{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/j678s4kz4n/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Heyman, Ruth"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2006-05-19 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Ruth Heyman (Interviewee)","John Kent (Interviewer)","Ruth Einstein (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRuth introduces her family. She recalls attending school and the increasing isolation she experienced. Ruth remembers Kristallnacht. She talks about waiting for visas to immigrate. Ruth recollects travelling through the Soviet Union, China and Japan before setting sail for the United States. She talks about arriving in the United States and settling into a new life. Ruth remembers hearing about the concentration camps. She talks about meeting her husband. Ruth explains what happened to her parents. She introduces her children. Ruth recalls moving to Atlanta. She describes trips back to Germany. Ruth considers how the Germans allowed the Holocaust to happen. She talks about her relationships with former friends and classmates still living in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eRuth Heyman was born to Max Löwenberg (1881-1944) and Rosa (Blumenthal) Löwenberg (1884-1945) in Gottingen, Germany on February 7, 1922. She and older brother, Herbert (1915-1975), enjoyed a comfortable life until the Nazis came to power. Throughout the 1930s, her family experienced increasing isolation and restrictions. Ruth’s brother immigrated to the United States in 1936. Ruth and her parents remained in Germany while they waited for visas. Ruth was visiting family when she narrowly escaped a violent mob on Kristallnacht. Her family was kicked out of their home, their belongings destroyed and her father briefly arrested.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eFinally, in 1940, their visas were approved. Ruth and her parents left Germany in the fall of 1940. They spent five weeks travelling through the Soviet Union and China before arriving in Yokohama, Japan, where they boarded the SS Hele Maru. On October 31, 1940, Ruth and her parents arrived in Seattle, Washington. They boarded a train and a few days later were reunited with her brother in New York City. Ruth adjusted to life in the United States and worked as a live-in maid. Her parents settled into an apartment in the Washington Heights neighborhood. After the United States entered the war, the family was powerless to help family behind in Europe. Herbert was drafted and served in Europe. Max’s health declined and he died in 1944. Rosa died a year later, just before the war ended.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAfter the war, Ruth remained in her parents’ apartment and worked in a dental office. In 1947, she was vacationing in the Catskills when she met Hans “Fred” Heyman (1921-2004). Originally from Frankfurt, Germany, Fred, his sister, and his parents had also immigrated to the United States before the war. During the war, Fred served as an army interpreter in Europe.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn 1948, the couple married. Their first son was born a few years later and the young family moved to Queens, where a second son was born. Fred’s job brought the family to Atlanta, Georgia in 1960. After a few years, Fred and Ruth opened a grocery store, which they operated for the next 27 years. After selling the store, Ruth and Fred enjoyed a retirement filled with travel and social organizations. Fred died in 2004. Ruth passed away on June 13, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eRuth Heyman is interviewed on May 19, 2006 by John Kent and Ruth Einstein in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29099"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Orthodox Judaism (other)","Conservative Judaism (other)","Synagogue (other)","kosher (other)","Rabbi (other)","Sukkot (named event)","Bar Mitzvah (other)","Hebrew (other)","Jewish Community (other)","Central Council of Jews in Germany (corporate name)","Kristallnacht (named event)","Adolf Hitler (personal name)","Holocaust (named event)","Nazi (corporate name)","Yellow Star (other)","Hitler Youth (corporate name)","Bund Deutscher Madel (corporate name)","Aryan (other)","Gurs (corporate name)","Concentration Camp (other)","Deportation (other)","Dufourspitze (geographic term)","Censorship (other)","Antisemitism (other)","American Consulate (corporate name)","Visa (other)","Immigration (other)","Affidavit (other)","Quotas (other)","Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (corporate name)","HIAS (corporate name)","Trans-Siberia Railroad (corporate name)","Citizenship (other)","Salvation Army (corporate name)","World War I (named event)","World War II (named event)","Iron Cross (other)","American Army (corporate name)","Quaker (corporate name)","England (geographic term)","Manchester, England (geographic term)","ORT (corporate name)","Survivor (other)","AIDS (other)","Siberia (geographic term)","Alps (geographic term)","Spartanburg, South Carolina (geographic term)","Soviet Union (geographic term)","Wuppertal, Germany (geographic term)","Augusta, Georgia (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Elberfeld, Germany (geographic term)","Manchuria (geographic term)","China (geographic term)","Shanghai, China (geographic term)","Yokohoma, Japan (geographic term)","Kobe, Japan (geographic term)","Frankfurt, Germany (geographic term)","Gottingen, Germany (geographic term)","Hannover, Germany (geographic term)","Marseilles, France (geographic term)","Switzerland (geographic term)","Iran (geographic term)","Seattle, Washington (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","Queens (geographic term)","Washington Heights (geographic term)","Genoa, Italy (geographic term)","Moscow, Russia (geographic term)","Harbin, China (geographic term)","Washington, D.C. (geographic term)","Munich, Germany (geographic term)","Catskills (geographic term)","Frankfurt, Germany (geographic term)","Dalton, Georgia (geographic term)","Kansas City, Missouri (geographic term)","United States (geographic term)","Rosa Blumenthal Lowenberg (personal name)","Max Lowenberg (personal name)","Ruth Lowenberg (personal name)","Ruth Heyman (personal name)","Herbert Lowenberg (personal name)","Hans Fred Heyman (personal name)","Kenneth Heyman (personal name)","Roy Heyman (personal name)","Artur Levi (personal name)","Paul Spiegel (personal name)","Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (personal name)","Gabriella von Selle (personal name)","Angela Merkel (personal name)","President George W. Bush (personal name)","Jane Leavey (personal name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRuth introduces her family. She recalls attending school and the increasing isolation she experienced. Ruth remembers Kristallnacht. She talks about waiting for visas to immigrate. Ruth recollects travelling through the Soviet Union, China and Japan before setting sail for the United States. She talks about arriving in the United States and settling into a new life. Ruth remembers hearing about the concentration camps. She talks about meeting her husband. Ruth explains what happened to her parents. She introduces her children. Ruth recalls moving to Atlanta. She describes trips back to Germany. Ruth considers how the Germans allowed the Holocaust to happen. She talks about her relationships with former friends and classmates still living in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRuth Heyman was born to Max L\u0026ouml;wenberg (1881-1944) and Rosa (Blumenthal) L\u0026ouml;wenberg (1884-1945) in Gottingen, Germany on February 7, 1922. She and older brother, Herbert (1915-1975), enjoyed a comfortable life until the Nazis came to power. Throughout the 1930s, her family experienced increasing isolation and restrictions. Ruth\u0026rsquo;s brother immigrated to the United States in 1936. Ruth and her parents remained in Germany while they waited for visas. Ruth was visiting family when she narrowly escaped a violent mob on Kristallnacht. Her family was kicked out of their home, their belongings destroyed and her father briefly arrested.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eFinally, in 1940, their visas were approved. Ruth and her parents left Germany in the fall of 1940. They spent five weeks travelling through the Soviet Union and China before arriving in Yokohama, Japan, where they boarded the SS Hele Maru. On October 31, 1940, Ruth and her parents arrived in Seattle, Washington. They boarded a train and a few days later were reunited with her brother in New York City. Ruth adjusted to life in the United States and worked as a live-in maid. Her parents settled into an apartment in the Washington Heights neighborhood. After the United States entered the war, the family was powerless to help family behind in Europe. Herbert was drafted and served in Europe. Max\u0026rsquo;s health declined and he died in 1944. Rosa died a year later, just before the war ended.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAfter the war, Ruth remained in her parents\u0026rsquo; apartment and worked in a dental office. In 1947, she was vacationing in the Catskills when she met Hans \u0026ldquo;Fred\u0026rdquo; Heyman (1921-2004). Originally from Frankfurt, Germany, Fred, his sister, and his parents had also immigrated to the United States before the war. During the war, Fred served as an army interpreter in Europe.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn 1948, the couple married. Their first son was born a few years later and the young family moved to Queens, where a second son was born. Fred\u0026rsquo;s job brought the family to Atlanta, Georgia in 1960. After a few years, Fred and Ruth opened a grocery store, which they operated for the next 27 years. After selling the store, Ruth and Fred enjoyed a retirement filled with travel and social organizations. Fred died in 2004. Ruth passed away on June 13, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRuth Heyman is interviewed on May 19, 2006 by John Kent and Ruth Einstein in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/184/514/small/Heyman_Ruth.mp4_1680894776.jpg?1680894776","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Heyman_Ruth.mp4"]},"duration":3312.945,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/184/514/small/Heyman_Ruth.mp4_1680894776.jpg?1680894776","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/184/514/original/Heyman_Ruth.mp4?1680894773","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3312.945,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Ruth Heyman [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Heyman: It is a university town south of Hannover [Germany]. The university is\npretty well known. I was born on February 17, 1922. I grew up in Gottingen\n[Germany] and went to school there. The last few years, I went to like a\ngymnasium. It was called Lyceum for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Girls. We were four Jewish girls in our\nclass. The last few years, I would say that since 1936, we were not allowed to\nparticipate in any of the activities there anymore. We were pretty isolated. In\nApril 1938, we had to leave the school. We were not allowed to go to school anymore.\n\nJohn: Maybe a little bit earlier, before 1933, do you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember what the\nJewish-German relationship was before [Adolf] Hitler?\n\nHeyman: It was pretty good, I think. Yes, my parents had a lot of non-Jewish\nfriends. I know they went to the opera. They had season tickets. We did not feel\nit [antisemitism] very much. But I was small, so I do not remember that much\nexcept that I went to elementary school and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later on, with the same girls in\nhigh school, and they had to stay away from us at the end. But life was very\ngood before 1933 what I do remember, because I was eight or nine years old.\n\nJohn: What did your parents do there? What kind of a lifestyle did you all have?\n\nHeyman: A pretty good lifestyle. My father was had his own business like a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"store\nwith -- goods, clothes.\n\nJohn: What were their names?\n\nHeyman: My father was Max and Rosa Lowenberg. My mother's [maiden] name was\nBlumenthal. She was born in Fulda [Germany], and then married my father, and\nmoved to Gottingen. It was a small -- It was not a very big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish community\nthere. We had two synagogues. One was more Orthodox and the other was like\nConservative, which we belonged to. We went to services every Saturday morning.\nNaturally, you walked to it most everything. The distances were not very far. I\nhad an aunt and I spent a lot of time in her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house. It was a comfortable life.\n\nJohn: What were you taught about the significance of being Jewish compared to\nnot Jewish? What did it mean to you?\n\nHeyman: It meant a lot. My parents had a kosher household. I went to Hebrew\nschool in the afternoon. Most of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends were Jewish, but I had some\nnon-Jewish friends, who, in fact, I now stay in touch with yet, who lived -- I\nplayed with, who lived like across the street from where we lived. It was a very\ncomfortable and nice life until it got slowly worse. They were segregating us\nand --\n\nJohn: You were about eleven when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler came into power?\n\nHeyman: Yes. I must have been about eleven, yes.\n\nJohn: What did you notice happening around you. What changed?\n\nHeyman: I noticed the changes, all the marching of the Hitler Youth. Lots of my\nclassmates joined. The girls were called BDM, Bund Deutscher [Madel]. Bund\nDeutscher Judische, that was what I belong to. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We started our own little group\nof Jewish kids. There were not that many there, but it was called Bund Deutsch\nJudische. Juden, [in German] it means the young Jewish people. We had meetings\nand went on little bicycle trips. That was really what kept us going, that we\nhad our own ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group.\n\nJohn: How much of a threat did it seem to you what was happening?\n\nHeyman: Early in the 1930s, really not that much happened except that we kept\npretty much to ourselves and the non-Jewish people started withdrawing from us.\nUp to the last school of years, when we had to leave school, I did not notice\ntoo much. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just getting worse and worse all the time. When they were\nsinging Hitler songs, we would not sing. We would not open our mouths. We would\nstay on the side. They would raise their hands. We would not raise our hands and\nso on. We felt pretty much segregated from all the others.\n\nJohn: Did you have any interactions directly with other people who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"confronted\nyou? Were there any personal conflicts?\n\nHeyman: Not really until the Kristallnacht [in] 1938 and after that, but I had\nno confrontations or anything like that. After Kristallnacht, we had to wear the\nyellow star when we walked around and we had to stand in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"line. I remember my\nparents standing in line for food. I think they were the last ones always to get\nfood. It [food] was scarce by that time already.\n\nJohn: Do you remember Jewish teachers, and rabbis, and people like that, what\ndid they have to say about these changes? Did they have any recommendations or\nwhat did they make of it?\n\nHeyman: I really -- I do not remember too much of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. No, but we had a young\nrabbi that went on trips with us, with the young Jewish people, and group, and\nso on. I was too young to really remember what they said to us.\n\nJohn: On Kristallnacht, you were about with 18 then?\n\nHeyman: On Kristallnacht, I was 16.\n\nJohn: Sixteen?\n\nHeyman: Yes. In April 1938, we had to leave school. Then, my parents did not\nknow what to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do with me. They sent me to an uncle who was a dentist in\nWuppertal, Elberfeld, to spend some time there. That is where I was during the\nKristallnacht. I was not there, but my parents had to move out of the house we\nhad, and had to move in town, and share an apartment with another Jewish family.\nThey were not allowed to own a house ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore. They lived on the second or third\nfloor. On Kristallnacht, I know that they came and arrested my father. They\nthrew all the belongings out of the windows, the bedding and everything. My\nfather was, I think, arrested in the city for two days. When they found out that\nhe had the Iron Cross from the First World War, they let him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go, so he was lucky\nthat way. I was, on Kristallnacht, in Elberfeld with my uncle, who had his\ndental office in front of a large apartment. He lived in the back and had one\nroom rented to an elderly couple in front, next to his office. I was sleeping in\na little -- which was a little office he had. I was sleeping on a couch. It had\nan inset glass door. I heard all of a sudden some terrible ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"screaming. They came\nin and they beat up that elderly couple because they thought it was my uncle.\nThen I heard a lot of noise and glass breaking. With hammers, they just\ndestroyed all the dental equipment. I thought at any minute that they would come\nin to me, but I was very lucky. They passed the door. My uncle, in the meantime,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fled down like a fire escape into the back of the apartment. He spent the next\nfew days with non-Jewish patients, hiding. He had a non-Jewish wife. I stayed\nwith her for a while and my uncle never came back. He went right to --\nimmigrated to England. I just was very lucky that they did not come in to that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"room. That elderly couple was very badly hurt. They beat them up real bad. The\nequipment was completely destroyed, the dental equipment. That was my experience\nof the Kristallnacht.\n\nJohn: Where was your mother?\n\nHeyman: My mother was in Gottingen. As I said, they threw all their things out\nof the windows they had. I think they went downstairs, and they picked up some\nof their belongings, and so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on. After that, I came back to Gottingen, to my\nhometown, and stayed with my parents. At that time, it was very hard because\nthey had to move into this small apartment. I remember I had to sleep in the\nkitchen on the couch. They had just one bedroom and another elderly Jewish\ncouple had to share the apartment with them. We had -- My brother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immigrated to\nthe United States in 1936. We immediately applied for a quota number at the\nAmerican Consulate.\n\nJohn: What prompted him to do that so early?\n\nHeyman: He was a young man and 1936 was not that early. It was Hitler's time. He\nhad the opportunity. I had an uncle who was in Washington, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"D.C., that lived\nthere for many years. He must have immigrated in the 1920s or something like\nthat. He gave him an affidavit to come over, so he lived and my brother lived in\nNew York. We wanted to follow him, but we had to wait four years till our quota\nnumber was called. We applied in 1936 and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the end of 1940, our quota number\nwas called. We finally could leave. We were supposed to leave from -- Genoa,\nItaly. Then, Italy went into war also, so we could not leave from there anymore.\nSo the only way to get out of Germany was via Russia, Manchuria, Japan. We had\nto go -- My mother, my parents were not that young anymore. They were in their\nlate fifties. My mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"I'll never live through that, to go through on a\ntrip like that,\" but she did. It was a five week trip leaving my hometown and\nthen arriving in New York.\n\nJohn: What day did you leave?\n\nHeyman: It must have been the end of August, early September. I tried to look it\nup before. I could not find it. I know I have some papers somewhere with the\nexact date. I know we arrived in New York, it must have been early October. It\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"election day.\n\nJohn: Nineteen forty?\n\nHeyman: Nineteen forty, yes. That trip was -- Still now, it is like a dream to\nme. I was 18 years old. We went by train to Moscow and stayed one night in\nMoscow in a hotel.\n\nJohn: What was life like in Germany from Kristallnacht until that following\nAugust, that eight months?\n\nHeyman: It was -- I know we were very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"isolated. We walked around with that\nyellow star and we just felt like an outcast. But we did not have any personal\nhappenings to us. We just kept pretty much by ourselves, the Jewish people, and\nso on.\n\nJohn: Did you have any conversations with any of your old, non-Jewish friends?\n\nHeyman: Not after that. I did not see them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore. No. We just did --\nEven the young people, we had our own group. We got together. We had meetings,\ntook little trips, and so on. I think towards the end -- I really do not\nremember that much anymore what kind of life it was. I think [we were] just\nliving from day to day, and hoping that our quota number would be called to go\nto the United States.\n\nJohn: How did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feel having to leave your home, your home country, and having\nto flee?\n\nHeyman: I was glad to leave. I did not have a life like a regular teenager. I\nwas very glad to leave. I remember when we came to Moscow, we stayed in the\nhotel. Somebody came over and asked me for a dance. I did not know what to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do.\nThe life in Germany was -- It seems, thinking back now, it seems like a dream,\nsomething that happened.\n\nJohn: How much of your belongings were you able to --\n\nHeyman: No, we were not allowed. We were allowed to take, like silver. We were\nallowed to take each two pieces of silver, forks and knives. That is what I have\nfrom Germany: six pieces ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yet because it was three people, my parents and myself.\nOtherwise, we were only allowed very little money to take along. I do not\nremember how much. My mother packed one box that was shipped over here, one big\nbox. She put her sewing machine in there and some dishes, because she figured\nwhen she gets here, maybe she can make a living sewing. The dishes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrived most\nof them half broken, but it was not important. Other personal belongings, I know\nwe had very little. They took lots of it away, too. They threw it out.\n\nJohn: What do you remember of that five week trip?\n\nHeyman: It is also like a dream. I know that it was five week trip. From\nMoscow-- I remember in Moscow that I was so amazed. They had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women all wrapped\nup as brick layers. Next door, they were building something. I remember the\nbeautiful subways they had there. We went sightseeing. Then, from Moscow, we\ntook the Siberian Express. That was a five week trip on a train. We went through\nManchuria. At Harbin, the HIAS -- I do not know if you ever heard of the HIAS.\nThe HIAS was at the station to help us. I think we had to change trains there. I\nremember in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train in Manchuria, we had to keep the shades down. There was\nsome kind of a war or something going on. It was a funny smell. I will never\nforget that smell in the train while we came through Manchuria. Then, we went to\nSiberia. When the train stopped, it was mostly snow. You saw people all wrapped\nup in clothes, standing at the railway stations. Then, it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sukkot when we\narrived in Kobe, Japan. They had a synagogue there. We went to services in Kobe,\nin Japan. I think, there already we met a number of young men who came from\nShanghai. A lot of people immigrated to Shanghai. Then, we went to Yokohama,\nTokyo. From there, we took a Japanese boat. That took also, I think, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"week to\ncross the Pacific to Seattle, Washington. They had all these -- I know all these\nyoung men were from Shanghai that were on the boat. My parents were seasick all\nalong. I was not. They did not go out of the cabin. When we came to Seattle, I\nalways remember this young man from Shanghai falling down and kissing the\nground. It was very much emotional. I still get upset about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it until now. They\nwere so happy. In Seattle, we had some former Jewish friends who lived there. We\nsaw them for a short while. Then, we took the train from Seattle to get to New\nYork, but we stopped off in Kansas City [Missouri]. We had some distant\nrelatives in Kansas City. I think we spent the night there or something, and\nthen we went on to New York. That was also, I think, took by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train two or three\ndays at the time from Seattle to New York. My brother was at the station. Sorry,\nbut I still get emotional when I talk about it because I remember my brother\nrunning along with the train when he saw us looking out of the window. Then, we\nlived for twenty years in New York.\n\nJohn: What was his name?\n\nHeyman: His name was Herbert. We all changed our name from Lowenberg when we\nbecame ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"citizens to Lowen. I mean, my parents never became citizens because they\nboth died in 1944 and 1945.\n\nJohn: Can you spell that name?\n\nHeyman: L-O-W-E-N. Because we figured Lowenberg was too hard for the American\npeople to remember. My brother had changed his name to Lowen. When I became a\ncitizen, I also changed it to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lowen. In New York, I worked at first as a\nhousehold help. That was a tremendous adjustment, too.\n\nJohn: Did you speak any English at the time?\n\nHeyman: I knew some English because, in school we learned French and English,\nbut I spoke the British English. I mean, I could understand it. I still have a\nheavy accent, which I never lost. But I spoke some English. My parents did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not.\nWe lived in Washington Heights. My brother had gotten us an apartment and\nfurniture from the Salvation Army. In Washington Heights, you could get along\nwith your German, so for them, it was good.\n\nJohn: How did the local Americans relate to you with that thick German accent?\n\nHeyman: Some liked it and some could not understand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me right away.\n\nJohn: I mean, Germans probably were not real popular during World War Two.\n\nHeyman: No, but most of the German young men all served in the American army.\nThey were drafted right away, just like my husband. My husband's name was Hans,\nbut when he was drafted, he changed it to John, because it was too German and\nbecause they sent him over to Germany. He did not want the Germans to know that\nhe was a born ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German.\n\nJohn: Your parents and you, the three of you were living together?\n\nHeyman: Not really. The first year, I worked in a household. I guess you know\nwhere West End Avenue is. That way, I could help my parents, support them. I\nslept in -- like a maid. I mean, they called it a 'house Tocher' [German:\ndaughter]. I do not know if you know that word. That means you are like a daughter, but\nit was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not ... I was really like a maid. I had to serve when they had company with a\nmaid's uniform and things like that. I was not really sleeping at home. After--I\nleft there after a year--then, I lived with my parents.\n\nJohn: What kind of difference did you notice between America and Germany in\nterms of the people, culture, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life?\n\nHeyman: It was a free life, that I could do what I wanted to do, that I could be\nfriends with anybody I wanted to. When we left Germany, the food was rationed.\nHere in America, it was not, so it was -- for me. I started going out on dates,\nwhich I never did. I was 18 years old and I had never gone out with anybody.\nWhen I came to the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States, I had dates. Most of the dates I had were with\nAmerican born boys or men. I really started to live, even though we had to turn\nevery penny around and so on. Still, it was a much happier life.\n\nJohn: How much were you aware of what was going on in Europe during that time?\n\nHeyman: I was very much aware of it because I would correspond with friends who\nwere in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the army. [There were] a number of boys I corresponded with that were in\nthe army. [I was] hoping that they would defeat the Germans. [I] heard what was\ngoing on, the people in the concentration camps. I even tried very hard to get\n[out] one of my cousins, who was the same age as myself. She was in camp Gurs,\nnear Marseilles, France. We tried to get her out. My father went around all\nover. You had to have an affidavit to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get anybody over. They could not [come]\njust like now, [where] the immigrants come without anything. You had to have\nsomebody give a grant for you that you would not be a burden to the States. My\nfather finally got it, and he sent it over to there, and they had deported her\nalready, so she was she was gone. She never -- She went to a concentration camp.\nIt was too late. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heard what was going on over there, but there was not much\nwe could do about it. We were very lucky that we got out just before, because, I\nthink, early 1941 is when they started sending people to the concentration camp\nand we just got out the end of 1940.\n\nJohn: After that first year when you were a live-in maid, what did you do after that?\n\nHeyman: After that, I went to night school for a short while and I got a job as\na ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dental assistant through a friend of mine. I worked for five years for one\ndentist, and then I worked for another four years or something for the other\ndentist until I -- I got married during that time. I got married in 1948.\n\nJohn: How did you meet your husband?\n\nHeyman: I met my husband -- I do not know if you have heard of the Catskills,\nthe mountains. I went with some girlfriends on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vacation and he was there with\nhis boyfriend. That was where I met him. There was a camp next to the Boynton\nHotel. I do not know if you ever heard of that. It was called Camp Chandelier\nwhen we went. That is how I met him. I thought at first -- He told me he was\nFrench, which he was not, because he spoke fluent English. He was very good in\nlanguages. That is why he was an interpreter for the army. When he came back to\nNew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York, he called me and we started going out. That is a funny story. When I\nmet his parents who spoke German only at home, and I spoke German to them --\nAfter I left, his mother said to him -- I spoke the High German and they spoke\nreal Frankfurter German. His mother said, \"She is a very nice girl, but she has\na speech defect,\" because of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German.\n\nJohn: How did he get out of Germany, and when?\n\nHeyman: He left in 1939 and went to England. Or, 1938 he must have left. They\nsent him to England and to stay with a Quaker family. He got there through his\nEnglish teacher in Frankfurt and stayed with this Quaker family who sent him to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"college in Manchester. They lived near Manchester. He stayed there for two years\nand then he came over to the United States. His parents were also -- His mother\nwas in Holland. His father was in Dublin, Ireland. They were very lucky, all of\nthem. His sister stayed with another family in England. She was four years\nyounger. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all came together again in the United States. All four of them\nwere different places. They lived in Staten Island for a while before they moved\nin to New York. He went to City College, then, I think. I know he worked, but I\ndo not remember anymore what -- Then he was drafted, probably, because when I\nmet him in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1947, he had just been out of the army a year or so.\n\nJohn: How did that whole war period affect the Jewish part of your life, or did\nit at all?\n\nHeyman: Really not much. We kept our religion pretty much the same as before. We\nhad services. The only thing: after 1938, they set the synagogue on fire on\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht, like all over, in my hometown. That was not there anymore. We\ncould not go to services anymore. Now, they have a big memorial there, where the\nsynagogue was in Gottingen. But I remember that it was on fire.\n\nJohn: How do you feel about the German part of you? Once you knew what was\nactually going on back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, was there any conflict in you about that was your\nidentity at one time?\n\nHeyman: No, I do not -- I really could not tell because I felt German, but then\nagain, I felt like I was not belonging. When I came to the United States, I did\nnot care what I was doing, but I could do what I wanted to do. People did not\nstay away from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. They did not just not associate with us anymore.\n\nJohn: You got married in 1948?\n\nHeyman: [Yes.]\n\nJohn: Talk about the early days of forming a family and all of that.\n\nHeyman: We both worked. I worked as a dental assistant. My husband worked for a\nmetal firm. We lived in -- My parents had passed away and we lived in my\nparents' apartment in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Washington Heights for a few years. Most of the people in\nthe area, they all had the same background there because they all were mostly\nGerman Jews. You knew a lot of people that were your friends. My husband\ntraveled. We lived in -- Jackson Heights to Washington Heights, which was a\ntrip. I do not know if you know New York that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, so it was --\n\nJohn: How did those years affect your parents?\n\nHeyman: My parents really, it affected them. It took a lot out of their life. My\nfather was a diabetic already in Germany. When he came to the United States, he\ncould not do any kind of work. I think he worked in a cemetery first, digging\ngraves. That was very hard on him. My mother, who never worked in her life, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she\ndid home work, making hairnets at home. It was paid piecework. But I think they\nwere happy that they were free. My father, with his diabetes, he got very sick.\nHe only lived like three years in the United States. I think it was 1944 when he\ndied, in 1944, early 1944. Then, he was very upset when my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother was drafted\ninto the army and went overseas. I think that affected him a lot. His heart\nfinally gave out and he died. My mother died a year later, just about the time\nwhen the war was over, because I remember dancing in the street when the war was\nover and she had just died. People were dancing in the street, being so happy.\nIn 1945, that was it. I think it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"August 1945 when the war was ...\n\nJohn: You about 22 when your parents were gone?\n\nHeyman: Yes, and I stayed in the apartment, which my parents had. I rented rooms\nto help me with paying the rent. I had two elderly lady staying with me. They\nmothered me. One of them mothered me really--she was a friend of my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother's--until I met my husband and we got married. Then, I told those ladies\nto move out and we took the apartment over. Then, we had our first child after\nwe were married three years. My older son was born. After he was about four\nyears old, we moved, and bought a house in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Queens, and I had my second son there.\n\nJohn: What are their names?\n\nHeyman: My older son's name is Ken, Kenneth. The younger son is Roy, but we lost\nhim in 1989. He died of AIDS. He was 33 years old. That was a big shock. He had\neverything to live for. That is him there and that is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him there. We lived in\nQueens. Altogether, we lived 20 years in New York before my husband had to work\nfor a carpet firm and they transferred in to Atlanta. That is how we came here.\nIn 1960, we moved here.\n\nJohn: What was it like in the South back then?\n\nHeyman: We loved it here. It was such a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"change from New York. We had a chance to\nmove back to New York. They would have paid for the move because after a number\nof years, they wanted my husband to move to Dalton [Georgia]. We did not want to\nmove to a smaller city. They said, \"Well, if you want to, we will move you back\nto New York.\" We did not want to because we figured it was much better for the\nchildren to be raised down here than in New York.\n\nJohn: What are your early memories of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta that far back?\n\nHeyman: My early memories of Atlanta are that everybody was so friendly compared\nto New York. People used to -- When I would walk in the street with the\nchildren, people used to stop me and talk to me and talk to the\nchildren--complete strangers, which I never experienced up North. We just liked\nit here because everybody was much friendlier. Naturally, it was not the traffic\nwe have now. It was not as big in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1960 as it is now. We just liked it much\nbetter here. That was why we stayed. Then, my husband worked in a couple of\nother jobs, which did not work out. Then, we figured we would go in our own\nbusiness. We bought a little grocery store, got a package store. That must have\nbeen in 1962 or 1963. We had that store for 27 years. The neighborhood was first\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partially white, but then it turned all black, off Memorial Drive and Fletcher\nAvenue. I helped my husband every day in this business. We were there for 27\nyears before we were able to sell it and we retired.\n\nJohn: How much of a Jewish life did you have here? What was the Jewish\nsubculture like?\n\nHeyman: I was maybe not quite as religious as in Germany because it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was too\nbusy. But we went to services and our children were bar mitzvahed. We did not\nhave much time with our business to join anything. Now, I join. I belong to more\norganizations than I did then. Our social life really was very small while we\nhad our store because we were open six days a week. On Sundays, we were closed,\n[but] my husband had to spend doing his bookkeeping, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so we had very little\nsocial life. We had a few friends, but we did not have much time for them.\nLater, after we retired, we had much more of a social life.\n\nJohn: At what point did your children start asking questions about the past, or\ndid they?\n\nHeyman: The funny thing is my younger son, who passed, he was a little more\ninterested. My older son, now he does not ask too many questions. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seems to\nknow probably from conversations between us what was going on. But he does not\ngo into it too deep or anything like that. He does not ask too many questions,\nlike I know children of friends of mine do. I told him on the phone--he does not\nlive in town; he lives in Augusta--I told him, \"You know, somebody's coming to\ninterview me.\" He said, \"Oh, that's nice.\" He did not ask many questions. He\ndoes not like to hear sad things somehow, like when I say to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him, \"Well, when I\nam gone, this and this,\" he does not want to hear about it.\n\nJohn: How do you say the whole war and Holocaust experience affected you? Like,\nhow are you different than another immigrant who just happened to immigrate but\ndid not have that history?\n\nHeyman: Maybe I am more serious, but I am an optimist. I have always been an\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"optimist. Somehow, it affects me so that I usually -- I feel closer to Jewish\npeople than to non-Jewish people. You still have a funny feeling towards\nnon-Jewish people. People with the same background, I am usually closer too also.\n\nJohn: How much have you interacted with other survivors over the years? Have you?\n\nHeyman: Yes, most of my close ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends are also survivors, like I said, have the\nsame background. Sometimes, we do talk about what happened in Germany, what was\ndifferent, and things like that.\n\nJohn: Have you gone back to Germany over the years?\n\nHeyman: Yes. I mean, the very first time was after I had been living here for 39\nyears. That was when they invited me to my hometown.\n\nJohn: That was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1979 or 1980?\n\nHeyman: Yes, something like that. I know it was 39 years. But before that, I had\ngone on a tour the very first time. I think it was to Munich. I think it was\nwith ORT at the time, to Munich and Switzerland. But I did not go to my\nhometown. That was the first time I went back.\n\nJohn: What was it like to be in Germany?\n\nHeyman: It was a very funny feeling, yes, because when you see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody your own\nage or people that are even a little bit older, you have a feeling, \"Well, what\ndid you do during Hitler's time? Were you a Nazi?\" The younger people in Germany\nlike to talk about it, and say how wrong it was, and make up for it. But if you\nmeet an older person who is the age or older, they are very quiet about it. But\nmany of them say, \"Oh, we were never any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis,\" which is not so, or, \"We did\nnot know what was going on,\" which I am sure they did. When I came back for the\nfirst time to my hometown, that was very emotional for me passing the elementary\nschool--I passed by--and seeing the streets. Then, the memories came back. They\nhad us on the radio and on television. They interviewed me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then. The mayor\ninvited us. The funny thing is my hometown had a Jewish Oberburgermeister. The\nmain mayor was a Jewish man by the name of Artur Levi, who came back. He lived\nin England and came back. He was a teacher at one of the high schools. He came\nback to Gottingen and they elected him as mayor. He was mayor for many years\nthere. But he was out of town when we were there. They have an Oberburgermeister\nand they have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Burgermeister. The Burgermeister--in fact, he just passed away,\nI was told--he invited us to his house and he took us around. He took us to the\nJewish cemetery. He had to ask for a key. He took us there and we went to the\nJewish cemetery, where I had some uncles and aunts being buried there. By the\nway, my father's brothers and sisters all were killed in concentration camps, so\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"none of this --\n\nJohn: Did you visit any of the camps?\n\nHeyman: I do not know which camps they were, no. I do not know. All I know is\nthat they did not survive. I have letters from his sisters and I gave them once\nto that -- Mrs. [Jane] Leavey is her name, right? Because she wanted things, but\nshe gave them back to me after. I do not think she could do anything with it\nbecause they are written in that other handwriting. I can read it, but most\nAmericans cannot read that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"handwriting. But I brought--I think I told you--from\nFrankfurt, when we were invited there, a whole long list of the Jewish children\nthat did not survive and were sent away. I gave it to her. I never know what\nhappened to it. It was like a plaque, I think. I do not know what she did with it.\n\nJohn: Do you have any thoughts about, maybe in hindsight now as an adult, as to\nwhy all that happened? Have you thought about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it?\n\nHeyman: It was Hitler who instilled, wanted to eradicate the Jewish people and\ntalked about the 'Aryan' class. I would say the German people were followers.\nThey followed the dictator. Whatever he said, they did. Very few were hiding\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people or were against him because they were also afraid of him. That is what I\nthink the German people are, in general. They are so militarized that they do\nwhatever they are being told.\n\nJohn: Why would this why would they follow him instead of somebody else?\n\nHeyman: There was nobody else there. He promised them all kinds of things. He\ninstilled in them, in the young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, he instilled in them what the Jewish\npeople are, even though most of the Jewish people, like my grandparents and\ngreat grandparents, they have lived in Germany I do not know how far back. I\nthink the German Jew itself is a lot to blame, too, because they felt in many\nways more German than Jewish many times. They said -- They were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"optimistic. They\nsaid, \"He's never going to go through with what he said.\" They stayed on\ninstead of leaving real early.\n\nJohn: That is why I was curious. Did your brother already in 1936 have a sense\nthat he needed to leave?\n\nHeyman: Yes. There were a number of young people who left because they did not\nsee any future for themselves. He was in his early twenties at that time. He had\nlived -- had apprenticed in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a big department store and then had to leave. There\nwas nothing for him to do. He could not get another job. That was why he\nimmigrated to the United States.\n\nJohn: When you have gone back to Germany, how genuine do you suppose the remorse\nand apologies are?\n\nHeyman: The young people all seem to be much more or very interested in what\nhappened and have remorse. That is what they at least ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say. They try to make up\nfor it. It was a very funny story. It was interesting. When we went back the\nfirst time, when we went to visit with that group in Switzerland. We had a\nGerman woman, a guide, who was very apologetic about everything that had\nhappened. We stood in line to get up to the Dufourspitze, which is the highest\nmountain in Switzerland. There were some Germans behind us. This guy said in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German, \"All these Americans! What do think they are that they --\" We got in\nfirst, the group. [He said,] \"That stupid group, that stupid goose, that leader\nthere, a German. Who do they think they are?\" They did not think we would\nunderstand German. My husband turned around and said in German to them, \"But\nremember, we Americans won the war!\" The man -- He stood [in awe, with his mouth\nopen]. He did not think anybody would understand what he was saying, because\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody else in our group was American born. We were the only ones who spoke German.\n\nJohn: If your children had been more interested in all of this, what would you\nwant them to take out of that whole history? What should they learn from it if\nthey watch this video some day?\n\nHeyman: Yes, they should be aware of antisemitism. They should make sure that it\ndoes not happen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again. That is the only thing I can say. They say that it\naffects sometimes the next generation. I do not know if it has affected my son\nthat much, but he is a very serious person, and very ambitious, and a little bit\nstressed, impatient. I do not know if it has ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything to do with that.\n\nEinstein: How, sixty years later, do you feel about America and your life here?\n\nHeyman: I feel American. I feel very grateful for my life here. I do not know if\nI would have had such a nice life in Germany. I have no feeling for Germany\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore. If I read something in the paper about Germany, then I look at it. In\nfact, I still correspond with two of my former classmates, who I only found\nafter I came back to visit. One of them sent me an article, naturally in German,\nthat was just in the newspaper about their Chancellor, Angela Merkel, who was\nhere to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"visit President Bush in the White House, her impression and what she all\nsaid about. She seems to be very pro-American. She thinks it interests me. She\nsent me also the death announcement of a man named Paul Spiegel, who was the\nhead of the Jewish community of--I do not know if you have heard of him--over in\nGermany. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died. His funeral was described. It was a Jewish funeral and it was\nstrange probably to the Germans. They described the funeral of this Paul Spiegel.\n\nJohn: I wonder. When you started hearing more specifically about what happened\nin the camps, and the ghettos, and the fields, and all that, that this could\nhave been you if things had worked out differently --\n\nHeyman: I was very grateful.\n\nJohn: What was it like for you to see the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"footage, and the newsreels, and\nrealize, \"That could have been me\"?\n\nHeyman: Of course, I was grateful. We were worried about my father's relatives.\nWe corresponded with them. They were last in their home in Frankfurt and they\nwrote us. The envelopes there, they were all opened, censored by the Germans,\nwhen they mailed them. I still have the letters that say, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Censored.\" They\nchecked whatever the people wrote. They could not even write what they wanted\nto. They had to be careful what they wrote. My father was very upset--I was too,\nnaturally, but I was so young, it does not affect you as much--that all his\nbrothers and sisters disappeared.\n\nJohn: Did the dispute affect your trust in people, that friends and neighbors\ncould turn on you?\n\nHeyman: Not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really, no, because I knew I was in the United States. It was not\nlike that. I was glad I was not in Germany with what was happening there.\n\nJohn: What do you think about how the Iranian president recently said that\nGermany should have been just given to the Jews at the end of the war? Did you\nhear about that?\n\nHeyman: No, I only heard that he said that he should wipe off Israel from the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Earth. I did not know he made a remark about Germany, no.\n\nJohn: Yes, that at the end of the war that Germany should have just been given --\n\nHeyman: So that there would not be in Israel, is that it?\n\nJohn: Yes, that, \"Why should we pay for what Hitler did? They should have just\ngiven them the whole country,\" or something like that. I was just curious.\n\nHeyman: Yes? I did not hear that. Did you hear it?\n\nJohn: Is there anything else you would like to mention that we did not bring up?\nAny other memories that are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still strong for you?\n\nHeyman: No, I cannot think of anything really right now that comes to my mind.\nOnly that I, after that many years, one of the -- We used to play together. She\nlived across the street, one of the girls. In fact, she was of very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high\ndescent. She was like the daughter of a baroness. When I came for the first time\nback to my hometown, when they invited me, I said to my husband, \"I want to find\nout if she is around.\" I looked up her maiden name and it was listed in the\ntelephone book when we were in a telephone booth. I figured, \"Well, she must\nhave gotten married, but maybe this is a relative.\" I called up and I said, \"Are\nyou -- Would you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know anybody by the name of Gabriella von Selle?\" That was her\nname. She said, \"Yeah, that was me.\" I said, \"Well, this is Ruth Lowenberg.\" She\nsaid, \"You are alive!\" It was very touching. She said, \"Oh, I am coming\nimmediately!\" After that many years -- We went to elementary and to school\ntogether. She lived -- We always played together. She came running. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"met in\na café. The telephone was in her mother's name--her mother was still alive at\nthat time--and I had to come to the house at that time. She was married. The\nmother said, \"Oh, my G-d, this is Ruthchen!\" 'Ruthchen' they called me. That was\na nickname. It was a very nice reunion to see her again. We corresponded for\nmany ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years. She wrote an article in the paper about me and so on. Another one,\nwho went to school, who knew my father, and brought a letter once my father\nwrote to her father--they were in the World War One together, her father and my\nfather--she came one day. I do not know how she had my address. She was visiting\nher son who lived in Spartanburg [South Carolina]. She called me and then she\ncame down to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"visit. We have been corresponding and visiting each other since.\nShe was the one who sends me those German articles all the time and also keeps\nme informed about the Jewish community in Gottingen. They started a new Jewish\ncommunity there. They gave them a synagogue to build up. In Germany or in\nEurope, it is so that the even the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbi is an employee of the state, is paid by\nthe state, and the synagogues, too. They have, I think, a prosperous Jewish\ncommunity there again, but most of the people are coming in from Russia,\ndescended from Russia.\n\nJohn: One last thing. You said that when you went back to Germany and you met\nthe older Germans, everybody denied having ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything to do with it.\n\nHeyman: Most of them, yes.\n\nJohn: They were silent. I am curious. If you met an older German of that era who\nadmitted it, a sympathizer or whatever, what would you want to say to somebody\nlike that?\n\nHeyman: I do not really -- I would not say anything, but I would stay away from\nthem. I would not trust them. I just would not want to have anything to do with\nthem and would not trust ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/transcript/42220/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them.\n\nJohn: Okay. I was just curious.\n\nHeyman: Yes, but there are very few that would admit it.\n\nJohn: Thank you for the interview.\n\nHeyman: You are welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=3300.0,3330.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGottingen [German: Göttingen] is a town in central Germany that is known for its university. It is approximately 59 miles (95 kilometers) south of Hannover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNazi leaders began to make good on their pledge to persecute German Jews soon after their assumption of power. During the first six years of Hitler’s dictatorship, from 1933 until the outbreak of war in 1939, Jews felt the effects of more than 400 decrees and regulations that restricted all aspects of their public and private lives. On March 9, 1933, several weeks after Hitler assumed power, organized attacks on Jews broke out across Germany. On April 1, 1933, a general boycott against German Jews was declared, in which SA members stood outside Jewish-owned stores and businesses in order to prevent customers from entering. Approximately one week later, a law concerning the rehabilitation of the professional civil service was passed. The purpose of the legislation was to purge the civil service of officials of Jewish origin and those deemed disloyal to the regime. It was the first racial law that attempted to isolate Jews and oust them from German life. The first laws banished Jews from the civil service, judicial system, public medicine, and the German army (then being reorganized). The exclusion of Jews from German cultural life was highly visible, ousting their considerable contribution to the German press, literature, theater, and music. In September 1935 the “Nuremberg Laws” were passed, stripping the Jews of their citizenship and forbidding intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews. Jews were banned from universities; Jewish actors were dismissed from theaters; publishers rejected Jewish authors’ works; and Jewish journalists were hard-pressed to find newspapers that would publish their writings. Discrimination impacted the daily lives of German Jews even before the Nuremberg Laws. Increasingly restrictive decrees targeted Jews at all levels of society. Many cities and towns banned Jews from entering certain streets, squares, parks, woods, and other public places, while private organizations, associations, and enterprises also excluded Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 25, 1933, the “Law against Overcrowding in Schools and Universities” was issued. It dramatically limited the number of Jewish students attending public schools to no more than 5 percent of the total student population. In 1933, 75 percent of all Jewish students attended public schools in Germany. German public schools played an important role in spreading Nazi ideas to German youth. Educators taught students love for Hitler, obedience to state authority, militarism, racism, and antisemitism. In the face of increasing persecution at public schools, Jews in Germany turned increasingly to private schools for their children. Then on April 9, 1937, the Mayor of Berlin ordered public schools not to admit Jewish children until further notice. On November 15, 1938, the Reich Ministry of Education expelled all Jewish children from German public schools.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFulda is a city in central Germany, approximately 68 miles (110 kilometers) south of Gottingen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore World War II, around 600 Jews lived in Gottingen. The city had one synagogue, built in 1872, that was Conservative. A small group of Orthodox met in another building with a mikveh. The synagogue did not survive the war. By 1940, most of Gottingen’s Jews had emigrated. Those that remained were crowded into six “Jewish houses.” Most were deported in 1941 and 1942. In 1973, a memorial plaque with the names of 258 Jews who were deported and murdered was installed at the site of the former synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\").\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hitler Youth [German: Hitlerjugend] was a youth organization of the Nazi Party in Germany. It existed from 1922 to 1945. It was modeled after its adult counterpart, the Sturmabteilung (SA), and was paramilitary in organization. It was for males 14 to 18 years of age. There was another section for young boys called Deutsches Jungvolk and a girls’ section called Bund Deutscher Madel [German: Association of German Girls]. The Hitler Youth were viewed as future “Aryan supermen” and were indoctrinated as such. The Hitler Youth put emphasis on physical and military training. The organization emphasized sports as a means of preparing boys for service as soldiers in the armed forces or, later, in the SS. They had uniforms like the SA with similar ranks and insignia. It also served to indoctrinate students with the National Socialist worldview.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi salute, also called the 'German greeting' by the Nazi Party, 'Hitler greeting,' or ‘Sieg Heil’ salute, is a gesture that was used as a greeting by the German National Socialist (Nazi) party in the 1920s. The greeting later became compulsory in Nazi Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 7, 1939, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew living in Paris, shot German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath in Paris. Grynszpan apparently acted out of despair over the fate of his parents, who are trapped along with other Polish Jewish deportees in a no-man’s-land between Germany and Poland. The Nazis used the shooting as antisemitic propaganda fervor, claiming that Grynszpan was part of a wider Jewish conspiracy. When Vom Rath died two days later, the Nazis used the incidence to fuel violent pogroms. On November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called “Kristallnacht,” which means “Night of Broken Glass,” because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. Thousands of German Jews and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany. Most were released within a few weeks, but only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eElberfeld is a municipal subdivision of the German city of \u003cbr\u003eWuppertal; it was an independent town until 1929. Wuppertal is approximately 122 miles (196 kilometers) west of Gottingen. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSome of the first anti-Jewish measures taken in Germany included a series of laws in 1933, which expelled all “non-Aryans” (defined as anyone with a Jewish parent or grandparent) from civil service, barred Jews from practicing as lawyers or physicians, and restricted Jewish enrollment in German high schools. Initially, exceptions were made for German veterans of World War I and their children. These exceptions reinforced the way many veterans identified themselves—as Germans rather than as Jews—and created a false and short-lived sense of security. Eventually, all German Jews—regardless of their earlier service to their country—were disenfranchised and suffered under the increasing anti-Jewish laws and abuses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eApproximately 125,000 Germans, most of them Jewish, immigrated to the United States between 1933 and 1945. As World War II began, however, immigration became more and more difficult. After Germany annexed Austria in March 1938, the United States had combined the German and Austrian quotas into one “German” quota. Of the 27,370 visas available to Germans, 7,818 went unissued, even though increasing antisemitic persecution made the waiting list grew to over 139,000. In 1939, all of the German visas were issued. After World War II began in September of that year, the waiting list grew to more than 300,000 people, most of the Jewish. In 1940, the German quota was almost filled, but new restrictions were put in place that made it more difficult for Germans to obtain visas. By the summer of 1941, all U.S. consulates in Nazi-occupied territory had been closed. Only German refugees who had already escaped Nazi-occupied territory could obtain visas. When the U.S. officially entered the war in December 1941, Jews trapped in Europe had almost no hope of immigrating.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Immigration Act of 1924 was popularly known as the ‘Johnson-Reed Act.’ It was a federal law that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2 percent of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890. Great Britain and Ireland dominated most of the available slots. Germany was assigned about 26,000 immigrants per year while countries like Poland were allowed 6,000 immigrants per year. It was aimed at restricting Southern and Eastern European immigrants, mainly Jews fleeing persecution in Poland and Russia, who had started immigrating to the United States in large numbers in the 1890s. It also restricted immigration of Middle Easterners and Asians.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States during the 1930s and 1940s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (Federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1940, Italy had entered World War II and allied with Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the time Ruth’s family left Europe, the Soviet Union and Germany were not yet at war, thanks to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (also known as the Hitler-Stalin Pact and German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact), a non-aggression pact between Germany and Russia signed August 23, 1939. Russia, which had a treaty with Poland to defend it if it was attacked, reneged in secret. Russia agreed to stand aside if Germany attacked Poland and not declare war on Germany. The pact provided that the two countries would not attack each other, independently or in conjunction with other powers; would not support any third power that might attack the other party to the pact; would remain in consultation with each other with regard to their common interests; would not join any power or group of powers that threatened the other; and would solve all differences between them through negotiation or arbitration. The public pact was accompanied by a secret protocol, reached on the same day, which divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Hitler, knowing that he wasn’t going to have to fight Russia if he invaded Poland, invaded Poland just one week later. The Pact ended on June 22, 1941, when Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUntil October 1941, German policy officially encouraged Jewish emigration. However, American immigration quotas and the increasing reluctance of European and British Commonwealth countries to accept additional Jewish refugees combined with increasingly restrictive German policies to make emigration increasingly difficult. The cost for Jews to leave Germany was increasingly and prohibitively high in the years leading up to World War II. Most of the German Jews who managed to emigrate after Kristallnacht were completely impoverished by the time they were able to leave. In order to further pay the various taxes and restrictions imposed on Jews leaving Germany and the high cost of emigration, many Jews were forced to sell their real estate, possessions, and other assets for far less than their actual worth. To keep the purchase and sale of Jewish property and assets “legal,” local currency offices policed emigration. German authorities considered Jewish belongings and their financial capital to German property and Jews who emigrated were not allowed to take anything of material value with them. The amount of currency (10 Reichmarks, or about US $4) and assets Jews were allowed to take out of Germany was also highly restricted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Trans-Siberian Railway is a network of railways connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East. With a length of 9,289 kilometers, from Moscow to Vladivostok, it is the longest railway line in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) was founded in 1881. Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian in relocating. During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East. They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas. After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere. Since that time, the organization continues to provide support for refugees of all nationalities, religions, and ethnic origins. The organization works with people whose lives and freedom are believed to be at risk due to war, persecution, or violence. HIAS has offices in the United States and across Latin America, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Since its inception, HIAS has helped resettle more than 4.5 million people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eManchuria \u003cbr\u003eis a historical region of present-day northeastern China bounded by Russia (northwest, north, and east), North Korean (south), and the province of Hebei (southwest). As pogroms in Russia intensified in the early years of the twentieth century, some Eastern European Jews began to settle in the region, which was only nominally a sovereign of China. In 1931, Japanese troops drove the Chinese out. Manchuria was a land under Japanese colonial rule from 1932 to 1945. Although an ally of Germany during World War II, Japan initially supported Jewish settlers colonizing the area as it hoped to create a buffer against the Soviet Union. \u003cbr\u003eVarious proposals to encourage Jewish settlers in the area were discussed in the late 1930s, but never officially came to fruition. Under Japanese control, Manchuria was brutally run, with a systematic campaign of terror and intimidation against the local populations including arrests, organized riots and other forms of subjugation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the 1930’s and the early 1940’s, Shanghai, China was an open city. It did not require visas or certificates of good conduct from Jewish immigrants. This leniency in immigration allowed between 15,000 to 18,000 European Jews fleeing Nazi racial policies and violence to find refuge there.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSukkot\u003cbr\u003e is one of the harvest festivals of Judaism. It is seven days long and comes after the ingathering of the yearly harvest. It celebrates God’s bounty in nature and God’s protection, symbolized by the fragile booths in which the Israelites dwelt in the wilderness. During Sukkot, Jews eat and live in such booths, which gives the festival its name and character.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRuth and her parents, Max and Rosa Lowenberg, arrived in Seattle, Washington on October 31, 1940 aboard the SS Hele Maru from Yokohama, Japan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWashington Heights is a neighborhood in the northern portion of the New York City borough of Manhattan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Salvation Army is a Christian organization founded by William and Catherine Booth in 1852 in London, England. The Booths worked among the poor in the East End, seeking to bring salvation to the poor, destitute and hungry by meeting both their physical and spiritual needs. Today it is in 126 countries, running charity shops, operating shelters for the homeless, and providing disaster relief and humanitarian aid to developing countries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Gurs camp was one of the earliest and biggest transit camps for Jews established in prewar France. It was located at the foot of the Pyrenees in southwestern France, just to the south of the village of Gurs and about 50 miles from the Spanish border. The French government established the camp in April 1939, before war with Germany as a detention camp for political refugees. In early 1940, about 4,000 German Jewish refugees were interned there as “enemy aliens,” along with French leftist political leaders who opposed the war with German. After the French armistice with Germany in June 1940, Gurs fell under the Vichy regime’s authority. The conditions in the Gurs camp were very primitive. It was overcrowded and there was a constant shortage of water, food, and clothing. During 1940-1941, some 800 died of contagious disease. In October 1940, German authorities deported about 7,500 Jews from the southwestern Germany into the unoccupied zone of France. The Vichy government inters most of them in Gurs. Of this group, 1,710 were eventually released, 755 escaped, 1,940 were able to emigrate, and 2,820 men were conscripted into French labor battalions. By the time the Vichy government closed the camp in November 1943, more than 1,100 internees had died in the camp. Over 18,000 of the almost 22,000 prisoners who had passed through Gurs were Jewish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHeinrich Himmler had obtained permission from Hitler to begin deporting Jews from Germany in September 1941. At the time, no extermination camps had been constructed and, because killing German Jews could be politically sensitive, they were to be relocated east before being deported even further east the next spring. Riga and Minsk became the sites of ghettos for German-speaking Jews deported from the Reich in late 1941 and early 1942. In October 1941, German authorities began deporting Jews from the so-called Greater German Reich—including Austria and the annexed Czech lands of Bohemia and Moravia. They were sent to ghettos, labor camps, shooting sites, concentration camps, and killing centers, primarily in German-occupied Poland, the German-occupied Baltic States, and German-occupied Belarus. In the first half of 1942, many of the German Jews were again deported, together with Polish Jews, to the extermination camps at Chelmno, Treblinka, and Belzec. In May 1943, the Reich was declared Judenrein [German: free of Jews]. The mass deportations had left fewer than 20,000 Jews in Germany. In all, between 160,000 and 180,000 Jews from the Greater German Reich were killed during the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Catskill Mountains, often referred to as the “Catskills,” are a large area in the southeastern portion of that state of New York. The Catskills and its many large resorts are well known in American culture as a vacation destination in the mid-twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eQuakers, or Friends, are an international family of diverse Christian religious organizations. They are theologically diverse. They started in England in the 17th century by George Fox, who was convinced that it was possible to have a direct experience of Christ without clergy. He admonished his followers that they should tremble at the word of God, so they became derisively called the ‘Quakers.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe City College of the City University of New York is a public research university within the City University of New York system in New York City. Founded in 1847, City College was the first free public institution of higher education in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The war in the Pacific Theater did not end until August 15, 1945, when Japan officially surrendered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAIDS is a chronic immune system disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: b’nai mitzvah] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eORT (Association for the Promotion of Skilled Trades) is a non-profit global Jewish organization that promotes education and training in communities worldwide. It was founded at the end of the eighteenth century in 1880 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Active in over 100 countries, today, ORT is the world’s largest Jewish education and vocational training NGO (Non-Governmental Organization). Rabbi Harry H. Epstein founded the Atlanta ORT chapter in 1970.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArtur Levi (1922-2007) was born to a Jewish family in Munich, Germany. He immigrated to England in 1937 and attended school there. In 1946, he returned to Germany and settled in Gottingen, where he worked as a teacher. In 1956, he became a member of the city’s council, then served as deputy mayor (1981-1986) and mayor (1973-1981; 1985-1991).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJane Leavey was the founding director of the Breman Jewish Heritage and Holocaust Museum in Atlanta, Georgia. She retired as Executive Director in 2011.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrankfurt [German: Frankfurt am Main] is a central German city on the Main River. In 1933, more than 26,000 Jews lived in Frankfurt, making the city the second-largest Jewish community in Germany. As soon as the Nazis rose to power in January 1933, the Jews of Frankfurt, like Jews all over Germany, were subjected to discrimination. During the Kristallnacht pogrom of November 9-10, 1938, many of the city's synagogues were burnt down, Jewish stores were attacked and pillaged, and homes were ransacked. The Frankfurt yeshiva was also destroyed. Soon, thousands of Jews were arrested and over 2,000 were sent to Buchenwald. The grave violence led many Jews to flee the country, and by May 1939, only about 14,000 Jews were left in Frankfurt. In March 1941 Jews were made to do forced labor, and in October, the first Jews were deported to Lodz. On November 11, 1,052 Jews were sent to Minsk, and another 902 were deported to Riga on November 22. During 1942, 2,952 Jews from Frankfurt were sent to Theresienstadt. More Jews were deported eastward in late 1942 and throughout 1943. The last transport of Jews from Frankfurt was transferred to Theresienstadt in January 1944. Altogether, only 600 Jews from Frankfurt survived the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “Aryan” when used in relation to the Third Reich means the Nazi vision of the blond-haired, blue-eyed physical ideal of men and women. According to the Nazis, “Aryans” belonged to the master race of perfect humans. Everyone else was considered to be racially inferior.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Dufourspitze is the highest peak of Monte Rosa, an ice-covered mountain in the Alps. It is the highest mountain peak of both Switzerland and the Pennine Alps and is also the second-highest mountain of the Alps and Western Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAngela Merkel (1954-) is a German former politician and \u003cbr\u003escientist who served as Chancellor of Germany 2005-2021.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Walker Bush (1946- ) was the 43rd President of the United States. He served from 2001 to 2009. He was a Republican.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaul Spiegel (1937-2006) was a German journalist and author, who survived the Holocaust in hiding in Belgium. In 1993, he joined the Central Council of Jews in Germany as vice-president and in 2000, became president. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMahmoud Ahmadinejad (b. 1956) was Iranian president from 2005 to 2013. During his presidency, Ahmadinejad was viewed as a controversial figure within Iran and internationally because of his economic policies, disregard for human rights, and his push for a nuclear program. He was also a vehement Holocaust denier and outspoken opponent of the State of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514/annotation_set/1024/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOnly a few Jews returned to Gottingen after the war. However, by 1994, around 200 Jews—mostly refugees fleeing antisemitism in the Soviet Union—lived in Gottingen and formally established a new Jewish community. In 2008, a synagogue from the nearby town of Bodenfelde was reconstructed in Gottingen as the Jewish community center. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88962/file/184514#t=3210.0,3240.0"}]}]}]}