David Mendez Machado. In 1762, she married Jonas Phillips in Pennsylvania. They had 21 children and relocated to Philadelphia after the American Revolutionary War. Phillips raised funds for ritual objects for the new Mikveh Israel synagogue. In 1801, she helped found the Female Association for the Relief of Women and Children in Reduced Circumstances. In 1820, she became the “first directress” of the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society of Philadelphia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=383.0,608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhiladelphia is Pennsylvania's largest city. It has a deep connection to the founding of the United States because it is home to Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were signed. It is also home to the Liberty Bell and other American Revolutionary sites. The city was founded in 1682 by William Penn.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=383.0,608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUriah Phillips Levy (1792-1862) was a naval officer, real estate investor, and philanthropist. He was a veteran of the War of 1812 and the first Jewish Commodore of the United States Navy. He was instrumental in helping to end the Navy's practice of flogging, and during his half-century-long service prevailed against the antisemitism he faced among some of his fellow naval officers. An admirer of Thomas Jefferson, Levy purchased and began the restoration of Monticello in the 1830’s. He also commissioned and donated a statue of Jefferson that is now located in the Capitol Rotunda; it is the only privately commissioned artwork in the Capitol. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=383.0,608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThomas Jefferson (1743-1826) was an American founding father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and the third President of the United States. Jefferson was the nation's first U.S. secretary of state under George Washington and then the nation's second vice president under John Adams. Jefferson also founded the University of Virginia School of Law in 1819 in Charlottesville, Virginia. Presidential scholars and historians have praised Jefferson's advocacy of religious freedom and tolerance, his peaceful acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France, and his leadership in supporting the Lewis and Clark Expedition. They acknowledge his lifelong ownership of large numbers of slaves, but offer varying interpretations of his views on and relationship with slavery. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=383.0,608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMonticello was the primary residence and plantation of Thomas Jefferson, a Founding Father, author of the Declaration of Independence, and the third president of the United States. The plantation was originally 5,000 acres, with Jefferson using the forced labor of enslaved black people for extensive cultivation of tobacco and mixed crops, later shifting from tobacco cultivation to wheat in response to changing markets. Due to its architectural and historic significance, the property has been designated a National Historic Landmark. In 1987, Monticello and the nearby University of Virginia, also designed by Jefferson, were together designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. After Jefferson's death, his daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph sold Monticello. In 1834, it was bought by Uriah P. Levy, a commodore in the U.S. Navy, who admired Jefferson and spent his own money to preserve the property. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=383.0,608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Mordecai (1786-1865) was the son of Jacob and Judith \"Myers\" Mordecai. He was a merchant in Petersburg and Richmond, Virginia, and the author of a book about the early history of Richmond, \u003cem\u003eRichmond in By-Gone Days\u003c/em\u003e. He was a teacher at Mordecai Female Academy run by his father in Warrenton, North Carolina. He served in the War of 1812 as a Corporal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=383.0,608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Revolutionary War, also called the “American War of Independence,” was fought between American colonists and Great Britain between 1775 and 1783. It resulted in the independence and formation of the United States of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=383.0,608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKahal Kadosh Beth Elohim, also known as K. K. Beth Elohim, or more simply Congregation Beth Elohim, is a Reform Jewish congregation and synagogue located in Charleston, South Carolina. Having founded the congregation in 1749, it was later claimed to be the first Reform synagogue in the United States. The congregation's first synagogue, in the Georgian Revival style, was built from 1793 to 1794 and destroyed in an 1838 fire that ravished Charleston's central business district, impacting 500 properties over approximately 150 acres. The current synagogue was completed in 1840, was designed by Cyrus L. Warner and built by enslaved African descendants owned by David Lopez Jr, a prominent slaveowner and proponent of the Confederate States of America. The congregation is one of the oldest Jewish congregations in the United States. The congregation is nationally significant as the place where ideas resembling Reform Judaism were first evinced.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=383.0,608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharleston, South Carolina is a port city that was founded in 1670 and is now the largest city in South Carolina. It was originally known as Charles Town and sits at an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the Ashley, Cooper and Wando rivers. The city was a major slave trading port in the 18th century. The American Civil War started in Charleston Harbor with the Confederate army firing on the Union’s Fort Sumter.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=383.0,608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Daughters of the American Revolution is a lineage-based membership service organization for women who are directly descended from a person involved in the United States' efforts towards independence. It was founded in 1890 in Washington, D.C. A non-profit group, they promote historic preservation, education, and patriotism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=608.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMyer Moses (1735-1787) immigrated to Charleston in the early 1760’s and married Rachel Andrews. He was a successful merchant and a leading figure among the new members of Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim. Moses and his family remained in Charleston during the American Revolution. His infant daughter Rachel, along with her nurse, was killed by a cannonball in the spring of 1780, during the British siege.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=622.0,726.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJulius Regenstein (1826-1914) was born in Germany and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1872, In downtown, he founded a department store, J. Regenstein Co., known as Regenstein's. He married Matilda Kutz in 1863, and they had eight children.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=733.0,841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Sigman Regenstein (1914-1998) was the child of Joseph Regenstein, Sr. and Irma Tomlinson Regenstein. He was a former chairman of the J. Regenstein Co., founded by his grandfather, Julius Regenstein. In 1976, Regenstein and his family sold the company. Regenstein served in World War II and later served as chairman of the Fulton-DeKalb Hospital Authority, chairman of the board of Pace Academy, and on the board of directors of the former C\u0026amp;S National Bank. He married Jean Loretta Belcher in 1942, and they had two daughters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=733.0,841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGone With the Wind\u003c/em\u003e is a film based on the book of the same name by Margaret Mitchell in 1926. The film was made in 1939 and is an epic historical romance produced by David O. Selznick. It tells the story of Scarlett O’Hara, the strong-willed daughter of a Georgia plantation owner, from her romantic pursuit of Ashley Wilkes, who is married to Melanie, to her marriage to Charles Hamilton who died in a training camp, and then to Rhett Butler. It is set against the backdrop of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction era. The leading roles were portrayed by Vivien Leigh (Scarlett), Clark Gable (Rhett), Leslie Howard (Ashley), and Olivia de Havilland (Melanie).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=733.0,841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta, Georgia hosted the 1996 Summer Olympics, the games were held from July 19 to August 14, 1996, opened by President Bill Clinton, with Muhammad Ali carrying the Olympic torch. A record 197 nations and 10,318 athletes took part in the games, including 11 debut countries, formerly Soviet republics. The games debuted three new sports, in addition to women’s swimming and fencing. Atlanta was chosen to host the games in 1990 in Tokyo, Japan over five other countries, including the home country of the Olympics, Greece. On July 27, a domestic terrorist planted a pipe bomb that was discovered by security guard, Richard Jewell. Jewell is credited with saving many lives as he notified law enforcement and helped evacuate as many people as possible. The bomb injured 111 people and killed two. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=733.0,841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eElizabeth Arden (1881-1966), also known as Elizabeth N. Graham, was a Canadian-American businesswoman who founded what is now Elizabeth Arden, Inc., a cosmetics empire in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=733.0,841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Atlanta Journal-Constitution\u003c/em\u003e (AJC) is a major daily newspaper in the metropolitan area of Atlanta, Georgia. The newspaper is the result of the merger between \u003cem\u003eThe Atlanta Journal\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eThe Atlanta Constitution\u003c/em\u003e. Separate publication of the morning \u003cem\u003eConstitution\u003c/em\u003e and afternoon \u003cem\u003eJournal\u003c/em\u003e ended in 2001. \u003cem\u003eThe Constitution\u003c/em\u003e, as it was originally known, was first published in 1868. Its name changed to \u003cem\u003eThe Atlanta Constitution\u003c/em\u003e in 1869. \u003cem\u003eThe Atlanta Journal \u003c/em\u003ewas established in 1883. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=733.0,841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Confederate States Army (CSA) was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. The Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederate States, the Confederacy, or the South, was an unrecognized breakaway republic in the Southern United States that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865. The Confederacy comprised eleven U.S. states that declared secession and warred against the United States during the American Civil War. The states were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. With Lincoln's election as President of the United States, the southern states were convinced their slavery-based plantation economy was threatened, and began to secede from the Union. The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when the South Carolina militia attacked Fort Sumter. After four years of heavy fighting, nearly all Confederate land and naval forces either surrendered or otherwise ceased hostilities by May 1865. Confederate President Davis's administration declared the Confederacy dissolved on May 5. After the war, during the Reconstruction era, the Confederate states were readmitted to the Congress after each ratified the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution outlawing slavery.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=841.0,867.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil War, widely known in the United States as the “Civil War” or the “War Between the States,” was fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. In January 1861, seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often called the “South,” grew to include 11 states, and although they claimed 13 states and additional western territories, the Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by a foreign country. The states that did not declare secession were known as the “Union” or the “North.” The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. After four years of bloody combat, which left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring national unity and granting civil rights to freed slaves began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=841.0,867.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Sumter is a historical sea fort located near Charleston, South Carolina. Constructed on an artificial island at the entrance of Charleston Harbor in 1829, the fort was built in response to the War of 1812, which exposed the inadequacy of existing American coastal fortifications to defend against naval attacks. Fort Sumter was still incomplete in 1861 when it was attacked by Confederate Forces during the Battle of Fort Sumter on April 12, sparking the American Civil War; the fort was severely damaged during the battle and left in ruins. Although there were some efforts at reconstruction after the war, Fort Sumter as conceived was never completed. Since the middle of the 20th century, the fort has been open to the public as part of the Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park, operated by the National Park Service.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOctavia Harby Moses (1823-1904) was the daughter of Rachel Mordecai and Isaac Harby, famed poet, dramatist, newspaper editor, and advocate of Reform Judaism. In 1839, Octavia married Andrew Jackson Moses, they had 17 children, 14 of whom lived to adulthood. Octavia and Andrew split over the question of secession during the lead-up to the Civil War: she avidly supported it, while her husband opposed it. Once hostilities commenced, Andrew would serve in the home guard, while their five oldest sons all went off to fight for the Confederacy. Octavia organized a sewing society to make uniforms and worked with the Ladies Aid Society, which sent provisions to troops and hospitals. Her son Horace was captured and another son Perry wounded. The day Lee surrendered to Grant, her eldest son Joshua was killed in battle at Fort Blakely. In 1869, she founded and served as president of the Ladies Monumental Association, raising funds for a memorial honoring the Confederate soldiers who died at Sumter.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Robert Lewis (1940-2020) was an American statesman and civil rights leader who served in the United States House of Representatives for Georgia's 5th congressional district from 1987 until his death in 2020. He was the chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) from 1963 to 1966. Lewis was one of the \"Big Six\" leaders of groups who organized the 1963 March on Washington. He fulfilled many key roles in the civil rights movement and its actions to end legalized racial segregation in the United States. In 1965, Lewis led the first of three Selma to Montgomery marches across the Edmund Pettus Bridge. In an incident which became known as Bloody Sunday, state troopers and police attacked the marchers, including John Lewis. A member of the Democratic Party, Lewis was first elected to Congress in 1986 and served 17 terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. The district he represented included most of Atlanta. Due to his length of service, he became the dean of the Georgia congressional delegation. While in the House, Lewis was one of the leaders of the Democratic Party, serving from 1991 as a Chief Deputy Whip and from 2003 as a Senior Chief Deputy Whip. John Lewis received many honorary degrees and awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against Black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJesse Hill, Jr. (1927-2012) was one of Atlanta’s most prominent civil rights leader as well as president and chief executive officer of the Atlanta Life Insurance Company from 1973 to 1992. He used his position in the black business community to promote civil rights in Georgia and Alabama, worked to desegregate University of Georgia in Athens, helped make it possible for blacks to get mortgages to buy homes and organized successful voter registration drives in which 50,000 blacks were registered to vote. He even employed Rosa Parks in his Montgomery office as a secretary during the Montgomery bus boycott. He supported Martin Luther King, Hill was active in the civic and business communities of Atlanta for more than five decades.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard Nixon (1913-1994) was the nation's 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961, after he came to national prominence as a representative and senator from California. He served as the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign the office in the wake of the Watergate Scandal. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as the 36th vice president under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1961. His presidency saw the reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, detente with the Soviet Union and China, the Apollo 11 Moon landing, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is an agency of the United States federal government responsible for collection U.S. federal taxes and administering the Internal Revenue Code, which is main body of the federal statutory tax law. The agency was established in July 1862 during President Abraham Lincoln’s administration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) is best known for his role as a leader in the Civil Rights Movement and the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, in 1962, and organized nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that attracted national attention following television news coverage of the brutal police response. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous \"I Have a Dream\" speech. On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. In 1965, he and the SCLC helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches and the following year, he took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many United States’ cities. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, and as a United States federal holiday in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEbenezer Baptist Church is a Baptist church located in Atlanta, Georgia, affiliated with the Progressive National Baptist Convention and American Baptist Churches USA. It was completed in 1922 and is located in Atlanta’s historic Sweet Auburn district. Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. became pastor of Ebenezer in 1931 and served until his retirement in 1975. From 1960 until his assassination in 1968, the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., joined his father as Co-Pastor, giving Ebenezer international stature. Ebenezer Baptist Church is now part of The Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site. The church was the location of the funerals of both Dr. King and congressman John Lewis, and the church for which United States Senator Raphael Warnock has been pastor since 2005. It is located in the historic area now designated as the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePro bono is short for the Latin phrase pro bono publico, meaning “for the public good.” It involves providing free legal services for individuals in needs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther King Sr. (1899-1984) was the father of Martin Luther King Jr. He was a Baptist pastor, missionary and an early figure in the Civil Rights Movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle of Bentonville (March 19-21, 1865) was fought in Johnston County, North Carolina, near the village of Bentonville, as part of the Western Theater of the American Civil War. It was the last battle between the western field armies of William T. Sherman and Joseph E. Johnston. Johnston elected to withdraw from the battlefield on the third day of battle. As a result of the overwhelming Union strength and the heavy casualties his army suffered in the battle, Johnston surrendered to Sherman a little more than a month later at Bennett Place, near Durham Station. Coupled with General Robert E. Lee's surrender on April 9, Johnston's surrender represented the effective end of the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsaiah Moses (1772–1857) was born in Germany and settled in Charleston, South Carolina. In 1807, he married Rebecca Philips. Over the course of his first decade in America, he moved from grocer to shopkeeper to planter and acquired The Oaks plantation. Between 1809 and 1845, he bought twenty-nine slaves and sold an equal number in fourteen different transactions. Isaiah was a member of Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim. In the 1840’s, he left Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim and became a trustee of Shearit Israel under the leadership of his son-in-law, Jacob Rosenfeld.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdward Elmer Potter (1823-1889) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. Potter was primarily associated with operations conducted in North Carolina throughout the war. Potter's expeditions in eastern North Carolina and South Carolina during the final months of the Civil War, though not strategically crucial, involved significant military actions and had a lasting impact on the region. Potter's men destroyed railroads, supplies, and other strategic targets. The raids also involved skirmishes with Confederate guerrillas. The expedition resulted in the capture of prisoners, the liberation of enslaved people, and the seizure of valuable goods. The raid left a legacy of destruction and resentment among the local population. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColumbia is the capital city of South Carolina. It is the second-largest city in the state and was chartered as a town in 1805 and city in 1854. The city’s name is often abbreviated to Cola, which lead to the nickname “Soda City.” The area was originally settled by Congaree Native American, who lived along the Congaree River. Today, Columbia sites at the confluence of the Saluda River and the Broad River, which merge at Columbia to form the Congaree River.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Tecumseh Sherman (1820-1891) was an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author. He served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861–1865), achieving recognition for his command of military strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the scorched-earth policies that he implemented against the Confederate States. Sherman was a leader for the Union during the Battle of Atlanta, which occurred midway through a larger campaign. General Sherman assaulted the Confederate forces that were defending the city, commanded by General John B. Hood, throughout the summer of 1864. Sherman constantly shelled the city and tried to seize railroads and supply lines into Atlanta to starve the residents out. Atlanta finally surrendered on September 2, 1864. Sherman established his headquarters in Atlanta, where he remained for some two months. In November 1864 Sherman ordered the evacuation of all citizens of Atlanta and on November 14 he burned the city to the ground before setting out to capture Savannah after which he began his “March to the Sea.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYankee” or \"Yank\" has several meanings, all referring to people from the United States. In Southern American English, “Yankee” refers to a Northerner.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert E. Lee (1807-1870) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War and was appointed overall commander of the Confederate States Army towards the end of the war. He was born into a prominent Virginia family and was a top graduated of the United States Military Academy, known as West Point. He served in the United States Army for 32 years including service in the Mexican-American War, and as Superintendent of West Point. Despite his desire for the country to remain intact, and an offer of a senior Union command, he resigned his commission and followed his home state, Virigina when it seceded in 1861. In 1862, he took command of the Army of Northern Viriginia and won a number of battles against the Union Army of the Potomac. His army eventually suffered various blood battles against General Ulysses S. Grant and surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House in April 1865. After the war, Lee became president of Washington College, now known as Washington and Lee University, in Lexington, Viriginia. After his death, Lee became a cultural icon in the South and is hailed as one of the great general’s of the Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMobile is a city and county seat of Mobile County, Alabama. The city is Alabama’s only saltwater port and is located on the Mobile River at the head of Mobile Bay on the north-central Gulf Coast. The port is a major economic force for the city. The city was founded in 1702 by the French and was the first capital of Louisiana. The city became part of the United States in 1813 when it was annexed by President James Madison. It was incorporated in 1814.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLieutenant Joshua Lazarus Moses (1841-1865) was the son of Andrew Jackson, Sr. and Octavia Harby Moses. He was born in Charleston, South Carolina and enlisted at the onset of the American Civil War. He was wounded on April 9th, 1865 at Fort Blakely and died the same day. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAndrew Jackson Moses (1815-1877) was one of twelve children born to Isaac Clifton Moses and Hannah Lazarus Moses. He grew up in Charleston, South Carolina and became a merchant. Andrew married Octavia Harby in 1839, and in 1845 he purchased a forty-two-acre plot in Sumter, where they would raise their 17 children, 14 of whom lived to adulthood. Their house, which later came to be known as the Williams-Brice home, today houses the Sumter County Museum. Though Andrew rejected the idea of southern secession, despite owning sixteen slaves, Octavia was avid supporter. During the American Civil War Andrew joined the home guards, serving near Georgetown. Five of his sons joined the Confederate Army, one of whom, Joshua, died in combat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the American Civil War, the United States Army, the land force that fought to preserve the collective Union of the states, was often referred to as the Union Army, the Federal Army, or the Northern Army. It proved essential to the restoration and preservation of the United States as a working, viable republic. The Union Army was made up of the permanent regular army of the United States, but further fortified, augmented, and strengthened by the many temporary units of dedicated volunteers, as well as including those who were drafted into service as conscripts. To this end, the Union Army fought and ultimately triumphed over the efforts of the Confederate States Army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=867.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSavannah is the oldest city in the state of Georgia. It is a coastal city, separated from Charleston, South Carolina by the Savannah River. The city and the colony of Georgia was founded in 1733 when General James Oglethorpe and settlers arrived. During the Revolutionary War the city was the southernmost commercial port and during the Civil War it was the sixth most populous city in the Confederacy. City officials negotiated a peaceful surrender of the city in 1864, saving the city from destruction by General Sherman’s army. The city is known for its historic district with its 22 parklike squares, which was based on a design known as the Oglethorpe Plan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1355.0,1482.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAugusta, Georgia is located on the South Carolina border and sits on the Savannah River across from North Augusta, South Carolina. The city was founded in 1736 and named for Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, the wife of Frederick, Prince of Wales. Today the city is known for hosting The Masters golf tournament every spring at Augusta National Golf Club.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1495.0,1949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJefferson F. Davis (1808-1889) was an American politician who served as the only president of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865. He represented Mississippi in the United States Senate and the House of Representatives as a member of the Democratic Party before the American Civil War. He was the United States Secretary of War from 1853 to 1857. Davis became a cotton planter, building Brierfield Plantation in Mississippi on his brother Joseph's land and eventually owning as many as 113 slaves. From 1846 to 1847, he fought in the Mexican–American War as the colonel of a volunteer regiment. When the Confederacy was defeated in 1865, Davis was captured, arrested for alleged complicity in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, accused of treason, and imprisoned at Fort Monroe. He was released without trial after two years. Immediately after the war, Davis was often blamed for the Confederacy's defeat, but after his release from prison, the Lost Cause of the Confederacy movement considered him to be a hero. In the late 19th and 20th centuries, his legacy as a Confederate leader was celebrated in the South. In the twenty-first century, his leadership of the Confederacy has been seen as constituting treason, and he has been frequently criticized as a supporter of slavery and racism. Many of the memorials dedicated to him throughout the United States have been removed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1495.0,1949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWashington is the county seat of Wilkes County, Georgia. Under its original name, Heard's Fort, it was Georgia's state capital for a brief time during the American Revolutionary War. It is noteworthy as the place where the Confederacy voted to dissolve itself, effectively ending the American Civil War. The population was 4,134 as of the 2010 census. The city is often referred to as Washington-Wilkes, to distinguish it from other places named Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1495.0,1949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Franklin Butler (1818-1893) was an American major general of the Union Army, politician, lawyer, and businessman from Massachusetts. Butler was a political major general of the Union Army during the American Civil War and had a leadership role in the impeachment of U.S. President Andrew Johnson. He was a colorful and often controversial figure on the national stage and on the Massachusetts political scene, serving five terms in the U.S. House of Representatives and running several campaigns for governor before his election to that office in 1882. As Chairman of the House Committee on Reconstruction, Butler authored the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 and coauthored the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1875. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1495.0,1949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew Orleans, Louisiana sits on the Mississippi River near the Gulf of Mexico. The city is nicknamed the \"Big Easy\" and is known for its live-music scene and cuisine that reflects the French, African and American cultures that influenced the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1495.0,1949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Longstreet (1821-1904) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War and was the principal subordinate to General Robert E. Lee. After graduating from the United States Military Academy at West Point, Longstreet served in the United States Army during the Mexican–American War. He was wounded at the Battle of Chapultepec, and during recovery married his first wife. In June 1861, Longstreet resigned from his U.S. Army commission and joined the Confederate Army. Longstreet's most controversial service was at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, where he openly disagreed with Lee on the tactics to be employed and reluctantly supervised several unsuccessful attacks on Union forces. Longstreet enjoyed a successful post-war career working for the U.S. government as a diplomat, civil servant, and administrator. As an elderly man, he married Helen Dortch Longstreet, who worked to restore her husband's image after his death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1495.0,1949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Moore (formerly Fort Benning) is a United States Army post established in 1918. It is in Columbus, Georgia, on Georgia's border with Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1495.0,1949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRaphael Jacob Moses (1812-1893) was an American lawyer, plantation owner, Confederate officer, and politician. He was born in Charleston, South Carolina to Israel and Deborah Cohen Moses. He purchased The Esquiline, a plantation where he owned 60 slaves by 1860. He pioneered the commercial growing of peaches on his plantation, becoming one of the first merchants to ship them to the North In the late 1850’s, he became an outspoken proponent of secession. During the American Civil War, he served as the chief commissary officer for Generals Robert Toombs and James Longstreet in the Confederate States Army. As such, he was responsible for providing food and supplies to 54,000 Confederate troops and personnel. He married Eliza Matilda Moses, and they had six children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=1495.0,1949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohnny Reb is the national personification of the common soldier of the Confederacy. During the American Civil War and afterward, Johnny Reb and his Union counterpart Billy Yank were used in speech and literature to symbolize the common soldiers who fought in the Civil War. The symbolic image of Johnny Reb in Southern culture has been represented in its novels, poems, art, public statuary, photography, and written history. Johnny Reb has been used as a nickname for veteran Confederate soldiers, as well as to refer to people who formerly belonged to the Confederacy. The sobriquet is still commonly used in scholarly writing by Southern and Northern authors; for example, Robert N. Rosen, a Jewish native of South Carolina who has written extensively about the roles Southern Jews played in the Confederate States Army, refers to \"Jewish Johnny Rebs\".\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2013.0,2332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJudah Philip Benjamin QC (1811-1884) was a lawyer and politician who served as a United States senator from Louisiana, a member of the Confederate States Cabinet and, after his escape to Britain at the end of the American Civil War, an English barrister. Benjamin was the first Jew to hold a Cabinet position in North America and the first to be elected to the United States Senate who had not renounced his faith. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2013.0,2332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUlysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant, 1822-1885) was the 18th president of the United States, serving from 1869 to 1877. In 1865, as commanding general, Grant led the Union Army to victory in the American Civil War. As president, Grant stabilized the post-war national economy, supported congressional Reconstruction and the Fifteenth Amendment, and prosecuted the Ku Klux Klan. Grant was re-elected in the 1872 presidential election but was inundated by executive scandals during his second term.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2013.0,2332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeneral Order No. 11 was a Union Army order issued by Major-General Ulysses S. Grant on December 17, 1862, during the Vicksburg campaign of the American Civil War. The order expelled all Jews from Grant's military district, comprising areas of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky. Grant issued the order to reduce corruption among Union Army personnel and stop the illicit trade in Southern-produced cotton, which he perceived as being run \"mostly by Jews and other unprincipled traders\".\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2013.0,2332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbraham Lincoln (1809-1865) was the 16th president of the United States, serving from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. He led the United States through the American Civil War, defeating the Confederate States of America and playing a major role in the abolition of slavery. Before his presidency, Lincoln was self-educated and became a lawyer, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representative. He is often remembered as a martyr and a national hero for his wartime leadership and for his efforts to preserve the Union and abolish slavery. He is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls as the greatest president in American history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2013.0,2332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBertram Wallace Korn, Sr. (1918-1979) was an American historian and rabbi, who served in the United States Navy Chaplain Corps during World War II. Serving with the US Naval Reserve after the war, in 1975, he was promoted to Rear Admiral in the Chaplain Corps, the first Jewish chaplain to receive flag rank in any of the United States armed forces. From 1949 to 1979 Korn was Senior Rabbi at Reform Congregation Keneseth Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During this period, he also wrote and published twelve books, primarily about Jewish history in the United States, with several books related to the history of Jews in the South.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2013.0,2332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCaptain Philip Trounstine (1843-1901), of the 5th Ohio Cavalry was a Jewish officer who resigned in protest of General Order No. 11, a Union Army order issued by Major-General Ulysses S. Grant during the American Civil War. The order expelled all Jews from Grant's military district, comprising areas of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky. Trounstine was born in New Petersburg, Ohio. Trounstine married Mollie E. Wisebart in 1866, in Cincinnati, Ohio.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2013.0,2332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdwin McMasters Stanton (1814-1869) was an American lawyer and politician who served as U.S. secretary of war under the Lincoln Administration during most of the American Civil War. Stanton's management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory. However, he was criticized by many Union generals, who perceived him as overcautious and a micromanager. He also organized the manhunt for Abraham Lincoln's assassin, John Wilkes Booth. After Lincoln's assassination, Stanton remained as the secretary of war under the new U.S. president, Andrew Johnson, during the first years of Reconstruction. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2013.0,2332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Jewish Confederates\u003c/em\u003e is a 2001 history book authored by Robert N. Rosen about Jewish citizens of the Confederate States of America who served in the Confederate States Army (CSA) during the American Civil War of 1861-1865. As they made up just 0.2 percent of the CSA, their story had not been heavily researched before Rosen, a Jewish lawyer in Charleston, South Carolina, with a master's degree in history from Harvard University, who authored the book. It received both praise and criticism in many academic journals. Rosen has written two more books about the city of Charleston.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2343.0,2470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert N. Rosen (b. 1947) is a lawyer in Charleston, South Carolina. He attended public school in Charleston, graduated from the University of Virginia in 1969, and earned his Master of Arts in history from Harvard University in 1970. He graduated from the University of South Carolina School of Law in 1973. He is the author of \u003cem\u003eA Short History of Charleston' Confederate Charleston: An Illustrated History of the City and the People During the Civil War\u003c/em\u003e; \u003cem\u003eThe Jewish Confederates; and Charleston: A Crossroads of History\u003c/em\u003e with Isabella Leland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2343.0,2470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Emancipation Proclamation, officially Proclamation 95, was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War. The Proclamation had the effect of changing the legal status of more than 3.5 million enslaved African Americans in the secessionist Confederate states from enslaved to free. As soon as slaves escaped the control of their enslavers, either by fleeing to Union lines or through the advance of federal troops, they were permanently free. In addition, the Proclamation allowed for former slaves to \"be received into the armed service of the United States\". The Emancipation Proclamation played a significant part in the end of slavery in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2478.0,2603.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe War of 1812 was fought by the United States and its allies against the United Kingdom and its allies in North America. It began when the United States declared war on Britain on 18 June 1812. Although peace terms were agreed upon in the December 1814 Treaty of Ghent, the war did not officially end until the peace treaty was ratified by the United States Congress on 17 February 1815.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMidtown High School, formerly Henry W. Grady High School, is a public high school located in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It began as Boys High School and was one of the first two high schools established by Atlanta Public Schools in 1872. In 1947, the school was named after Henry W. Grady, a famous journalist and orator in the Reconstruction Era, but controversially, a white supremacist. In December 2020, the school's name was changed to Midtown High School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Capital City Club is a private social club founded in Atlanta in 1883. It is among the oldest social organizations in the South. The Club presently operates three facilities, the oldest of which, the downtown Atlanta club. The Capital City Country Club, located in Brookhaven, was leased in 1913 and purchased in 1915. In the autumn of 2002 an additional club facility, the Crabapple Golf Club, was completed in the city of Milton, in the northern portion of Fulton County.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the principal federal law enforcement agency of the United States. The bureau is focused on domestic intelligence and security of the federal government.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 16th Street Baptist Church bombing occurred at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama on September 15, 1963. It was carried out by four members of the Ku Klux Klan when they planted 19 sticks of dynamite with a timing device beneath the steps located on the east side of the church. The bombing killed four young girls and injured between 14 and 22 other people. Martin Luther King Jr. called the attack “one of the most vicious and tragic crimes ever perpetrated against humanity.” Although the FBI knew the four KKK members responsible for the bombings, no prosecutions were conducted until 1977. Three of the four men was eventually convicted of the crime and the fourth individual died in 1994 and was never charged.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSimon S. “Slick” Selig, Jr. (1913-1986) of Atlanta was chairman of Selig Enterprises, a commercial and industrial real estate firm. He was previously president of Selig Chemical Industries Inc., a manufacturer of chemical sanitary products, from 1940 to 1968. His philanthropic gifts benefited the University of Georgia (UGA) in Athens, the Woodruff Arts Center which includes the High Museum, The Temple, and the Southern Center for International Studies. He was a graduate of Boys High,and received a bachelor's degree in business administration from UGA. During World War II, he served in the infantry and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSimon (Steve) Stephen Selig, III (b. 1943) is the son of Simon Selig Jr. and Caroline Massell Selig. After college he worked in the Selig real estate development business, campaigned for Jimmy Carter in his presidential campaign, after which he moved to Washington D.C. where he served as Deputy Assistant to the President. After his government work, he returned to Selig Enterprises and then founded Southern Promotions, which arranged conventions and concerts in the Atlanta area. He was instrumental in bringing the Music Midtown Festival to Atlanta. Today Selig Enterprises is one of the major real estate companies in the Southeast with shopping centers, official buildings and industrial complexes. He was also active in the Jewish community with roles in the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and the United Jewish Communities, where he served as chairman of the annual campaign and president of the Federation from 1996 to 1998. He donated the building for the Selig Center and William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Midtown Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple on Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia was bombed in the early morning hours of October 12, 1958. About 50 sticks of dynamite were planted near the building and tore a huge hole in the wall. No one was injured in the bombing as it was during the night. Rabbi Jacob Rothschild was an outspoken advocate of civil rights and integration and friend of Martin Luther King Jr. Five men associated with the National States’ Rights Party, a white separatist group, were tried and acquitted in the bombing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob Mortimer \"Jack\" Rothschild (1911-1973) served as rabbi of Atlanta’s oldest Reform congregation, the Temple, from 1946 until his death in 1973 from a heart attack. A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he forged close relationships with the city’s Christian clergy and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Lebedin (1901-1989), also referred to as Charles or Charlie Leb, was the owner of Leb’s Restaurant in downtown Atlanta. Leb’s Restaurant was located at the corner of Luckie and Forsyth Streets, across from the popular Rialto Theater. Demonstrations were held there during the Civil Rights Movement as the restaurant continued to be segregated. Lebedin also owned a second restaurant in Jacksonville, Florida, as well as the King’s Inn restaurant at the Atlanta Cabana Motel. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pacific Theatre was where a series of battles during World War II took place. Geographically, it was a large area that included the Pacific Ocean and Asia. World War II had two primary theatres: The European Theatre and the Pacific Theatre.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Spanish–American War was fought from April 21 to December 10, 1898, between Spain and the United States. It began with the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba. It resulted in the U.S. acquiring sovereignty over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, and establishing a protectorate over Cuba. It represented U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence and the Philippine Revolution, with the latter later leading to the Philippine–American War. The Spanish–American War brought an end to almost four centuries of Spanish presence in the Americas, Asia, and the Pacific; the United States, meanwhile, not only became a major world power but also gained several island possessions across the globe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRalph Emerson McGill Jr. (1945-2010) was an Atlanta advertising copywriter. He was the son of Pulitzer Prize-winning Atlanta Constitution editor and publisher Ralph McGill.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe McCallie School is a boys' college-preparatory school located on Missionary Ridge in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The school was founded in 1905 and now has 322 boarding students in grades nine to 12 and 657 day students in grades six to 12. Brothers Spencer Jarnigan and James \"Park\" McCallie founded the school in 1905, which remained under the control of the family until a board of trustees assumed management of the school in 1937. Founded as an all-boys school, McCallie became a military school in the wake of World War I, with students wearing uniforms and participating in military drills. In 1970, McCallie dropped its military program as a result of admission challenges during the Vietnam War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarietta is a city located in central Cobb County, Georgia, northwest of Atlanta. Homes were built by early settlers near the Cherokee town of Big Shanty (now Kennesaw) before 1824. The Georgia General Assembly legally recognized the community in 1834. During the American Civil War, General William Tecumseh Sherman invaded the town during the Atlanta Campaign in summer 1864. General Hugh Kilpatrick set the town ablaze, the first strike in Sherman's March to the Sea. On August 17, 1915, Leo Frank was lynched in Marietta by an antisemitic mob that abducted him from prison. Frank was serving a life sentence for the murder of one of his factory workers, 13-year-old Mary Phagan. After a highly sensationalized trial, during which he was sentenced to death, his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. In reaction to his lynching, Jewish activists created the Anti-Defamation League, to work to educate Americans about Jewish life and culture and to prevent antisemitism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorgia Institute of Technology, which is commonly referred to as Georgia Tech is a public research university and institute of technology in Atlanta. It was founded in 1885 during Reconstruction as part of the plan to build an industrial economy in the post-Civil War South.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLester Garfield Maddox Sr. (1915-2003) was an American politician who served as the 75th Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia from 1967 to 1971. A populist Democrat, Maddox came to prominence as a staunch segregationist when he refused to serve Black customers in his Atlanta restaurant, the Pickrick, in violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He later served as Lieutenant Governor during the period when Jimmy Carter was Governor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommunism is a political theory derived from Karl Marx. It advocates for replacing private property and a profit based society with public ownership and communal control of most major means of production and natural resources. It’s an ideology that falls on the far left of the political spectrum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Good old boy(s)” is a phrase that generally refers to a white Southern man who conforms to the values, culture, or behavior of his peers, and typically disapproves of ideas or ways of behaving that are different from his own. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or Knights of the Ku Klux Klan today, also referred to as the KKK) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-Black secret society, whose methods have included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860s and then died out and has come back several times, most notably in the 1920s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past its members dressed up in white robes and pointed hoods designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRalph Emerson McGill (1898-1969) was an American journalist, best known as an anti-segregationist editor and publisher of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper. He won a Pulitzer Prize for editorial writing in 1959. He became friends with Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson, acting as a civil rights advisor and behind-the-scenes envoy to several African nations. After his death, Ralph McGill Boulevard in Atlanta (previously Forrest Boulevard) was named for him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=2612.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eClaibourne Henry Darden (b. 1943) was born in Greensboro, North Carolina to Claibourne Henry and Gerry Bonkemeyer Darden. He attended Washington and Lee University and Emory University. He has been president of a polling company, Darden Research Corporation in Atlanta since 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3214.0,3415.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFitzgerald, Georgia is located in the south central part of the state. It is the county seat of Ben Hill. The city was developed in 1895 by Philander H. Fitzgerald, an Indianapolis newspaper editor, who had served as drummer boy for the Union Army in the Civil War. The community was founded for war veterans from the Union and Confederacy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3214.0,3415.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartha Jo Felson Katz is a native of Ocilla, Georgia. She is the daughter of Robert Felson and Annette Harris and the granddaughter of Abraham Simon (A.S.) Harris who settled in Ocilla, Georgia in about 1906. In 1966, she began modeling for Rich’s and other brands. After retiring in 1983, she focused on event planning and hospitality. She married Jerry Katz in 1961, and they have two children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3214.0,3415.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZeta Beta Tau (ΖΒΤ) is a Greek-letter social fraternity based in North America. It was founded on December 29, 1898 at City College of New York and is recognized as the first Jewish collegiate social fraternity. Originally a Zionist youth society, its purpose changed from Zionism in the fraternity's early years, and in 1954 the organization became nonsectarian and opened itself to non-Jewish members, changing its membership policy to include \"all men of good character,\" but is still a predominantly Jewish fraternity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3421.0,3532.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV) is an American neo-Confederate nonprofit organization of male descendants of Confederate soldiers  that commemorates these ancestors, funds and dedicates monuments to them, and promotes the Lost Cause ideology. The SCV was founded in 1896, in Richmond, Virginia, by R. E. Lee Camp, No. 1 of the Confederate Veterans. Its headquarters is at Elm Springs in Columbia, Tennessee. In recent decades, governors, legislators, courts, corporations, and anti-racism activists have emphasized the increasingly controversial public display of Confederate symbols. SCV has responded with its coordinated display of larger and more prominent public displays of the battle flag, some in directly defiant counter-protest.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3421.0,3532.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmerican Jewry and the Civil War\u003c/em\u003e is a book by Bertram Wallace Korn that explores the experiences of Jewish individuals and the Jewish community during the American Civil War. The book delves into the diverse ways Jews participated in the conflict, both in the Union and Confederate armies, and examines the impact of the war on Jewish communities across the nation, including instances of antisemitism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3421.0,3532.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmerican Jewry and the Civil War is a book by Bertram Wallace Korn that explores the experiences of Jewish individuals and the Jewish community during the American Civil War. The book delves into the diverse ways Jews participated in the conflict, both in the Union and Confederate armies, and examines the impact of the war on Jewish communities across the nation, including instances of antisemitism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3553.0,3554.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDale Rosengarten is the associate director of the Center for Southern Jewish Culture, and founding director of the Jewish Heritage Collection at the College of Charleston Library. Dr. Rosengarten earned her BA and PhD from Harvard University. Working with McKissick Museum at the University of South Carolina, she developed the traveling exhibition A Portion of the People: Three Hundred Years of Southern Jewish Life (2002-2003) and co-edited a book by the same name.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3554.0,3556.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA Portion of the People: Three Hundred Years of Southern Jewish Life\u003c/em\u003e is a 2002 book edited by Dale Rosengarten and Theodore Rosengarten. It explores Southern Jewish life, particularly in South Carolina. The book shares a name with its corresponding exhibition at the McKissick Museum. The book and exhibition culminate a seven-year collaboration by the Jewish Historical Society of South Carolina, the McKissick Museum of the University of South Carolina, and the College of Charleston. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3558.0,3696.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThis Happy Land: The Jews of Colonial and Antebellum Charleston\u003c/em\u003e is a book by James William Hagy published in 1993. It examines the history of the Jews of Charleston, South Carolina, up to the outbreak of the Civil War. American Reform Judaism, one of the three major divisions of the faith, first appeared in Charleston in 1824 when the Reformed Society of Israelites was established. What happened among the Jews in Charleston affected the development of Judaism throughout America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3558.0,3696.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames William Hagy (b. 1936) was a professor of history at the College of Charleston. He has authored books including \u003cem\u003eThis Happy Land: The Jews of Colonial and Antebellum Charleston. \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3558.0,3696.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStone Mountain is a quartz monzonite dome monadnock and the site of Stone Mountain Park, near the city of Stone Mountain, Georgia. The park is owned by the state of Georgia and managed by Norcross-based Herschend Family Entertainment. At its summit, the elevation is 1,686 feet above sea level and 825 feet above the surrounding area. Stone Mountain is well known for not only its geology, but also the enormous rock relief on its north face, the largest bas-relief artwork in the world. The carving depicts three Confederate leaders, Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, and Stonewall Jackson. Stone Mountain was notably the site of Ku Klux Klan activities, and the birthplace of the modern Klan in 1915. It was purchased by the State of Georgia in 1958.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3829.0,3838.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Confederate Memorial was a memorial in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia, that commemorated members of the armed forces of the Confederate States of America who died during the American Civil War. The statue is generally referred to as the \"Confederate Memorial\" and sometimes as the \"Confederate Monument” or the “Reconciliation Memorial\". Authorized in March 1906, former Confederate soldier and sculptor Moses Jacob Ezekiel was commissioned by the United Daughters of the Confederacy in November 1910 to design the memorial. It was unveiled by President Woodrow Wilson on June 4, 1914, the 106th anniversary of the birth of Jefferson Davis, the President of the Confederate States of America, and removed on December 21, 2023, the 159th anniversary of the end of Sherman’s March to the Sea. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3838.0,3987.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChattanooga is a city in Hamilton County, Tennessee. It is located along the Tennessee River, and borders Georgia to the south. Chattanooga was a crucial city during the American Civil War, due to the multiple railroads that converge there. After the war, the railroads allowed for the city to grow into one of the Southeastern United States' largest heavy industrial hubs. Chattanooga remains a transit hub in the present day, served by multiple Interstate highways and railroad lines. Chattanooga is internationally known for the 1941 hit song \"Chattanooga Choo Choo\" by Glenn Miller and his orchestra. It is home to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) and Chattanooga State Community College.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3838.0,3987.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe New York Post\u003c/em\u003e is a conservative daily tabloid newspaper published in New York City. It was founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton. It was originally known as \u003cem\u003eThe New York Evening Post\u003c/em\u003e. Today that paper also operates the NYPost.com, the celebrity gossip site PageSix.com, and the entertainment site Decider.com.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3838.0,3987.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Washington Post \u003c/em\u003eis an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in Washington, D.C. since 1877. It is known for breaking important stories in American history, including the Pentagon Papers and Watergate.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3838.0,3987.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Wall Street Journal\u003c/em\u003e is an international American newspaper that focuses on business and economic issues. The paper is published six days a week by Dow Jones \u0026amp; Company, a division of News Corp. The paper was founded in 1889 and in headquartered in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3838.0,3987.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe New York Times\u003c/em\u003e is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18, 1851.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3838.0,3987.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoses Jacob Ezekiel (1844-1917) was an American sculptor who lived and worked in Rome for the majority of his career. Ezekiel was \"the first American-born Jewish artist to receive international acclaim\". He was a cadet at the Virginia Military Institute and served in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, including at the Battle of New Market. Ezekiel was an ardent supporter, in both his writings and his works, of the Lost Cause view of history, asserting that in the Battle of New Market he had \"never fought for slavery, but for states' rights and for free trade.\" The most famous of his monuments is the Confederate Memorial in Arlington National Cemetery. The monument was removed on December 20, 2023.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3838.0,3987.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLawrence Peter \"Yogi\" Berra (born Lorenzo Pietro Berra, 1925-2015) was an American professional baseball catcher who later took on the roles of manager and coach. He played 19 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) (1946–1963, 1965), all but the last for the New York Yankees. He was an 18-time All-Star and won 10 World Series championships as a player—more than any other player in MLB history. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest catchers in baseball history and was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1972.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3992.0,4150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew) or \u003cem\u003eShabbos/Shabbes\u003c/em\u003e (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=3992.0,4150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the end of World War II, the Allies initiated various policies intended to remove former Nazi officials from public life in Germany and Austria in a process known as denazification. At the onset of the Cold War, however, the denazification process was turned over to German authorities or ceased altogether. Many former Nazis returned to important positions and various far-right parties, known as Neo-Nazis, emerged. Neo-Nazism is a militant, social and political movement that generally promotes fascist, nationalist, white supremacist and antisemitic beliefs similar to Nazi ideology. After the fall of the Berlin Wall and reunification of Germany, neo-Nazism became more visible. Since the 1990's, it has gone through ebbs and flows, especially during periods of demographic shifts. Neo-Nazism is not exclusive to Germany and Austria; groups can be found all over the world and in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4170.0,4377.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCecil Abraham Alexander, Jr. (born Henry Alexander II, 1918-2013) was an American architect, principally a designer of commercial architecture, best known for his work in Atlanta, Georgia. He worked with the firm FABRAP, which, in 1985, became Rosser FABRAP International and later Rosser International. Together with other architects of the firm, he \"shaped the skyline of Atlanta.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4461.0,4623.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeman Loeb Rosenberg, Sr. (1921-2008) was born in Atlanta and attended Tech High School and the University of Georgia. In World War II, he flew the fighting aircraft P-47. He operated Lee's Men's Shops of Atlanta and was a past President of The Atlanta Golf Association as well as a long-term board member of the Georgia Golf Association. He was married to Barbara Yarn, and they had three children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4461.0,4623.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlexander Hamilton Stephens (1812-1883) was an American politician who served as the first and only vice president of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865, and later as the 50th governor of Georgia from 1882 until his death in 1883. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented the state of Georgia in the United States House of Representatives before and after the Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4634.0,4778.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRaphael J. Moses, Jr. (1844-1909) was the youngest son of Raphael Jacob and Eliza Matilda Moses. When he was 16, he served in the Confederate navy. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4785.0,4865.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsrael Moses Nunez (1838-1905) was the eldest son of Raphael Jacob and Eliza Matilda Moses. He served in the Confederate army with Captain William W. Parker’s Virginia battery of artillery. He married Anna Marie Moses Nunez, and they had nine children. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4785.0,4865.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCatholic monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile established the Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition, commonly known as the “Spanish Inquisition,” in 1478. It was originally intended to ensure the orthodoxy of those who converted to Catholicism from Judaism and Islam. Those Jews who converted were called conversos (converts), and were regarded with deep suspicion by the tribunal. Eventually, all Jews who refused to convert were totally expelled from Spain in 1492. The figures vary dramatically from 800,000 to more modern figures of 40,000 (with about 40,000 Jews converting to avoid expulsion). The Jews immigrated first to Portugal (which in turn expelled them in 1497), and then to North Africa. Some went to Italy, Greece, and other places in Europe. These became the “Sephardim.” The conversos who remained in Spain were heavily persecuted, and, if accused and convicted of being a “crypto-Jew,” were often burned at the stake. Other minorities suffered as well.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4866.0,5150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Oglethorpe (1696-1875) was a British general, member of Parliament, philanthropist, and founder of the colony of Georgia in 1732. Oglethorpe was a major figure in Georgia’s early history. He and the trustees formulated a contractual, multi-tiered plan for the settlement of Georgia that was known as the Oglethorpe Plan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4866.0,5150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949/annotation_set/1917/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoth malaria and yellow fever are transmitted through the bites of mosquitos. Both are found usually found in the tropical and subtropical areas of South America and Africa, although yellow fever is not unknown in the northern United States. Both can be fatal. Some of the milder variations of malaria can persist for years and cause relapses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150685/file/277949#t=4866.0,5150.0"}]}]}]}