{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/js9h41k33w/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Margol, Howard"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2008-12-12 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHoward Margol interviewed by Sandra Berman in Atlanta, Georgia in December 12, 2008.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eHoward Margol was born in Jacksonville, Florida on February 22, 1924, to Jewish Lithuanian immigrants Morris (1885-1954) and Sarah Bernstein Margol (later Krulevitz, 1896-1998). Morris was a businessman with a small department store. Howard had an older brother, Melvin (1921-1992), a twin brother, Hilbert, and a younger sister, Bernice Wolf (b. 1930). Howard and Hilbert had completed one year of college at University of Florida when they were called into service in the United States Army in 1943. Initially, Hilbert was assigned to the 42nd Infantry “Rainbow” Division in Oklahoma and Howard was sent to the 104th in California as a first class private. After their mother sent a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Howard was allowed to transfer to his brother’s division. In December of 1944, the brothers arrived in France. They advanced with their division into Germany and in April 1945, liberated the Dachau concentration camp. After the war’s end in Europe, they were on occupation duty in Austria. In March 1946, Howard and Hilbert returned home to Florida and continued their education. In 1948, Howard married Esther Elaine Landey (b. 1927) of Valdosta, Georgia, with whom he had four children: Bruce, Gary, Maury, and Felice. After graduating from the University of Florida in 1948, Howard and Hilbert went into business with their older brother, Melvin. They started a business called National Home Supply, selling home items such as dishes, pots and pans. Later they went into the mattress and furniture business. Howard moved to Atlanta, Georgia in 1965 and opened Giant Furniture Warehouse. Hilbert followed in 1987. Howard later worked for Home Decor Liquidators. After his retirement, Howard became an authority on Lithuanian genealogical research. After a trip to Lithuania, he and his wife began the American Fund for Lithuanian-Latvian Jews to help rebuild and support the Jewish communities there. In 1993, Howard began taking annual trips with groups of people interested in their Jewish Lithuanian heritage to Vilnius and Kaunas. Howard passed away on February 9, 2017. A 2020 National Geographic article featuring Howard and Hilbert’s World War II story can be found at the following link: \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2020/06/world-war-ii-profile-hilbert-margol-feature/\"\u003ehttps://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2020/06/world-war-ii-profile-hilbert-margol-feature/\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eHoward introduces his family and explains how his parents came to Jacksonville, Florida from Lithuania. He recollects growing up during the Depression and the start of World War II. Howard talks about being called into service and how he was able to receive a transfer to join his twin brother in the 42nd Infantry “Rainbow” Division. Howard recalls arriving in France after D-Day. He reminisces about a Passover seder in Germany hosted by the Division’s Rabbi. Howard relays how he had to turn down gifts from French glassmaker Rene Lalique, after liberating a town. He shares a story about tricks his fellow soldiers played on a commander. Howard discusses his division’s advancement into Germany and finding booby-trapped weapon caches. He describes what he witnessed when his Division liberated the Dachau concentration camp and accepted the surrender of the SS guards. Howard details daily life as a soldier and what it was like when the war ended. He mentions visiting Lithuania later in life and what he learned about the fate of his family there. Howard recalls returning home, finishing college and meeting his wife. He explains how he moved to Atlanta to open a furniture business. Howard reflects on how Blacks were treated in the Army. He shares his opinion on Truman’s decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan. Howard remembers his interactions with Germans and Austrians. He recounts Army reunions and reuniting with old friends. The interview closes with Howard’s thoughts on the importance of his experiences.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28323"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHoward Margol interviewed by Sandra Berman in Atlanta, Georgia in December 12, 2008.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHoward Margol was born in Jacksonville, Florida on February 22, 1924, to Jewish Lithuanian immigrants Morris (1885-1954) and Sarah Bernstein Margol (later Krulevitz, 1896-1998). Morris was a businessman with a small department store. Howard had an older brother, Melvin (1921-1992), a twin brother, Hilbert, and a younger sister, Bernice Wolf (b. 1930). Howard and Hilbert had completed one year of college at University of Florida when they were called into service in the United States Army in 1943. Initially, Hilbert was assigned to the 42nd Infantry “Rainbow” Division in Oklahoma and Howard was sent to the 104th in California as a first class private. After their mother sent a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Howard was allowed to transfer to his brother’s division. In December of 1944, the brothers arrived in France. They advanced with their division into Germany and in April 1945, liberated the Dachau concentration camp. After the war’s end in Europe, they were on occupation duty in Austria. In March 1946, Howard and Hilbert returned home to Florida and continued their education. In 1948, Howard married Esther Elaine Landey (b. 1927) of Valdosta, Georgia, with whom he had four children: Bruce, Gary, Maury, and Felice. After graduating from the University of Florida in 1948, Howard and Hilbert went into business with their older brother, Melvin. They started a business called National Home Supply, selling home items such as dishes, pots and pans. Later they went into the mattress and furniture business. Howard moved to Atlanta, Georgia in 1965 and opened Giant Furniture Warehouse. Hilbert followed in 1987. Howard later worked for Home Decor Liquidators. After his retirement, Howard became an authority on Lithuanian genealogical research. After a trip to Lithuania, he and his wife began the American Fund for Lithuanian-Latvian Jews to help rebuild and support the Jewish communities there. In 1993, Howard began taking annual trips with groups of people interested in their Jewish Lithuanian heritage to Vilnius and Kaunas. Howard passed away on February 9, 2017. A 2020 National Geographic article featuring Howard and Hilbert’s World War II story can be found at the following link: \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2020/06/world-war-ii-profile-hilbert-margol-feature/\"\u003ehttps://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2020/06/world-war-ii-profile-hilbert-margol-feature/\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHoward introduces his family and explains how his parents came to Jacksonville, Florida from Lithuania. He recollects growing up during the Depression and the start of World War II. Howard talks about being called into service and how he was able to receive a transfer to join his twin brother in the 42nd Infantry “Rainbow” Division. Howard recalls arriving in France after D-Day. He reminisces about a Passover seder in Germany hosted by the Division’s Rabbi. Howard relays how he had to turn down gifts from French glassmaker Rene Lalique, after liberating a town. He shares a story about tricks his fellow soldiers played on a commander. Howard discusses his division’s advancement into Germany and finding booby-trapped weapon caches. He describes what he witnessed when his Division liberated the Dachau concentration camp and accepted the surrender of the SS guards. Howard details daily life as a soldier and what it was like when the war ended. He mentions visiting Lithuania later in life and what he learned about the fate of his family there. Howard recalls returning home, finishing college and meeting his wife. He explains how he moved to Atlanta to open a furniture business. Howard reflects on how Blacks were treated in the Army. He shares his opinion on Truman’s decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan. Howard remembers his interactions with Germans and Austrians. He recounts Army reunions and reuniting with old friends. The interview closes with Howard’s thoughts on the importance of his experiences.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/974/small/Howard_Margol.png?1619301031","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Margol_Howard.mp4"]},"duration":7525.733,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/974/small/Howard_Margol.png?1619301031","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/103/974/original/Margol_Howard.mp4?1609962690","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7525.733,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Margol, Howard [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: My name is Sandy Berman and I very glad to have you here this morning. I would like to begin with just asking you some questions about your background--where you were born, parents' names, a little bit about the family. If you could just introduce yourself, that would be great.\n\nMARGOL: Okay, me and my twin brother were born in Jacksonville, Florida on February 22, 1924. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were born ten minutes apart. I was born second. He was born first. In any event, our parents were Morris and Sarah Bernstein Margolis. [The last name was] changed to Margol in 1914 in Jacksonville. My mother was born in Linkuva, Lithuania. My father was born in Pushellot, Lithuania. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\nBERMAN: Could you spell those?\n\nMARGOL: Linkuva is L-I-N-K-U-V-A. Pushellot is in Yiddish is P-u-s-h-e-l-l-o-t, in Lithuania today P-u-s-a-l-o-t-a-s. The two shtetls are 17 miles apart, but my parents met in Jacksonville, Florida in 1917. They didn't know each other in Lithuania.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did they end up in Jacksonville?\n\nMARGOL: My mother came to Baltimore, Maryland in 1899 with her family at the age of three. My father came to Norwich, Connecticut in 1907. He graduated from Slobodka Yeshiva in Lithuania, which in those days was one of the top yeshiva in the world, but he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't want to be a rabbi, so he went to Norwich, Connecticut. He didn't want to be a rabbi, so he became a Hebrew teacher, which was basically a part time job, so he was a peddler in addition to being a Hebrew schoolteacher. One of the Yeshiva [unintelligible Yiddish word, sounds like brachas, which means blessings] that graduated from Slobodka [and] was living in Jacksonville, Florida, contacted my father and told him that the synagogue in Jacksonville was looking for a Hebrew schoolteacher. My father corresponded with him and they hired ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. He went from Norwich, Connecticut to Jacksonville, Florida on the train, which in those days was quite a trip. When he got there, what the synagogue told him they were going to pay him and what they were actually going to pay him was quite a difference. They figured he would not go all the way back to Norwich, Connecticut. He would just take whatever they were offering. Anyway, he told them they could keep the job and he became a full-time peddler. In 1914, it is a little interesting; my father had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made enough money to open up a small department store. They told him the Jews in Jacksonville at the time, let's say 1914, they told him he better change his name, from Margolis, so it won't sound so Jewish. My mother told me this after my father was no longer living, so I couldn't ask him. I told her, I don't know why in 1914 he would change his name from Margolis to Margol so it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would not sound so Jewish. In downtown Jacksonville, it was Cohen Brothers Department Store that covered an entire city block. It was a mystery to me. After I got into genealogic research, I was talking to Bruce Beaver one day here in Atlanta and asked him about it. He said the answer was very simple. After the Leo Frank situation in Atlanta, the Jews in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the South were very scared because it brought back the Ku Klux Klan and everything with it. That's why they told my father he should change his name so it would not sound so Jewish if he was going to open up a retail store. [He] said Cohen brothers. . . had been there since 1886, so it would be senseless for them to change name in 1914. Anyway, my mother came to Jacksonville from Baltimore in 1917 to visit a cousin. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While she was in Jacksonville, naturally the local Jewish boys [thought] the out-of-town Jewish girls were always prettier than the locals, so she got a lot of dates. One of her dates was with my father and they wound up getting married. That's how they met.\n\nBERMAN: You grew up in Jacksonville? What was your brother's name?\n\nMARGOL: His full name is Hilbert, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"H-I-L-B-E-R-T, but everyone calls him \"Hibbie.\" When we were teenagers growing up, we were identical. We have pictures taken when we were teenagers, we ourselves can't tell who is who. It was a lot of fun. We'd go out on dates, and we'd switch dates in the middle of the evening, and the girls never knew it. To us, it was a lot of fun.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Getting into the war years and prewar years, let me ask you first, when did you start being concerned about what was going on in Europe? Do you remember any particular time before the war? Did your family discuss what was possibly happening to the Jews of Europe in the prewar years?\n\nMARGOL: No. One thing I remember very vividly, my mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used to go to the Farmers Market in Jacksonville. They had a canning kitchen there. My mother would go there and buy food, vegetables, and meats, and whatever. She would can it right there in the canning kitchen. My parents use to ship cartons, boxes of food, of this canned food over to Pushellot, as well as money, because my father's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"youngest sister, her husband, and three small children were still living there. That I remember. My first recollection as far as the war itself was concerned I was at an AZA meeting in Jacksonville on a Sunday morning when suddenly we heard about Pearl Harbor. That was really the first jolt, you might say. Before that, we had soldiers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that had already been drafted and everything and training at Camp Blanding, not far from Jacksonville. We had the naval air station in Jacksonville, so I saw soldiers and sailors, but it did not mean anything to me. But after Pearl Harbor, my brother and I knew that it was not a question of if we were going in the military; it was only a question of when. We graduated high school a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early, so instead of June 1942, we graduated in January 1942. We wanted to try and get in as much college as we could. We graduated in January 1942 and immediately went into the University of Florida. We were almost finished our freshman year at the University of Florida when the Army came along and said if any of us would join the Army Reserve, we could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finish college. We figured we had three more years to go, so that was a no-brainer. A lot of us joined the Army Reserve. Four months later, we were all called to active duty. On the one hand, my army serial number indicates that I joined the army, but in a roundabout way I was drafted.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know that the country was clearly divided before Pearl Harbor about whether we should enter the war in Europe. Do you recall the mood of the country, how it changed after Pearl Harbor?\n\nMARGOL: Prior to Pearl Harbor, one thing I recall is one year--I think I was maybe 16 years old at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time--I was chosen as one of the top Boy Scouts in Jacksonville. Robert Kloeppel, who at that time owned the Roosevelt Hotel in Jacksonville, and he was of German descent, he took me to a Florida-Georgia football game. [He] treated me to lunch, and then the game, and everything since I was selected as one of the top Scouts. At ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the same time, there was talk that he was a Nazi sympathizer, so on the one hand, I enjoyed the lunch and the game, but I had mixed feelings because I figure I am sitting here with a Nazi sympathizer. But there again, being a teenager, it wasn't anything real serious in my mind. But there was a lot of talk before the war on Nazi sympathizers and that kind of thing. But, in those days, we didn't know anything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about terrorism or anything like that. Maybe they were Nazi sympathizers, but there was no danger to anybody locally or anything.\n\nBERMAN: You and your brother entered [the Army] at the same time then. How did your parents react to both of their sons being drafted and going off to war?\n\nMARGOL: My parents, of course, were concerned about our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"welfare, but at the same time I think they were proud that they did have two sons. We had an older brother who was drafted, but a couple of weeks before he was drafted, he had some serious surgery, so when he reported to Camp Blanding, the doctor took one look at him and sent him back home. That was the end, as far as his Army career concerned. We were the only ones in the family [to serve during World War II]. I have a younger sister, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were the only ones in the family [to serve]. I'll mention this: after the five Sullivan brothers went down in the same ship in the Pacific, they would not allow brothers to serve in the same combat unit. They tried to separate my brother and I at every opportunity, and we'd run around, and get the orders changed, and we'd managed to stay together. Finally, they separated us. My brother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ended up in the 42nd Infantry \"Rainbow Division\" in Oklahoma because we had had one year of ROTC field artillery training at the University of Florida and our basic training was field artillery. I ended up in the Infantry in the Mojave Desert. Every week, I would put in a request for transfer, to be transferred to Oklahoma where my brother was. That went on week after week. Finally, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of a company of 110 men, there were three of us who were Jewish. I was fortunate that the company clerk was Jewish. One day, he told me I was wasting my time putting in request for transfer. The Captain was just putting it right in the trashcan. He said I couldn't go over the Captains head and do anything about it, but my mother could write to President Roosevelt and ask for her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"twin sons to be put together. In the case of twins, President Roosevelt would make an exception. He said the only thing is, she can't request that you be sent to Oklahoma; your brother could end up here in the infantry with you. I called my brother that night in Oklahoma and told him about it. He said, \"We've got a fifty-fifty chance at it. Go ahead.\" I called my mother and told her what to do and she wrote a letter to President Roosevelt. About three or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four weeks later, she got a letter back from President Roosevelt. The first paragraph was all the flag [waving, patriotic] stuff. Second paragraph said he turned the matter over to his military attaché, General somebody, so-and-so and the matter would be taken care of, but he still did not say who was going where. Another three or four weeks went by and the Captain called me into his office one morning and told me, \"Margol, your request ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to transfer came through transferring you to the 42nd Rainbow Division in Oklahoma.\" He said, \"I want you to refuse the transfer.\" Refuse the transfer? Frankly, I wanted to hug and kiss the guy. I said, \"Sir, I follow orders, whatever the Army orders me to do, I am ready to follow orders. I can be ready to leave in 30 minutes.\" He sent me to Regimental Headquarters, then Battalion Headquarters, and then Division Headquarters. At ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"each stop along the way they wanted me to refuse the transfer.\n\nBERMAN: Why?\n\nMARGOL: I didn't know why. I just kept saying the same thing over and over again, \"I follow orders.\" I found out later that the 104th Division was going to leave, ship from-- we were at Camp Carson, Colorado at that time-- was going to ship to Europe in three weeks. It was going to be the first American Division ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go straight from the United States to Europe without stopping in England. The officers knew it, but the enlisted men, we knew nothing about it. They felt that they didn't want to lose anybody out of the Division. I had been through maneuvers in the desert and the North African Campaign ended. That is why they moved us from the Mojave Desert to Colorado for mountain training. If they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lost anybody from the Division, the replacement would be some poor kid just out of basic training that hadn't had all this additional training. Anyway, I ended up in Camp Gruber in Oklahoma. I walked in my brother's barracks. My brother had left the day before on a two-week furlough. Here I walked in. The guy says, \"Margol, you left yesterday on a two-week furlough and you're back here ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today? You are bucking for a section 8 discharge,\" which means you are crazy. I said, \"No, that wasn't me that left yesterday. That was my twin brother.\" They say, \"Now we know you're bucking for a Section 8 discharge, claiming you got a twin brother.\" For two weeks, they made life miserable for me. I mean, they gave me every dirty detail they could possibly think of. Then, two weeks later, my brother came back. To this day, none of them ever apologized to me. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother made it up for me in. . . I don't know if this should be on the tape or not.\n\nBERMAN: Sure, go ahead. Why not?\n\nMARGOL: By that time, he had a girlfriend in Tulsa [Oklahoma]. He would get a weekend pass [and] spend the weekend with her. Sunday evening, he would tell her that he was going into town and have a few beers with some of his Army buddies and be back a little later. I would come into the bus station in Tulsa from the camp, on a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three-day pass, starting Sunday evening. We would meet at the bus station. He would tell me, fill me in on what they did over the weekend, what movie they saw, what parks they went to walk at, and so forth. Then I would spend the next three days with her. She never caught on.\n\nBERMAN: That is terrible.\n\nMARGOL: I figure if she is still alive, she might still be looking for that guy with all that stamina.\n\nBERMAN: Really, that is a great ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"story.\n\nMARGOL: He made it up to me.\n\nBERMAN: Why did they call your division the Rainbow Division?\n\nMARGOL: It was called the Rainbow Division because it was the most famous unit in World War I. In World War I, it was called the Rainbow Division because, even though it was basically a New York National Guard Unit, when they expanded it from a small National Guard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unit to an entire division in World War I, they brought in draftees from all over the United States. That's why they called it the Rainbow Division. Anyway, that is how it got its name. It's still today [called] the Rainbow Division and they are in Iraq right now. It's still there.\n\nBERMAN: When did you ship out, you and your brother?\n\nMARGOL: D-day was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"June 4th, 1944. Unfortunately, we did not make it to D-day, fortunately. We actually landed in Marseilles, France in the first part of December 1944. Then, during the Battle of the Bulge, we were still in the rear, cleaning ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all our howitzers and our carbines, because to ship them over on the ship, they packed them in Cosmoline to protect them against the salt water and everything if something happened. Anyway, they took our infantry battalions and sent them up into Southern France ahead of us in combat. The Army ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intelligence said it was lightly defended by Germans and no problem because the Battle of the Bulge was going on up north. As it turned out, the American intelligence was completely wrong. They came under fire almost from the minute they went into the front lines. There was a German crack Panzer [German: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tank] division, crack German parachute division, several other well-experienced German divisions and unfortunately lost quite a few men. Had they had artillery support, had we been with them, we feel it would have been a whole lot different because they had no support. The only thing they had was one tank unit and the tank unit took off and retreated the minute they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heard there were some German Panzer tanks headed their way. Anyway, so it was after the Battle of the Bulge when we actually moved in, went into the front line.\n\nBERMAN: What was that like?\n\nMARGOL: There again, we were green. I mean, to us it was like a picnic. We looked around and we said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"It's a wooded area and every. . .\" At that moment it was quiet and we wondered, \"Where's all this war talk?\" Then we heard a few load explosions and then everybody ducked for cover. Then we knew.\n\nBERMAN: What were your responsibilities, yours and your brother's?\n\nMARGOL: We were in the B-battery of 392nd Field ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Artillery Battalion. I was on one gun section and my brother was the gun section next to me. We were both on 105mm howitzers, which is close infantry support, 105mm howitzers in World War II. Our range. . . we usually were firing at targets maybe hundreds of yards ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up to two miles in front of us as we were close infantry support. There were a few occasions that our gun barrel instead of elevated was almost level, but that was very few. We never came under direct fire. I never worried about the bullet that may have had my name on it. I did have a little concern for the big shells that said, \"To whom it may concern,\" but fortunately ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neither one of us got a scratch or anything. I remember one night; in combat we were getting ready to cross the Danube River early the next morning at daybreak, but that night we were pretty well dug in in foxholes. A German plane came over on a strafing run. Some of the bullets hit the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ground, maybe five, ten yards from my foxhole. Fortunately, I didn't get a scratch. There again, it made me realize the value of a foxhole. My foxhole became deeper after that.\n\nBERMAN: Did you lose any good friends in your unit?\n\nMARGOL: Not really. In my battery, say of 110 men, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had. . . one of our lieutenants, two of our lieutenants were West Point graduates. One of them, he was in combat. The first two days we were in combat, he was a forward observer. He got wounded, sent back to the hospital. Couple months later he rejoined us. He got wounded again the first day back in combat, so he spent a total of three days in combat. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"each time he got wounded and didn't get killed. Other than that, we had six men in the battery who were shot. All six of them were shot by our own men through sheer stupidity. Just one example, one of the guys got a German Luger pistol off a dead German officer. A Luger pistol was one of the prized things you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could get, so he was showing it to a group of us. We were looking at the luger pistol and passing it around, so to speak. One guy, Jimmy Volkoff, took the pistol, pulled the trigger, and blew the kneecap off one of the other guys. There again, with all of our training of how to handle guns, it was sheer stupidity. We were taught to never. . . If you're going to pull the trigger, don't point it at somebody unless it's the enemy. You can point it up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the sky, or something like that, or into the ground. We had six guys shot by our own men, but every time it was an accident, stupidity. . .\n\nBERMAN: You get a group of young guys together and it is. . . Were there-- besides you and your brother-- any other Jewish servicemen in your battery?\n\nMARGOL: Yes, we had, out of a 110 men; we had probably about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe 10 of the guys who were Jewish. One interesting thing: from the 42nd Rainbow Division, our Jewish Chaplain, Rabbi Eli Bohnen from Providence, Rhode Island, he was a captain. He was the only chaplain in the United States Army at the division level who was a captain. All the other chaplains at the division level and the entire U.S. Army ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were first and second lieutenants. Our commanding general, General Harry Collins, we called him Hollywood Harry, 'cause he was a real publicity hound. He never came up to the front lines without a whole group of photographers, and combat reporters, and everything. In any event, he was very good to his Jewish soldiers. He made Rabbi Bohnen a captain so that he could be the highest-ranking chaplain in the United States Army ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the division level. In other words, he could have taken the Catholic chaplain or the Protestant chaplain, but he chose the Jewish chaplain for that honor.\n\nBERMAN: Why do you think he did that?\n\nMARGOL: I don't know, but every indication that I had was, even though Harry Collins was not Jewish, he was good to his Jewish soldiers. For instance, in late ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"March of 1945 we captured Dahn, Germany. That's D-A-H-N. Rabbi Bohnen quickly realized that. . . First of all, when we captured Dahn, Germany, we were in a pincer movement. In other words, the 36th Division on our right, and the 45th Division on our left. They sort of squeezed us out in the middle, so we were ordered to rest for four or five days and reequip, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bring up replacements, and so forth. Rabbi Bohnen quickly realized that in a couple of days it would be the first night of Passover, so he contacted General Collins. General Collins immediately made all the arrangements. They brought fresh food, fresh chickens, French wine from France up to where we were in Dahn, Germany, and arranged for a Passover ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seder. Rabbi Bohnen quickly printed up a little Haggadah, which is the one that you have. We had a Passover. It was the first Passover seder held on German soil since before the War. We had 1,500 Jewish soldiers at the Passover seder. They were not all from the 42nd Division. They brought in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guys from other units in the areas. In fact, I mentioned before about the talk I gave last Sunday to the Jewish War Veterans. It just hit me. One of the guys came over to me afterwards and told me he was at that seder. He was in one of the support units, not in the 42nd Division. He said he never knew where that seder took place and now he knew where the seder ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened. It was in Dahn, Germany.\n\nBERMAN: That is an amazing story. Do you remember any incidents of trouble that the Jewish soldiers had within your battery with other soldiers who were not Jewish? Were there any problems?\n\nMARGOL: No real problems with. . . For instance, when I was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the infantry in Mojave Desert. As I mentioned before, there were three of us who were Jews and there were about ten Mexican Americans in the unit. We sort of bonded with the Mexican Americans, another minority, as against all the other guys. We were not mistreated in any way or anything, but at the same time we felt we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were being treated a little differently, not outwardly, but just as far as companionship was concerned. In Basic Training in Fort Bragg, North Carolina, where we finished our three-month basic training our, one of the guys who was not Jewish, put on a Mason ring. Our Drill Sergeant saw that, and he said, \"Why didn't you tell me you were a Mason?\" He said ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I'd have made it a lot easier for you.\" There again, it didn't affect me as a Jew, but it gave me the message loud and clear that there was discrimination of one kind or another. In some cases, in that case, reverse discrimination. But, other than that. . .\n\nBERMAN: Can you lead me through your progression after you landed in Europe, where you went from place to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place?\n\nMARGOL: The first place we went on the front line was a little village called Wingen-sur-Moder, France. Wingen on the Moder River, that's why it's Wingen-sur-Moder, M-o-d-e-r. The river was about ten feet wide. Here, we call it a creek. In Europe, they call it a river. The village consisted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of maybe two thousand villagers. The only thing in the village of note was a glass factory. We didn't know anything about the glass factory, except it was closed. Inside the glass factory from floor to ceiling and wall-to-wall was these wooden packing cases, packed full with all this glassware. The mayor of the village wanted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to give each one of us one of these packing cases of these glassware, which I found out later was a service for twelve of glassware. It didn't mean anything to me at the time. All I knew was Kress' Five-and-Dime glassware, nothing expensive. But our captain refused to accept [or] allow any of us to accept the gift. All we had to do was put our home address on the carton and ship it back, because all the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ships were coming over filled and they were going back empty. But our captain refused it. Some years later, after the war, my twin brother and I and our wives were going on a trip to Europe. We were driving around France. My brother and I looked at the map where we were going, and we saw that we could get off the main highway and go up into the mountains, maybe an hour drive, and go to Wingen-sur-Moder. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We decided. We didn't tell our wives we decided to do that. Two weeks before leaving on the trip, there was an article in the Atlanta paper. The article had a little headline that said, \"Famous French glass artisan dies.\" It caught my eye. [I] looked at the article. It said Rene Lalique died at the age of ninety-two, he is being buried at his home ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Wingen-sur-Moder. We saw that, and we are going to that glass factory, and we are going to get our serving for twelve. We got there too late. The factory had just closed. That took care of that. Later on, after that we met our former captain at an Army reunion. I told him, \"Ed, you know that glass factory in Wingen-sur-Moder?\" He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"Yeah.\" I said, \"You would not let us have any of that glassware, but,\" I said, \"that was service for twelve of Lalique glassware. You can imaging the value of that today.\" He said, \"What's Lalique?\" I said, \"I bet you got your serving of twelve!\" He said, \"I did, but a few pieces got broken in shipping.\" Anyway, that's my favorite war story.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is great. After this little. . . You were greeted as. . .\n\nMARGOL: After Wingen-sur-Moder, we were bogged down for about three weeks-- not much going on, except little firing back and forth. We would get occasional word that a German patrol had broken through during the night and we had to be on extra guard and so forth and so on. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll just mention one humorous incident. Our batter executive, Lieutenant Davis, everything, before the war he was a window dresser at Kress Five and Dime. He became a \"ninety-day wonder,\" became an officer, and everything with him had to be by the book. Common sense didn't matter, so everybody hated his guts. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of the guys said, \"As soon as we get into combat, Lieutenant Davis is going to get shot right in the back.\" Guys talk, and no one's really going to do that, but we had other ways to get back at Lieutenant Davis. One night, while we were in Wingen, we got a report that a German patrol had broken through and was in our area. Lieutenant Davis's command post was in a bombed-out house about a hundred yards from our gun position. Our sergeant called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the field telephone to Lieutenant Davis and told him that one of his men was very sick, he was throwing up all over the place, and everything, and needed Lieutenant Davis to come to our gun position and decide whether to send him back to the medics or just what. He said, \"Okay.\" Lieutenant Davis came out of the bombed-out house to come to our gun position. We had men stationed about 25 yards apart, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all along the way. Lieutenant Davis came out of the bombed-out house and started walking towards our position. One of the guys threw a rock. Lieutenant Davis immediately hit the ground, pulled out his 45 [caliber] pistol. He lay there for five minutes and then he started crawling forward. They let him crawl about another 25 yards and then another rock was thrown. That went on. He crawled almost the entire hundred yards on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his hands and knees. When he got to our gun position, our sergeant told him one of the guys who was sick made a remarkable recovery, since he threw up so much, it probably got rid of everything that was the problem, and he was now feeling fine, so we really didn't need him. Those were the kinds of things. Another thing, on a lighter mood. . . all kind of things that happen in combat that people wouldn't believe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unless they were there. It just doesn't fit. When we captured Wurzburg, Germany. . .\n\nBERMAN: When was this?\n\nMARGOL: This was after we went through the Siegfried Line, after Dahn, Germany.\n\nBERMAN: You went from Wingen-sur-Moder to. . .\n\nMARGOL: Wingen-sur-Moder, we were there about three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weeks. Then one day starting about four o'clock in the morning, we were ordered to fire every shell we had, just keep firing and firing throughout the entire area. [It was a] tremendous barrage of American artillery, both our artillery and the larger guns behind us. For maybe two hours, we just fired ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a tremendous barrage of artillery and then everyone started moving forward. That's when we moved forward. As far as breaking it down by day, no, I couldn't do that.\n\nBERMAN: No, just your progression. . .\n\nMARGOL: Like I said, we went through the Siegfried Line and then after the Siegfried line is when we crossed the Rhine River on pontoon ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bridges. We went through Straussburg, France. That was on the Rhine River. As I said, we captured Dahn, Germany. That's when we rested and had the Passover seder. Then we were fighting in Wurzburg, Germany after that. Wurzburg, Germany, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is a castle on the Main River, it's M-A-I-N, Main River. There again, an event happened that I was not directly involved because I was in infantry support and not in the infantry itself. But one of the infantry companies in front of us managed to get across the river under heavy German fire. They captured a German soldier. Two of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the GIs were ordered to take that German soldier back across the river for interrogation. They got down to the riverbank and the two GIs decided that they made it across the river under German fire, they were not willing to go back across the river, and then come back across the river, and still possibly be under German fire. They didn't want to do that, so they solved ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their problem, and shot the German soldier, dumped his body in the river, and went back to their unit, and told their company commander that they took him back across the river and left him for interrogation, and now they're back. This was told to me by a couple of the infantry guys, later on. Then again, you can criticize those two GIs, but you really don't know what you would have done, placed with the same decision to make. In any event, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mentioned General Collins before. We called him \"Hollywood Harry.\" He had a unit of six men. Their sole job, the entire time we were in combat and even after the war, was to paint a rainbow on prominent objects. He had them paint a rainbow on the wall of the castle facing the river and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were under fire while they were painting that rainbow. Years later when I went back to Wurzburg, the rainbow was a little faded, but it is still there.\n\nBERMAN: Really?\n\nMARGOL: In any event, while we were in Wurzburg, my unit, we evidently were in the expensive residential area of the city of Wurzburg, because the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"homes we went into there were very large homes, like three story houses with a basement, a cellar. You go into the house and they would have a music room with a grand piano and musical instruments of that type. But all the wine cellars were filled with wines, champagnes, and everything. We had to put chlorine ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tablets in our drinking water and we had to wash our guns out to get the gunpowder out with water. We all decided that the wine would do a lot better job of drinking and also cleaning our guns than water and certainly would taste better than chlorinated water. We took all of our five-gallon water cans, dumped all the water out, filled them all with wine. For one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night a few days after that I remember very vividly today. Out of 110 men, I think almost every one of them were drunk, except my twin brother and I because we were not drinkers. If the Germans had've attacked that night, they would have had no opposition whatsoever because everybody was drunk. The fact that our main cook, last we saw of him, he was chasing Lieutenant Davis. The cook ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had his pistol and he was chasing Lieutenant Davis. Lieutenant Davis was running. But neither one of them got hurt. We figured they were both drunk, so they both probably both stumbled and fell, so that was the end of that. But, there again in the middle of the war, everybody was drunk.\n\nBERMAN: That is a great story.\n\nMARGOL: After Wurzburg, the next major objective that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember was Schweinfurt. Schweinfurt, Germany, was the center of the German ball bearing industry during the war. Without ball bearings, anything on wheels will not\nmove, so it was a very critical area. The biggest loss of the 8th Air Force during World War II in Europe was the bombing raid over Schweinfurt. They lost ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sixty. . . B-17 bombers. When we got to Schweinfurt, we saw the evidence of how the Germans were able to shoot down sixty American planes over Schweinfurt. They had the city completely surrounded with 88 anti-aircraft ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guns and bunkers, dug in, built-in underground bunkers where the Germans soldiers actually lived, and they had early radar. With the early radar that the Germans had, all the 88 anti-aircraft guns, they could all fire at individual planes or they could fire at one single ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plane with the radar they had. We saw how well equipped they had it around Schweinfurt and how well Schweinfurt was protected. That is why so many American planes were lost there. I had one incident there. We saw they had huge rangefinders. The rangefinders were a long tube about fifteen feet long and about two feet in diameter, and you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could look into the rangefinder, and it would show you an object in the sky. It would give you the elevation and that was part of their system. One of the guys by the name of Ed Juice, in my unit, he was a nut to collect the lenses out of anything, whether it was a telescope, a microscope, because he felt the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"value was the lens. The rest of it was just the casing. He couldn't take the microscope and telescope back home with him, but he felt he could take the lens out and he could get that back home with him. When he saw that-- one of those big rangefinders-- his eyes lit up like tilt on a pinball machine and he got all excited. He talked me into helping him trying to get some of the lens out of the rangefinder. All we had to work with were our bayonets. We hacked away at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the rangefinders for about thirty minutes and we were getting nowhere. I finally said, \"Juice, you can stay here as long as you want and work on this thing, but I am getting back to the gun position. We could be pulling out any minute now.\" He said, \"Well, okay.\" He gave up and we walked away. We got about a hundred yards away when the rangefinder blew up. The Germans had booby-trapped it. After that, I told him, \"Juice, you mess with the lens ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all you want, but count me out. I'm not interested anymore.\" There again, it's little things like that, in a lot of cases make a difference between life or death when you are in combat. There again, it was not anything directly connected with enemy fire or anything like that, but in some respects, I relate that to what. . . a lot of the incidences happening in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Iraq, where they put some of the American soldiers on trial for murdering an Iranian or something. You never know. I mean, you don't know if that person is booby-trapped, or has explosives, they going to blow themselves up when an American soldier gets close to them, or whatever. I mean, you just never now. I mean, those things do happen. After Schweinfurt, we then headed south, and we captured what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was left of a German airfield in Fürth, Germany, F-U-R-T-H, which was a suburb of Nuremberg. Then we captured Nuremberg. Frankly there was very little left of\nNuremburg, by the time we left there. From ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg, we continued going south. We moved forward early one morning. We moved into a new gun position, and there was a very strange odor in the air. Some of the guys said. \"There must be a chemical factory around here.\" I said, \"No, I don't think that is a chemical factory.\" I said, \"My mother used to go to the kosher meat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"market and buy a chicken. She would bring the chicken home, turn on the gas flame in the kitchen, and wave the chicken over the gas flame to burn the pin feathers off the chicken. Invariably, some of the skin of the chicken would get a little burned and give off an odor.\" I said, \"That's the odor that it reminds me of-- the same identical odor.\" We did not know the source of that odor until later on that day, when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went into Dachau, into the camp, saw the ovens, and then we knew what the source of the odor was. To me, the village of Dachau, was right next to the concentration camp. That odor was through the entire area. The villagers couldn't possibly say they didn't know about what was going on there and so forth, and so on. They had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know.\n\nBERMAN: I want to ask a couple of questions about all of that now. When did you first suspect-- you as an American Jewish soldier-- what was happening to the Jews of Europe?\n\nMARGOL: Only, I'd say, when we liberated Dachau. We didn't capture Dachau, because it was actually no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"combat there. But actually, when we liberated Dachau, even when I went into the camp, I didn't realize the full extent of what the camp represented. In other words, I knew nothing about the camp. I didn't know if this camp was the only camp like it or whether there were other camps. I didn't know the extent of what went on there. I mean, I saw. . . I found out later that what I saw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was between thirty and thirty-two thousand inmates in Dachau, majority was Jewish, but not all were Jewish. I say I didn't realize until several weeks later when I found out a lot more information, not only about Dachau, but the other camps as well. Some people, friends of mine who lived in New York during the war, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"told me they heard all about the camps and everything in New York. Maybe New York was a cart different than Jacksonville, Florida. I don't know, but I knew nothing about the camps.\n\nBERMAN: Can you describe what the camp was like when you walked in?\n\nMARGOL: What happened was, soon after we moved into position, maybe a couple hours later, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of our Jeep drivers came by and told my brother and I that there was a very strange camp nearby that he thought we would be interested in seeing it. We said, \"How far away is the camp?\" He said, \"Five-minute walk through the woods there and you'll be at the main entrance to the camp.\" It was a five-minute walk and there we were at the main entrance to the camp. The first thing I saw was a railroad sitting alongside, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right near the main gate. There were about maybe 20 boxcars. Some of the infantrymen in front of us had already opened some of the doors of the boxcars. When they opened the door, several bodies, that evidently [had been] inside leaning up against the door, so when they slid the door open, a leg flopped out and arm flopped out. The main ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"part of the body was still in the boxcar, but part, one of the limbs was maybe flopped out that had been up against the door. I saw that. There again, I know from later on what I learned. Those were Jews in a camp maybe in one of the camps in Poland. And the Germans, before the Russians ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got there, [the Germans] took those Jews, loaded them into boxcars, and sent them west to Dachau. The train was probably traveling two, maybe three weeks, no food, no water. Everybody inside were all dead by the time the train got to Dachau. [We] went into the camp, saw the barracks, saw the people. Some looked fairly healthy, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly the younger ones. Some of them were like skeletons. Some of them you could tell, they didn't have much longer to live because they were in such bad shape. In the barracks, the stench was very prominent. Then we saw the ovens. One of the guys-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in fact, the Jeep driver that told my brother and I about the camp-- he went into the Commandant's office. In the Commandant's office, he told us there were boxes stacked up from wall to wall, floor to ceiling. He opened up one of the boxes and it was part of a stamp collection. He took that box and, being a Jeep driver, he was able to carry it around on his Jeep. He knew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing about stamps. My brother and I had been stamp collectors so we tried to bargain with him to get that box of stamp collection. He wouldn't give it up. Anyway, we were only in the camp itself for about 45 minutes because my brother and I were afraid our unit would move forward, because the war was still going on. That was April 29, 1945. The war ended on May 8. We didn't want our parents ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get a message from the War Department saying that their twin sons were missing in action. As I said, we stayed there for about 45 minutes and went back to our gun positions. Sure enough, we weren't back in our gun positions long before we moved forward again. From there, we then moved south to Munich, which was only about eight or ten miles south of Dachau. In Munich, I was amazed to see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people in all the apartment buildings who were hanging out the window and waving white flags and everything. I was amazed to see some former inmates still in their striped outfits, hanging out the windows. I just assumed that. . . You see, just a couple of days before we got there, the SS took about twenty-five hundred Jews out of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dachau and put them on a forced march to try to get to Austria. I just assume that a few of those Jews evidently managed to escape during that forced march when the forced march was going through Munich, and managed to escape, and were in some of the apartments. I was amazed to see them hanging out the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"window in striped outfits. One of my main recollections from Munich was a couple days after we liberated Dachau on April 29. We had a sudden snowstorm. Here this was the first couple days of May in 1945. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To me, being from Jacksonville, Florida, May was summertime already and here we had a sudden snowstorm, a very heavy snowstorm. From Munich. . . Let me regress for just a minute to mention probably the most important thing about our liberation of Dachau. The day ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before we got there, Vincent Maurer, M-A-U-R-E-R-- he was a representative of the International Red Cross-- he managed to get to the concentration camp of Dachau. He told. . . all the SS officers had fled, except one SS Lieutenant [Heinrich Wicker] was left in charge. Vincent Maurer told the SS Lieutenant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the American Army was not far away [and] would probably arrive the next day. He had two choices. He could fight it out against overwhelming odds and he and his men would be killed. Or he could save everybody a lot of time and trouble and surrender the camp. The SS Lieutenant made a wise decision to surrender the camp. That morning as we were moving forward, they had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a surrender ceremony outside of camp. Brigadier General Linden, our assistant division commander, accepted the surrender from the SS Lieutenant. Marguerite Higgins, who at that time was one of the two female war correspondents in Europe, was there. Paul-- I forget Paul's last name, but he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an American soldier originally from Belgium-- he was also there and he recorded the whole thing. Anyway, the surrender of the camp took place, so there was no actual fighting to liberate or capture the camp. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infantry company in front of us were the first ones to actually enter the camp. As they were entering the camp, two German soldiers and one of the guard towers opened fire on them. I don't know if they were die-hards or whether they just didn't receive word that the camp had surrendered. They were up against a whole company of infantry, so they only lasted a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couple of minutes and that was it. But that was the only firing that actually took place at Dachau.\n\nBERMAN: Do you remember any of the other comments or reactions that your fellow soldiers had about the camp?\n\nMARGOL: No, not at the time, but years later, I was glad to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see that mainly Gentile [non-Jewish] soldiers who were there wrote articles. In several cases, they wrote books about the event. I felt it was important for non-Jews to do that rather than Jews, because if Jews did it, [people might say,] \"Oh, well, it's just more Jewish propaganda, of course.\" They did. . . One ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing they did do, they did bring some of our infantrymen. You have to understand, in our Infantry Division of fifteen thousand men only a small percentage of the fifteen thousand men ever saw Dachau or even knew about Dachau, because you only knew what was happening right where we were. We didn't know what was going on a mile away from where we were. But they did bring some of the infantrymen who were not at Dachau, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were near Dachau. They did bring them back to Dauchau to show them the camp as well. A lot of the inmates who were in bad condition, who could have survived, they died for several reasons. One reason was they ate too much food. Their system could not handle eating all that food, but they were starving, so they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ate as much as they could cram down their throats and they died as a result. The other reason was the Army doctors had never faced a situation like this. They really were not trained to handle situation of thousands of starving people, near death. Some of the Jews that were starving could have survived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had the right medical attention been available then, which it wasn't. It was. . . The rest of us who was there. . . As I mentioned, the war was still going on, so we had to move forward. It was the support troops from the rear that was brought up to spend a week or two weeks there taking care of the inmates and doing whatever they could for them. After Munich, we then headed east again ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instead of south. We were in Rosenheim, Germany on May 8, when actually the war ended. At that point, after a few days in Rosenheim, we were ordered to move south to the Germany-Austria border, because it was not far away. We went to Kufstein, Austria. Kufstein was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a main railroad stop. All the trains coming from Italy and Switzerland into Austria and Germany had to come through Kufstein. Our job there was to stop every train, check everybody on the train, see who they were, going in both directions. Trains [were] going from Germany. I am sure we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"missed some of the Nazis that got through. Frankly, we were checking everybody, but we really didn't know what we were checking.\n\nBERMAN: Can you describe your feeling for the Germans? After you discovered what was happening at Dachau, did it change your perception of what you were fighting for? How did you feel about interacting with Germans after that?\n\nMARGOL: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As far as what we were fighting for, I don't consider any of us heroes. In other words, first of all, we did not go there to fight and liberate Jews or anybody else for that matter. We were fighting a war against Hitler and what he represented. That we knew. We knew Hitler was a threat not only to Europe but the rest ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the world if he succeeded. But I say I don't consider any of us heroes. We had a job to do and we did it. None of us for the most part wanted to make the Army a career. We just wanted to do what we could do, and get it over with, and get back home, and take up our lives. During the war, we had, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd say contempt for the Germans, but during the war we met very few Germany men, other than dead Germany soldiers. And the women that we met, we just had contempt for them. One humorous incident while we were still in combat: One morning, it was the job of me and one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the other guys on our gun section to scout around and see what we could find in the way of food because we were in Bavaria, which was mainly farmland. We found a farmhouse not too far away. The only one there was a woman, a German Frau, Housewife. We told her we wanted some food. She took us down in the cellar. In the cellar, she had these smoked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hams hanging in the cellar and she had a lot of chickens, so in the cellar, she had a huge bowl of eggs. She took a small bowl, and put about two dozen eggs in it, and handed it to my buddy. He put the small bowl down picked up the huge bowl of eggs, told her, \"Danke schön,\" thank you, and away we went. We had a nice breakfast ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of ham\nand eggs that morning, which was the first fresh food we had had in weeks.\n\nBERMAN: You brought in a photograph today that you found in another farmhouse. Could you talk about that story, with that German woman?\n\nMARGOL: Yes, we, during the war and after the war, we never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"met a single German who admitted they were a Nazi. In fact, they all quickly told us they were not Nazis. . . the first words out of their mouths. We did not even have to ask. This one woman-- this is while we were still in combat-- I don't even remember what village or town we were in, but quickly she told us she was not a Nazi. We went in the house, rummaged around through some of her dresser drawers and everything. One of the pictures ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we found was her at a Nazi ceremony with her giving a Heil Hitler salute. We showed her the picture and then agreed with her that she was not a Nazi. Okay. So, I say, during the war, we. . . I would not say we had any animosity toward the Germans, for we saw mainly women, but we had contempt for them. After the war, we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on occupation duty in Austria the entire time. As I mentioned, the war ended May 8, 1945. I was on occupation duty until March of 1946, but in Austria, mainly in Salzburg, Austria. We considered the Austrians no different than the Germans, but still we were on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occupation duty and we had daily contact with the Austrians. There again, we didn't have contempt for them or animosity, but then again we did not take kindly to them so to speak. But there again, most of the ones we came into contact with were women; not men. The only men we came in contact with were the German soldiers who were prisoners of war that we would take them out on work details. We knew we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't know the history of any of those German soldiers. We didn't know what they had done during the war other than fight in the German Army, but as far as atrocities were concerned we had no way of knowing and they were not about to tell us. It was later on in life. Even today, I have a certain feeling when I am around ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a German man who is in his late seventies or eighties. I remember a few years ago I was on a trip to Riga, Latvia. There was a large German tour group at the same hotel. I started to get on the elevator. The elevator door would open and if I saw it was a group, from that German tour group in the elevator in their late 70s or 80s, I would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not get on the elevator. I would just wait until another elevator came along. I just. . . For 25 years-- up until the time I mentioned that my twin brother and our wives went on a trip to France and\nGermany-- I couldn't go back to Germany. I went to many countries in Europe over those years, but I couldn't go back to Germany.\n\nBERMAN: Did you write home a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot?\n\nMARGOL: I wrote home as much as I could. When I got home and saw the letters that I wrote and saw the Army censors. . . Some of the things they blacked out was illegible. I just scratched my head. I don't know why in the world they blacked those words out, because even if the letter would have got in the hands of the Germans it wouldn't have told them anything. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wrote a lot of letters. My brother and I received the Florida Times-Union newspaper every week. My parents subscribed to it and had it automatic copy sent to us. My parents would also. . . My mother would go to the canning kitchen and send us food. We were pretty popular because we were getting food from home ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was much better than the C-rations and the K-rations that the Army was giving us.\n\nBERMAN: Did you try to sanitize what you wrote home to not worry your parents?\n\nMARGOL: Yes, we didn't tell them. It was mostly just so they could hear from us and know that we were still alive. One incident: I wrote a letter home and told them to look at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"issue of the \"Florida Times-Union\" newspaper on a certain date because I had gotten the newspaper and on the front page of the newspaper was a big article all about us, and where we were at, and what we had just captured, and everything. Anyway, that was in the letter. I got a letter later on from my older brother saying that they looked in that issue of the newspaper and it mentioned nothing about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. I found out later that what we were getting was the Bulldog issue-- the issue that was published, let's say, at 10 o'clock at night-- and the home delivery issues was published at midnight. That's why he looked in the wrong issue and didn't see it.\n\nBERMAN: Can you describe. . .\n\nMARGOL: Excuse me, as far as the censors are concerned. . . I could mention, telling them to look in a certain issue of that newspaper, the date of the issue and everything, but if I had told them what the article ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, that would have all been blocked out, you see.\n\nBERMAN: I have asked this question to some of our other memoirists and I was curious. Can you describe just what a day of soldiering was like?\n\nMARGOL: A day of soldering? You talking about in combat?\n\nBERMAN: Yes, get up in the morning and. . .\n\nMARGOL: Frankly, a bigger ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concern was the weather. The weather was a bigger concern than getting shot or anything because we were outside all the time. If we managed to spend part of the night in a bombed-out house or something, there was no heat. It was almost as cold inside the house as it was outside the house. I was always concerned about getting frostbitten feet because, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe, it's a damp cold. I mean, it may be 25 degrees, but it is a damp 25 degrees, which the cold just goes right through you. I was always concerned about getting frostbitten feet and the other guys were too. We would take off our combat boots, and we would pair up in twos, and each one of us would put our feet in the other guy's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[jacket]. He would open up his jacket, and we would put his feet up on his chest, and he would then close up his jacket so his body heat would warm up my feet and my body heat would warm up his feet to thaw our feet out. The weather, I say, was one of our major concerns. We would get a few hours of sleep during the night, because, other than a patrol breaking through or something like that, there was really not much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going on during the night. There was. . . It was funny. In those days they didn't have night goggles or anything like that. Things were quieted down in the middle of the night, generally speaking, but other than the weather. . . I mentioned previously that Lieutenant Davis was strictly by the book. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"insisted that we stay clean-shaven all the time. We would have to put water in our steel helmet, and put shaving cream on, and shave with ice cold water to dip the razor in, and there again, in combat. We didn't care about shaving, but he insisted that we stay clean-shaven. I mean, at most ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we could go without a shave for two day. Some of that was. . . We considered that nonsense, but we had no choice. We had to do it. The food was K-rations and C-rations, which was processed food. In the C-rations and K-rations, there usually was a small container of cheese. None ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of us for the most part would eat the cheese for it was very binding. You didn't want to get constipated, even though you did get constipated quite frequently because of the conditions we were in. It was a two-edged sword. You didn't want to get constipated. On the other hand, it was a real chore to go to the bathroom because you had to take your pants down in freezing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cold weather. I'm trying to think of other. . .\n\nBERMAN: What about trench foot? It's different from frostbite, right?\n\nMARGOL: Right. Trench foot, as far as I know. . . because we never had any trench foot. It would have to be if you were in a foxhole with water. In other words, your feet had to get wet. We did. . . Our feet didn't get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wet because the Army gave us some. . . a can of paste that we would put on our combat boots that would prevent water from getting in through our boots and to our feet. The only trouble with that paste [was] it made the boots waterproof, but it also made our feet colder.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know that, to get home, you stayed in the Army after the war ended-- you had to-- and you went to Austria. There was a point system.\n\nMARGOL: Right.\n\nBERMAN: How many points did you have when the war ended and how many did you need to get home?\n\nMARGOL: Quite frankly, I don't remember how many points I had, but it was not enough. Some of the points. . . If you got a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medal of one kind or another, you got points for that, so to get a medal was pretty important. After the war, the Army passed out medals like passing out peanuts. I guess it was mainly for home conception. Everybody could come home as a hero. My Gun Sergeant got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Silver Star for bravery. The citation came with a Silver Star [and] said that he single-handedly wiped out a German machine gun nest. Now, I was with him 24/7 from the minute we went into combat till the minute the war ended. We never saw a German machine gun nest, okay? But that gave him a lot of points, getting that Silver Star, so he was very happy to accept it, because it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a faster ticket back home.\n\nBERMAN: When did you get to go home?\n\nMARGOL: It was around the first of March of 1946. My twin brother and I finally got our orders to go back home. By that time the Division, the 42nd Division was no longer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a complete unit. A lot of the guys had already left. Some of the guys had re-upped and were headed to the Pacific [Theater]. One guy, in fact. . . I remember one of our buddies lost everything he had in a crap game. The Army was giving a $300.00 bonus if you reenlisted for 3 years and $500.00 if you reenlisted for 5 years. He had to reenlist for five years because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he needed the $500.00 to pay off his gambling debt. He ended up with another five years in the Army headed to the Pacific to satisfy his gambling debts and he still had nothing. Anyway, we were put with one of the units from the 83rd Division. We were in the same boxcars that the Jews and other nationalities were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transported to the camps, but in our case, instead of crammed in, they put cots. They put cots in the boxcars, and we had a cot to sit on or lay down on because from where we were to Bremerhaven, Germany, the port we were leaving from. . . I don't remember whether. . . I believe we left early in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"morning and we got to Bremerhaven that night. I don't recall it being an overnight trip. Anyway, we got to Bremerhaven, Germany. We were in Bremerhaven for about a week or ten days before the ship was taking up back to the states was there. We got on the ship. While we were in Bremerhaven, we were deloused. It was never publicized ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the United States, but after the war there was a tremendous epidemic in Europe of scabies. Scabies it was like little sores all over your body that itched like crazy and the Army did not know what to do for it. They didn't know what to do, or how to do. Anyway, I was fortunate. I didn't get scabies ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until I got. . . In December of 1945, I got a two-week furlough to go to England, to meet, and spend time with my father's brother, and sister, and their families who lived there. In doing so, I had to change trains in Paris [France]. In changing trains in Paris, I had to spend a day, a day and a half there waiting for the right train to take me from Paris to the French coast to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get to London. I had to sleep in an Army building that was nothing but bed bunks and it was. . . You slept in it and maybe an hour after you left another GI slept in it. It was like a revolving door. They didn't change the linen or nothing, so if someone before I got there had scabies, then [I got it]. I didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get it going there. I got it when I came back from London on the way back to Austria. Anyway, we were deloused. They sprayed us with. . . I think they finally figured out what they could do for it. Anyway, they sprayed us all and then we got on the ship. It was the \"Madawaska Victory.\" I still have at home. . . I did not bring it with me. I still have it at home, the little article in The \"New York ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Times\" that listed all the ships that were arriving that day. The \"Madawaska Victory\" is listed. I think it said 879 American soldiers from various units were on. We called it the \"Mad Madawaska.\" It was a ten-day trip. We were. . . the hatches were batten down the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entire ten days. We could not go on deck, because for ten days we went through a terrific North Atlantic storm. We could not even go out on deck. Everybody was seasick. One guy got so seasick and threw up so much he died. He spent the rest of the trip in the refrigerator. After that, we were not too happy to eat the food, because we knew where the body was. Anyhow, when the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ship docked in New York, lifelong friends of my parents from Jacksonville, who had. . . they were originally from New York, but they had moved back to New York, they were there and the welcoming committee at the dock. We went from New York on the train to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, where we were discharged and the train from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there back to Jacksonville.\n\nBERMAN: Describe your feeling of coming back home or getting back to the United States shores. What did that feel like?\n\nMARGOL: It was a great feeling to be back home, and be in one piece, and it was contagious. In other words, our parents, our brother, our sister, friends, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were happy we were back home. As I say, it was all contagious. Everybody was happy and it was all very positive.\n\nBERMAN: Was it difficult to readjust to civilian life?\n\nMARGOL: Not for me and my brother because our life was pretty well-planned. For instance, I mentioned before that we got in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"freshman year at the University of Florida. We knew we were going back to Florida, and when we got back, the GI bill was there to pay for our tuition, everything at the University of Florida. We knew that we were going back to Florida and finish our college education. In 1995, I and some of the other guys were invited to come to Dachau ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Dachau. I told my wife--my wife was with me--after we left Munich, I said, \"Why don't we go to Lithuania?\" We had been there in 1993 and 1994. I said, \"Let's go to Vilnius again,\" so we did.\n\nBERMAN: Can I interject? That was one of my next questions. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Are you now going to be speaking about what happened to the rest of your family who were in Lithuania during the war?\n\nMARGOL: Yes, but what I was going to mention was we went to Vilnius and while we were in Vilnius, they were also celebrating the 50th anniversary of the end of World War II in Europe. I was invited to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"speak at several dinners where there were former Russian soldiers, Jewish soldiers, non-Jewish soldiers, Partisans were at the dinner. Frankly, I didn't know what I was going to say, because these were all strangers to me. I got up and I spoke in English and had a translator translating. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I told them that, as far as I was concerned, the American military that fought in Europe during World War II, that we were not the real heroes. That those who were there that either fought in the Russian Army or were Partisans, I felt they were the real heroes, simply because, as I said, \"When the war ended, you had no home to go back to. In many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cases you had no family to go back to, they were all killed.\" I said, \"We were able to go back home, pick up our civilian life where we left off, and resume our life under circumstances that were positive.\" I said, \"You guys and you women were the real heroes,\" and I truly felt that way. As far as my father's sister, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and her husband, and her three young children, they were in Pushellot when the war started in 1941. A day or two before the German Army got to Pushellot, many of the Jews there-- and there was about 250 Jews living in Pushellot at the time-- many of them were murdered by the local ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuanians. The rest of them were forced by the Germans-- once they got there-- to go walk about 20 miles to the city of Ponevezh [Yiddish; Lithuanian: Pajouoste], which was the fifth largest city in Lithuania. They were put in a ghetto there and in September [or] October of 1945, all the Jews in the Panevezy ghetto were murdered. I don't know whether ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my father's youngest sister, and her husband, and three small children were murdered in the village of Pushellot or if they were killed by the Germans outside of Ponevezh. I do know they were murdered. That part I do know. I spoke to villagers when I went there in 1993, 1994, 1995--the ones in their late 70s, 80s and were certainly adults in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1941. I asked them [to] tell me about the Jews that lived there and were killed there. In 1993, which was the first time I went there, I had a Lithuanian tour guide. I told her, \"Please find one of the 80-year-olds in the village that could tell me about the Jews there in 1941.\" The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"police force there consisted of two policemen. They brought an elderly man. He started talking in Lithuanian and I could not understand a word he was said. For five minutes he talked very vividly, waving his arms and everything. Then our guide got rid of him. I asked her, \"What did he say? Why did you get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rid of him?\" She said she got rid of him because he was drunk, and he was talking a bunch of nonsense. I had no way of knowing anything different, but I videotaped the whole thing with my video camera that I brought with me. Six months later, my wife and I bought Rachel Costany, the Director of the Jewish museum in Vilnius, to Atlanta to spend a week with us. I showed her the video. She understood every word the old man was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saying. What he was actually saying was he was telling us. . . He called them the \"Lithuanian bandits.\" In fact, all the villagers called them the \"Lithuanian bandits.\" He said the Lithuanian bandits were there killing the Jews and he described in detail. He said they would take the small Jewish children by their ankles, swing their bodies around, and smash their heads against a tree or against ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a stone wall, and kill them. He said while they were doing that, they would make the parents and the older children in the family watch before they killed them. He also told us that there was one doctor. The village had one doctor, Dr. Shapiro. One of the women in the village-- they were all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Catholic-- one of the Catholic women told one of the Lithuanian bandits not to kill Dr. Shapiro because she would marry him and convert him to Catholicism. [She said,] \"Don't kill him. He'll become a Catholic.\" They killed him anyway. Then he told us that he was going to give us the names of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the leaders of the Lithuanian bandits. That's when she told him to shut up, he had already said too much, and she got rid of him. After Rachel told me that, I contacted the tour company in Vilnius. I told them what happened. Rachel did follow up on it and find out that they fired that tour guide because the job of a tour guide is to tell you the truth, interpret, translate what was being said regardless ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what it is. After that, I developed a group of Jewish tour guides in Lithuania. Next June I am taking my 16th annual group trip to Lithuania. Every year, since 1993, I have a group of Jewish guides that we use. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\nBERMAN: That is wonderful. I have a few questions more. First of all, after the war, you went to the University of Florida, but I know you got married and I know you ended up in Atlanta. Can you just give us a synopsis of what happened?\n\nMARGOL: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As I mentioned, I got discharged from the Army on April 6, 1946, a couple days more than three years from the time the date I went in on April 3, 1943. One of my fraternity brothers in Jacksonville reminded me that the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fraternity from the University of Florida had a spring dance in Jacksonville every year. This was in 1946. They were having a spring dance. I needed a date. I said, \"My little black book is obsolete. It's worthless from before the war, so I don't know anybody to date.\" He fixed me up on a blind date with Esther Landey from Valdosta, Georgia. She was my blind date ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I ended up marrying her. We got married in Jacksonville in June of 1948. In fact, this year we celebrated our sixtieth wedding anniversary.\n\nBERMAN: Congratulations.\n\nMARGOL: Thank you. Then in 1965, for business reasons, I moved my family to Atlanta and we've been living here ever since.\n\nBERMAN: What business is that?\n\nMARGOL: That was a retail ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"furniture business. In those days, it was a giant furniture warehouse. We were one of the first low-overhead, low-margin furniture retailers in a warehouse set-up in the United States.\n\nBERMAN: What was it called?\n\nMARGOL: Giant Furniture Warehouse. Our first location in Atlanta was on Marietta Street, at the corner of Marietta ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Street and, I believe, Alexander Street. It was a six-story building, empty. It had been empty for about a year and a half or two years. Ben. . . very prominent Jewish name.\n\nBERMAN: Ben Massell?\n\nMARGOL: Right, Ben Massell [Jr.] was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"owner. A real estate agent showed us the building. As I say, there was a basement and five floors--the main floor and four floors above that. We told them we wanted the basement and the main floor. We were getting a lot of merchandise in by the railroad carload and it had a railroad siding directly connected to the basement, so it would work out very well. We told him we wanted the basement and the main floor and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"control of the upper four floors. They could not lease the upper four floors without our permission. If they were going to lease it for storage, that would be okay, but for retail, we would not allow it. The guy told us okay, he can maybe work that out with Ben Massell for about $3000 a month. We told him our maximum was $1500 a month. He told us he would not insult ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Massell by giving him such a ridiculous offer. We told him, \"We don't know Ben Massell. We don't care if we insult him.\" He ushered us down to Ben Massell's office downtown Atlanta. His office door was open. We could walk right in. He didn't require a secretary to usher us in or anything. We met Ben Massell, told him $1500 a month and we were willing to sign a five-year lease. He said \"Okay,\" and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away we went. On the top of the building was a water tower that could be seen from many parts of downtown Atlanta and the area. We had the water tower repainted with \"Giant Furniture Warehouse,\" which was pretty visible. For a number of years, we were very successful there, but then the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole area changed. It changed and the area became more of the downtrodden area, so to speak. A lot of the neighboring business were shuttered up and so forth. We ended up moving out of there. But that's how I came to Atlanta and how we got started.\n\nBERMAN: A couple more questions. Tom Brokaw wrote a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"book describing your generation as the greatest generation ever. Do you agree with him? What's your reaction to the book?\n\nMARGOL: I have a copy of the book at home and I agree with him. The reason I agree with him is we lived through the Depression and we lived through World War II. I feel that we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"better equipped withstanding the rigors of World War II and what it brought than the military of today because we had been through the Depression. We knew what it was to do without. We knew what hardships were. We did not have the luxuries of life, so to speak. Whereas the military ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"personnel today, I feel it is tougher for them because they are coming from a much higher standard of living, in having to go from a higher standard of living to dealing with whatever they're dealing if they have to go into combat. For that reason, I feel it was the greatest generation. Maybe that is not a great reason, I don't know, but I just happen to agree with him.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your generation was more patriotic than today's generation of young people?\n\nMARGOL: I think so for the simple reason that a larger percentage of the country back in those days were conservative, not as liberal. Today, for various reasons, a much larger percentage of the population is far more liberal, more willing to overlook ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things. When I say \"liberal\" I am not [suggesting that] in those days they didn't help the poor or the downtrodden. We were all poor. I remember very vividly in. . . I don't remember the exact year, maybe 1932 or 1933, when a young couple in our neighborhood in Jacksonville got married. The husband looked for a job for about a year. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, after about a year. . . During that year, the neighbors more or less supported this couple. They were not related. They were not relatives or anything, but here was this young\ncouple-- not Jewish, but a lot of the people in the neighborhood were Jewish in that particular neighborhood. The whole neighborhood helped support them, gave them food, things like that. After a year, the husband finally got a job. When he came home that afternoon and told everybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he got a job, the whole neighborhood celebrated that night. It was an event. You don't have that today. You don't have that. A lot of people don't even know their next-door neighbor. I say it was more in those days. . . there was more of a camaraderie. I'll mention one other thing. You didn't ask me this question but I'll mention it. As far as Blacks in the military ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during World War II, I had very little contact with any of the Black soldiers during World War II. For one reason, in Europe, most of the Black soldiers, there were a few combat units of Black soldiers. In fact, there was a 155 artillery unit behind us. That was 155. We were 105. This was 155 Long Toms, which their range was 4, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"5, and 6, and 7 miles. It was a Black artillery unit, but I never saw them because they were behind us all the time. The only concern I had about them was not about them themselves, but. . . Dean [Joseph] Weil, who was the Dean of the Engineering School at the University of Florida during the war, he developed an artillery fuse. It was called a pozit fuse, P-O-Z-I-T. The fuse ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was designed so that when the shell was fired it would. . . about 20 yards before hitting the ground it would explode because 20 yards before it came in contact with a solid object it would explode. The difference being if it did not explode, it hit the ground and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the shell fragments would go up like this. Unless it was a direct hit, it wouldn't kill anybody or very little. With the pozit fuse, it would explode like 20 yards above the ground, shell fragments would go out like this and would kill or injure everybody in a certain radius. With the long toms behind us firing those pozit fuses. . . In the wintertime in Europe you have a lot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of low hanging clouds. Sometimes the clouds were dense enough it would cause that shell to explode up in the air above us. Fortunately, none of us ever got hit, but we were concerned about those shell fragments coming down from up above. But most of the Black soldiers were used in the Quartermaster Corps in the supply depot. During the war, some of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German civilians would tell us they saw an American soldier that was Black and they couldn't understand. They couldn't figure it out why they were Black. Some of the rednecks would explain to them that, \"Oh, they're night fighters. They are actually white, but the Army would inject them with a certain solution to turn them black, so they were night fighters.\" They fought only at night. After ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the war it sort of backfired on the rednecks because some of the Austrian women would go out with the Black soldiers. The redneck would say, \"You shouldn't go out with him. They're Blacks. You don't want to have anything to do with Blacks.\" [The Austrian women said,] \"They're white. You told us they were white.\" The rest of us sort of got a charge out of that.\n\nBERMAN: I have another, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"final question. The War in the Pacific was still going on after the War in Europe ended. I know that a number of soldiers were concerned that they would have to go to the Pacific to fight and then the atomic bomb was dropped. How do you feel about the use of the atomic bomb? How did you feel about it then and has your opinion changed over the years? Do you think it should have been used or not?\n\nMARGOL: At the time, I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overjoyed to hear about it. I felt, and I still feel today, that it not only saved countless numbers of American lives, but it also saved a countless number of Japanese lives. In spite of all the Japanese lives that were lost, it would have been a far greater loss on both sides. Plus, I looked at it on the basis that the rulers of Japan had every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opportunity, not necessarily to avoid the first bomb, but they had every opportunity to prevent the second bomb from ever falling. They choose to ignore it and to keep on fighting. I don't blame President [Harry S.] Truman or any of his advisors. As far as I am concerned, as bad as it was, it had more positive aspects to it than negative. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still feel that way today.\n\nBERMAN: I just wanted to ask this final question. We already talked about it a little bit, but I asked you if you feel that the present generation is as patriotic. We kind of talked about that a little bit, but do you feel that today's generation is ready to make the same kind of sacrifices that your generation made? You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stopped college, you went into. . . You all made a sacrifice to fight for this country. What about the young people today?\n\nMARGOL: I think there is a big difference. I don't think the young people today. . . If they brought the draft back today, I think there would be far more draft dodgers than you saw even in Vietnam. Period. I just don't think they are that dedicated. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just think that, for whatever reason, whether it's that they are naïve. . . After all, when I look back at the age of 20, I was already well experienced-- having lived through the Depression and now in combat-- and I compare myself to a twenty-year-old today and I just feel they are not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as mature. I mean, we matured pretty rapidly back in those days. I just don't think they are as mature as much today at the age of nineteen or twenty as we were in those days. I don't blame them for that. I mean, it is just the way conditions are in this country. It is not their fault. It is just [that] I don't think they are as conditioned to take up arms, so to speak, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go fight for their country. I don't want to take anything away from anyone serving in the military today, but I think a certain percentage of them didn't go into the military to take up arms for their country. They did it for other reasons, maybe because military life was better than the life they had and were having, which is okay. In a lot of cases ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the military is good for some people. For other people, just\nbecause they go in the military, does not mean it's going to change them. When we were on occupational duty in Austria after the war in one of the villages, we suddenly had a series of fires break out. We had six or eight houses, one after the other caught on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fire. We couldn't figure out why these houses were catching on fire. They finally caught the fire bug. He was one of the guys in my gun section. In civilian life, he was a fireman in Newport News, Virginia. Who knows? Maybe when he was a fireman in Newport News, Virginia, maybe he was setting fires so they go out and put out the fires. I don't know. The point I am making is it didn't change him, the fact that he was in the Army. We had another guy, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not in my gun section, but in one of the other gun sections. While we were in combat, he had no hesitation. If he went in a house and there was a German woman there, he had no hesitation, pointing his gun at her and making her undress. It didn't bother him in the least. [He] even bragged about it. There again, whatever he did in civilian life it didn't change him just because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he went in the military. In a lot of cases, military life is good today for some people; for some people it's not going to change them.\n\nBERMAN: Was there much fraternizing, not fraternizing but taking of. . . I know it was frowned on upon by the Army for soldiers to take souvenirs and take ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things out of people's homes. Was that a problem with the military, with the soldiers?\n\nMARGOL: We were ordered not to fraternize with the civilians, but we're all human beings. We all fraternized. I don't remember anybody taking anything, any objects or anything from anybody's home after the war. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do know of a case, because he was a friend of mine in Jacksonville. He was a captain in the Army, stationed in the main military post office in Paris, France. Everything that was being sent back to the United States had to go through that post office in Paris. They would open up cartons and see what was inside. If it was a work of art, in a lot of cases, he just changed the address ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the carton to his home address instead of the address that was on the carton. He ended up at home with a lot of very valuable artwork. That happened. The guys who took the artwork, where they took it from I don't know. It was nobody I knew or had any experience with. As far as fraternizing, for instance, after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the war, the 42nd Division set up Rainbow University in Zell am See, Austria. I was given the opportunity to go to school there. I said, \"Well, okay, for a couple of months I'll go to school.\" That was fine. I played on the school football team. My mother used to send me packages of canned food. I had no way to heat it up or anything. I knew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this Austrian girl and her parents. I had met her parents and everything. I would take the food to her house. Her mother would heat it up and everything and I would share the food with the family. I couldn't sit there and eat it by myself. You can call that fraternizing, but my object was to get the food hot so I could eat it hot instead of a cold can of food. As far as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fraternizing, I'll mention just one funny incident. I don't even know if this needs to be on the tape. [interview is interrupted by off camera talking; then resumes] One of our Army reunions, one of our Jeep drivers was there for the first time. He said he had some pictures he took while were in combat and if everybody wanted to, he would show the pictures. We said, \"Yeah, we'd like to look at the pictures.\" He brought a slide projector ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with him 'cause he had it on thirty-five millimeter slides. He was a Jeep driver for Lieutenant McKinney. He showed a couple of pictures of maybe a bombed out German tank or something, maybe a few dead German soldiers, whatever. Then he showed a picture of Lieutenant McKinney standing with his arm around a German woman and she was completely nude. Lieutenant McKinney was sitting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there with his wife and he was married before the war. [His wife] Louise said, \"Gene, you never told me about this.\" Lieutenant McKinney said, \"Well, we were moving forward and suddenly in the road we saw this German woman and she had no clothes on. So, we stopped, and I put my arms around ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her to warm her up 'cause it was cold.\" \"Then,\" he says, \"we left her.\"\n\nBERMAN: Good story.\n\nMARGOL: This idiot shows four or five more pictures of various scenes. Then he shows another picture of Lieutenant McKinney with this nude woman in quite an embrace. At that time, I looked around and Lieutenant McKinney was crawling out of the room into the hall. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left. You could call that fraternizing.\n\nBERMAN: Have you stayed in touch with any of your fellow soldiers from your battalion? [interview is interrupted by off camera talking; then resumes]\n\nMARGOL: Yes, for a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"number of years-- not every year but quite a few years-- I went. We have an Army reunion every year. I went for a number of years. It was great to renew acquaintances with the guys that I was close in the unit because we went through combat together. You have a certain bond there. But for the pass eight or nine years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly I haven't gone for two reasons. Reason number one, I have had a conflict every year that the International Conference on Jewish Genealogy has been the same identical week as the reunion. I prefer to go to the Conference on Jewish Genealogy. The second reason [is that] there's only a couple guys left that I knew. To go back and have a reunion with guys that were in the same division, but I really didn't know them, is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not that meaningful for me. There is only one guy that I still stay in contact with by e-mail and occasional telephone call. Quite a few of them, most of them have died, the ones I was close with. One guy that I was very close with was an Italian kid, George DiStefano. My brother and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were very close with George. I spent years trying to find George after the war and could never locate him. Of course, we didn't have Google in those days and everything. In 1994, I went to Drew University in New Jersey, a small liberal arts college, because Drew University has a Department of Holocaust Studies. In 1994, they had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weekend program about Dachau. Even though the 50th anniversary of Dachau was in 1995, they had this in 1994 to all about the liberation of Dachau. I was invited to come, and I was one of the ten speakers. When I got there, I saw a list of not only the speakers, but a list of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guys from the 42nd division who were going to be there and one of the names on the list was a George Stevens. I said \"George Stevens? George DiStefano?\" I asked one of the guys who had put all this together, who lived in the area. I said, \"Who is this George Stevens?\" \"Oh,\" he said, \"he introduced himself and he said he used to be in your Battery, 392nd.\" It turned out to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George deStevens. The reason why I could never find him, when he came back home, he went to Princeton University, graduated from Princeton, got a job with a Swiss pharmaceutical company-- one of the worldwide pharmaceutical companies, changed his name to deStevens instead of DiStefano. I spent time with George. [It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was] the first time we had seen each other in many years, since 1946 to 1994. I met up to spend time with George in New Jersey after that, but unfortunately, six months later George died from cancer. He was then voted into the New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame along with Albert Einstein ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Thomas Edison, because he developed. . . I forget the drug, the technical name for the drug, but it's the most widely used drug for high blood pressure.\n\nBERMAN: Lipitor?\n\nMARGOL: No, not Lipitor. Lipitor is for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cholesterol.\n\nBERMAN: That is right.\n\nMARGOL: Anyway, that is why he is in the inventors' hall of fame in New Jersey.\n\nBERMAN: I would like to conclude with just asking you, in reflecting back, how would you describe those years of your life? The best? The worst? The most exciting? How would you describe them?\n\nMARGOL: I would describe it simply this way: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That I would not give anything for not having had the experience, but I would not wish the experience on any of my children or grandchildren. In other words, it was a very valuable experience, taught me a lot about life. Rabbi Bohnen, our chaplain, was a great influence on me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/transcript/21549/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as far as attitude toward other people, minorities whatever. As I say, I wouldn't give anything for having had the experience, but I would not wish it on anybody else.\n\nBERMAN: On that note, I would like to thank you. This was wonderful. I really appreciate it.\n\nMARGOL: I hope so.\n\nBERMAN: Thank you. That was great.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=7500.0,7530.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacksonville is the largest city in the state of Florida by population. It is located in northeast Florida, about 25 miles south of the Georgia state line, and about 340 miles (550 kilometers) north of Miami. Jews have played a prominent role in Jacksonville since the city’s founding in the early nineteenth century. In 2005, the city’s Jewish population was about 13,000 of a total population of about 800,000 (about 1.6%).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLinkuva [Yiddish: Linkeve] is a town in north-central Lithuania, approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) from the border of Latvia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePušalotas [Yiddish: Pushellot or Pushelot] is a small town in northeastern Lithuania. In 2011, it had a population of 692 people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Yiddish term for “town,” “\u003cem\u003eshtetl\u003c/em\u003e” commonly refers to small towns or villages in pre–World War II Eastern and Central Europe with a significant Jewish presence that were primarily Yiddish-speaking.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBaltimore is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland, as well as the 30th most populous city in the United States, with an estimated population of 593,490 in 2019. Founded in 1729, Baltimore has a long history as an important seaport.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNorwich is a city in eastern Connecticut that was founded in 1659. The population was 40,493 at the 2010 United States Census.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Slobodka \u003cem\u003eyeshiva\u003c/em\u003e was located in the Lithuanian town of Slobodka, adjacent to Kovno (Kaunas), now Vilijampolė, a suburb of Kaunas. Rabbi Hirsch (Nathan) Zvi Finkel, also known as “\u003cem\u003eDer Alter\u003c/em\u003e” [Yiddish: The Elder] founded the Slobodka \u003cem\u003eyeshiva\u003c/em\u003e in 1882. It stressed \u003cem\u003eMusar\u003c/em\u003e [ethical study] in addition to study of the \u003cem\u003eTalmud\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy the 1920s, around thirty Jewish families from Pushellot lived in Jacksonville, Florida. Most of them had arrived around the turn of the century or soon thereafter. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew York natives Samuel and Morris Cohen established the Cohen Brothers Dry Goods House in 1867 in Jacksonville, Florida. Their younger brother, Jacob Elias Cohen, took over operations by the 1880s. When the Great Fire of 1901 burned the business to the ground, Jacob commissioned architect Henry John Klutho to design a 300,000 square foot, four-story building on the site of the St. James Hotel, which had also burned down. Also known as the St. James Building, the Cohen Brothers’ Department Store (called the “Big Store”) opened in 1912. It was the ninth-largest department store in the United States and third largest building in Jacksonville. In 1958, St. Louis based May Department Stores acquired the store and it was renamed May-Cohens. With a surge of suburban growth in the area during the 1960s and 1970s, the May-Cohens brand was expanded to include six locations. However, suburban growth had a negative impact on downtown Jacksonville and May-Cohens announced that it would permanently close its downtown Jacksonville store in 1987. The building now serves as City Hall.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Frank (1884-1915) was a Jewish factory superintendent in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1913, he was accused of raping and murdering one of his employees, a 13-year-old girl named Mary Phagan, whose body was found on the premises of the National Pencil Company. Frank was arrested, tried, convicted, and sentenced to death for her murder. The trial was the catalyst for a great outburst of antisemitism led by the populist Tom Watson and the center of powerful class and political interests. Frank was sent to Milledgeville State Penitentiary to await his execution. Governor John M. Slaton, believing there had been a miscarriage of justice, commuted Frank’s sentence to life in prison. This enraged a group of men who styled themselves the “Knights of Mary Phagan.” They drove to the prison, kidnapped Frank from his cell and drove him to Marietta, Georgia where they lynched him. Many years later, the murderer was revealed to be Jim Conley, who had lied in the trial, pinning it on Frank instead. Frank was pardoned on March 11, 1986, although they stopped short of exonerating him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or \"Knights of the Ku Klux Klan\" today, also referred to as the \"KKK\") is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-Black secret society, whose methods included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860s, and then died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960s during the civil rights era. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jacksonville Farmers Market opened in 1938 just west of downtown Jacksonville, Florida and only a mile from the Jacksonville Canning Center. It is the oldest operating outdoor farmers’ market in Florida and has around 100 stalls.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jacksonville Canning Center originally opened in 1935 in a building that started as an open-air tin shed and was improved with scrap lumber. It was part of the old county jail and was used to can cod for the prisoners. By World War II, families came to can food to send to soldiers. The kitchen became an institution. Home gardeners harvested their crops of vegetables at the facility. Community groups canned soup, jam and jellies for fundraising bazaars. Many low-income families used it to supplement their meals. Families came again during the Vietnam War to can food for loved ones serving in Asia. In 1978, a new, modern facility with air conditioning was built nearby. Now known as the \u003ca href=\"https://sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/duval/duval-county-canning-center/\"\u003eDuval County Canning Center\u003c/a\u003e, it continues to serve the community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Grand Order of the Aleph Zadik Aleph (AZA) is an international youth-led fraternal organization for Jewish teenagers, founded in 1924. It currently exists as the male wing of B’nai B’rith Youth Organization, an independent non-profit organization. AZA’s sister organization, for teenage girls, is the B’nai B’rith Girls (BBG).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 7, 1941 the Japanese surprised the United States by attacking the United States’ fleet in Honolulu, Hawaii. The ships were all docked in Pearl Harbor. The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was the beginning of World War II for the United States, which until that time had remained neutral. A few days later, Germany declared war on the United States as well and the US began fighting in the Pacific and Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCamp Blanding Joint Training Center was built in 1940 in Clay County, Florida, near the city of Starke. It is the primary military reservation and training base for the Florida National Guard, both the Florida Army National Guard and certain non-flying activities of the Florida Air National Guard.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNaval Air Station Jacksonville is a well-known Navy installation located approximately eight miles (13 kilometers) south of the central business district of Jacksonville, Florida. It was commissioned in 1940 on what had been Camp Joseph E. Johnston during World War II and Camp J. Clifford R. Foster, a National Guard facility since 1919. The base is still in use today. It is the largest Navy base in the Southeast and third in the nation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Florida (commonly referred to as “Florida” or “UF”) is an American public university that was founded in 1853 and is located in Gainesville, in north central Florida. As of the 2019-2020 school year, it is the fifth-largest university by enrollment in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1930s, the combination of the Great Depression and the memory of tragic losses in World War I contributed to pushing American public opinion and policy toward isolationism—a desire to avoid international entanglements. Although President Franklin Delano Roosevelt felt the United States needed to be more active in international affairs, isolationist sentiments dominated Congress. In the late 1930s, as the situation in Europe continued to grow worse and the Second Sino-Japanese War began in Asia, public opinion began to shift slightly. Americans were still not willing to risk their lives and livelihoods for peace abroad, but there was increasing support for limited U.S. aid to the Allies. The surprise Japanese attack on the U.S. Navy at Pearl Harbor in December of 1941 served to convince the majority of Americans that the U.S. should enter the war on the side of the Allies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Boy Scouts of America is a youth organization founded in the United States in 1910 to train youth in responsible citizenship, character development, and self-reliance through participation in a wide range of outdoor activities, educational programs and at older age levels, career-oriented programs in partnership with community organizations. They wear a uniform and earn merit badges for achievements in sports, crafts, science, etc. The boys start as a Cub Scout until age 11 and can move up to be an Eagle Scout.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Kloeppel (1889-1961) was a German immigrant who became a lawyer. In 1919, he bought the hotel that housed his law offices. In 1926, he built a fifteen-story luxury hotel, the Hotel George Washington, in downtown Jacksonville, Florida. It operated until 1971. At the time of his death, Kloeppel owned five hotels.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Carling Hotel was a thirteen-story luxury hotel in downtown Jacksonville, built in 1926. Investors financed it to compete with Robert Kloeppel’s George Washington Hotel. The Dinkler Hotel Company operated it. The facility changed its name to the Hotel Roosevelt in 1936. The hotel closed in 1963 after a fire, which killed 22 hotel guests, destroyed much of the building. After being vacant for nearly 20 years, was turned into apartments for retirees, but the venture soon ended. The building then sat vacant for almost two more decades before an investor rehabilitated it. In 2009, it reopened as residential apartments with commercial spaces available.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMelvin Margol (1921-1992)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBernice Margol Wolf (b. 1930)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Sullivan brothers were five siblings form Waterloo, Ohio, who all died in the same attack during the Battle of Guadalcanal on November 13, 1942. The brothers (George, Francis, Joseph, Madison, and Albert) had enlisted in the United States Navy in 1942 with the stipulation that they serve together. Although the Navy had a policy of separating siblings, this was not strictly enforced. As a direct result of the Sullivans’ deaths (and other similar incidents in World War II), the United States War Department adopted the Sole Survivor Policy in 1948, which protects members of a family from the draft or combat duty if they have already lost family members in service.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) is a college-based program for training commissioned officers of the United States Armed Forces. ROTC officers serve in all branches of the United States armed forces.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 42nd Infantry Division was created in August 1917, shortly after the United States entered World War I. It received the name \"Rainbow Division\" in 1917 during its organization at Camp Mills, Long Island, New York. The Chief of Staff of the Division at that time was Colonel Douglas MacArthur. As they were discussing the organization of the Division and reviewing the National Guard units from 26 states that would make up the Division, MacArthur commented that \"The 42nd Division stretches like a rainbow from one end of America to the other.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mojave Desert is an arid rain-shadow desert and the driest desert in North America. It is in the North American Southwest, primarily within southeastern California and southern Nevada, and it occupies 47,877 square miles. Small areas also extend into Utah and Arizona. Harold was initially assigned to the 104th Infantry Division, which began their training in late 1942 at Camp Adair, Oregon. Then in summer 1943, the division had begun preliminary desert training at the Desert Training Center, also known as \"California–Arizona Maneuver Area.\" The Desert Training Center was a World War II training facility established in the Mojave Desert and Sonoran Desert, largely in Southern California and Western Arizona in 1942. The 104th Division were then sent briefly to Granite, California and finally to Camp Carson, Colorado in March 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as “FDR,” he collapsed and died just a few months before the end of the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCamp Carson is a United States Army installation located near Colorado Springs, Colorado. It was established in 1942, following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. The 89th Infantry Division was the first major unit to be activated at Camp Carson. During World War II, over 100,000 soldiers trained at Camp Carson. Along with three other infantry divisions—the 71st, 104th and 10th Mountain—more than 125 units were activated at Camp Carson and more than 100 others were transferred to the Mountain post from other installations. Camp Carson was designated Fort Carson in 1954.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCamp Gruber was built on farmland in eastern Oklahoma, which came under War Department control in 1942. Construction began in early January 1942. Originally called the Cookson Hills Project, in February 1942, it was named after Brig. Gen. Edmund L. Gruber, longtime artillery officer at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. During the course of World War II Camp Gruber provided training to infantry, field artillery, and tank destroyer units that went on to fight in Europe. Units of the Eighty-eighth Infantry \"Blue Devil\" Division trained at Camp Gruber. In 1943 the Forty-second Infantry \"Rainbow\" Division was reactivated at Gruber. In 1945 the Eighty-sixth Infantry \"Blackhawk\" Division was stationed there pending deactivation at the end of the war. Ultimately, more than 44,868 troops either served at or trained at the camp, which also employed four thousand civilian workers and incarcerated three thousand German POWs. On June 3, 1947, Camp Gruber was deactivated, and it soon became surplus property. In 1967, the Oklahoma Army National Guard acquired the land. It continues to serve as a training facility.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn this instance, the term “Section 8” refers to a former category of discharge from the United States military, for reasons of psychological unfitness or character traits deemed undesirable.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 42nd Division arrived in France in November 1917. During its time in France, the 42nd Division participated in six major campaigns and incurred one out of every sixteen casualties suffered by the American Army during the war. The 42nd Division's service ended in May 1919.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Normandy landings (codenamed “Operation Neptune”) were the landing operations on June 6, 1944 (termed “D-Day”) of the Allied invasion of Normandy (known in its entirely as “Operation Overlord”) during World War II. The landings began on June 6, 1944, after being delayed one day for bad weather. First airborne troops went sent in and then the Allied infantry began to wade ashore starting at about 6:30 a.m. The Supreme commander was General Dwight D. Eisenhower. It was the largest amphibious landing to that time in history combining land, sea, and air elements. The Normandy landings have been called the beginning of the end of War in Europe. By late August 1944, all of northern France had been liberated. By the following spring, the Germans had been defeated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn July 1943, the 42nd Division was reactivated under Brigadier General Harry Collins. In December 1944, the division landed in the port city of Marseille in southern France as part of the 7th Army. By mid-December, the division had advanced into Alsace, closing in on the Strasbourg area. By March 1945, it was first in its corps to enter Germany, first to penetrate the Seigfried line, and first into Munich. In April, the division captured the cities of Wurzburg, Schweinfurt, and Furth. By war’s end, it had completed its drive into Bavaria and had entered Austria. Total battle casualties for the 42nd Infantry Division in World War II were 3,971 with a total of 655 dead. The Division ended the war serving as occupation forces in Austria and was inactivated in June 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as the Ardennes Offensive (December 16, 1944 - January 25, 1945), the Battle of the Bulge was a major German offensive launched toward the end of World War II through the densely forested Ardennes mountain region in Belgium. Hitler threw everything he had into trying to drive the Allies back and stopping their advance out of Normandy, France. The Germans achieved nearly complete surprise during a period of heavy overcast weather, which grounded the Allies’ air forces. The Germans nearly broke through (“the Bulge”) the Allied lines. Nearly 19,000 Allied troops were killed and 62,000 wounded and 26,000 missing or captured. The Germans suffered nearly 85,000 casualties before they were pushed back. It was the largest and bloodiest battle fought in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA howitzer is a type of artillery piece characterized by a short barrel and the use of small propellant charges to propel projectiles over high trajectories, with a steep angle of descent.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA carbine, from French \u003cem\u003ecarabine\u003c/em\u003e, is a long gun firearm but with a shorter barrel than a standard rifle or musket. Many carbines are shortened versions of full-length rifles, shooting the same ammunition, while others fire lower-powered ammunition, including types designed for pistols.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCosmoline is the genericized trademark for a common class of brown, wax-like, petroleum-based corrosion inhibitors. Freshly applied cosmoline that is not exposed to the air retains a grease-like viscosity and wipes clean with a rag. During World War II, cosmoline was used to coat weapons, including entire tanks, for long sea voyages, to prevent corrosion in salty maritime conditions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 31, 1944, the German Army began the last major offensive of World War II along the Western Front, near Strasbourg, France, which they named “Operation North Wind” [German: \u003cem\u003eUnternehmen Nordwind\u003c/em\u003e]. The objective was to break through the lines of the American 7th Army and the French 1st Army and take control of the region, leaving the way open for a planned major thrust against the rear of the US 3rd Army. Earlier in the month, the US 7th Army had sent troops, equipment and supplies north to reinforce the American armies in Ardennes involved in the Battle of the Bulge, so their forces in this region had been depleted. The three infantry regiments of the 42nd Rainbow Division (222nd, 232nd \u0026amp; 242nd) designated “Task Force Linden” (under the Assistant Division Commander, Brigadier General Henning Linden) were assigned to the US 7th Army and rushed to the Strasbourg area on December 24, 1944, without artillery or other support, in relief of elements of the 36th Infantry Division. Defending a 31-mile sector along the Rhine, north and south of Strasbourg, the Task Force repulsed a number of enemy counterattacks, at Hatten and elsewhere. On January 24-25, 1945, in the Bois D’Ohlungen, and the vicinity of Schweighouse-sur-Moder and Neubourg, the 222nd Infantry Regiment repulsed repeated attacks by the German 7th Parachute and 47th VG Divisions. For this action the 222nd Infantry Regiment was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation (2001). The German offensive drew to a close on January 25, having failed to achieve its goals. Task Force Linden withdrew to a reserve area where it met up with the remainder of the Division and received replacements.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eComponents of the division included four Field Artillery Battalions. Three (the 232nd, 292nd, and 402nd) used 105mm Howitzers, while the fourth (the 542nd) used 155mm Howitzers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 105 mm M101A1 howitzer is an artillery piece developed and used by the United States. It was the standard U.S. light field howitzer in World War II and saw action in both the European and Pacific theaters. Entering production in 1941, it quickly gained a reputation for accuracy and a powerful punch. It had a maximum firing range of 7 miles (11,270 meters).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Danube is Europe's second longest river, after the Volga. It is located in Central and Eastern Europe. The Danube was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire, and today flows through ten countries, more than any other river in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Military Academy (USMA), also known as \"West Point,\" \"Army,\" \"The Academy,\" or simply \"The Point,\" is a four-year federal service academy in West Point, New York, founded in 1802. It was originally established as a fort that sits on strategic high ground overlooking the Hudson River with a scenic view, 50 miles (80 km) north of New York City. It is the oldest of the five American service academies and educates cadets for commissioning as officers into the United States Army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Luger pistol, also called Parabellum Pistol, was a semiautomatic German pistol first manufactured in 1900 for both military and commercial use. The Luger was the standard pistol of the German armed forces from 1908 to 1938.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEli Aaron Bohnen (1909–1992) was a Conservative rabbi. Bohnen was born in Toronto, Canada and immigrated to the United States following his graduation from the University of Toronto in 1931. He was ordained at the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York City in 1935 and earned a Doctor of Hebrew Letters there in 1953. Bohnen served congregations as rabbi in Philadelphia (1935–39) and Buffalo, New York (1939–48) but left his pulpit to serve as a chaplain with the U.S. Army in Europe during World War II. He was with the 42nd “Rainbow” Infantry Division during the liberation of Dachau on April 29, 1945. At the end of the war, Bohnen served work as an advisor to the U.S. military regarding displaced persons. After returning to the United States, Bohnen moved to Providence, Rhode Island to become rabbi of Temple Emanu-El (1948) and eventually president of the Rhode Island Board of Rabbis and an active member of the Rabbinical Assembly's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards. He served as president of the Rabbinical Assembly (1966–68) during the tumultuous times of the Vietnam War and urban race riots. He decried tensions within the American Jewish community and called for greater interdenominational cooperation, insisting that the breach with Orthodox Judaism was \"of their making, not ours.\" Upon his retirement in 1973, Bohnen served as rabbi emeritus of Temple Emanu-El.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMajor General Harry John Collins (1895–1963) was a decorated senior United States Army officer who commanded the 42nd \"Rainbow\" Infantry Division during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe pincer movement, or double envelopment, is a military maneuver in which two coordinated forces close in on an enemy position from different directions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDahn is a town in western Germany, near the French border.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: \u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e] is the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzo\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated. The \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life. In addition to eating \u003cem\u003ematzo\u003c/em\u003e during the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, Jews are prohibited from eating leavened bread during the entire week of Passover. In addition, Jews are also supposed to avoid foods made with wheat, barley, rye, spelt, or oats unless those foods are labeled “kosher for Passover.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn March 28, 1945, the 42nd Infantry Division hosted what was likely the first Passover \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e in Germany since before World War II had begun. Chaplain (Major) Eli Bohnen, a rabbi from Buffalo, New York, and his assistant, Corporal Eli Heimberg, found an undamaged auditorium in a Nazi party meeting hall at number 29 Adolf Hitler Strasse, in Dahn, Germany. Since fresh eggs and wine were two essentials to a \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the two made frequent trips back to Luneville, France, for supplies to prepare the Passover meal, including chickens, eggs, and vegetables. With Bohnen’s supervision, division cooks prepared the kosher meals. \u003cem\u003eMatzo\u003c/em\u003e was shipped to the division courtesy of the Jewish Welfare Board in New York. The Jewish Welfare Board provided Passover \u003cem\u003eHaggadahs\u003c/em\u003e for troops overseas, but the division had advanced so rapidly through Germany, they had not caught up to them in time for the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e. Instead, Bohnen and Heimberg composed a makeshift \u003cem\u003eHaggadah\u003c/em\u003e that was printed in Dahn by the press that printed the division’s newspaper. It was the first Hebrew religious text produced in Germany since the rise of the Nazis to power in 1933. There were only an estimated 600-700 Jewish GIs in the division, but an estimated 1,500 soldiers and Army nurses—many of whom were not Jewish—attended the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eHaggadah\u003c/em\u003e is a Jewish text that sets forth the order of the Passover \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e. Reading the \u003cem\u003eHaggadah\u003c/em\u003e at the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e table is a fulfillment of the scriptural commandment to each Jew to “tell your son” of the Jewish liberation from slavery in Egypt as described in the Book of Exodus in the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America (also referred to as the “Jewish War Veterans,” or the “JWV”) is an American Jewish veterans' organization, and the oldest veterans’ group in the United States. It has an estimated 37,000 members. (2015)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Bragg is a United States Army installation near the city of Fayetteville, North Carolina. It was founded in 1918 and named after Confederate General Braxton Bragg (1817-1866). Various units trained at Fort Bragg during World War II, including the 9th Infantry Division, 2nd Armored Division, 82nd Airborne Division, 100th Infantry Division, and various field artillery groups. The 82nd Airborne division was assigned to the fort in 1946 after returning from Europe. The XVIII Airborne Corps was reactivated at Fort Bragg in 1951 and has participated in the Cold War and the Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) in 1991. Fort Bragg (along with Pope Air Force Base, which was established near the base in 1919) forms one of the largest active military complexes in the world today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFreemasonry is a fraternal organization that traces its origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons in the fourteenth century. It exists in various forms all over the world today. Masons are members of the organization. The degrees of masonry are Apprentice, Journeyman, and Master Mason. The basic local organizational unit of freemasonry is the lodge, each of which governs its own jurisdiction.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWingen-sur-Moder is a village nestled in the Hardt Mountains of northeastern France. The name, literally translated as \"Wingen on the Moder,\" is often shortened to Wingen. The town was the site of heavy fighting in Janaury 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Moder is a river in northeastern France. It begins in the town of Zittersheim, France and ends at the river Rhine. It is 51 miles (82 kilometers) long.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eS.H. Kress \u0026amp; Co. was one of the most popular “five-and-dime” retail department stores in the United States, which was established by Samuel Henry Kress and operated from 1896 to 1981. By the mid-1960s, the brand was bought out by Genesco, Inc. S.H. Kress \u0026amp; Co. opened a location in 1912 in downtown Jacksonville, Florida. The Kress building was sold off in 1980.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRené Jules Lalique (1860-1945) was a French glass designer known for his creations of glass art, perfume bottles, vases, jewelry, chandeliers, clocks, and automobile hood ornaments. Born in Aÿ, France, Rene’s family later moved to Paris, where he apprenticed for a jewelry maker. By the 1880s, Lalique had established a name for himself as jewelry designer. In 1905, Lalique began making perfume bottles and by 1921, he had founded the \u003cem\u003eVerrerie d’Alsace\u003c/em\u003e glassworks in Wingen-sur-Moder. It is now the world’s only Lalique factory and the site of the Lalique Museum, which opened in 2011.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWurzburg [German: \u003cem\u003eWürzburg\u003c/em\u003e] is a city in Germany's Bavaria region. It's known for lavish baroque and rococo architecture, particularly the 18th-century Wurzburg Residence palace, with ornate rooms, a huge fresco by Venetian artist Tiepolo, and an elaborate staircase. The Main River flows through the center of the city. In March 1945, the Royal Air Force dropped incendiary bombs that set fire to much of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Siegfried Line was a system of pillboxes and strongpoints built along the German western frontier in the 1930s and greatly expanded in 1944. In 1944, during World War II, German troops retreating from France found it an effective barrier for a respite against the pursuing Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Rhine is one of the major European rivers, which has its sources in Switzerland and flows in a mostly northerly direction through Germany and the Netherlands, emptying into the North Sea. The Allies planned multiple Rhine crossings as part of their strategy to encircle and capture the Ruhr, the industrial center of western Germany, and conquer Germany. In March 1945, British and American troops successfully carried out multiple river assaults. By the end of March, all four US armies fighting in Western Europe were east of the Rhine. While the First and Ninth armies encircled the Ruhr, the Third and Seventh Armies moved into central and southern Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA pontoon bridge, also known as a floating bridge, uses floats or shallow boats to support a continuous deck for pedestrian and vehicle travel. They are usually only temporary bridges set up in wartime or civil emergencies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Main is a river in Germany. With a length of 326 miles (525 kilometers), it is the longest right tributary of the Rhine. It is also the longest river lying entirely in Germany. The largest cities along the Main are Frankfurt am Main, Offenbach am Main and Wurzburg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“GI” is an abbreviation for “Government Issue” and commonly refers to a member or former member of the United States armed forces.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSchweinfurt is a city in central Germany, in the Bavaria region. It is located midway between the cities of Frankfurt and Nuremberg, approximately 38 kilometers (24 miles) north of Wurzburg. During World War II, the Americans suffered their biggest air defeat over Schweinfurt in the “Second Raid on Schweinfurt.” The United States Army captured the city on April 11, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Second Raid on Schweinfurt was a World War II air battle that took place on October 14, 1943 over Nazi Germany, between forces of the United States 8th Air Force and German \u003cem\u003eLuftwaffe\u003c/em\u003e fighter arm. It became known as “Black Thursday.” The U.S. Eight Air Force attacked ball bearing factories in Schweinfurt, Germany. The bomb crews faced heavy flak over the target. Of the 291 Boeing B-17 bombers that left on the mission, 60 were shot down, resulting in some 600 airmen lost over enemy territory. Another 17 crashed in England or were scrapped and 121 needed repairs—and many of those brought back wounded or dead crewmen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 8.8cm Flak 18/36/37/41 is a German 88mm anti-aircraft and anti-tank artillery, developed in the 1930s. It was widely used by Germany throughout World War II and was one of the most recognized German weapons of that conflict. Development of the original model led to a wide variety of guns.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFuerth [German: \u003cem\u003eFürth\u003c/em\u003e] is a city located in northern Bavaria, Germany, just outside the city of Nuremberg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNuremberg [German: \u003cem\u003eNürnberg\u003c/em\u003e] is a city in Bavaria, Germany on the Pegnitz River and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal. It is distinguished by its medieval architecture. The Nazi Party held its massive annual rally in Nuremberg from 1927 to 1938. The event was held at the Nazi party rally ground and each were propaganda events to showcase the power of National Socialism to the rest of Germany and the world. The city was severely damaged by Allied bombing from 1943-1945 and further devastated by intense German resistance as United States troops advanced into the city at the end of the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Dachau became a model for other concentration camps and was used as a training center for \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e guards. Originally, it was a camp for criminals, political prisoners, and other opponents of the Nazi regime. In 1938, in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, the Jewish population rose to 10,000, although most were eventually released after agreeing to emigrate from Germany. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and thousands were literally worked to death. Between 1940 and 1945, at least 28,000 died there as a result of the harsh, overcrowded conditions, medical experiments, and executions. Dachau was divided into two sections—the main camp and a crematorium area next to it, which had been constructed in 1942. The crematorium did contain a gas chamber. There is no credible evidence, however, that the chamber was ever used to murder human beings. Instead, prisoners underwent selections and the sick or weakened prisoners were sent to the Hartheim “euthanasia” killing center near Linz, Austria and murdered. The \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e further used a firing range and gallows as killing sites for prisoners. The crematorium in Dachau served to dispose of corpses from the concentration camp, but by the end of 1944, their capacity was no longer enough to cremate the scores of dead from the camp. Upon liberating the camp on April 29, 1945, American soldiers came across countless corpses piled up in the crematorium. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring their rapid advance through Germany, the 42nd Infantry Division, along with the 45th Infantry and the 20th Armored, liberated the Dachau concentration camp on April 29, 1945. When the three units arrived at Dachau, they discovered more than 30,000 prisoners in the overcrowded camp. On April 28, the day before liberation, a train with about 30 or so railway cars arrived at the camp. It had left Buchenwald four weeks earlier on April 7 filled with more than 5,000 prisoners. With few provisions, almost 2,000 inmates died on the circuitous route that took them from Thuringia through Saxony to Czechoslovakia and into Bavaria. Their bodies were left behind in various locations throughout Germany. When US troops arrived in Dachau on April 29, they found 2,310 additional corpses on the train. The 816 surviving prisoners were taken to barracks within the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe War in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunich [German: \u003cem\u003eMünchen\u003c/em\u003e] is the capital of the German state of Bavaria, and is the third largest city in Germany. It is located on the River Isar, north of the Alps. After World War II, the city was occupied by the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eSchutzstaffel\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “\u003cem\u003eSaal-Schutz\u003c/em\u003e” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “\u003cem\u003eSchutz-Staffel\u003c/em\u003e.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e men served as guards at labor and concentration camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJust three days before the liberation of the Dachau camp, the \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e forced approximately 7,000 prisoners on a death march south to Tegernsee. During the six-day death march, those who could not keep up or continue were shot. Many others died of exposure, hunger, or exhaustion. The surviving prisoners reached Tegernsee on May 2, 1945 and were soon liberated by American troops.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLittle is known about Dr. Vincent Maurer (who is identified as Dr. Victor Maurer in other sources), except that he was an International Red Cross representative from Switzerland who arrived at Dachau on April 28, 1945 with a convoy of trucks filled with food parcels and other relief supplies. After distributing the food parcels to prisoners, Maurer was able to convince \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e Lieutenant Heinrich Wicker to surrender the camp to the approaching American troops rather than abandoning it. Maurer convinced Wicker to keep guards posted in the towers to prevent the prisoners from seeking revenge, while the other remaining \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e would collected and piled up their weapons and prepared to hand them over to the Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCarl Henning Linden (1892–1984) was a United States Army brigadier general during World War II. A native of Minnesota, he was prominent for his role in the liberation of the Dachau concentration camp while serving as Deputy Commander of the 42th Infantry Division.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarguerite Higgins Hall (1920-1966) was an American reporter and war correspondent. Higgins covered World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War, and in the process advanced the cause of equal access for female war correspondents. During World War II, Hall reported on the April 1945 liberation of the Dachau concentration camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is possible Howard was referring to Peter Furst. Furst (1910-1998) was born to a Jewish family in Berlin, Germany. He was a sports reporter and columnist with the \u003cem\u003eBerliner Tageblatt\u003c/em\u003e before he fled Germany to the Dominican Republic in 1934. He was a reporter and war correspondent during World War II and, along with Marguerite Higgins Hall, recorded the liberation of the Dachau concentration camp in April 1945. After immigrating to the United States in 1946, he worked for the Jewish Health Organization and as a radio commentator for the “Voice of America.” He later became an author and is best known for his autobiographical \u003cem\u003eDon Quixote in Exile\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLiberators confronted unspeakable conditions in the camps. Piles of corpses often lay unburied and survivors were so weak, emaciated, or sick that thousands died in the weeks after liberation. After liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. Well-meaning soldiers, volunteers, or locals without proper medical training often gave survivors foods that made their conditions worse. Eating foods that were too rich or complex for survivors’ bodies to handle could exasperate years of malnutrition and starvation, resulting in sickness or death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosenheim is a city in Bavaria, in southeastern Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKufstein is a town in the western Austrian province of Tyrol. It is on the border of Germany, approximately 85 kilometers (53 miles) southeast of Munich.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBavaria, officially the Free State of Bavaria, is a landlocked federal state of Germany, occupying its southeastern corner. Bavaria is the largest German state by land area. Bavaria borders Austria, the Czech Republic, Switzerland (across Lake Constance). Bavaria’s main cities are Munich, Nuremberg, and Augsburg. The Duchy of Bavaria dates back to 555. It was later incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, became an independent kingdom, joined the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 while retaining its title of kingdom. The Kingdom of Bavaria existed until 1918, when Bavaria became a republic. In 1946, the Free State of Bavaria reorganized itself on democratic lines after the Second World War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi salute, also called the “German greeting” by the Nazi Party, “Hitler greeting,” or “\u003cem\u003eSieg Heil\u003c/em\u003e salute,\" is a gesture that was used as a greeting by the German National Socialist (Nazi) party in the 1920s. The greeting later became compulsory in Nazi Germany. The salute is performed by extending the right arm in the air with a straightened hand. Usually, the person offering the salute would say \"\u003cem\u003eHeil Hitler\u003c/em\u003e!\" [German: Hail Hitler].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eFlorida Times-Union\u003c/em\u003e is a major daily newspaper in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. Widely known as the oldest newspaper in the state, it began publication as the \u003cem\u003eFlorida Union\u003c/em\u003e in 1864.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDeveloped in 1938, the C-Ration, or Type C ration, was a prepared and canned wet combat ration intended to be issued to U.S. military land forces when fresh food (A-ration) or packaged unprepared food (B-ration) prepared in mess halls or field kitchens was not possible or not available, and when a survival ration (K-ration or D-ration) was insufficient.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe K-ration was an individual daily combat food ration that was introduced by the United States Army during World War II. It was originally intended as an individually packaged daily ration for issue to airborne troops, tank crews, motorcycle couriers, and other mobile forces for short durations. It was developed in 1941 under the direction of the physiologist Ancel Keys (hence the name “K”).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA “bulldog edition” is an early edition, or the first edition, of a daily newspaper and can be dated in advance. The bulldog edition is intended for out-of-town distribution as opposed to home delivery. The origin of the term is unclear.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Adjusted Service Rating Score was the system that the United States Army used at the end of World War II. In September 1944, eight months before Germany’s surrender, the War Department announced that soldiers would be demobilized based on a point system that counted length of service, overseas deployment, combat duty and parenthood. Soldiers with 85 points or more were first in line to head home. Female military personnel needed fewer points. Points were awarded based on each month of service, each battle served in, and each decoration earned.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Silver Star Medal is the United States' third highest award exclusively for combat valor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pacific Theatre was where a series of battles during World War II took place. Geographically, it was a large area that included the Pacific Ocean and Asia. World War II had two primary theatres: The European Theatre and the Pacific Theatre.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBremerhaven [German: \u003cem\u003eBremenhafen\u003c/em\u003e] is a port city on Germany’s North Sea coast. Between 1830 and 1974, the city was Germany’s largest passenger port handling transatlantic traffic. Following World War II, it was a primary port of disembarkation for displaced persons immigrating to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eScabies is a contagious, intensely itchy skin condition caused by a tiny, burrowing mite. The most common symptom of scabies is intense itching in the area where the mites burrow. Killing the mites and their eggs with medication that’s applied from the neck down and left on for eight hours can treat scabies. The mites can also be killed using oral medications.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eMadawaska Victory\u003c/em\u003e was a United States Army Transport ship built sometime after 1943. It belonged to a class of cargo ships known as “Victory ships,” which were produced in large numbers by North American shipyards during World War II to replace losses caused by German submarines.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eNew York Times\u003c/em\u003e is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18, 1851.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, also known as the “GI Bill,” was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans. It provides low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business, as well as educational assistance to service members, veterans, and their dependents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVilnius [Yiddish: \u003cem\u003eVilne\u003c/em\u003e] is the capital of Lithuania, located in the southeast part of the country, near the present-day border with Belarus. Poland and Lithuania both claimed Vilnius after World War I. Polish forces occupied Vilnius in 1920, and until World War II, the city of Vilnius was part of northeastern Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEsther Elaine Landey Margol (b. 1927), a native of Valdosta, Georgia, is the widow of Howard Margol.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn this anecdote, Howard is referring to Benjamin Joseph Massell, Jr. (1917-1986), the son of the extremely influential Atlanta real estate developer, Ben Massell (1885-1962), who had already passed away by the time Howard moved to Atlanta. He took over the Massell Companies upon his father’s death. Best known as the leader of the Fox Theatre preservation movement, “Save the Fox,” he was also first cousins with Atlanta’s first (and, as of 2020, only) Jewish mayor, Sam Massell, Jr. (b. 1927).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThomas John Brokaw (b. 1940) is an American television journalist and author. He is the author of The Greatest Generation (1998), which chronicles the story of D-Day (the Allied invasion of France in June, 1944) through the words and stories of individual men and women. As a result, “the greatest generation” is mentioned often in discussion of American soldiers in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35065/file/103974/annotation_set/304/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that lasted from 1929 to 1939. The timing of the Great Depression varied across the world; in most countries, it started in 1929. 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