{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/jd4pk0834g/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Bochner, Frieda"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2013-07-13 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Frieda Bocher (Interviewee)","Eva Bocher (Interviewee)","John Kent (Interviewer)","Ruth Einstein (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eFrieda talks about Tarnow, Poland and trying to escape when the Germans invaded. She recalls life in her Hasidic home. Frieda talks about dating her husband and the many organizations and clubs in their city. She remembers her jobs in different textile factories before the war. Frieda recounts trying to secure her husband’s release from a labor camp. She describes hiding in the ghetto during roundups. Frieda recalls executions she witnessed in the ghetto. She explains how she escaped from a deportation that took her family to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Frieda remembers her older sister. She describes again trying to secure her husband’s release from another camp. Frieda talks about escaping to the Sosnowiec ghetto before going to the Gleiwitz II concentration camp. She describes working in an ammunition plant and the relationships between prisoners and guards. Frieda recalls being evacuated to Germany, where she was in the Ravensbruck and Retzow concentration camps. She talks about health issues she faced in camp. She recalls planes flying over the camp at the end of the war. She remembers escaping from a march. She talks about recovering in a Russian hospital after liberation before finally making it back to Tarnow. Frieda talks about building a new life in displaced persons camps after the war. She talks about surviving bombing raids and getting tattooed. Frieda traces where her surviving family settled. She describes her relationships with Germans after the war. She explains how she reunited with her surviving siblings and learned the fates of others. Frieda shares what she knows about her husband’s experiences in camps. She talks about their careers in Buffalo. The interview closes with Frieda explaining why she does not join survivor organizations. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eFrieda Bochner was born on June 16, 1916. She was one of seven children born to a Hasidic family in Brzesko, Poland. In 1929, the family moved to Tarnow, Poland, where Frieda’s father and older brother opened a shop making suitcases. After completing her primary education at 16, Frieda went to work in a textile factory.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAs a teen, Frieda became more secular than her family and joined various Zionist youth organizations. She enjoyed spending time with an older cousin named Esther. Eventually, Frieda and Esther’s older brother, Jakob Bochner (1909-1999) began dating. Jakob also worked in a textile factory and was much less religious than Frieda’s family. Despite her father’s disapproval, in early 1939, Frieda and Jakob were married.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eLife changed dramatically when the Germans invaded Poland in September 1939 and occupied Tarnow. Jakob was soon sent to a labor camp. After a while, he returned and joined Frieda in the Tarnow ghetto. The couple avoided many of the frequent roundups by hiding, but in June 1942, Jakob was again taken to a labor camp along with Frieda’s younger brother. Most of Frieda’s family was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1942, but two sisters were sent to a concentration camp in Czechoslovakia.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eDuring one of the major roundups in Tarnow, Frieda and Esther escaped to the ghetto in the nearby city of Sosnowiec. In the early spring of 1943, Frieda and Esther were sent to a labor camp in Gliwice, where they worked in an ammunition plant. As the Russian army advanced in January 1945, Gliwice was evacuated. Frieda, Esther and the other prisoners were packed onto a train headed to Germany. Eventually, they came to the Ravensbruck concentration camp. Then, in early April, they were sent to the Retzow concentration camp. After a few weeks, that camp was also evacuated. During a forced march, Frieda, Ether and two other women escaped. Russian soldiers took the women to an army hospital to recover.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eOnce she regained her strength, Freida traveled to Berlin with other survivors. From there, she returned to Poland and made her way to Tarnow. In Tarnow, Frieda reunited with her two surviving sisters and later her brother. Eventually, Jakob also returned. Frieda and Jakob settled in the Heidenheim DP camp in southern Germany and began a new life. There, they welcomed a daughter, Eva in 1946. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn July 1949, the family arrived in Boston, Massachusetts aboard the USAT General Blatchford. Eventually, they settled in Buffalo, New York with Esther. Frieda’s siblings also immigrated to the United States and settled in New York City. Jakob found work in a clothing factory and Frieda worked in a lab at the University of Buffalo. In 1996, Jakob and Frieda moved to Atlanta, Georgia. Jakob died in 1999 and Frieda died on October 23, 2012.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29034"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Brzesko, Poland (geographic term)","Tarnow, Poland (geographic term)","Lodz, Poland (geographic term)","Sosnowiec, Poland (geographic term)","Boston, Massachusetts (geographic term)","Buffalo, New York (geographic term)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Galicia (geographic term)","Oswiecem, Poland (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau (geographic term)","Gleiwitz (corporate name)","Ravensbruck (corporate name)","Retzow (corporate name)","Krakow, Poland (geographic term)","World War II (named event)","Holocaust (named event)","Przemysl, Poland (geographic term)","Mizrachi (corporate name)","Akiva (corporate name)","Betar (corporate name)","Bereza Kartuska (corporate name)","Gliwice, Poland (geographic term)","Strzelce Opolskie, Poland (geographic term)","Gross Strehlitz, Poland (geographic term)","Gruenheide (corporate name)","Frieda Bochner (personal name)","Jakob Bochner (personal name)","Esther Bochner (personal name)","Markstadt (corporate name)","Wrocław, Poland (geographic term)","Parschnitz (corporate name)","Czechoslovakia (geographic term)","Blechhammer (corporate name)","Heidenheim (corporate name)","Ulm, Germany (geographic)","Mordechai Shlomo Friedman (personal name)","Boyaner Rebbe of New York (other)","Foehrenwald (corporate name)","Muenchen, Germany (geographic term)","Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany (geographic term)","Mauthausen (corporate name)","Adolf Hitler (personal name)","Eva Bochner (personal name)","Morrison Steel Products (corporate name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eFrieda talks about Tarnow, Poland and trying to escape when the Germans invaded. She recalls life in her Hasidic home. Frieda talks about dating her husband and the many organizations and clubs in their city. She remembers her jobs in different textile factories before the war. Frieda recounts trying to secure her husband\u0026rsquo;s release from a labor camp. She describes hiding in the ghetto during roundups. Frieda recalls executions she witnessed in the ghetto. She explains how she escaped from a deportation that took her family to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Frieda remembers her older sister. She describes again trying to secure her husband\u0026rsquo;s release from another camp. Frieda talks about escaping to the Sosnowiec ghetto before going to the Gleiwitz II concentration camp. She describes working in an ammunition plant and the relationships between prisoners and guards. Frieda recalls being evacuated to Germany, where she was in the Ravensbruck and Retzow concentration camps. She talks about health issues she faced in camp. She recalls planes flying over the camp at the end of the war. She remembers escaping from a march. She talks about recovering in a Russian hospital after liberation before finally making it back to Tarnow. Frieda talks about building a new life in displaced persons camps after the war. She talks about surviving bombing raids and getting tattooed. Frieda traces where her surviving family settled. She describes her relationships with Germans after the war. She explains how she reunited with her surviving siblings and learned the fates of others. Frieda shares what she knows about her husband\u0026rsquo;s experiences in camps. She talks about their careers in Buffalo. The interview closes with Frieda explaining why she does not join survivor organizations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrieda Bochner was born on June 16, 1916. She was one of seven children born to a Hasidic family in Brzesko, Poland. In 1929, the family moved to Tarnow, Poland, where Frieda\u0026rsquo;s father and older brother opened a shop making suitcases. After completing her primary education at 16, Frieda went to work in a textile factory.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAs a teen, Frieda became more secular than her family and joined various Zionist youth organizations. She enjoyed spending time with an older cousin named Esther. Eventually, Frieda and Esther\u0026rsquo;s older brother, Jakob Bochner (1909-1999) began dating. Jakob also worked in a textile factory and was much less religious than Frieda\u0026rsquo;s family. Despite her father\u0026rsquo;s disapproval, in early 1939, Frieda and Jakob were married.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eLife changed dramatically when the Germans invaded Poland in September 1939 and occupied Tarnow. Jakob was soon sent to a labor camp. After a while, he returned and joined Frieda in the Tarnow ghetto. The couple avoided many of the frequent roundups by hiding, but in June 1942, Jakob was again taken to a labor camp along with Frieda\u0026rsquo;s younger brother. Most of Frieda\u0026rsquo;s family was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1942, but two sisters were sent to a concentration camp in Czechoslovakia.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eDuring one of the major roundups in Tarnow, Frieda and Esther escaped to the ghetto in the nearby city of Sosnowiec. In the early spring of 1943, Frieda and Esther were sent to a labor camp in Gliwice, where they worked in an ammunition plant. As the Russian army advanced in January 1945, Gliwice was evacuated. Frieda, Esther and the other prisoners were packed onto a train headed to Germany. Eventually, they came to the Ravensbruck concentration camp. Then, in early April, they were sent to the Retzow concentration camp. After a few weeks, that camp was also evacuated. During a forced march, Frieda, Ether and two other women escaped. Russian soldiers took the women to an army hospital to recover.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eOnce she regained her strength, Freida traveled to Berlin with other survivors. From there, she returned to Poland and made her way to Tarnow. In Tarnow, Frieda reunited with her two surviving sisters and later her brother. Eventually, Jakob also returned. Frieda and Jakob settled in the Heidenheim DP camp in southern Germany and began a new life. There, they welcomed a daughter, Eva in 1946.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn July 1949, the family arrived in Boston, Massachusetts aboard the USAT General Blatchford. Eventually, they settled in Buffalo, New York with Esther. Frieda\u0026rsquo;s siblings also immigrated to the United States and settled in New York City. Jakob found work in a clothing factory and Frieda worked in a lab at the University of Buffalo. In 1996, Jakob and Frieda moved to Atlanta, Georgia. Jakob died in 1999 and Frieda died on October 23, 2012.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/174/104/small/Bochner_Frieda.m4v_1674846134.jpg?1674846135","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Bochner_Frieda.m4v"]},"duration":7223.659,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/174/104/small/Bochner_Frieda.m4v_1674846134.jpg?1674846135","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/174/104/original/Bochner_Frieda.m4v?1674846115","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7223.659,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Frieda Bocher [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frieda: . . . Frieda Bochner. I was born . . .\n\nEva: Mom, he is going to ask you a question.\n\nJohn: Let us just start with where and when you were born, and your name as a child.\n\nFrieda: That is what I wanted to say. I was born in Poland. I was really born in\nBrzesko [Poland]. When I was 13 years old, we moved to Tarnow [Poland] because\nit was easier to make a living [there] than in a small town.\n\nJohn: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What part of Poland was that?\n\nFrieda: Poland . . . Galicia. They called it the 'Galitsyaner' in Jewish\n[Yiddish]. Like I said, I was really close . . . Tarnow was very close to\nOswiecim [Poland]. . . the famous Auschwitz-Birkenau. That was [unintelligible;\n0:51] in Germany. It was really two hours away from Germany where I was in the\ncamp. But at that time, I did not know much about Germany. We did not travel. We\ntraveled to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow [Poland], where I had my older sister living. When the war\nbroke out, we tried to escape. We got in a train finally in Tarnow--not my\nparents; myself, my husband, and his parents, and my sister-in-law. Soon as we\nwent on the train a little, small distance, they [the Germans] bombarded the\ntrain. We had to run out. We could have gotten all killed at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. My\nsister-in-law was angry because her only suitcase got lost and she had such\nbeautiful clothes in there.\n\nJohn: What were their names?\n\nFrieda: Her name was Esther. She was not married at that time, so she was Esther\nBochner. We are relatives. My husband is a relative of mine, so we carry the\nsame name.\n\nJohn: What was his name?\n\nFrieda: My husband? Jacob.\n\nRuth: What was your name when you were born?\n\nFrieda: I had another name, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too, but I never called myself 'Frieda Chaya.' I\ncalled myself 'Frieda.' Frieda . . . that is almost the same as Frida in German.\n\nRuth: Your last name . . . your family name?\n\nFrieda: Sigr. S-I-G-R. I am Sigr . . . born Sigr.\n\nJohn: What year were you born?\n\nFrieda: [In] 1916, June 16, 1916. I have three sixes. Everybody looks at it.\n\nJohn: Talk a little bit about life before the war, too. You had [twenty-three]\nyears before the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war.\n\nFrieda: We were seven children, nine people. It was awful hard to make a living.\nJust, when my oldest brother had a step-brother in Prezemysl--that is far out,\nmore by the Russian side--where he made suitcases and attaché cases. He learned\nthat trade so when we he came back to Poland, he opened up a workshop [Polish] .\n. . a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place where you work. My father tried to help. By then, I was 16 years\nold, so I worked in a factory. We worked ten hours a day. The factory made\nthreads. I did not see here the thread. They were tin spools [with] what you\nmake from tablecloths or things, stitches. We made, too, that kind that you fix\nstockings, men's socks. I do not see it here in the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States. You have to\nfind here a small store who still carries them to fix the sock. I worked there\nuntil the war. In the meantime, the city . . . when we moved from Brzesko to\nTarnow . . . is the city where my husband lived with his family. As we were\nrelatives, shvester kinder [Yiddish: sister's kids] -- family, I used to go over\nall the time because his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister--although she was five years older than I am--we\nbecame close. We were a very Hasidic at home, but somehow I was not. I liked to\ngo out more, to see things. I more was a lively one. She took me a little under\nher wing. Her name was Esther. I was with her all the time in camp together. I\nknew my husband. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There, he did not even look at me. He was seven [years older].\nI was 13, 14. He went . . . They induced him into the army . . . He had to stand\nin Krakow . . .\n\nRuth: Inducted?\n\nFreida: Inducted, right . . . We got him out . . . Somebody got him out for some\nmoney. They did not want him to go to the army. When he came back that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time . .\n. I remember my oldest sister was in from Krakow visiting us. He took pictures.\nI finally looked at him. I wore a necklace and I had a nice broach, a braun\n[German: brown] rose, a beige rose. He says, \"You cannot wear both on the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"picture.\" I took the necklace off. That time I remember, but other than that I\nhad I had nothing in common with him. In the beginning, I used to go to Ben\nTorah Gut Israel. . . Our home was . . . they were religious too, but their sons\n. . . they did not follow their directions. They went a little to cheder. They\nwere three sons, but my husband was kind of more free--not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religious at all.\nWhen the time passes by and I grew up. I was not a bad looking girl. Once we\nmet, that was it. We start dating, though we were seven . . . I really met him\nafter he came from the induction center. He was already 20 and I was just 13, 14\nyears old. But by 16, 17, I was . . . then I really met him. We started ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"look at\neach other and going out. It was a tragedy in my home because he was not a\nreligious man. I had to escape on Shabbos when he wanted to meet . . . to go out\nwith him. They were really unhappy about him though they were close family, but\nthey did not like him because they knew that he's not religious. My father was\nextremely Hasidic. He [Jacob] came in their house sometimes . . . he was reading\na ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"book, a Polish book, so my father was very not nice . . . I was surprised when\nI learned about it. My father took his book and threw it on the floor. My\nhusband since then could not stand my father. He said, \"What a person! To take a\nbook of somebody's and throw it on the floor!\" I agreed it was not nice, but he\n[my father] had a little temper. As he knew that they were not religious -- The\nHasidim, they are a special breed.\n\nJohn: Describe your mother, too. What was she like?\n\nFrieda: My mother was religious, but she was busy. She had seven children. She\nwas very pretty. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother . . . she resembles more my mother. \u003cgestures to her\ndaughter, who is off camera\u003e I did not take . . . my other sister . . . I look\nmore, I think, a little bit like my father more. He was slim and taller. She had\nseven children, so she was chubby at the time. What a mother! . . . [she] cooked\nand baked! Baking was not like here . . . we put in the oven. We took it to the\nbaker . . . the challah, the kugel for Shabbos, the cholent. Later, on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"next\nday we took the cholent out of the oven. We went to pick up . . . not in the\nUnited States. Tarnow was a nice city. There were a lot of Jewish people and big\nstores, but they were mostly very religious there. I should not say . . . there\nwere a lot of organizations. Matter of fact, after a while, I did not want to go\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore to Ben Torah Gut Israel. I looked around. I went to the Mizrachi. I\njoined for a while the Akiva organization. But not with my parent's knowledge of\ncourse . . . just in the night going out . . . the revisionist organization.\nSomehow, there I found more people like myself. I did not participate. I just\ngot in [went] sometimes in the evening to be with younger people. Then, when I\nstarted going with my husband, he never belonged to any organizations. They were\nmore on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left, his friends. His brother was a Communist and he was sent to\nKartuska Bereza. That is in Poland now. He was caught when . . .\n[unintelligible: 9:16]. He was a small young man, skinny, but he was very\nbright. He used to have. . . a group of young boys [in the] summer. I joined\nthem once and listened. They talked about everything . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not any special\nagitation against the country or whatever. [They were] just talking. After a\nwhile . . . they were watching them . . . that they had all these groups of\nyoung people. They sent them away. They came once in the night. They managed to\nget dressed. He was there quite a few months. We thought he would not survive.\nHe was a skinny fellow and shorter even than maybe myself, but he came back. We\nworked in a knitting factory . . . where my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"husband worked. Mr. Urbach [sp] . .\n. that was his name. He is in Israel and has a big factory in Israel. We used to\nmake children's clothing like little sweaters, and whatever, and scarves for\nmen, and hats. My husband worked on a machine called a \"Links-Links\" machine.\nThey make more like blouses . . . he used to make once a dress on the machine.\nBy that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time . . . It is a long story . . . I worked in a different factory with\nthe Links-Links machines, but then the factory moved to Lodz. They took me with\nthem--he was sort of a relative, too--until he established a place and hired\npeople. He took his two sisters, a brother, and me, and a cousin. We worked\nthere . . . I worked there for half a year. I did go already with my husband\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then. He come for Pesach . . . he come to visit there. We ate in a restaurant .\n. . the food . . . It was called Lodz, Litzmannstadt. It was German really . . .\nbelonged really mostly to Germany, so they called it \"Litzmannstadt.\" In Polish,\nit was Lodz. It was a beautiful city. There was a lot of Jewish people, but it\nwas a lot of Germans there already. They had to first escape from the city.\nAfter half a year, where my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"husband worked, there was my friend's wife, who\nworked there, but they decided to have a baby as they were married. She lost her\nposition, so my husband got the position for me. I worked there before we were\nmarried. We worked together. Then, we decided it is about time to get . . . he\nwas tired of living at home and he wanted to get out, so we married. We were\nmarried eight and a half ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"months before he was called, like I said, that time he\nwent to [a] camp. It was a terrible shock for me in the beginning. I was always\njust crying, upset. I lost a lot of weight. One day, we heard from somebody who\ncame back that the food was so bad . . . they give them ten ounces of bread a\nday and a little soup. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another Jewish man . . . same name as myself .\n. . Bochners are a big family. In New York, they had many Bochners. In Tarnow,\nhe was kind of a relative. We had a grandfather, Shanover Wolf [sp]. He lays [is\nburied] in Tarnow. He has a little house [mausoleum] where he lays in it, so he\nmust have been something great that they allowed it in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland. When . . . that\nman Bochner told me that he had trachoma in his eyes. He said if Jacob would\nhave a little on the eyes smeared, he would come back. I did not like the idea .\n. . to do that to him, to make him blind, or half blind. What a life would that\nbe? I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided to go [to the] camp if I can get in there and ask him if he would\nwant it. I would have a way in clothing to send it to him. I think a letter was\nawful hard. They decided . . . How I am going to get there? I needed first of\nall a passport. There comes my friend, Mala Mandelbaum [sp] . . . like I said,\nher husband was in business with the Germans and she had a transport. Friday\nnight, we were all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sitting in my room, she was there and my friend, Achta\nSternfeld [sp]. We talked how we were going to do that. She was willing to give\nme her passport. I would go in her name. You can imagine . . . I was not such a\nbrave person in my life--I could not swim because I was afraid to jump down in\nthe water--but I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided to do it. If there is a chance to free my husband, I\nwould do it. In Tarnow, we belonged already to the Reich . . . Oswiecim not\nreally. Auschwitz-Birkenau was not . . . I do not know really why not . . . I\nsuppose Tarnow is more with Gliwice . . . this way. I bought a ticket to\nOswiecim in Tarnow. My heart beat so terribly because I was afraid she [would]\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recognize I am Jewish and she may not have sold the ticket at all. Then, in\nOswiecim, I said, \"What am I going to do? How am I going to order a ticket to\nGross Strehlitz? That's Germany.\" I thought to ask . . . there were Catholic\ngirls who went there . . . I thought if she won't do it, she might recognize me.\nI said, \"No.\" I went over to the thing . . . asked, \"Please, a ticket to Gross\nStrehlitz.\" She gave me. She did not ask nothing. I paid and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"waited for the\ntrain. While I was in the train, there were mostly German. I did not wear the\nJudenband [German: Jewish (arm)band] on my arm because I had the papers . . . I\ndid not have to wear them there. Then, I said, \"To go to Gross Strehlitz or go\nto the camp and ask my husband?\" In Gross Strehlitz lived a doctor who visited\nthe camp. I would have been better off . . . less ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"risky to myself and my husband\nif I would have gone to the doctor and not to go to the camp, but I wanted to\nsee him. I brought new clothes with me and I had two bottles of liquor. It so\nhappened that when I arrived, there were German men sitting in the train. They\nall wanted to take me home, to go to Gross Strehlitz. They knew that I was\nJewish, of course, by talking with them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I asked where the camp is, if\nthe camp is very far. They said, \"Why would you go there? Come with us in the\ncity.\" I said, \"Yeah, sure I am going right away with you.\"\n\nRuth: What is the name of the camp?\n\nFrieda: The camp . . . Gruenheide, a German camp. [In German, Gruenheide] means\nthere were a lot of green fields. It was a very small village and German people\nlived there. I decided when the train stopped . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was not a stop sign for\nthe train really. I rolled . . . from a [hill] . . . when the train is built\nthere was just down. I had a suitcase and I had a liquor bottle. I rolled down\nto this. I came down to the village, so I walked a little distance. There was a\nstore open and . . . it was already dark in winter. I went into the store. I\ntalk with her. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could speak Polish. They lived . . . it was like in the\nborder from Poland in Germany; so they most of them there that speak -- could\nknow Polish, but I knew some German already -- Yiddish and German -- While I was\nthere, a man came out from the camp, who I know from Tarnow. He said, \"What are\nyou doing here, Mrs. Bochner?\" He talked German to me, or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish, or even\nPolish. We talked. I told him I want to see my husband -- I think I [saw] him\nafter -- I am skipping. I went on the train here and when I came down, I did not\ngo in the store. I just asked where the camp was. They showed me the direction.\nI went to camp, when I came to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place. I imagine they had a door with steps\nto go out, but that was open -- [unintelligible|: 18:41], where you go in when\nthe maybe horses got out, the horses the whole thing. I right marched in there\nand there were the men lined up for supper. My husband . . . seeing me. Oh, my\nG-d! I thought me and him . . . He did not make nothing. I think an SS man was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. In the meantime, I remember to pull out my band and put on my sleeve . .\n. I got so scared. I put the liquor bottle on the top and one broke and it\nspilled. I was so angry at myself. I could have kicked myself. [The guard said,]\n\"Juden! [German: Jew] What are you doing? Juden!\" He took me right in the office\n. . . I took the bottle and pushed onto his desk in the corner. He is seeing I\nput something ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. He asked what I wanted. I said that I brought clothes for\nmy husband, and I want to take the dirty clothes home, that I missed him so\nmuch, and I want to see him. [I said,] \"Would you please let me see him?\" He\nsaid, \"Okay.\" He told somebody, \"Call in Jakob.\" As soon as he opened the door\nand came in, I went and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"I am Mala.\" He was very bright. He knew who the\nMala was. He knew that my papers are not Frieda Bochner. I talked a second with\nhim and then he asked what . . . I said, \"I brought clothes for my husband and\nthings.\" Then he asked me, \"How come that my name was different than his?\" My\nhusband was afraid that I won't know what to answer. He jumped ahead. I said,\n\"We are not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gesetzlich [German: legally] --\" That means married by a rabbi and\nnot a magistrate. That really was true at that time, because we had to go to two\nceremonies. That is why I could have kept my name and [not taken] his. He was\nsmart enough to realize what I did. I managed to ask him quietly while he was by\nthe desk and we were a little distant if he would like [for me] to bring\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trachoma. He says, \"Yeah, yeah. Where you have it?\" I said, \"No, I do not have\nit but I can mail to you in clothes.\" He said, \"Yeah.\" I took two minutes with\nhim and he told them to go. My husband was sick that night. He told me\nafterwards, he couldn't eat a little soup. He was scared to me and he did not\nknow what the idea is that I was there. I talked with him about two minutes and\nhe let me go. I was the luckiest ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person that he let me out from the camp. He\ncould have taken me right with my husband and send me right to\nAuschwitz-Birkenau. Then, I went back to the store. After a while, that young\nman came in. He told me, he says \"How did you get here?\" I said, \"Well, I have a\npassport and I managed.\" I knew him from the home. I said, \"If I buy a bread,\nwould you give it to Jacob?\" He said, \"Sure.\" I bought from the store a bread\nand he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took it back. With him, I talked in my language. I said, \"How is it\ndoing?\" He said, \"Well, we are not working right now, so it's not so good\nbecause we do not get too much to eat.\" It was the winter. It was frozen, the\nground. He said, \"Well, if that's going to be it, we'll survive.\" He talked in\nPolish and the Germans over here, too. After he left, I asked the lady where I\nam going to stay ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overnight. I cannot go nowhere now. She said, \"No, there is a\nlady,\" she will come, and she will put me up for the night. There came in\nanother lady. She took me home. She had a nice little house, very neat. She\ntalked with me Polish. See, that was the border. It belonged once [to Poland,\nthen went] back to Germany, back to Russia . . . We were under Austria many\nyears ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back. So they did speak [Polish]. She speak to me in Polish the whole\nevening. Then, she make me a beautiful bed, clean and nice. I washed my face,\nwent to sleep. In the middle of the night, I hear, \"Heil Hitler!\" . . . the\nworries and thing. She said, \"Do not be scared. My husband will come in the\nmiddle of the night or very late. You might be asleep. He is German. He speaks\nGerman. So, do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not be scared.\" She knew because they lived with the Polish, with\nJewish people. They traveled back and forth. That is what I heard: \"Heil\nHitler!\" I said, \"Oh, my G-d!\" In the morning, I got washed and I came into the\nkitchen. He was sitting by the table. The guy is six feet tall, I imagine. Big\nguy. Gave me his hand. I introduced myself, \"Frieda Bochner.\" He sat with his\ninsignias and all kinds of things. He asked me what I am doing. I said ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I\nmiss my husband so much, I brought him clean clothes, that he is in camp. We\ntalked for quite a while; not politics. He was pleasant enough. He said, \"That's\neine Schande [German: a pity]. That's too bad!\" He said, \"A war is a war.\" After\nthat, I said, \"Goodbye.\" I [asked] him, \"How will I get to the city so from the\ncity I can take the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train?\" The city was Gross Strehlitz. He told to me go on\nthis road, and there is a bus always coming, that he will pick me up, the bus\nwill take me if I hold my hands up. It was so . . . After half an hour, it was\nnot really a bus; it was a big truck. The front was cabin . . . I hold my hand\nand he picked me up. In Gross Strehlitz, he let me off. I said I have to -- I\nask, \"Where lives Dr. Koenig?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, with my things, I see people walking and\nthings. There were still Jewish people there. He was a Jew, the doctor. There\nwas still there Jewish people. They showed me where the doctor lived and I went\nup. I went to the doctor. He was right. When I left him, he said not to carry\nthe suitcase with the front this way, just the other way, that they recognize\nright away that I am not a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German. Why I went there? I knew that he had sent\nback somebody to Poland. I went to him and told him a cry [sob] story. I told\nhim the truth, too . . . that we were married eight months ago, and my husband\nwas caught, and he is there in camp, I am just heartbroken, that I am just\nthinking -- He is a very religious person, so I told him. I put on a little bit\nof a spiel [Yiddish: play; sales pitch], too, about my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents. That was the\ntruth. I did go to Ben Torah Gut Israel. I knew still sentences what I talked\nwith him and things. He said, \"How can I help him?\" I said, \"How can you help?\"\nHe started asking, \"Was he ever sick? Does he have some kind of sickness?\" I\nsaid, \"Not that I really know of.\" Then, after sitting and thinking . . . She\nmade me lunch, his wife. They were very nice. He sent away already some kids to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel. He had to be there, he was chosen the doctor for that camp. He was a\nvery good hearted person. After I was thinking, I said, \"I remember my husband\ntold me that as a child he had pneumonia and that leaves a mark on the lungs.\"\nOh, my G-d! He was so happy. [He said,] \"This is good! This is good!\" This was\nenough. He had to have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something. He [my husband] came back before Christmas.\nThat was just a few weeks later that somebody came from Sosnowiec, from another\ntown. He said, \"Take the train, and go to Sosnowiec, and pick up your husband.\"\nThat is what I did. He came home. How long he was home? He was home a year and a\nhalf. They got [him] again on my birthday. I begged him so much there, \"Why you\ngoing? Why you going to [unintelligible],\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that day when I brought him home from\nSosnowiec. [unintelligible] That day when I brought him back from Sosnowiec. I\nkeep forgetting. There was an oblawa [Polish: round-up]. That means a raid for\npeople. We were sleeping. We were downstairs. We had a room downstairs--just one\nroom because they took the big rooms now. They took away from the Jews and the\nPoles. We were a shared house. We had one with the room thing. He jumped, got\ndressed something. We were not in my house, but he must have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heard by the\nparents' house. He jumped over a fence, a ployt--in Yiddish is a ployt, a\nfence--but over seven feet. He is just five [feet,] five [inches tall]. He\nmanaged to jump over that ployt. He was hiding. There were beautiful new houses\nwhere a lot of Poles lived. He ran quite a bit. My mother said that she seen\nsomebody jumping over the field. She did not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know that it was him. He was laying\nthere. For the ashes, they had built nice containers, maybe like here in\nAmerica. He crawled into them. He remembered a few hours later, a lady came. He\ncovered his face with a newspaper because they threw in the ashes . . . would\nget in the whole face. It was like two [or] three o'clock. A lady came. She\nthrew in two slices of bread. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were not Jewish people, but they knew who\nwas hiding there. That was called a raid, an oblawa. In Polish, was oblawa that\nthey gathered the people.\n\nRuth: Like an Aktion?\n\nFrieda: An Aktion, yes. It was already dark, the evening. We were already in my\nroom. I was already crying. There was a neighbor's son came back. He was a\nyounger man than my husband. He was maybe 18 or 19. I say, \"Where is my husband?\nDid you see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him? Did he leave with the transport?\" He said, \"No, I did not see\nhim.\" I said, \"Where is he?\" My friends were around. It was already maybe nine\nor ten o'clock. I see somebody crawl in from the fields. He was afraid still to\ngo out if they were not there. After that . . . We hid each night. We were\nsleeping somewhere else in hiding places. They caught all the time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. Then,\nit happened to be . . . I begged him. They put a sign up to go, but he worked. In the meantime, they organized that they were going to work in the fields, that they were going to be freed from [having] to go in camp. He did work and he came home in the night. Because it was Sunday, they came home. My youngest brother worked there, too, in Poland.\n\nRuth: In Sosnowiec?\n\nFrieda: No, in Tarnow still. Sosnowiec was a little farther.\n\nRuth: What year was it?\n\nFrieda: That must ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been already . . . I went over in camp in 1943 and he\nwent in the beginning of 1942. It was 1942. He managed to be in the homes still\nat the time. We made vodka for a friend. He had a store like that. Life, it was\nnot easy because we had rations. We got rations and you could not in the morning\n-- That friend gave us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a while some work. [It was] that friend [who had a] passport because he made\nbusiness with the Germans, so he got some yarn. We split the yarn and my husband\nworked on a machine for him for a while, so that helped out cause we did not\nhave to make a living. Then, I told him … [Jacob said], “I am working, so how are they gonna take me? I working ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here.” I said, “Don’t go. You don’t have to go.” [He said,] “So what we gonna do? We gonna hide?” I said, “We gonna hide.” Somehow, I do not know what was in him. He got tired of the whole thing each time. He went and they took him. I did not see him after that until the war was over. That is when he went. He went to Markstadt, he went to Breslau, and all kinds. We had some letters. They were allowed once in a while, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but then I went. When I went, it was alle Gemeindeauflosung [German: dissolution of all the community], the liquidation from all the Jews. That was when my parents go. They sit in the morning. They make a call. When my husband was already in the camp or he was working outside the city, they caught a man with a young boy. They went on the farm to gather some potatoes, some fruit to sell. That ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family, that neighbor had eight or nine children. They were very religious Jews, a neighbor where I lived. They caught him. The young boy was from Sosnowiec. [He was] a young boy, maybe 17, 18. The night before, they went around. They took our Kennkarten, our Ausweis [German: identification] papers we all had with pictures. We were in the Reich really, so it was not so terrible. We got at least some food from the thing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They built a scaffold. Exactly there was my room, the window, and by the tree, they built this scaffold. They took away our papers. We had to all to come, to see, to watch, to see what they do with people [caught selling or buying on] they called it Schleichhandel [German: smuggling], black market. They hang them both, the father … His wife … His house was next door. Somebody took her away with the children. I think one girl and another girl ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived. [She was] such a beautiful girl. They were in camp. I had to pass to my parents’ house [through] that field each night. I just looked at them. At that time, I was not scared. I mean, it did not scare me. I knew what happened. They yelled, “[Unintelligible; 33:54]” and that was it. That was then. Then, my husband was still in an outside camp, because he heard about it. He came in in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the city. I said, “Well, you missed what you did not have to see.” That was it. Then, they make that day … I cannot [remember] just why we did not all go. I don’t remember exactly why we did not all go. It was not the whole city, though. I do not think so. They took us. Not far [from] where I lived and my parents there was a big field. They were all … My parents were sitting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with all their children. I was with another friend. I was married. There, we sit maybe till the late afternoon. Then, they checked our Kennkarten, the papers what we have. I had something wrong on my thing. At that time when they made the raid, I did hide in the attic. I did not go down. Maybe I would have [been] caught that time and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would have been in a camp. As soon as you hear the noise and the banging on the doors … There really was not a hiding place. I was just on top of the attic there. I thought, “Well, maybe they won’t come that far.” After that, when they put all the Jews together, I had to show my Kennkarte. They [saw] that I did not have that [work permit] stamp. I forgot what I said. I was sick or something. They stamped me that time with a red ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stamp. That meant if I would have been caught, I would have gone to camp anyway because I did something what I should not have done. That day, they were sitting all day, like I said. In the evening, they took them in a synagogue there. In the night, we seen them. I was selected to go to a camp with my brother. My two sisters were already in camp. One was in camp. At that time, there were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not all the Jews there. There were still Jews in the city, because when I went to camp … They took them in the night to the train. I saw in the night. I was by the window. I was afraid to look out, but I peeked. I [saw] them, how they were chasing them. It was quite a walk to get from the temple down to the train which was [going] to Auschwitz-Birkenau. That is when I said I saw my father. He asked to bring him the tallit and tefillin. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He asked my oldest sister, [who] brought it to him. I had to go to camp the next morning. I had all my clothes already with me. Here is a story. I had an older sister. My sister was still in the home, so they did not take all the Jews then; just the group that happened to have been [with] my parents. If they would not have gone [then], they would have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gone a few months later. It would not have made any difference. It would have been living in [fear] and hiding until the second time. When I went already be to sent with my brother in another group with more people, I see … They pulled me out and my oldest sister gets in my place. I said, “What’s that?” We had Jewish police. When the war started, they did not want to touch their hands with the Jews, so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they had organized with the young men and things. They had to do what they told them. He pulled me out with the arm. In the front, I see my friend is standing there with my younger sister. I said, “What is that?” They said, “She is going for you.” Her name was Rachel, Rahel. She went for me. The reason she went for me [was that] she was very close … I was not so close with my parents afterwards, when it start … religious and not religious, and I married to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one whom they think … There was always a little gap in between [us]. She was so frum [Yiddish: pious]. She did not go into bed every night without breathing [a prayer] to each person. Sometimes, I was so angry I could have slapped her. She told my father when I went out with my boyfriend and things. She tattle-taled on me. She was so religious, so frum. I was not close [with her, but] here she came and pushed me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. She went for me. She knew. She wriggled so long. Jeffrey Sentzer’s [sp] father was in the camp in Sosnowiec, where they segregated people where they going to be in camp. She nagged that man so long, and begged him, and things, that he let her go.\nEva: They let her leave?\nFrieda: She came home. She was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home and I was home. How long? When did they take from this? In the meantime, we had to move from that little room that same night, another room. In the meantime, the story is they said if I go to a doctor and get a certificate that I am expecting a baby, then my husband can come back. We organized money. I did not have money. My friend gave me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jewelry. I went to that friend later, [the one that] had the passport. She exchanged money for the jewelry. I went to the Jewish group where there were the Jews. I told them I managed to scrape this together, and [told them,] “Take this and bring my husband. I am expecting a baby. I want him back.” He was such a nice guy, Mister Sonnenschein. He was just a tailor, a worker, but in the war, they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"officers of the work. They made money. They made gescheften [German: business]. He says, “Mrs. Bochner, go home. If there is a way to bring your husband home, he is going to be home.” He did not want to touch that [money I brought]. [He said,] “I do not want you to give this to nobody. Go home.” He knew I did not have any money. He said, “Give it back from whom you took it. If there is a way …” The same night was the alle Gemeindeauflosung, the liquidation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of all the Jews—everybody goes, the rabbis, the things, and this, and that. Now, I am thinking. Where did I go? I knew that there was no help.\nJohn: Do you know what the date was at this point?\nFrieda: That was still in the summer. That was a year or so later when my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents did go.\nJohn: Nineteen forty-one?\nFrieda: Forty-two.\nJohn: Forty-two, summer. Okay.\nFrieda: The same night … I forgot. In the meantime, I went to the friend that she gave me [the] money instead of jewelry. I told her when I went there—she lived a little distance from the city where I lived. I see the SS ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men are all over. They were rounding up people. We managed … I told her, “You know, it’s not good. I do not know what it is, but that’s what’s going on.” She lived [in a building with] a Christian downstairs. She had the upper flat, but she build up one room. [She] made a wall ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[where] there is [a space to] crawl in through the couch, in case there is a raid, to hide there. When we came there, we see what is going on. I said, “Uh oh, we are in for it.” We do not know what it is, but we are in for it. It is a raid. We were laying there till the late afternoon. By the late afternoon, we did not hear much noise outside. I guess the landlord, whose husband was not home … ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We tried on the steps to go down. As soon she heard that we are there, we did not make a move. She ran to the police, but my friends, they were prepared for that. She had … to let yourself down through the window …\nRuth: Fire escape?\nJohn: On a rope?\nFrieda: A rope made with things to step on it. I was with my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister-in-law already there. My husband was already in camp. The brothers were in camp. She had a boyfriend with her there. He went down first. She had her baby, a little boy, with her, so she handed him the little boy and he went. Then, she went. But my sister-in-law knew me that I am not a brave one, that I will not go. If she goes first, I will not go. She said, “No, you go first and I go after you.” I could not grab ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that cord outside through the window. It was such a narrow window to get down. She gave me a push and I had to grab it. We escaped both. We ran under … There was a viaduct under the city. We ran very far till we found an old building. There, we were hiding again. In the meantime, we heard … The next morning, she said … ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They came, a Jewish milicja and the Germans with the SS men. [They said,] “No Jews! Hiding people, Jews, get out. Go! We send you to camp! Who is going to [be] caught, is going to be killed in the middle of the city!” As soon as we heard their voices—they had such a horrible yell—right away we run back to the attic. We did hide. There was a pregnant woman with us. There was two young men and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"husband from the wife there. The man whom I worked in the company with knitting, Mr. Weiner, he was hiding with us and his two nephews. Like I said, the father of the children escaped somehow and is in Israel now. The wife was with me in camp and she survived, the same as I did. The children did go, of course, but they are in Israel, a couple. [His name was] Isaac Orbach. We were laying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there for a week. We did not have any food. We went down in the rooms and looked if there was something. While we were laying there—I think it was almost a week—we heard somebody coming up. I went down because there were toilets downstairs. I went down. I said, “Well.” That little boy, Orbach’s little boy [was with me]. I could tell by the walk and the voice that it was not a German. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a Polish man. He said, “Oh, my people, what are you doing? If they catch you now, you are shot in the street.” I said, “What we going to do?” He said, “You have to get out. We gonna demolish a lot of buildings.” He was nice. He had a bread with him. He gave us the bread. He went again and brought us some food to eat. He said, “You have to get out. Go to Sosnowiec. Get out because they gonna demolish. I am ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here. I am with you. I am a Pole, but I am not with them. I am with you.” He could have gone right away and brought SS men. That night, we decided we have to go. Where we going to go? That was Sunday night, I remember because they walked in the streets, young boys. There was a young boy, a neighbor of mine, too. Me and my sister, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we three, we got dressed. We went down. We crossed the main street. It was dark already in the night. We came by the synagogue and through the fields. We managed to come to a farm far out from the city. In the night, where we going to walk? We took a chance and we went to that farmer. He was nice. He put us up in a hay loft with a lot of hay. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the meantime, he made us some food. He made us a hot drink. She made a hot soup. They were nice enough. We ate and we slept in the hay. He covered us up in the hay. He said, “Do not be afraid. I will not go and call nobody. In the morning, you will leave.” We had breakfast. From there, we walked through a field. Then, we found two non-Jewish boys that helped Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people escape to Sosnowiec. There were still Jews there. Mr. Wiener—like I said, he was my boss—he had some money. We did not have nothing, maybe I had a few marks. The Deutschemark was already there. He gave the two Polish men [money] to take us to Sosnowiec. He showed us ways which to go. They walked with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us through fields and things. Then, again, I had to walk. There was such a little bridge over deep water. I thought, ‘I can’t do it.’ My sister-in-law—her name was Esther—[said,] “Yes, you gonna do it. You have to. I am behind and the other one wait for you.” I do not know how I managed. [It was] just a plank over water. Then we passed through woods and we came to Sosnowiec. There is a long story [about our time] in Sosnowiec. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sosnowiec, we did not have nowhere to go. One night, we slept with friends of friends. Her husband was a Jewish policeman. He was on duty so we slept in his bed through the night. In the morning, she says, “You cannot stay when my husband is here. He’s going to have to take you to them because he’s the policeman.” In the meantime, Sosnowiec was to become Judenrein [German: free of Jews], too. [That means it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would have] no Jews. We went from there [to] a little farm. When we got there, I got ahold of a young, little boy. I asked, “You live here? Whose children are those?” He said, “My sister’s.” I said, “Where is your sister?” [He said,] “My sister is in shop in the city. They have to go to work in the shop.” I said, “You know who I am. I have a sister-in-law with me. We got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out from Tarnow. We do not have where to stay or nothing. Would you know where we could be put up for the night?” He said, “Well, you can sit here the night. When my sister comes from the shop, we’ll see.” [He was] a young boy, maybe 13, 14 years old. I said, “I can help you with the children.” I helped him wash, and undress, and put them to bed. In the meantime, from that city, they moved us out again in a farm. Then, I went with him. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appreciated because she had to go to the shop. They thought that [working] would save them, that they not going to be sent away to Auschwitz-Birkenau with the children. My sister-in-law, she got ahold of another family that took her in. I stayed with [the woman], with the children, and with that boy. One night, I had a little bed there, sleeping. I heard the Jewish milicja [Polish: militia] come looking for young people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was in that same house a Jewish young person. I guess they wanted to take her. She said, “Why to take me? There are people who escaped from other cities. They live here. Why not to take them?” As soon [as] they took her … I forgot. I was not sleeping in the room. I was in the basement and I heard her talking. As soon [as] they took her, I got dressed and we left. They were building ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a house. I was standing there a whole night in that building. That is how I got fever and I was sick. Then, we found another … My sister-in-law used to belong to a Mizrachi organization. She found a young man who she knew. He was a religious man, with a beard and payess. She got ahold of him. She was so happy. She said, “Look, you have to put us up somewhere. I am with my sister-in-law. We can’t stay here because the girl said they take us.” He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, “Well, there is a room.” There lived already a couple from Tarnow, whom I knew, Mr. Sharmer [sp], with his wife, with a little girl; the owner herself, [who was] a woman who lost her husband already in a camp; and a young girl, who went to the shop; and me and my sister[-in-law], Esther. Esther got ahold [of the man she knew]. He said, “For you, I’ll take you somewhere else,” ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so he took her somewhere else, another home. I stayed there. There was the couple, Goldberg, who I knew, too—they had the Goldberg restaurants. I knew him from our organization, from Tarnow. He got an idea. [He said,] “You know what?” That was like in a farm already. [He said,] “We gonna build a tunnel.” I said, “Where will we go if you make the tunnel? Where will we go?” I said, “Have you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got a lot of money?” I said, “I haven’t got [any].” He said, “Do not worry about money. There is jewelry. There is things.” We start digging the tunnel. We went down in the basement. There is a cabinet in the kitchen. We cut out a door in the bottom of the cabinet. We put a ladder down. With the ladder, we went in the basement. We blocked the door to the basement outside. We put a lot of soil out there so it was like … There ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a farm and they were still … I forgot. We were sleeping in that little thing where they kept chickens and pigs there. I was sleeping with my sister for a long time there, too, when there was a raid. He said, “We’re gonna build a tunnel.” We covered up that hole. We started digging bushels of soil a little bit. I said, “Look, you are crazy. How can we do it? We are just three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women. The other ones can’t do it. They are old people. This is to dig and dig who knows [how] far. Where are we going to go? It’s still in Poland with Goyim [non-Jews] all around.” He thinks it is useful, but we cannot make it, to carry up such a big thing. I was not a big woman then, either. We stopped. But, there we could hide at night. One night … We kept watch by the window because there were already ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"raids there, too. One night, I was watching with Mr. Wurtzel [sp], whom I worked [with] in the shop, by the window … In one second, if we would have turned the other direction… We [saw] them. Good, they did not come this way. They went [the other] way. He must have had money in somebody’s pockets because he took quick, and we went down, and we were hiding there. After that, I said, “No. That’s no living.” The next ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day, they make the raid. They broke in the next door and they took the old people and a young girl with big trucks, the SS men. I went to the Jewish community there. I told them I want to sign up to go to camp where my husband is. There was a list where they need people in Markstadt. I knew where my husband was already the second time. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother was there, too. My sister-in-law had a boyfriend in the war who was there in the same camp with my husband. I said, “Do you want to sign up, too, or you want to stick it out and see what happens?” She said, “No, we go both together.” We went and we signed up to go together to Markstadt. The next two days was again a raid, but we were hiding. They called us to come in. We came in … They called it durchgang [German: transit] camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is like soldiers before they go to war … How they call it [in English]?\nJohn: Boot camp?\nFrieda: Yes. That is where they kept us in Sosnowiec. We were supposed to, next day, go in our prospective camps. In that place, were two young girls, who went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to Parschnitz. That was more Germany, but more connected with Tschechoslowakei [Polish: Czechoslovakia]. They begged me. My sisters were there. I knew. I had a letter from them that they were in Parschnitz. They begged me, “Come with us. Where you gonna go? You do not know what is going to be. You’re going to be with your husband? You might get him in trouble and be worse for him.” I wish I would have gone. I would have saved my health. My life was saved, but my health ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was shot. I said, “No. I signed up to go. I am going to my husband. My brother is there. I’ll be able to help him maybe with something.” I gave them a half a bread. There, where we stayed, in the meantime, the man sent us a bread. I gave her half a bread and told her give it out and gave her the name for my sisters. They arrived there. I wish I would have gone. The next morning, in the meantime, while we were there already to go in camp, there was the alle Gemeindeauflosung, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the liquidation of all the Jews. We went at the last minute. That was the last minute that we did escape to go in camp. They told us to stay in our room, not to go out. There was not a locked door. [They told us] to stay in the room and not to go out because they were bringing in people what they going to send away to Auschwitz-Birkenau. We [saw] so many again. We were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scared to death because they could open up and pull us out. They would not care. The next morning, there came Ludwig. He had one leg. He is from the Arbeitseinsatz [German: work assignment]. He was the one who sent the people to work [in] the camps. He had one leg, I think. I hear them saying that [we were going to go to] Gliwice. I said, “Oh, my G-d.” I start crying. There was Mister ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sentzer’s father … He was there working with them still from Sosnowiec. He asked, “Why is she whining?” [They] said, “She signed up to go to Markstadt to go to her husband.” He said, “Die Türen sind heute geöffnet. [German] The doors are open today.” I can go wherever I wanted. I was so scared that I pulled myself up behind a tall person that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he does not see me because they were still a group. He segregated right away. There were still mothers—one daughter went with her mother—that they sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. We went to Gliwice. That is how I wound up in Gliwice [instead of] Markstadt. I could have been there with my sisters. They worked in a factory. One of my sisters, who died now, was a good tailor. She worked for the Lagerfuhrer [German: camp leader]. They gave them always some bread, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little margarine, and things, so they had food enough. I would not have gone through the typhoid fever, and being sick, and being worked very hard in camp. We worked ammunition in Gliwice. It was shifts, Saturday nights and Sunday nights. We worked each night twelve hours in an attic. [It was] cold in the winter. That was black soot. We were lucky they gave us good soap to wash our bodies and oil for the eyes. If ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not, you could have gone blind. They needed ammunition at that time, so the food was tolerable. We did not starve. But, then again, after the Russians start pushing them forward, they put us on trains, [in] open wagons. We sit all night. I was just at the night shift. They came running, [telling us] that we have to come ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into camp and to take …\nJohn: Just one question to start with: what did you know about what was going on in the rest of Poland, at the other camps, and so on?\nFrieda: Nothing.\nJohn: You mentioned Auschwitz-Birkenau and Gliwice. What did you know about these places?\nFrieda: There was one [man] who came from Blechhammer. That was not far from where … He said they work, too, by ammunition and the food was … As long as they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"needed the [ammunition] for war, this was camps for working. They needed production. Where I was in Gliwice, there was a men’s camp, too. The men did not have it so good. I do not know really. They had the same food. It was the same man [who] cooked. We had seen him. We were divided, but we had seen him go for the food. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They go first or we go first. It depends when we came from work, what time. We worked in three shifts. [The man] who cooked was from Sosnowiec. Some girls romanced with them, so he tried to pick up a piece [of] meat and to put in your plate a little more or those sorts of things. There were going on romances in the camps, too. Where I worked, there were a lot of French men, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"young men, and there were Jewish men from by Frankreich [German: France] … They had their tall men and long noses. They were too from a camp, but they worked in that ammunition plant, so we saw them. One [term] I learned in French, “Ferme la porte.” I told him to close the door. He said, “Ferme la porte?” I said, “Ja. [German: Yes],” so he closed the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"door because the cold air was coming in. They were free, those French men and the other ones. They were free. They worked just in the camps. All kinds worked. They build a huge, another one, a building. They were putting [it] up new, so there were a lot of people working. There was a [unintelligible; 1:02:20]. I had a watch. How I managed to get [it] in when we came in to Gliwice, there were two women. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were not Gestapo. They were German. They were not SS women at that time. In the beginning, the camp was not surrounded by wires, the first two weeks when I was there. They interrogated us if we have money and things to give them. I wore the watch rolled in under the socks on my leg, so I kept [it]. She did not check over us that time bodily. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just asked if we had things. I had earrings what my father bought when I was born I sold, and my wedding ring I sold before I went to camp, because I knew they going to take it away from me. Money we could hide somewhere, but the watch I wanted to have the watch. There was a Polish guy. He worked there. We could trust him. He fell in love with a Jewish girl from Sosnowiec. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was very pretty. Supposedly, I heard they married after the war. He got her out of the camp.\nJohn: Were Jewish prisoners treated any differently than other nationalities, like Catholics?\nFrieda: No. \nJohn: Everybody was …\nFrieda: In camp, we worked. We were workers. If you did something out of line … If I did not make my bed very straight, I got slapped over the face. They took us one day. That time was nasty. We came back from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work. We had showers. We were cleaned already [and] dressed. She called us out and, because certain beds were not straight made, she told us to roll on the ground. We were lucky it was not raining, so the ground was clean and dry. She said, “Now, you can go and have another shower if you want it.” I got slapped twice. That is all really. Once, when they took us to the train ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from that place where we were in Sosnowiec to Gliwice, he thought that I moved away from the line. All the junk. I could have kicked him and things. He slapped me in the face. That was one. Then, when we used to come from the night shift, we used to get some coffee. There was a cook, a Jewish one. I [asked] how come we did not get any coffee today. The SS man was standing by. He slapped me. He said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"“Oh, what she ask?” He could speak in German. [He said,] “She asked him why we did not deliver them coffee this time.” He did not say nothing. That guy got crazy. Like I said, there was a men’s camp and a women’s camp. There was a Jewish girl. She comes from a religious home. Her father was a dayan [Hebrew: a judge in a Jewish religious court]. I do not know how to say a dayan in English.\nRuth: A judge?\nFrieda: Yes. She fell in love with one of the men. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guess she knew him from home. Once in a while, they stood by the fence and they talk. That [man] caught them talking by the fence—not handing over food or things; just talking. He was nuts. He was really crazy. It was a good thing it happened after because they shipped him away. He built a scaffold to hang both of them because she was talking to him. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the meantime, we had another, [like] a Vice President. He called Auschwitz-Birkenau and told them what was going on. They shipped him right away to Auschwitz-Birkenau. They put the scaffold down. That one again, he romances the Jewish kapos. We had kapos they called them, who count us every morning when we line up to go to work and they count us when we came back. They went with us to work. They had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it a little better. They had their own place to live and better food. They were Jewish, but they were in charge of us. They romanced with him, too. He sat with them sometimes and drank. He was nice. The big one was a nice guy. They were glad to get out themselves, too. They were not SS men. When they sent that one back, they brought somebody from Auschwitz-Birkenau. He happened to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Jew. He was a short guy, but he was very good. As a matter of fact, he fell in love with somebody who I knew. He married her. As soon as the war was over, he married her. He seen that she got better clothes. In Auschwitz-Birkenau, there were clothes and clothes from all the Jewish people, and shoes. Finally, I got a good pair of shoes. I was lucky because when they shipped us out, I had a suit on [with] some kind of jacket. We worked in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ammunition. We worked three shifts. It was not easy work, but it was … The girls made fires. That is technical. They were burning fires. The fires produced soot. The soot was pulled in the Packstation [German: [packing station]. That’s where we worked. We pulled out the soot in big bags. We weighed [the bags]. It had to be ten kilograms [22 pounds], each bag. Then, we put the bags in cart and carried them, wheeled ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them to a place. They had to be separated and put in one with a distance from the others because they easily can catch fire. They were warm and ammunition catches. Each morning, we had to change the place with them to work. It was hard, but like I said, we were young enough and we survived. The worst … What I hated is, at that time, I started having trouble with sleeping already in camp. Before, I could sleep when I used to come ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home from work at noon, when my mother [did not have] supper ready … In Poland, we ate the main meal at noon. When it was not ready, I would just bend down my head on the table and was sleeping. I started working at six o’clock [in the morning] as a young girl, so it was not surprising. Then, after a while, I had problems sleeping in camp especially when we worked the two night shifts 12 hours—Saturday night 12 hours and Sunday night 12 hours. Then, the next shift started in the afternoon from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two to ten, so then I had trouble sleeping. Everybody slept and snored. I was tossing around. I had really a hard time. There we were. Like I said, the food … Then, there came an order. The Russians started pushing forward. They took us out from camp. I finish the work and hardly had time to wash myself up—because we were black from the soot—and we had to change clothes. They took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us out into a big building in the city in the night and they kept us overnight. The next day, they piled us up in big trucks like herrings, one next to the other, pushing in. They drove again quite a distance. It was night. I guess they did not want to go, so they kept us in a hay place at night. A few men escaped in the night, who would have been brave. I could have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gotten out in the city, but where would I go? I did not have any money. There were no Jews in that city. We were watched, but it was not so … They let us go in the toilet. I could have gone, but … Maybe if I would have more … Some would have gone, but we did not take a chance. I said, “I am in it.” When I went to camp, I said, “That’s it. No more hiding. No more being frightened. No more taking … What is going to be, going to be. If I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survive, I survive. If not, that’s the end.” From there, they kept us on the train for three weeks in open [cars with] no food, nothing. One day, we marched … We passed through the train to Tschechoslowakei. My sister-in-law, she was the brave one. She called out. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were the Czecks and they were talking to us. Even though there were SS men, they were not afraid of them. They threw food if they could, [that would] fall in over the open wagon. I was holding her legs. She bent over all the way. She caught a bottle of water. That is what she caught. We used to lick ice. We were with a nurse there. She said, “Do not do that. Ice dries your mouth even more, so better not to.” She said, “Snow dries your mouth.” She was from my home town. Her parents had a drug ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"store. We used to buy medication for my mother. Stacia was her name. We did not know even if they were Jews. We lived in such a Jewish city. She was married. She said … When we came out finally from the wagons, like I said, they put us in a train one next to the other. She was a kapo so she could have sat in a covered one, but she did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not want to. I do not know. She changed so much. She feeled with us. She asked once when we were crawling … The train was crawling, moving, going back and forth, back and forth. They did not have already where to put us. She asked once, “Wie lange noch?” [German: How much longer?] She could speak [German]. She was a graduate from Krakow, the best university. They shoot her. She fall off from the train. She died. She could have lived. She had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beautiful house in Poland. She could have been a rich woman. She died at that time, so we did not say nothing. There was one girl. In Tschechoslowakei, one girl escaped. She jumped off the train. Me and my sister-in-law … She would have jumped. She would have if it were not for me. I was standing. Again, she said, “No, you go first. If I go first, you won’t go. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You go first.” The train was very slow. If I would have … There were dangers. People did get killed. They have to know to jump the opposite direction. I do not remember exactly what somebody told us if you want to jump. We could have made it. One girl did, but what happened [was] they found her two days later and they brought her back. She was laying there and they brought her back. She told us stories, terrible. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did not bring [her] in our wagon right away. From the beginning, they connected from other camps wagons attached to each other. She told what she [had] seen: dead people, women and men laying in … and live people and things like that. She crawled all back through the wagons. She came back to us. She was a little one. Supposedly, she survived. We were in the wagons for quite a few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weeks. Somehow, we survived and we came from Ravensbruck. They took us in. There was a wash room. We heard in the washroom in Auschwitz-Birkenau they gave them first a bath and then they gassed them. We said, “Oh, that’s it. That’s it. They going to put in gas.” We laid down—me, my sister-in-law, and the whole group. In the meantime, that was a wash barrack. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the morning, they gave us a bath. [They] told us to take a bath. Then, they put us again. I was in Ravensbruck. There was 60,000 women—not just Jewish women; there were all kinds of women. There were Russians a lot and there were … Zigeunerin [German: gypsy women] …\nJohn: Gypsies?\nFrieda: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, they were there. They had it worse, the Russians. We were standing one morning. They took us out, parade. In the front of me, there were two Russians. I was standing with Esther. The SS man banged their heads together. It scared me to death. They hated … They knew that the war was [over] with Russia now. They banged the heads from those girls together. I felt a little sorry. There, we lived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were three [bunks] like soldiers, when they lived. There were three [bunks]. We slept three in one little thing. [It was] my sister-in-law and me. Then, we got in touch with my friend that I know from the home. She happened to be six feet tall, so she was laying this way, with her legs between us, and me and Esther this way. That was horrible there [and] not just the food. The lice were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crawling all over us. We managed one day to go down. There was a little statue with a little drip of water. I remember I washed myself around. That did not do it. Then, they sent us again from there into another little camp, Retzow. Supposedly, we going to work by airplanes there, but I was chosen with a few other ones. We going to stay in the building and watch … The tall one helped. She pushed us. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not that smart in that way to make an effort, but she did. She says, “We gonna stay in the building.” What they gave us was even [more] horrible. We had to clean the toilets after the night, the people what they did. There was no light. In the morning, I had to watch … We came out for roll call in the morning. There were SS women. They were not men. There was just the women. We went out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for roll call. We had … I was not smart enough. My husband says, “You were always the quick one,” and he was right. I was holding my hand between the doors. That was wrong. Somebody from the inside close the door, so she cut off half of my finger. That was in winter and that was hurting like hell. Finally, they let me, when we went to roll call, to keep my hand in the jacket. When it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"warm, it did not hurt so [much]. They took me to sanitarium building. She put cream on and things. She asked the Lagerfuhrer there why I am keeping my hand there. She told her, “She was watching the people, and she got hurt, and the cold …”\nJohn: What condition were you in at that point?\nFrieda: The other ones worked. They give us some bread and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soup at night. That was the whole thing.\nJohn: How healthy were you? How did you feel?\nFrieda: We were okay. I had … From when we worked … It seems we were lucky. We had a Jewish doctor when we worked in Gliwice [in] ammunition. I had heart burn, so he told me at that time it is not going to affect my lungs, but it is going to affect my stomach. That was the heartburn, what it was. Even [when] we were not working, we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after so many weeks with the train and then in that thing, I still had off and on heart burn. They gave me—they have it here, too—charcoal. Here, they have tablets that are easy to chew. She gave me a bunch in the mouth. I almost choked on it until I could swallow it. That did help some. In that time, all of a sudden, they say it is a riot. They going to send us away. They did take away people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who complained they are sick. They make notes, the Lagerfuhrers. Then, there came a bus and they took them away. It was not Auschwitz-Birkenau. It was another place where they had, too, the gas chambers and things. One day, we thought, “That is it,” so we hide, me and my sister-in-law. We ran around. There were still open buildings [that] were not lived in. We were hiding there. We were sorry afterwards. What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was: it was a group from Sweden. They took people out from the camp to Sweden. I could have been in Sweden. They took the people to good care to doctors. They were, too, like in a camp, but [with] good medical care and food. We were hiding. We thought they going to take us again somewhere, to Auschwitz-Birkenau. That time, we were sorry. Then, the ones who worked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the fields [saw] planes flying down and a lot of leaflets coming down, so they picked up the leaflets. The leaflets [were] in Polish. Some were even in Yiddish. [The leaflets said,] “[unintelligible; 1:20:18]! The Krieg [German: war] is at end.’ They bought [the leaflets back into the] camps. We were reading them, hiding them. Then, again …\nJohn: Who sent those pamphlets?\nFrieda: Partisans. There were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, partisans. The Red Cross helped a lot, too. When we marched out there again, we got a package from the Red Cross. There was [powdered] milk. We thought maybe that caused us the typhoid fever. I licked some milk. We opened up. At that time, we were so hungry on the road. One day, they say we are going again [to] a different camp. We marched out. When ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were a little out of camp we notice that the Lagerfuhrer did go somewhere in a hiding toilet. They came out dressed in civilian clothes. I talked to my sister-in-law. We were holding four girls together, whom we knew from camp where we were. [It was] my sister-in-law and two friends. I said, “You know what? We gonna see to stay behind. You see what they did? They escaping.” We marched. They were old SS ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men or old men. I do not know whether they were SS men or soldiers, but they still pushed men who could not … They shoot, too, men who could not work. They shoot them down. We see two girls sit down. I said, “Oh, no. You’re not going to sit. This is the end. We are not gonna get killed here. We gonna be free.” We helped them. We walked, pulled them up, and helped them. Then, like I said, we four tried to stay behind at the end from the march, from the whole group. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, “Los! Los! Los! [German: Come on!]” We said, “Yeah, we are a little … We’ll come.” As soon as we see he was farther down, we got out from the road. There were woods. We hid in the woods. That is how we stayed there in that little hut. Russians were running by in the night. They asked, “Germane?” That meant Germans. We told them, “Here.” We opened … I was scared to go out, but they throw me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a piece of bread. We told them that the Germane flew this way. We were free, but we were laying on straw in the hut. There were Jewish girls from Tschechoslowakei, one with a very high fever. In the morning, one was healthier, so she went out. She brought in the Russian military. There was a Red Cross doctor and a Russian doctor. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took one look at us. He said, “We’ll take them up from here.” They put us in a room, because we were laying on straw in a little hut. They took us with their boss in a house. There were empty houses [from] where the Germans escaped, so they put us there. She brought me even some flour and things that I could bake. In the meantime, my sister-in-law was already so sick. While the doctor came to check us over, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started so terribly coughing, I had such a fever. He said, “Forget the baking!” They brought a big truck and took us in a Russian hospital. We all had typhoid fever. We were all very sick. They shaved off the rest of the hair. We were shaved off already the hair. We were quite sick. It was a long story. They—my sister-in-law and the friends—somehow were a little stronger. They could eat better. They were released earlier. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kept behind because when I walked, I was falling down. Then, she took us in a city. That camp was liquidated, too. They brought us to a big city. They let us out in the street and said, “Do what you want.” I should have been smart enough, but who thinks? We were so behind with everything. I should have stayed in the city and asked, “Where is a magistrate,” in German, and so on, to go there and find out—there are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still Jewish camps but the war was over; that was already—and to ask them. There were two man who were with me at that time. They said they are going to march, there is a DP camp already. Silly me, I followed them. I had old shoes already. My feet were bleeding and I could not … They were strong men. They ate so much. They flirted around with the Russian girls, the waitresses. They fed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them enough more. The food was enough, but because I was sick already, I could not eat so much. I said, “You can’t leave me in night in the woods.” I said, “What are you, animals or so?” They stopped for a while, and sat down, and rested, and we dragged on again. Finally, we met … One was from … He must have been an antisemite. He was from there by the German border. He spoke Russian. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We met two officers, [who were] Russian. We talked with them and they put us up there by a lady. The next day, they said that they are going to find the Jewish camp. I said, “I can’t go,” so I stayed there. The lady gave us lunch and a piece of bread. Then, I see a truck is going. I said, “Where is the truck taking people?” She says, “To Berlin.” I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, “Well, what am I going to do in Berlin?” I went with the truck and came to Berlin, too. I should have … In Berlin, they told me I have to go and take some documents so I took a picture. I looked like … no hair, with a …There, where we stayed, I took a table cloth and made myself a scarf to cover up my head. I went in and I got myself a document. I see in here were Russian soldiers, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here were American soldiers, but we could not stay. Finally, I got somehow on a train. With that train, I wind up in another big city. My husband said. “You did not pay attention to geography.” He said, “When you were in Warsaw already, you could have taken a train to Sosnowiec.” From Sosnowiec, Tarnow was very close. I wind up in Krakow. In Krakow, again [I got on] a train to here. Finally, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"managed to come to [unintelligible; 1:37:10]. From [there], another little train to Tarnow. In Tarnow, I walked to the cemetery, to the place. I met a Polish lady. She said, “Oh, you have a sister and you have a brother,” so I was already home. There, too, we were hiding. The Russian soldiers were there and they bothered the Jewish girls. We did get out from that part of Poland to deeper by the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German [border], because we knew from there, already Jewish organizations organized. We will have a chance to go wherever. From there, really, we came. There, I was in a place where I got sick, too, so I was in the hospital. I had terrible swollen legs. They thought I might have kidney problems or things, but I guess it was not. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was just [from] hunger, and typhoid, and walking that many miles. I was run down. I was a few days in the hospital. Then, when I got out, one day, I was by girls and my brother, [and] my husband walked in. You can imagine. My husband survived. He was in five [or] six camps. From there, he had already documents with his picture. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was released by the Americans and I was by the Russians. He came to Poland, not [our] hometown [in] Poland because he did not want to go there. He met a friend, who said, “Your wife is alive. I seen her, but she might be in the side of Germany, where there is places where they might take the people somewhere.” Somehow, he find where I was and he walked in the door. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can imagine. From that time on, we live in all kinds. We lived in DP camps. We were in a [DP] camp when [our daughter] was born in 1946. Then, we were in Heidenheim. Then, from Heidenheim, in Ulm [Germany], we went to America. We came here. We signed up for both. There were already Jewish organizations. We signed up for Israel and for the United States. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"found out they had already names from relatives. My husband had three uncles in New York, but they were not rich people. They were working people, too. One was better off. He had a house in Long Island, so he signed his name. He signed his name what he means that… We knew [it was] better to go where the organization will send [us] then to go to a relative, because we knew they were not rich people. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"signed up anyway that if somebody is alive, to notify him, that if he will be able to help, he will help. We signed up for both. We said, “If Israel comes first, we go to Israel.” But, we had a baby already. She was born in 1946. We heard what was going on, but then came the papers to go to the United States. That is where we came. We had the uncles—not that they did anything for us.     ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nJohn: Do you remember, towards the end of the war before those pamphlets told you that the war was about to end, what was your attitude? What was your mood in the middle of all this?\nFrieda: What was the mood? We hoped we would survive. Where we worked in Gliwice, we see each time American airplanes. They digged there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ditches because they need our work. They chased us out of the factory to lay down low in the ditches, so we knew what is going on. We did not know exactly, but we could see in the high, American airplanes or whatever they were. They bombed. They knew. After the war, we did find out they knew this was the camp where the Jewish people worked. Although it was an ammunition camp, I guess maybe it was not so important for them then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to bomb that place. They bombed somewhere not far [from the camp]. They told us where they did bomb, so our place was intact, but each time they flew, they chased us out from the factories and we would hide, because they needed the work and the ammunition.\nJohn: When and where did you get the number?\nFrieda: In Gliwice still. Half a year, it was a regular camp. There were soldiers who were around watching us, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after half a year, they make wire [fences] all around, and they build those huts where the soldiers were watching. Then came the SS men. We were dressed already to go to work. They told us to undress. We were standing half naked and they did the numbers. That was their sadistic thing. We could not do it dressed. We had to get [un]dressed, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just the panties on, and stand naked. They did the number. That is with a needle, each drop separate. We got dressed back and we went to work. At that time, we knew.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nJohn: Continue then about how you and your husband slowly started to begin a new life again.\nFrieda: Yes. They wanted to send us … We had really a contract. Factories from the United States sent out contracts for people. My husband was in the knitting manufacture, so we had a contract to go to Redding, Pennsylvania. But when we arrived with the ship, they told us that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they do not need any workers. From Boston [Massachusetts] with the ship, they paid the tickets and they shipped us to New York. I had the baby. She was that time already a year and a half old. We stayed in New York in Hotel Marcel for three months. They did not want to let us live in New York. Even if they would have, my husband did not like New York because a friend from my hometown, he lived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in New York from before. He worked in the knitting manufacture. He took him up where they worked in the attic in the heat in New York [with] no air condition. He said, “Forget it. Wherever they send me cannot be as bad as it is here.” They did not let us stay anyway in New York, because everybody wanted New York. My family—my brother and sister—they did stay because they are the Hasidim. Their rabbi, the Boyaner Rebbe, was there. I do not know if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have heard about him. He died, but then his [grand]son is over there the Hasidim. My youngest brother was shipped to Cleveland [Ohio]. They said I can go to Cleveland. In the meantime, my husband’s sister got papers to go to Buffalo, New York. My husband did not want to go again where my brother is because they are very religious and my husband was not. It was a good thing, because my brother did not stay. He would not stay ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Cleveland. He went back to New York on his own and got there a job on his own. When his sister came, they sent us to Buffalo, New York. That is how we started there. We lived, after a while, in the same house. We got a flat downstairs.\nJohn: How did you find out which family members survive and where they were?\nFrieda: When I was still in Germany, I did. After we got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"free, I knew there was a camp Foehrenwald. I went there with my husband to visit. There was my sister already. There [was] my brother. They got released from other different camps. One was in Gleiwitz, in Germany. One was, like I said … The sisters were so far away, by the Tschechoslowakei border. They came to Tarnow, so I met them in Tarnow. But the brothers I finally did meet ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afterwards, when we were … We lived in the meantime in Germany in a small place there until we could get out from there again. They knew nobody wanted to stay in Germany. I do not know if you could. A lot of Jewish people live now in Germany. They make a very good living in business. I know one family’s son he used to come to Buffalo to visit the mother. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married German girls, some of them. Right [when] the war ended, the world changed. They forgot what it was. They romanced the German girls. They married some of them. They said they had nothing to do with it. Yes. We lived in Muenchen [Munich, Germany]. That was strange, too. My husband had a room but he could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not take me in there, because the man did not want but it. Finally, we found a place by Mrs. Schiller. Mrs. Schiller said they were Jewish family but they got converted to Catholicism. She married. Her husband was a big German general in the war. Her son, I told you, when we sleeping, he came in at night, [and yell,] “Heil Hitler!” We thought we would die from fright when he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"walked in the room. We had our own room. Then, she became Jewish again when the war ended because she could get out something. She knew more about to go to the Jewish committees than I did, or I cared, to go for charity, or for help. She went there and she organized that I was sent to Garmisch-Partenkirchen. That is in Germany. [It was] a place where we stayed in a hotel that was paid by a Jewish organization. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She find this out. She told me, “Why do not you go there in the office and sign up?” Then, she became a Jew, but [it was] to get money. Otherwise, she was a Catholic. As a matter of fact, her son was in the army, the husband [was] a big general, and the daughter washed the tram wiess [German: white]. We called it the ‘tram wiess,’ electrical buses. She had to go because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they found out that the grandparents had been Jews; that they had converted. The mother was in Mauthausen. She was in camp and the son and husband were in the war. Because she was in Mauthausen, she considered herself a Jew like me. Whenever she heard something [like] they gave some clothes, I said, “You go.” I did not want to go. She got out, but that time, I enjoyed. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We stayed two weeks, I think, in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. It was beautiful there [with] the beautiful mountains in Germany.\nJohn: I am curious. After the war, when you talked to regular Germans, what was … \nFrieda: I lived by her and she was German. The lady upstairs was a German. My sister-in-law stayed upstairs. I was downstairs with my husband and Mrs. Schiller. My sister-in-law stayed by Mrs. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwab. We lived with them. As a matter of fact, we had a very good friend, [who was] German in Muenchen. He was in the war. He told me where he was in Poland, [in] that part that did once belong to Russia, where my mother was born, in the town of [unintelligible; 1:39:50]. He was stationed there. He was a very nice guy. We ate with him there in his room. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He had the good kielbasa with black bread. He came to my sister’s wedding in camp. He helped a lot of Jewish people in the war he said. He told me, which that I can find out from the soldiers, when he could help. He did not have any children, but he had a niece. We did sleep my times when it was [too] late to go home. He had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice house, with jewelry. My husband tried to sell his jewelry. I am sure there were some Jewish jewelry, but he got from Germans. The Germans had jewelry and all kinds of things. My husband with a friend sold some of the jewelry. That is how he made a few dollars. He tried to sell the jewelry mostly to Jewish people. Some did get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right away in business and make some money. My husband was not that kind and me neither. We became friends. He came to [the DP] camp [where] we lived, where my daughter was born. My sister lived there. He came for my younger sister’s wedding. He came to the wedding. He enjoyed that so much. He was a nice guy, too. He seen that I got a little carriage for the baby from a friend. He organized—he had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friend who was a German—wool. For some beer, or jewelry, or something [he arranged] that I got wool so I could make a suit for myself. Like I said, they were not all with [Adolf] Hitler. They did not have just the courage to do nothing about it. That lady what I told you I slept in the night, she cried. She did speak Polish. She said, “We are with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler. My husband had to go. He is an army man. My husband had to go with him.” She said, “We were not with him. What could we do? He took over and that is it.” They had to follow. She said many times she cried when she see the men go to war. She sent packages of bread. She told me, “Maybe your husband got something, a piece of bread of mine.”\nJohn: To go back to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning briefly, before Germany started having more and more influence in the 1930s, what was it like in Poland, in terms of the Jews and the Gentiles [non-Jews]? What can you say about the general culture?\nFrieda: We worked. There was not any love between them—the Poles and Jews—but we lived with them. Who had business, we worked. We lived together. My sister was a tailor. She sewed clothes for a non-Jewish woman ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"across the street. They were very nice. They came in our house. The doctor was not Jewish. She was Russian. She used to come Friday night to my mother when she was sick. She seen the candles and my father with the long beard, in his shtreimel and things. We live [as] neighbors. But there were some who right away connected themselves to the German soldiers. They worked with them, gave out hiding places where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish kids were hidden and things. They took money and then they gave them out to shoot. Then, there were some nice people, too. We had once a whole fret by a Goy. He lived upstairs and we lived downstairs. She had babies. I used to play with them. We lived in their company. We spoke their language. We did not trust them much, but before the war, people made ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a living there. They had houses. Jewish people had houses there. I mean, we lived from them, the businesses. There were more non-Jews than Jews always. They came in from the small towns from outside the city. They used to call [it] a jahrmarkt [German: fair], where you have here stalls with things. They have there every week a jahrmarkt. We used to take out what kind ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of [items] people had to sell. Some had shoes. Some had like needles, threads, and those kind [of items]. Some had mens’ underwear things. We did not like that some men like to cheat them, too, the Goyim. They did not know that. We used to laugh that they took a shirt to stretch, they put a measuring stick in it to show how big it is. Yiddish have their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ways, too. Let us face it. We are not all angels.\nJohn: Do you have any other questions or things that you have wondered about over the years? This would be a good time to ask.\nEva: Mom, it was asked before but I do not know that you understood the question and did not answer it really well. How did you really find out about your family members? It was not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coincidental that you were in the same … Right after the war, how did you actually meet up with everybody?\nFrieda: Like I said, when I was still in Tarnow, my two sisters, Leah and Regina, they were … From Sosnowiec, they went right away. Why I did not go at that time with Esther? We were hiding out. No, when we escaped Tarnow, we right away went to the Durchgangslager. That is the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place where, from there, they sent to camp. My older sister ran away. When they marched them in from the train, they put them right there.\nEva: I am talking about after the war.\nFrieda: After the war, I came to Tarnow.\nEva: How did you find anybody? \nFrieda: I came to Tarnow.\nEva: The hometown?\nFrieda: The hometown. I met a man. Right away, he told me. He knew me. They make … Like I said, my brothers they worked with suitcases. At that time, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suitcases were mostly [made] mostly from thick paper on wooden frames. That man made for them the thin frames. I met him when I walk from the train in Tarnow. He hugged me. He said, “Oh, you are alive!” He knew me. He said, “You have a sister and a brother here in Tarnow.” He showed me right away. As a matter of fact, when I walked from the train, I met the landlady where we used to live. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She came across the street to me. She said, “Oh, you survived!” She told me, “I think you have some family,” so she told me, but when I met him, he said, “Come on.” He took me right away where they stayed. There was Leah and the brother I did not see. The brother I [saw] later.\nEva: Did you know Daddy was alive at that time?\nFrieda: No, then [I did] not. Then, I took a bus. The buses help out at that time from city to city. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went to Katowice [Poland]. In Katowice, I met one who was in camp with Daddy. He said, “We were marching out together and I do not know where he is.” He said, “He can’t walk anymore. He has very swollen legs.” It seems they were in a farm. The Bochner’s brother … I met Itzhak Bochner from Winnepeg. We have a friend in Winnepeg, Manitoba. We were kind of relatives, but we were close friends in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tarnow, when he was alive. His brother is in Israel. I do not know if he is alive. He is dead, I imagine already. If I am that age, he is older than I am. I keep forgetting. They walked together. That one, he was stronger. Daddy had very swollen legs. He said, “No, I am not going any farther.” In this village, they got very good milk to drink in a farm, bread, and butter, and eggs, so he got a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little stronger. He started marching again. Then, I met another, Gavin Hollander [sp], who was a friend, too. He said, “Sure, I seen him. He is gonna come as soon as he can.” I said, “Does he know that I am alive?” [He said,] “Yes, he knows. He met somebody who knew that you are alive.” It seems after the war that the communication did work. I told you I was staying at a farm with David, with his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friend what he married later. All of a sudden, he opened up the door and he comes in.\nJohn: What do you know about your parents’ experience during the war? Did you ever learn anything later on?\nFrieda: They went to Auschwitz-Birkenau. What do you mean their experience? There was a young man from our city who worked by them when they burned the ashes. They made from the ashes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soap. How he is alive? I do not really know how. I know who he is. He [was] a young fellow. He said that they had to take the gold. They took everything what they had. They put them in chamber. I know one sister—the one who escaped what I said on the road because she did not want to go to camp because she going to eat treyf—she was on the [unintelligible; 1:50:01] where I was, out from Sosnowiec. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She stayed with a Jewish woman from our city. That woman had a baby. The men were in the camps already. They were all in camps. She helped her out. I begged her when—my sister—when those two ladies went to Parschnitz. I wish I could have gone with them. I begged her, “There is a transport for Parschnitz. Why do not you go to the sisters,” because the other sisters are very religious, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too, and she was. I said, “You’ll be with them together.” She said as long she can bake … bread to send to the brothers in camp—the brothers were already in camp—she would not go. When I went into the Durchgangslager, she might have been there, too, with the transport to go to Auschwitz-Birkenau. How I know she was in Auschwitz-Birkenau? When we lived in that place where we did escape, the city, when I said ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we walked at night, there was … I walked once in the street and I met Mr. Wurzel. Mr. Wurzel worked in Tarnow in that shop where I worked. We hugged each other. He knew me. He knew my sister. He said, “We were there.” I went to camp. He said he was caught, too. He was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. He went … All the people, when I went to camp, he was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau with all the people what were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"caught that time from Sosnowiec. When they had already to put in, there was my sister. That is how I know, in the gas chamber, she fainted supposedly. He told me. He was in the gas chamber. They open. Somebody has to live. He used to live in Germany all his life from Tarnow. He was a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tall, handsome man and spoke perfect German. They were already almost [about to] close the door. The SS men came in and they need a tailor. Of course, all the men jumped. They need tailors. From all the men, they pick him because he was the man. He was like a German himself. He survived. That is how I know my sister died. I was with him in camp. He came to visit me in camp. He survived. Not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just that coincidences, when he got freed, he was sent to that camp where my husband was. He told my husband where I was. Probably, we through that … He did not know. My husband did not know where I was. They allowed us once to send cards if we have a husband or sister, so I sent a card to Markstadt. I got a card from my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sisters from Parschnitz. They did not get from me nothing but they knew I was in Gliwice. My husband knew I am alive.\nJohn: Could you also talk a little about your husband’s experiences? What did he tell you?\nFrieda: Like I said, he was caught early. He worked. He got saved, too, by a miracle. They lined ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up people. They took up people from the camps to send to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Why, I do not know. He was marked to go , I think, to Auschwitz-Birkenau. They had other camps then there, too, but mainly they shipped [to Auschwitz-Birkenau]. At that camp was a man. He was a kapo. They were the Jewish milicja, kapos. That kapo was married to his cousin. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was at the kapo’s wedding already now from Tarnow. With my father, we went to that man’s wedding. Daddy did not go. Daddy’s oldest brother went to that wedding. Your father stayed away from certain situations like that. He did not push himself. That man who married his cousin, that was a relative of mine, too. He was there, that kapo. When they lined up the whole line to choose people, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he seen [my husband]. He knew who he was. He did not seldom talk to him he said. He did not help him. He could have helped him. But, he knew that he is a cousin from his wife. Who knows where his wife was already. She might have had a child, too. I do not remember really. My husband did not like that … He did not realize then, but he thinks he was changed with another man. That is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how that time he was not shipped away. There were miracles each time that happened. Who knows if that man would have survived anyway in that camp. They were terribly hard. He was sick afterwards. He was laying …\nEva: Tell them the story about when Grandpa was asked by the German soldier, the guy in charge, to go work on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"railroad. You know that story where they took dad out from the camp? He was a strong man, my father. They needed him to work on the railroads. Tell them that story.\nFrieda: They used them to build the buildings, called eisenbieger [German: iron bender]. They were heavy. When you build a huge building, they laid foundations … the girders they called that time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He worked at that place. He got in an argument with the thing, some Jewish … When they carried this long [iron beam], they carried three men. Because he was the strong one—he was not tall; my husband was five [feet,] five [inches], so he was not tall, but he was stocky—so they dropped their weight a little. When he noticed it, he gave them. He said, “You can go to Auschwitz-Birkenau for that if I open up my mouth to the Fuhrer. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What do you think I am? I am in a better position than you? I have a wife at home and I want to survive, like you do.” Finally, a smart aleck, like they called it, they let it go, holding just with a finger so for the last [man] just is the heaviest part. It happened so that the foreman seen who works good and who does not. Those foremen were good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"workers. They were German, but they were working class people, who were chosen by the builder. They recognized my husband is a good worker. He was transferred to another place. When he found out and he needed somebody for things, he went to that place with the Lagerfuhrer and they took him out again to work with him. He got once …\nEva: I just want to interject. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When they went and got my father out, they knew that his barracks were going to be sent out to Auschwitz-Birkenau. They knowingly took him out to work on this detail. When he got back, everybody was gone.\nFrieda: It happened that time still, too …\nFrieda: My husband, in Buffalo, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he worked whatever he could. He worked at the Morrison steel plant. I hated the work and he did, because it was night shift and he came home terrible dirty in the middle of the night. I had to wash the clothes that the machine was … After, I went to a Jewish lawyer who tried to help people put in places. We went there to him. We talked with him. He put him in a clothing factory. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was very hard work as, again, a presser, but after two years there was piece work and things. He could not get a job. He had a job for knitting for two months, and the factory went bust, and moved away from Buffalo. He worked in the clothing until he retired. [At] about 62, he couldn’t work any longer. It got easier a little bit because he helped out distributing work for the other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, but he worked hard. I worked, too. I worked in the University of Buffalo in a lab. [I was] just helping [with] little things. [I] did not have the education for … In Poland, people did not go to colleges, not even to higher things. We finished public school and that was [it]. We could go [to] an evening course to learn a trade, but my father did not want us …\nJohn: Can you talk a little about the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community in America and how much involvement you had?\nFrieda: I am not really involved. I do not go to the meetings of the Holocaust people. I went twice. Again, reviving stories what they tell, I do not need it. Each has a different story. Each goes through hell in a different way. They each lost wife or the wife lost husbands. It is nothing new. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/transcript/41683/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have friends who lost their husbands. The men lost their wives I usually do not go not even to that. I stay away. Maybe I am wrong but …\nRuth: We will stop here for now, then.\nJohn: It has been two hours.\nRuth: We want to thank you very much.\nFrieda: You are welcome. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=7200.0,7230.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrzesko is a town in southern Poland, about 15 miles (25 kilometers) west of Tarnow and 31 miles (50 kilometers) east of Krakow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTarnow [Polish: Tarnów] is a city in southeastern Poland, approximately 52 miles (84 kilometers) east of Krakow and 77 miles (124 kilometers) west of Oswiecim. When World War II began, Tarnow had about 25,000 Jews, 45 percent of the city’s population. The diverse Jewish community included both religious Hasidim and secular Zionists.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGalicia was a political and geographical region between present-day Poland and Ukraine. Once a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the historical region disappeared from the European map after World War I. By the start of World War II in 1939, western Galicia was occupied by the Germans and eastern Galicia was occupied by the Soviet Union, Today, the east part of former Galicia is part of the Ukraine, while the western part belongs to Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrakow [Polish: Kraków; sometimes also “Cracow”] is the second largest city in Poland, situated on the Vistula River. The city is one of the oldest in Poland and dates back to the seventh century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the invading German forces advanced east in September of 1939, hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees fled westward. Most fled so suddenly, they took only what they could carry and had no specific destination in mind. Few made contingency plans or took the time to prepare adequately for a long journey. When the Russians then annexed eastern Poland and a German-Russian demarcation line was established, 300,000 Jewish refugees found themselves trapped on the Soviet side of a heavily guarded border. Some of the refugees returned home, while about 40,000 continued their flight fearing arrest and persecution in either German- or Russian-occupied territory. Many headed to Romania, Hungary, and Lithuania, only to later become victims of mass killing operations when German forces advanced deep into Soviet territory in 1941. The vast majority of the Polish refugees, however, remained in Soviet-occupied Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrzemysl [Polish: Przemyśl] is a city in southeastern Poland, near the present day border of Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidic Judaism [also sometimes called Chasidim (from the Hebrew word \"Chasid\" meaning \"pious”)] is a Jewish mystical movement that was founded in eighteenth century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith. Hasidic Judaism refers to a branch of Orthodox Judaism that maintains a lifestyle separate from the non-Jewish world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War I, the newly independent Polish state made military service mandatory for all male Polish citizens over 21. In the final days before the outbreak of World War II, Poland conscripted one million men, among them over 100,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cheder is a traditional elementary school teaching the basics of Judaism and the Hebrew language.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat\u003cbr\u003e (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSince cooking is forbidden on Shabbat, food is usually prepared the day before. Challah is special Jewish braided bread. Kugel is a baked casserole, most commonly made from lokshen or Jewish egg noodles or potato. Cholent is a stew which traditionally features meat, potatoes, beans, and barley.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe name and background of this organization is unclear, but ben Torah is a Hebrew word that refers to a Torah scholar or very moral individual.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrieda is likely referring to the Betar Movement, a revisionist Zionist youth movement founded in 1923 in Riga, Latvia by Vladimir Jabotinsky. It was one of the most militant and nationalistic of the Jewish youth movements in Europe. Chapters sprung up across Europe. After World War II, and during the settlement of Mandate Palestine, Betar was traditionally linked to the original Herut and then Likud political parties of Jewish pioneers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMizrachi is a religious Zionist organization founded in 1902 in Vilna, Lithuania by Rabbi Yitzchak Yaacov Reines. Its youth movement, B’nei Akiva, became an international movement. Mizrachi believes that the Torah should be at the center of Zionism and that Jewish nationalism is a means of achieving religious objectives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAkiva (Agudat HaNoar HaIvri Akiva, the “Akiva” Union of Jewish Youth) is a Zionist youth movement that began in Krakow, Poland in 1901. By the early 1930s, the group’s membership had swelled to 20,000 and spread to the Balkan States and Croatia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBereza Kartuska was a detention camp for political prisoners that was operated between 1934 and 1939 in the town of the same name, which was then in Poland and is today in Belarus. During its existence, at least 3,000 but possibly as many as 10,000 were detainees were imprisoned there. Inmates were detained without trial or conviction and expected to perform penal labor. In September 1939, Polish authorities released all prisoners when the Germans invaded Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Links-Links is a flat or circular knitting machine that produces knit fabrics. These machines are still in use today, although now they are computerized.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz [Polish: Łódź] was a large textile manufacturing city and Jewish cultural center about 75 miles (121 km) from Warsaw. Lodz was approximately 143 miles (230 km) east of the German border. Jews were an integral part of the textile industry of Lodz, which was known as the “Manchester of Poland.” (The city of Manchester had been the center of Great Britain’s textile industry since the Industrial Revolution.) Jews owned many plants and factories in Lodz, including one of the largest in Europe, which was owned by Izrael Kalmanowicz Poznanski. On the eve of World War II, Lodz had a population of 665,000, of whom 34 percent (223,000) were Jews. Lodz also had a sizable German population, amounting to 10 percent of the total. The vast majority of Jews living in Lodz before World War II spoke Yiddish, but increasingly used Polish. The Germans occupied it on September 8, 1939 and renamed it “Litzmannstadt.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach\u003cbr\u003e [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis subjected millions of people (both Jews and other victim groups) to forced, or slave labor, both inside and outside concentration camps, often under brutal conditions. Forced labor was often pointless and humiliating, and imposed without proper equipment, clothing, nourishment, or rest. The harassment and drafting of Jews in Tarnow for forced labor began immediately after the German occupation of the city on September 8, 1939. The lives of Tarnow’s Jews were severely restricted. Synagogues were burned down and a Judenrat was established. Throughout 1940 and 1941, life became increasingly precarious for the Jews of Tarnow as roundups for forced labor became more frequent and random killings became more common.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTrachoma is a highly contagious bacterial infection of the eye, which, left untreated, can cause blindness.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy January 1940, Jews in Tarnow were prohibited from moving to other towns, traveling, or using the main streets. Frieda would have needed either special papers allowing her to travel or false papers that hid her Jewish identity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn October 1939, Germany annexed most of western Poland. The former Polish Corridor and the Free City of Danzig were incorporated into the new German province of Danzig-West Prussia. The district of Ciechanow (Zichenau) was attached to the German province of East Prussia. The former Polish province of Poznan and part of Lodz were combined into a new province called the Warthegau. The Polish part of Upper Silesia, a small area of southwestern Poland including the cities of Katowice and Oswiecim (Auschwitz), was incorporated into the German province of Silesia. The remainder of partitioned Poland that fell to Germany under the secret provisions of the German-Soviet agreements of August and September 1939 was organized into the Generalgouvernement [German: General Government], which was further divided into three districts—one of which was the Krakow district, which included Tarnow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGleiwitz [Polish: Gliwice] was a German city in 1939. Today, it is a city in southern Poland called “Gliwice.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGross Strehlitz is the German name of Strzelce Opolskie, a town in southern Poland. During World War II, it was the site of a detention center for Jewish forced laborers. A prisoner-of-war camp was also located at the local lime quarry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. Although the yellow badge was most common, in some areas, Jews wore a white arm band with a blue star. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Gruenheide [German: Grünheide] labor camp was located in the small village of Sieroniowice, Poland, which the Germans called Schironowitz. Sieroniowice\u003cbr\u003e was about 4 miles (6.5 kilometers) southeast of Strzelce Opolskie [German: Gross Strehlitz] and 120 miles (194 kilometers) west-northwest of Tarnow. The camp housed Soviet POWs and Jews from Bedzin, Czeladz, and Sosnowiec, who were later joined by Jews from France, Holland, and Romania. Prisoners worked on the construction of the Autobahn from Wroclaw to Gliwice, cutting down trees and constructing embankments. In 1943, due to a lack of funds, the construction works were halted and the camp liquidated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the first partition of Poland in 1772, Tarnow came under Austrian rule. After World War I, the area became part of Poland again.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi salute, also called the 'German greeting' by the Nazi Party, 'Hitler greeting,' or ‘Sieg Heil’ salute, is a gesture that was used as a greeting by the German National Socialist (Nazi) party in the 1920s. The greeting later became compulsory in Nazi Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the war, about 31,000 Jews lived in the southern Polish city of Sosnowiec (about one-third of the general population). After occupying Sosnowiec on September 4, 1939, the Germans began persecuting the Jewish population. In late October 1939, forced labor was introduced for all Jews under the age of 55 and Sosnowiec became a slave labor pool for the Germans. The Germans made Sosnowiec the administrative center of a series of local Jewish communities, numbering in total about 100,000 people. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGhettoization began in 1940 in Tarnow when the city’s wealthier Jews were forced from their homes and into Grabowka, the poorer, eastern part of the city. Soon, all Jews were restricted to the eastern part of the city and, by June 1942, some 40,000 Jews from Tarnow and its vicinity as well as resettled Jews from Krakow and refugees from Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAktion\u003cbr\u003e is the German term used for any non-military campaign to further Nazi ideals of race, but most often referring to the assembly, and deportation of Jews to concentration or death camps. In many cases, the Germans planned deportations and other operations so that they would coincide with the Jewish holidays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarkstadt [German: Märkstadt] was a labor camp in the village of Laskowice Olawskie, in southwestern Poland. It is on the outskirt of the town of Jelcz-Laskowice, located about 13 miles (22 kilometers) southeast of Wrocław (Breslau). In 1941, Organization Schmelt established a labor camp, called Markstadt [German: Markstädt] in the village. The camp housed 3,000 Jewish male inmates—mostly from Poland, but also France, Holland, Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Belgium. Prisoners from Markstadt were used to build Krupp’s Berthawerk factory and later the Funfteichen sub-camp of Gross-Rosen. The prisoners cleared land, hauled, lifted, laid cement blocks, dug ditches, and drained and emptied cesspools, 12 hours a day, six days a week. Mortality rates were extremely high. Within the camp, 120 Jewish women peeled and cut potatoes, cleaned, and repaired clothes. The camp was liquidated in March 1944. Those who could still work were sent to other camps in the area, including Funfteichen, and the rest were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWrocław [German: \u003cbr\u003eBreslau\u003cbr\u003e] is an industrial city on the Oder River in western Poland. Breslau became part of the German Empire in \u003cbr\u003e1871 and had a large German population prior to the World War II. During the war, Breslau housed multiple labor and concentration camps, most of which were subcamps of Gross-Rosen. Gross-Rosen was opened in May 1940 in a quarry near the village of Gross-Rosen, about 32 miles (52 kilometers) east of Breslau. Gross-Rosen eventually grew to control a whole network of sub-camps, which included Markstadt and Funfteichen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe final liquidation of the Tarnow ghetto occurred September 2-3, 1943. The infamous Commandant of the Plaszow concentration camp, Amon Goeth, oversaw the Aktion. Around 7,000 Jews were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau and another 3,000 were sent to Plaszow. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKennkarte\u003cbr\u003e (plural: Kennkarten) [German: identity card] was the basic identity document used by the Germans beginning in 1938. They were normally obtained through a police precinct. Kennkarten were introduced in German-occupied Poland in 1941. The color of a Kennkarte was based on ethnicity. Poles had gray ones, while Jews and Romas had yellow and other nationalities had blue. Letters also marked the holder’s nationality—for example, Russians had an “R,” while Jews had a “J.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1942, deportations from Tarnow began in earnest. In the first major Aktion in June, around 3,000 were shot in the streets of the ghetto; another 7,000 were shot in the nearby woods; and another 13,000 were deported to the Belzec extermination camp. A second major Aktion took place in September 1942. All the Jews of Tarnow were ordered to assemble in a square. After an initial selection, another selection as made in which every tenth Jew was picked out for deportation. Around 8,000 Jews were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Belzec, or the Plaszow concentration camp. Then, in November 1942, another 2,500 Jews were sent to Belzec. Only around 10,000 Jews remained in the Tarnow ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA tallit is a prayer shawl fringed at each of the four corners in accordance with biblical law. The wearing of tallit at worship is obligatory only for married men, but it is customarily worn also by males of bar mitzvah age and older.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTefillin\u003cbr\u003e, also called “phylacteries,” are a set of small black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the Torah, which are worn by observant Jews during weekday morning prayers. They are worn around the arm, hand and fingers and on the forehead. The Torah commands that they should be worn as a “sign” and “remembrance” that G-d brought the children of Israel out of Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo assist in managing the large communities within ghettos, German authorities installed a hierarchy of Jewish administrative units under their control. The Judenrat or Ältestenrat was a Council of Jewish leaders established in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. They were installed to manage the communities and provide the Germans with forced laborers. A Judischer Ordnungsdienst [German: Jewish Ghetto Police; also known as the OD], was also established by the Germans to keep order in occupied areas and often were responsible for rounding up Jews selected for forced labor or deportation. They were often referred to as the “Jewish Police.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrieda is referring to the Judenrat, a Council of Jewish leaders established on Germans orders in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. The Judenrat administered the affairs of the ghetto and most tried to protect and support the Jews under their care. Forced to implement Nazi policy, the Jewish councils remain a controversial and delicate subject. Jewish council chairmen had to decide whether to comply or refuse to comply with German demands to, for example, list names of Jews for deportation. Some Jewish council officials advocated compliance, believing that cooperation would ensure the survival of at least a portion of the population. The members of the Jewish councils faced impossible moral dilemmas. Often forgotten in the debates over the culpability of the Jewish councils and the Jewish police are the efforts of many Jewish council members and officials in their employ to provide a variety of social, economic, and cultural services under the brutal and difficult conditions in the ghettos.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Sosnowiec ghetto had been closed off in March 1943 and large deportations took place in May and June. While the final liquidation of the ghetto began on August 1, 1943, around 1,000 Jews remained temporarily in Sosnowiec until they were also finally sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau in December 1943 and January 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePayess \u003cbr\u003eor payot [Hebrew: sidelocks or sidecurls] are worn by some men and boys in the Orthodox Jewish community based on a Biblical injunction against shaving the “corners” of one’s beard. They generally take the form of long, curled sideburns.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eParschnitz was a labor camp northwest of Prague, Czech Republic. It was established in March 1944 as a sub-camp of Gross-Rosen. A total of about 2,500 women prisoners, mainly from Poland and Hungary, were housed at the camp. The women were put to work in different textile workshops. When prisoners became too sick to work, they were transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The camp was liberated on 8th or 9th of May 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the early years of World War II, a German company, Deutsche Gastusswerke GmbH, built a carbon black factory in Gleiwitz. Two forced labor camps were built near the factory, one for foreign workers and one for Jews. In the spring of 1943, about 200 men and women were brought to Gleiwitz from Sosnowiec, bringing the Jewish prisoner population to about 600.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Gleiwitz II, the female prisoners worked in three shifts. Most worked in production, operating machines that processed anthracite, sulfur and oil into carbon black, while others packed the carbon black into large paper sacks. The men mostly worked in repairing and maintaining the machines. The prisoners were brutally supervised by civilian (mostly German) foreman and SS guards.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the Russian army advanced, on January 18, 1945, the Gleiwitz II camp was evacuated. After three days on foot, they were crowded into open railway cars with no food or water. About ten days later, they arrived in Oranienburg, Germany. The men were sent to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp and the women to Ravensbruck.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBlechhammer was a large sub-camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau established on April 1, 1944. Initially there were about 3,000 men and 200 women in the camp. The prisoners were put to work constructing chemical factories. In the following months, over 1,000 Jewish prisoners were also sent there to work. The barracks were severely overcrowded, and the prisoners were treated brutally. Clothing and food were inadequate. Selections for the weakened and sick were conducted, and they were sent back to Auschwitz-Birkenau to be murdered. Some of the prisoners were put to work building a synthetic gasoline factory while others in units of 100 to 200 did heavy construction work: excavating foundations, building roads and structures and transporting building materials. The prisoners worked from dawn to dusk. After the factory was bombed, they were put to work hauling out the dud bombs, during which many were killed. On January 21, 1945 the prisoners were marched out of the camp as the Russians drew near and were driven on foot to Gross-Rosen concentration camp. The journey took ten days. Those who could not keep up were shot. An estimated 800 prisoners were executed in this way on the march.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo\u003cbr\u003e is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police.” The Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo assist in managing the large communities within concentration or labor camps, German authorities installed a hierarchy of administrative units under their control. A kapo was a prisoner in a concentration camp who was assigned by the SS guards to supervise forced labor or carry out administrative tasks in the camp. Kapos were generally criminals. The kapo system minimized costs by allowing the camps to function with fewer SS personnel. It was designed to turn victim against victim, as the kapos were pitted against their fellow prisoners in order to maintain the favor of their SS guards.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen deported Jews arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau, they often brought belongings—luggage and prams filled with food, alcohol, household items, utensils, clothing, photographs, medication, valuables, musical instruments, and professional tools—with them in the belief they were being resettled. All of the belongings were immediately stolen from the new arrivals and sent to warehouses in a separate part of the camp known as Effektenlager [German: warehouse camps]. The camp prisoners came to refer to the warehouses as \"Kanada,\" associating it with the riches symbolized by Kanada [Canada]. In Kanada, special crews of prisoners worked sorting the items for reuse in the camp or to be sent elsewhere, usually back to Germany. It was viewed as one of the best jobs, because prisoners could sometimes sneak some of the goods for themselves and other inmates.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUntil the autumn of 1942, the German army was consistently victorious. By February 1943, however the tide began to change. After defeating the Germans at Stalingrad, the Soviet army remained on the offense and began pushing into German controlled territories in central and eastern Europe. Most of Ukraine and virtually all of Russia and eastern Belorussia were liberated during 1943. In the summer of 1944, the Soviets liberated the rest of Belorussia and Ukraine, most of the Baltic states, and eastern Poland. As the Germans retreated, they evacuated camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRavensbruck [German: Ravensbrück] was established in 1939 and approximately 120,000 women of 40 nationalities passed through it. The women were put to work in the textile and armaments industry. In 1943 the population of the camp tripled and the conditions deteriorated drastically. When the number of women exceeded the barracks capacity they were put in tents and slept on the bare ground. They died in droves every day. The infirmary was the source of women for experimentation by German doctors. At the end of the war the camp population was swelled by Jewish women who were marched out of camps to the east and driven there and dumped. In January 1945 preparations were made to start mass executions and many were murdered by injection of poisons or shooting. There was a small gas chamber installed in early 1945 in which about 5,000 to 6,000 women were murdered. In March 1945 thousands of women prisoners were matched out of Ravensbruck and sent to Mauthausen and Bergen-Belsen where they were abandoned. On April 27 and 28, another 20,000 women prisoners were marched out in a northwesterly direction. On May 1, 1945 the Russian army liberated the last 2,000 prisoners left in the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Gypsy” is a racial slur often used to refer to Roma [singular: Rom; also called Romany]. Roma are an ethnic group that originated in northern India but live worldwide today, principally in Europe. This minority is made up of distinct groups called “tribes” or “nations” and includes the Roma, Sinti and Lalleri family groupings. They were called “Gypsies” because Europeans mistakenly believed they came from Egypt. As a traditionally nomadic group, Roma have often been viewed as outsiders. For centuries, Roma were scorned and persecuted across Europe. Among the groups the Nazi regime singled out for persecution on so-called racial grounds were the Roma, Sinti, and Lalleri (Gypsies), whose fate was parallel to that of the Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFollowing Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union in June 22, 1941, millions (some estimates are as high as 5.7 million) of Soviet male and female soldiers fell into German hands. Nazi ideology considered Soviets both politically dangerous and racially inferior. Soviet POWs were killed on a massive scale. Many were executed immediately; others died from brutal treatment and abysmal conditions. By the end of the war, around 3.3 million were dead.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRetzow was a concentration camp built in 1943 in Rechlin, a town in northeastern Germany. The camp was constructed next to barracks that housed German and Italian workers who were employed building an airport for the Luftwaffe. Over 1,000 male prisoners were put to work carrying out excavations for the airfield. The prisoners were treated poorly by the guards and given minimal rations. In July 1944, most were replaced with women from Ravensbruck. By fall, the camp population had risen to 3,000 men and women of various nationalities, including many French. The women either worked in excavation with the men or were employed building pits where airplanes could be hidden beneath camouflage nets. The conditions increasingly deteriorated towards the end of the war, with hunger, overcrowding, disease, air raids and work-related incidences killing many prisoners. At the end of April 1945, the majority of prisoners were evacuated from the camp, marched northwest, and eventually liberated by U.S. trips. Those left behind at the camp were liberated by the Red Army a few days later.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter a series of negotiations with Heinrich Himmler, Count Folke Bernadotte, vice-president of the Swedish Red Cross, was able to secure the release of concentration camp prisoners from Germany. In March 1945, the Swedish Red Cross received permission to transport prisoners from concentration camps that had not yet been liberated by the advancing Allies. Between mid-March and the beginning of May 1945, 15,345 prisoners—many from Ravenbruck and its subcamps—were collected on buses painted white with red crosses and transported to Sweden.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn response to the German occupation throughout occupied Europe, partisans banded together to engage in guerrilla warfare against the Germans. Some Jews who managed to escape from ghettos and camps formed their own fighting units. These fighters, or partisans, were concentrated in densely wooded areas. Life as a partisan was very difficult. People had to move from place to place to avoid discovery, raid farmers' food supplies to eat, and try to survive the winter in flimsy shelters built from logs and branches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. Often, shelter was improvised and DPs found themselves housed in everything from former military barracks, summer camps and airports to castles, hotels and even private homes. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin. May 8 was celebrated by the Allies as “V-E Day,” which stands for “victory in Europe.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003et the end of the Second World War, U.S., British, and Soviet military forces divided and occupied Germany. Although Berlin was located far inside Soviet-controlled eastern Germany, the United States, United Kingdom, and France controlled western portions of the city, while Soviet troops controlled the eastern sector.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, only around 700 Tarnow Jews returned and most soon left to escape the local antisemitism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Soviet defeat of Germany in Eastern Europe led to a tremendous geographic shift in Polish territory and, ultimately, to the establishment of a communist dictatorship in Poland which was largely antisemitic. After a surge of anti-Jewish violence in 1946, over 75,000 Jews streamed out of Poland into the Allied-occupied zones in Germany, Austria, and Italy. In many cases, emigration was illegal and Jews had to rely on clandestine organizations (such as the Brichah) to escape Poland as the relationship between the western allies and Russia had significantly deteriorated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrieda, Jacob and their daughter, Eva, left Germany from the port city of Bremerhaven on June 28, 1949 aboard the USAT General Blatchford.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUlm is a city southwestern Germany, about 54 miles (87 kilometers) southwest of Heidenheim. It is unclear if Frieda and Jacob lived in a DP camp in Ulm or traveled through Ulm, as a larger city, in route to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Heidenheim DP camp was located in the Stuttgart district of the U.S. occupational zone, near the town of Heidenheim an der Brenz in southern Germany. Until its closure in the summer of 1949, the camp had on average over 2,000 inhabitants, a vast majority of whom wanted to immigrate to Palestine. The DPs were living in requisitioned private houses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States during the 1930s and 1940s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear whether the Allies were specifically aware of Frieda’s camp. However, by the spring of 1944, the Allies did know about the German concentration and extermination camps, and by summer, the first camps had been liberated, giving the Allies hard evidence of the brutal conditions prisoners endured in the camps. Nevertheless, the decision was made not to bomb camps. One reason for the decision was that aircraft did not have the accuracy to bomb such targets without endangering prisoners. Officials were concerned German propaganda would exploit the death of any camp prisoners. The decision was also strategic. The Allies were committed to winning the war as quickly as possible, which made focusing on strategic military targets like infrastructure and fuel supplies a priority over less strategic targets like labor camps and factories.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Holocaust, concentration camp prisoners received tattoos only at one location: the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp complex and its subcamps. Tattooing was introduced at Auschwitz in the autumn of 1941 for Soviet prisoners of war. By the spring of 1943, the SS authorities throughout the entire Auschwitz complex adopted the practice of tattooing almost all previously registered and newly arrived prisoners, including female prisoners. Prisoners were given tattoos on their forearms of their camp serial number, which was also sewn onto their uniforms. Only prisoners selected for work were registered and given serial numbers; those that were sent directly to the gas chambers were not registered or given tattoos. In May 1943, the camp Frieda was in became a subcamp of Auschwitz-Birkenau known as Gleiwitz II. During the reorganization, the camp administration was changed and the prisoners were also tattooed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMordechai Shlomo Friedman, sometimes called Solomon Mordecai Friedman, (1891-1971) was the Boyaner Rebbe of New York for over 40 years. Boyan is a Hasidic dynasty named after the town of Boiany in the historic region of Bukovina, now in Ukraine, where Friedman was born.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNachum Dov Brayer (b. 1959) is the Rebbe of the Boyan Hasidic dynasty. He is the grandson of the former Boyaner Rebbe of New York, Rabbi Mordechai Shlomo Friedman. On Hanukkah 1984, at the age of 25, he was crowned Boyaner Rebbe. He lives in Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFoehrenwald was one of the largest DP camps. It was established in June 1945 in the American occupied zone in Germany, southwest of Munich. The buildings of the camp had previously been used to house IG Farben employees and some had held forced laborers. Foehrenwald originally served as a camp for non-Jewish displaced persons as well, but beginning in October 1945 only housed Jewish DPs. Within three months, the number of Jews living in the camp rose from 3,000 to 5,300. Foehrenwald was the last remaining DP camp in Europe; it was closed in 1957.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGarmisch-Partenkirchen is a German town in Bavaria. The town lies near the Zugspitze, Germany's highest peak and is a popular ski resort. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMauthausen was the primary concentration camp in Austria. It had a whole series of sub-camps (about 50). It was opened after the Anschluss (when Germany annexed Austria) in March 1938 on the site of the Weiner Graben granite quarry and its purpose was to use slave labor to exploit the quarry. At first it was a punishment camp where prisoners were sent to serve out their sentences under very severe conditions. The death rate was the highest among all the camps in the Greater Reich. In addition to working in the quarries, which was essentially a death sentence, the prisoners also worked on construction projects (such as building roads, power plants, tunnels or power stations) and for the armaments industry. About 200,000 prisoners passed through Mauthausen and its sub-camps and the death rate was about 50 percent. The Americans liberated it on May 5, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis’ racial laws were a set of policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany, asserting the superiority of the “Aryan race,” and based on a specific racist doctrine, which claimed scientific legitimacy. In Germany, the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were passed on November 15, 1935. They formed the cornerstone of the German Nazi Party’s racial policy and heralded in a new wave of antisemitic legislation that brought about immediate and concrete segregation. They included the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, prohibiting marriages and sexual relations between Jews and Germans, and the Reich Citizenship Law, which stripped Jews of their German citizenship. The legal definition of a Jew in Germany covered tens of thousands of people who did not think of themselves as Jews or who had neither religious or cultural ties to the Jewish community, including converts to Christianity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the Holocaust, Jews were the largest minority in Poland. In Poland’s major cities, Jews and Poles spoke each other’s languages and interacted in markets and on the streets. Even smaller towns and villages in Poland were, to some extent, mixed communities. That did not mean that antisemitism did not impact the lives of Polish Jews, however. The antisemitic atmosphere increased in Poland during the 1930s. After World War I, Poland had become a democratic independent state and increasing nationalism made Poland a hostile place for many Jews. A series of pogroms and discriminatory laws were signs of growing antisemitism, while fewer and fewer opportunities to emigrate were available. An economic boycott of Jewish businesses was in full force by 1937.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA shtreimel is a fur hat worn by many married Orthodox Jewish men, particularly (although not exclusively) members of Hasidic groups, on Shabbat and Jewish holidays and other festive occasions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrieda is probably referring to the Sonderkommando\u003cbr\u003e [German: special command or detail], special groups of Jewish slave labor units that were employed in the gas chambers and crematoria of extermination camps. Charged with removing the bodies of those gassed for cremation or burial, they were forced to participate in the extermination process. Jewish Sonderkommando units often were rewarded with better food and physical conditions than other inmates, but were also typically executed after a few weeks or months, only to be replaced by a new group of prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFood that is not in accordance with Jewish law such as pork and shellfish, or foods that are not prepared according to kosher rules is called Treif or Treyf.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85899/file/174104/annotation_set/981/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRumors that the Nazis produced soap from the bodies of concentration camp inmates circulated widely during the war. Germany suffered a shortage of fats during World War II, and the production of soap was put under government control. The human soap rumors may have originated from the bars of soap being marked with the initials “RIF,” which was interpreted by some as meaning “Reich-Juden-Fett” (“State Jewish Fat”). In German, the \"i\" and \"j\" are often used interchangeably. In fact, “RIF” stood for “Reichsstelle für Industrielle Fettversorgung” (“National Center for Industrial Fat Provisioning,” the German government agency responsible for wartime production and distribution of soap and washing products). 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