{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/hh6c24sn9f/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Denbo, Morley"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2010-12-07 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Berman, Sandra (Interviewer)","Denbo, Morley (Interviewee)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMorely Denbo was born in 1927, in Pulaski, Tennessee, to Isaac Denbo and Jeannette Rifkin of Boston, Massachusetts. He attended grade school and high school at Martin College in Pulaski. He served in the United States Navy at age 17 during World War II for one and half years. Upon his return in 1946, he entered the University of Alabama. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMorley was a leading entrepreneur in the regional business community for over 50 years. He began working in the scrap metal business in 1947 when he managed his wife’s family’s business in Bristol, Virginia. In 1950 he bought his uncle's scrap metal recycling business, then known as B. Denbo Company, in Decatur, Alabama, and started his own business. Morley grew the business into a major commercial empire. In continuous operation now for more than 100 years, the business became Denbo Iron and Metal Company, Inc., and then Tennessee Valley Recycling, LLC. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMorley was a lifetime member of Temple B’nai Sholom in Huntsville, Alabama, where he served as shofar blower for more than 50 years. He was a lifetime member of the Kiwanis Club, the Exchange Club, the American Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the Elks Club.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMorley married Barbara Palkes Denbo in 1947. They have three children, Leslie Denbo, Melissa Denbo Davis, and Joel Denbo and many grandchildren. After his first wife’s passing in 1980, Morley married his second wife, Ann Shirley Denbo.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eMorley Denbo begins the interview talking about his family history in Lithuania. He talks about his father’s life in Lithuania before immigrating to the United Sates. He talks about his father being a World War I veteran and his role as grenadier in the Battle of Verdun. He tells the story of his father’s origins in north Alabama and south-central Tennessee.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMorley discusses what it was like growing up in a small Jewish community in the South. He reflects on Ku Klux Klan activities in the area. Morely discusses the scrap metal business in great depth and how he first gained experience managing his wife’s family’s scrap metal business before starting his own business. Morley talks about why many Jews have entered into the scrap metal business and talks about the steel industry in general. He reflects on how the scrap metal business has changed over the years from that of junk dealer to a metal processing facility and automobile shredding process. He reflects on the success of his business of over 50 years in operation and the likelihood that the younger family members will not continue the business. He talks about the younger generation’s interest in moving to bigger cities for greater opportunities and where they are accepted with their own group. He reflects on his successes, which has allowed him to travel the world and to live a good life. He reflects on his travels to Israel.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMorley talks about growing up in a Jewish household and being a lifetime member of Temple B’nai Sholom in Huntsville, Alabama. Morely reflects on the lack of patriotism in the United States. He talks about being a lifelong member of many civic clubs, including Kiwanis and Lions. He discusses his reason for not becoming a Mason as his father and brother were. Morley recalls integration of the schools in 1967 when his son was in school and reflects on race relations, prejudice, and ignorance. He reflects on the acceptance of Jews by the non-Jewish community and in the school system. He reflects on Judaism as something that the greater community has to recognize and discusses Jews living in small communities in the South.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMorley recalls the Jewish families and Jewish businesses in Decatur, Alabama. He talks about a Holocaust survivor living in Decatur, who was a brilliant scientist and musician. With great humor, Morely tells interesting stories of members in the community and of the legendary local bordello. He talks about meeting Governor George Wallace and other local and international politicians. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMorley talks about his wife Barbara Palkes Denbo and their three children. He mentions his second wife, Ann Shirley Denbo. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eMorley Denbo was interviewed by Sandra Berman on July 12, 2010 in Decatur, Alabama. \u003c/p\u003e (general)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMorely Denbo was born in 1927, in Pulaski, Tennessee, to Isaac Denbo and Jeannette Rifkin of Boston, Massachusetts. He attended grade school and high school at Martin College in Pulaski. He served in the United States Navy at age 17 during World War II for one and half years. Upon his return in 1946, he entered the University of Alabama.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMorley was a leading entrepreneur in the regional business community for over 50 years. He began working in the scrap metal business in 1947 when he managed his wife\u0026rsquo;s family\u0026rsquo;s business in Bristol, Virginia. In 1950 he bought his uncle's scrap metal recycling business, then known as B. Denbo Company, in Decatur, Alabama, and started his own business. Morley grew the business into a major commercial empire. In continuous operation now for more than 100 years, the business became Denbo Iron and Metal Company, Inc., and then Tennessee Valley Recycling, LLC.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMorley was a lifetime member of Temple B\u0026rsquo;nai Sholom in Huntsville, Alabama, where he served as shofar blower for more than 50 years. He was a lifetime member of the Kiwanis Club, the Exchange Club, the American Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the Elks Club.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMorley married Barbara Palkes Denbo in 1947. They have three children, Leslie Denbo, Melissa Denbo Davis, and Joel Denbo and many grandchildren. After his first wife\u0026rsquo;s passing in 1980, Morley married his second wife, Ann Shirley Denbo.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMorley Denbo begins the interview talking about his family history in Lithuania. He talks about his father\u0026rsquo;s life in Lithuania before immigrating to the United Sates. He talks about his father being a World War I veteran and his role as grenadier in the Battle of Verdun. He tells the story of his father\u0026rsquo;s origins in north Alabama and south-central Tennessee.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMorley discusses what it was like growing up in a small Jewish community in the South. He reflects on Ku Klux Klan activities in the area. Morely discusses the scrap metal business in great depth and how he first gained experience managing his wife\u0026rsquo;s family\u0026rsquo;s scrap metal business before starting his own business. Morley talks about why many Jews have entered into the scrap metal business and talks about the steel industry in general. He reflects on how the scrap metal business has changed over the years from that of junk dealer to a metal processing facility and automobile shredding process. He reflects on the success of his business of over 50 years in operation and the likelihood that the younger family members will not continue the business. He talks about the younger generation\u0026rsquo;s interest in moving to bigger cities for greater opportunities and where they are accepted with their own group. He reflects on his successes, which has allowed him to travel the world and to live a good life. He reflects on his travels to Israel.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMorley talks about growing up in a Jewish household and being a lifetime member of Temple B\u0026rsquo;nai Sholom in Huntsville, Alabama. Morely reflects on the lack of patriotism in the United States. He talks about being a lifelong member of many civic clubs, including Kiwanis and Lions. He discusses his reason for not becoming a Mason as his father and brother were. Morley recalls integration of the schools in 1967 when his son was in school and reflects on race relations, prejudice, and ignorance. He reflects on the acceptance of Jews by the non-Jewish community and in the school system. He reflects on Judaism as something that the greater community has to recognize and discusses Jews living in small communities in the South.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMorley recalls the Jewish families and Jewish businesses in Decatur, Alabama. He talks about a Holocaust survivor living in Decatur, who was a brilliant scientist and musician. With great humor, Morely tells interesting stories of members in the community and of the legendary local bordello. He talks about meeting Governor George Wallace and other local and international politicians.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMorley talks about his wife Barbara Palkes Denbo and their three children. He mentions his second wife, Ann Shirley Denbo.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMorley Denbo was interviewed by Sandra Berman on July 12, 2010 in Decatur, Alabama.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/283/405/small/1753321550_denbo_morley.mp4_1753321561.jpg?1753321562","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - 1753321550_denbo_morley.mp4"]},"duration":4192.211,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/283/405/small/1753321550_denbo_morley.mp4_1753321561.jpg?1753321562","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/283/405/original/1753321550_denbo_morley.mp4?1753321559","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":4192.211,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Denbo, Morley [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Today is July 12, 2010. I am with Morley Denbo, who has agreed to participate in the Esther and Herbert Oral History Project of the William Breman Jewish Heritage and Holocaust Museum. Thank you so much for participating. We're so glad to be here in Decatur, Alabama. I'd like to begin by asking you a little bit about your own background, your parent’s names, and how you ended up in Decatur.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=0.375,27.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e It's a story of movement. I didn’t move too far, but it was in a circuitous   route. I was born May 15, 1927, in Pulaski, Tennessee, the son of Isaac Denbo and Jeannette Rifkin Denbo, my mother. They didn’t have a hospital. I was born in bed with my mother when the doctor and a nurse came to the house to deliver children at home. I grew up in a very provincial town and a town that was once the birthplace of the Ku Klux Klan. It’s known for that. Nathan Bedford Forrest. But the Ku Klux Klan never bothered my father because my father, being a veteran of World War I who fought as a sniper and a grenadier in [Battle of] Verdun to break the stalemate. He carried a long-barrel .44 pistol. They knew it, and the Klansmen would never bother anybody who's like that. They didn’t. They never bothered us either. I grew up there. I graduated high school. I was a year ahead because when I started elementary school, the school system was bankrupt. At age five, I started at Martin College, a Methodist college who had first and second grade. So, I was year ahead of everybody else. I graduated high school when I was 16, then in college when I was 16 during World War II. At 17, I enlisted in the United States Navy. I served for a year and a half in United States Navy. I came back to Pulaski. Immediately entered the University of Alabama under the GI Bill in September 1946. There, I met my first wife, Barbara Palkes [Denbo] from Bristol, Virginia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=27.0,133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e How do you spell that last name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=133.0,135.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e P-A-L-K-E-S.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=135.0,137.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e They were in the scrap metal business. I grew up in the scrap metal business. Her father was in the scrap metal business. Anyway, we met as college students. Her father fell desperately ill, and Barbara and I got engaged. He asked would I come and manage the scrap yard, as a young man. Believe it or not, I was just 20 years old when I started. Barbara and I were married in Nashville, Tennessee, March 23, 1947. I went to Bristol after a short honeymoon to Miami Beach [Florida], where I got sunburned, by the way, and went to live in Bristol, Tennessee, across . . . the city had a state line right through the middle of the city. Her parents lived in Virginia. We lived in Tennessee. Interesting neighborhood we lived in. We lived one block away from the parents of Tennessee Ernie Ford, who was kind of a famous entertainer. We used to see him sitting on the porch when he would visit his family there. We knew him by face. Anyway, I spent two and a half years in Bristol managing the scrap operation. I was successful for the company and made a lot of money for the company. Didn’t make money for myself. But my uncle in Decatur, Alabama, and I'll tell you the history behind that. My uncle in Decatur, Alabama, decided he wanted to take it easy and retire. He had a business in this town [B. Denbo Company], a very small scrapyard, really, almost a junkyard. He wanted to sell it to me. He told me . . . he made me an offer. He would sell it to me on credit. I had very limited amount of money. I took my wife. We went to visit. I asked her if she would live in town like Decatur, Alabama. She said, “With you, I would follow to the ends of the earth,” which is appreciated because she did it. We came here with one child, my oldest daughter [Leslie Denbo], who is now 62 years of age. This last month she was 62. Anyway, this month, she was 62. We came here to live with a very limited amount of money. We really struggled. But they called me, because of two or three transactions as a young man maybe at age 23 and half, 24 and half, 25, they called me “Lucky Morley in the Trade,” because of two trades made me strong enough strong enough financially to buy this property here. We were on the other side of town to buy this major piece of property here. We occupied 60 acres on this major highway, and we have a large processing facility here. Anyway, I came to Decatur as a young man. Decatur was a larger Jewish community, believe it or not, quite a bit larger than it is today. I think there are five Jewish families or family origins left in Decatur. It's just not a place for Jewish people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=137.0,326.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was your uncle's name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=326.0,328.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Benjamin Denbo. There's a picture. I think you have a picture of him. He was here. I'll tell you the story behind my father's origin in north Alabama and south central Tennessee, where our business exists. I think it's important to note. My father was from Lithuania. It was Russia at the particular time. It was under the Tsars.His father was like Fiddler on the Roof. The Dairyman. They also had a country store and an inn in a small community called Upyte, which is a suburb of Ponevezh. Ponevezh was a very famous learning center for Jewish people, very heavy Jewish population. Ponevezh was 50 percent Jewish and Upyte 100 percent Jewish. My father’s father, my grandfather.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=328.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was his name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=380.0,381.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e His name was Yikhail ben Levit [sp]. He sent my father into Ponevezh with a load of milk and cream, and two drunk Cossack soldiers thought they would have some fun out of the Jew boy, so they stopped him and started dumping his milk out. His father had given him, my grandfather, had given him a sledge hammer handle for protection. Well, he knocked them in the head. He didn't kill them, but he knocked them in the head. Knocked them out. He turned around and went right back to his father. It's a death sentence for a Jew to hit a Russian soldier. He told his father. In an underground railroad, he disappeared through Hamburg [Germany], New York, and to Athens, Alabama, where his brother, Benjamin Denbo, resided in 1907.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=381.0,434.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e And your father's name was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=434.0,436.92298"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Isaac","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=436.92298,439.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e There was a depression in 1907 [Panic of 1907]. My Uncle Ben Denbo was not a rich man. He was a poor man. Before they started this business together, he got my father a job as a hod carrier. A hod carrier is a man who carries the V-shaped wooden thing with the post and carry bricks up the scaffold and mortar up the scaffold to the brick layer. Very interesting. That job was the best job in Athens in the depression in 1907. It paid six cents an hour, ten hours a day, six days a week. My father always had 25 to 30 men standing outside the gate in case somebody got fired to get a job at six cents an hour. There were tough times on my father's side. But after that, they started in business together. My uncle in the mill business. My father in scrap iron with old horseshoes, mule shoes, wagon tires, wagon plow points. Very small type of business. 30,000 pounds was a car load of scrap in those days. Today, 200,000 pounds is a carload of scrap. So, different times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=439.0,514.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e This first business, the mule business and the scrap business, was in Athens?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=514.0,518.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e In Athens, Alabama. It was successful too. My father then made money and he split away from his uncle and went to Huntsville, Alabama, and opened up his own business, having scrap iron, hides, poultry, firs, called the Tennessee . . . let's see. He called it the Tennessee Poultry \u0026 Hide Company in Huntsville, Alabama. He was successful in that business. It lasted until he was told he was going to be drafted into the [United States] Army in World War I immediately when they called for the draft. So, he sold his business to Louis Miller, who was a friend of his from Russia, he met in 1916. In 1917, he sold him the business. My father went to war. He never shot a gun in his life. But after three months in service, he was so good at it, they made him an expert rifleman. They made him a sniper. A grenadier was one who shot a bottle grenade off a rifle. In three months, he was moving into the front in Verdun [France] where they broke the stalemate. Where over a million men had already died at Verdun, at the stalemate. He moved in there. As you know, we were successful there. He was successful. He never talked about it, but his job was to do away with the German machine gun nests that destroyed before we got there, killed 400,000 British soldiers. Anyway, that's where he was. After he got out of service, he came back to Decatur, Alabama, and went into business here. In the [Great] Depression of 1921, he decided to leave here and went to Pulaski, Tennessee, and opened up his business in Pulaski. That's where I was born, in Pulaski. The story continues. He was successful in Pulaski. In 1923. In 1921, they started to date when my mother came down from Boston [Massachusetts] to visit her family in Birmingham [Alabama] in 1922. In 1923, June, they were married in Birmingham, Alabama. My grandmother came down from Boston.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=518.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e What synagogue? Where were they married?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=660.0,664.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e I can't really tell you. I don't know. I think they were married in a hotel. At a hotel wedding. It was called the Hillman Hotel, right across from the old Tutwiler Hotel. That's where they spent their honeymoon night, by the way. You didn't travel there. Anyway, he took my mother to Pulaski. My mother was from Boston and graduated from Girls’ High School in Dorchester [Massachusetts] and came to Pulaski, Tennessee, which was a rather fundamentalist primitive town. But she was well accepted by the community. My mother wrote poetry. She was elected to office, like the [Order of the] Eastern Star, which is a division of Masonic [Scottish rite]. My father, by the way, was a 32nd degree Mason. My mother, the chaplain of East and Thayer for 25 years because she took Jewish liturgy and, I guess, Americanized it into the liturgy for the Eastern Star. She was a magnificent chaplain with beautiful prayers. Naturally, she was well accepted. But it goes on. I was raised there. Went to school when I was five years old, as I told you, in Martin College. I went through all the way the school, really, right now, one of the few survivors of my graduating class at the high school. That's probably because I'm younger, one year than most of them. Anyway, that's my story up until I came to Decatur. I've been in business in Decatur. Like I say, I started 1951 in January, and I'm here today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=664.0,758.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I have a lot of questions. That’s a great beginning. I love that story. So, you moved to Decatur with your new bride?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=758.0,768.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e No. She wasn’t that new because we already had one child.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=768.0,771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=771.0,771.28571"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e She was new to me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=771.28571,772.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e New to you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=772.0,773.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e That’s right. She was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=773.0,775.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was Decatur like when you first got here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=775.0,778.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Decatur was a rather fundamentalist Christian town. Jews were not well accepted here. They were not. There were a number of Jews here that spoke with heavy accents. They had names that were not popular. But, certain people, I mean, some people were more popular than others. Let me tell you, some of the names. Lichtenstein. Lichenstein, they called it. They couldn’t say Lichtenstein. He and his wife were not well liked because they had heavy accents. Very Jewish, you know. Wohl. Hyman Wohl. It's an interesting thing, Hyman Wohl’s brother [Isaac Wohl] was killed the last day of World War I.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=778.0,830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Was Wohl W-O-H-L?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=830.0,831.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e W-O-H-L. Hyman Wohl. Hyman Wohl’s brother was killed the last day of World War I. At great expense, he had his brother brought from the battlefield cemetery to Decatur, Alabama, to be buried in the [Decatur] City Cemetery [Congregation B’nai Jacob section] here. All it says is the name [Pvt Isaac] Wohl. His name Wohl. And died in World War I. But he was killed the last day. I know the story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=831.0,865.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me ask you. We travel all over, speaking with lots of Jewish families and many small towns and most of them don't have that same experience. Most of the interviewees say that there wasn't a problem. They were very well accepted. You were small in numbers here too, so why do you think they weren't accepted?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=865.0,888.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e I think . . . one or two of the stores operated here for a while were New York people. They are different. The Michelson’s. Mr. Michelson and his wife opened a store. Harold came here as a child, Harold Michelson. He's buried here in the cemetery. His wife still lives, by the way. She's a year or so older than I am. Ellen Michelson. M-I-C-H-E-L-S-O-N. They were more accepted because they were upscale retailers. They catered to a lot of the more upscale people in the community. Although they catered, when they first came here, this town was a town of infamous bordellos. The girls from the bordello, the famous bordello here that they've honored by naming a restaurant [Simp McGhee’s] after the master of the house of ill repute. Those girls used to shop specifically at Michelson’s because they catered to them with the fancies. You know what the fancies are? Those girls dressed a lot of different than the average conservative woman dressed in Decatur.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=888.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the name of the bordello?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=960.0,962.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Kate [Katherine] Lackner. I know a lot of history of Kate Lackner. A riverboat captain [William Simpson “Simp” McGhee] was the financier that started it. It was closed at World War II because they had two military installations close by here. It was so popular that the soldiers would go there and get drunk because this was a dry town, that they closed them down. I guess because of the girls and the whiskey.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=962.0,993.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you relate any specific incidents of antisemitic problems here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=993.0,1000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Not necessarily directly that. They didn't have that. They had plenty of black African Americans to pick on in this community. So, it kept them busy with that. The Ku Klux Klan used to march in the streets here. They used to march without permit. The town has a bad background in that respect. There was a particular thing called the Tommy Lee Hines case. It was a seriously retarded African American whose brother actually raped a woman. But the brother decided that somebody who was unable to barely sit up, and they were going to lynch him. The black community and the Ku Klux Klan met on Leaf Street, and the chief of police was able to diffuse it. The sheriff was able to diffuse it before. But I actually heard a recording of it where there was gunfire that they shot in the air. Automatic gunfire. They were allowed to march in this town and ride around in pickup trucks with automatic weapons, a violation of every law known. But the chief of police here was a Ku Klux Klan. The former chief of police was a Ku Klux Klan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1000.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e What year was the Tommy Lee Hines case?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1080.0,1083.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e I can't remember the exact year and have to go into the historical, but it's been a number of years ago. There was a blight on this community. Those type of incidents are blights on a community.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1083.0,1093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you know these Klan members intimately?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1093.0,1097.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e I knew some of them. Let me tell you, my father was a 32nd degree Mason and my brother was a Mason. I had a brother in Pulaski. He wanted me to be a Mason. I went to the Masonic Lodge and took the first degree and second degree. The second degree, I recognized three known Ku Klux Klan members who were Masons. Violates everything that Mason stands for. I got up and left and never went back. I wish I could have been a Mason like my family, but I left because of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1097.0,1135.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e So when you got to Decatur, what was the . . . there were about how many Jewish families here then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1135.0,1142.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e There were probably about 10 or 12 then. The population, really the children of these people, moved away. Let's see, if I go down Bank Street. That was a heavy Jewish occupied business. Let's see if I remember. Lichtenstein, Mr. and Mrs. Lichtenstein had a retail store. Max Lesser. Max Lesser was a bachelor for many years. He married, in his old age, a store clerk that worked for him. Joyce. They had one child. It is buried in the Jewish cemetery that died as a child. The Wohl family was there [Wohl’s Department Store]. By the way, one of the leading hotels, two of the three leading hotels of this community back at the old days, were built by Jews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1142.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e What were their names?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1200.0,1201.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's see if I can remember. The Hilda Hotel was on Railroad Street. The Hilda Hotel was named after Hilda Polytinsky from Hartselle, Alabama. Abraham Polytinsky’s daughter. The Lyons Hotel. L-Y-O-N-S. The Lyons Hotel was built by Ephraim Lyons. Was a tailor. It was the leading hotel of this community when I came here. Had wonderful food. Everybody went there on Sunday to eat. Of course, they ate other days too. The Lyons Hotel. He was Ephraim Lyons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1201.0,1240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Are any of these families left here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1240.0,1246.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e None of those. Hyman Wohl and his wife, Kate. Let me think who else. You had the . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1246.0,1255.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Michelsons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1255.0,1256.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Michelsons. You had us. Let's see who else was here. There was a cotton broker. I'll think of his name in a moment. I think they're also buried in the cemetery. To get all the names, you and I can go to the cemetery. We could go through and you can look at all the history of this town.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1256.0,1280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did you all go to synagogue?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1280.0,1282.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Huntsville [Temple B’nai Sholom]. It's strange. My uncle went to Huntsville. My cousin went to Huntsville. Another cousin, Athens. His wife went to Florence [Alabama]. They had some friends over there. We always went to Huntsville. When I first came here, I joined. In fact, I came here as a professional shofar blower. As a professional, I only have to two or three days’ work a year. So, I decided I better do something else. But I had blown shofar for more than 50 years in the temple here. I did it in Bristol for the two High Holy Days and two Rosh HaShanah while I was there because I can blow the shofar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1282.0,1333.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you find it difficult maintaining a Jewish life for your own children living here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1333.0,1339.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e We did. It was difficult. But my children are Jewish. I always say maintaining a Jewish life has got to be with the mother and father and primarily with the mother. And she was Jewish. She was really Jewish. The children are all Jewish. That that's where it really comes from.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1339.0,1362.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you take them to Sunday school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1362.0,1364.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Absolutely. They all went to Sunday school. They all went to Sunday school. They were all confirmed at the temple. Joel [Denbo] was the president the congregation. We’re ingrained in the temple in Huntsville. We’ve been going there for years. We still go there. We still go there, not every day, not every week, but we go there often.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1364.0,1392.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Who are your friends here for you and your wife? Were they mainly the other Jewish families?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1392.0,1396.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e We have other friends. Yes, we have other friends. We have friends in Huntsville. We have friends here. I used to laugh. We belong to the Jewish Country Club here. It has two Jews in it, and the non-Jewish club I belong to had one Jew in it. That's in Decatur. I've been a long-time member there. Harold Michelson was the other member there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1396.0,1423.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e But when you and your wife were younger, when you first moved here, did you mainly associate or socialize with the other Jewish families?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1423.0,1431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e We socialized with the other Jewish people here. We socialized with non-Jewish people. I mean, that's a natural thing. I can tell you stories that I laugh about. We were friends with a rather famous author from Hartselle, Alabama, called William Bradford Huie. William Bradford Huie, when we first came to Decatur, Barbara knew about him. I had not met him yet. He wrote a book called Mud on the Stars. Mud on the Stars was his first successful novel. He said it was not autobiographical, but in truth, it was because there were too many uses of names. It was not directly used. Like I said, Hilda Polytinsky. He wrote her as a young, redheaded Jewish girl with freckles by the name of Hilda Applinsky. That's pretty close, but all right. Where we had our first home, it was a very modest home. Across the street, there was a Mr. and Mrs. Huie Lib [sp]. So, my wife, a young Jewish girl, she bounds across the street to meet people in the neighborhood. She goes and knocks on the door of Mrs. Huie Lib. “I'm Barbara Denbo. We live right across the street from you. I understand that your nephew, William Bradford Huie, wrote Mud on the Stars. Do you have a copy of the book?” She said, “We burned the book,” and slammed the door in her face. You wonder why. It’s interesting to know why. In his book, he told when he was a student at the University of Alabama, he went on a sociology tour. They took him to the Bryce Hospital, which was a mental hospital, to show the ravages of syphilis on the brain. They go in and bring these college students in. They bring an old man in who doesn’t know where he is because his brain is like Swiss cheese from syphilis, and he recognizes him as his grandfather.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1431.0,1556.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh my gosh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1556.0,1558.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e That was only in the novel, but just the inference. The truth was, he did die from syphilis. So that's the reason they slammed the door in Barbara's face because it was what it was. Anyway, interesting thing and people in a provincial community.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1558.0,1581.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e What were race relations like between . . . you mentioned the Klan, so I'm assuming that things were not very . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1581.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e They never bothered me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1590.0,1592.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e But what was it like for you to witness some of the problems between the African Americans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1592.0,1602.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e You know, it's horrifying. But, at that particular time, I guess Jewish businessmen didn't stand in the forefront to protect him. He was afraid. We would today. You know what I mean. It was different back then. They never bothered us. They never bothered us at all. I was never bothered. My family was never bothered here at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1602.0,1624.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you able to have African American employees during the 1940s? Not a problem?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1624.0,1628.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Sure, but I was in Bristol. You might find this . . . in Bristol, I hired an African American. The rest of the white men came to me and said if he’s working here, we’re leaving.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1628.0,1644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e What did you do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1644.0,1645.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e I had to let him go. It wasn't my business. I was just running it, but I had to let him go. How would it be for me, a young man first starting out, to have everybody walk off the job and stop everything. It wouldn’t look nice when my father-in-law was struggling for his life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1645.0,1664.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you have to follow Jim Crow laws here in your own business? Did you have to have separate drinking fountains, separate bathrooms? Was that required?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1664.0,1675.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e No ma’am. I didn't hold to that at all. That was something that was . . . in 1950 after World War II, it was beginning to disappear. South Alabama, it still existed, but here it was beginning to disappear. They did have separate bathrooms somewhere, some places. But that was beginning to disappear. When people fought in the army, they did things. By the way, the famous Tuskegee Airmen flew fighter cover for my brother when he was in the 15th Air Force. He was lead navigator of many missions. They flew cover for the 15th Air Force. They never lost a bomber while the Tuskegee airmen flew fighter cover. When they turned back over the Adriatic Sea, then, of course, they had a 50 percent casualty rate on the B-24 Liberators on the raids on the \u003cunintelligible\u003e oil fields and the \u003cunintelligible\u003e munitions were. My brother was shot down in the 44th mission. He parachuted down, severely wounded. He was one of three survivors of the ten men on the plane. He parachuted down and was shot by a civilian while he was parachuting down, just for fun. He survived all that. He was crippled. The arch of his foot was cut in two. They were going to cut off his foot. He could say, “Nicht schneiden.” Don’t cut. A Czech doctor patched him up. They used crepe paper for bandages at that time in the war. Anyway, he spent about 15 months in German prison. First in Stalag III and then on a death march across Germany to Moosburg [Germany] in the middle of wintertime. It's amazing how people crossed paths from that. In the book, they wrote about this death march. They said there was one man marching that had a little sled. They didn’t know where he got the little wooden sled when he carried his stuff across. He was limping. Well, that was my brother. He didn't know by name. My brother traded some cigarettes and a chocolate bar to a kid with a little wooden sled. He put his blankets and stuff on it and towed it all the way across Germany in the snow and ice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1675.0,1809.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's amazing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1809.0,1810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e It is amazing. Survival.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1810.0,1815.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was it like here and for your children during the era, the 1950s and early 1960s when the schools were being integrated?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1815.0,1822.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e I'll tell you, there was another couple here, Holocaust survivors, Dr. Julian and Frances Hirshfeld. Their daughter Margaret was here in school with the Michelson’s son, who now, a very fine ophthalmic surgeon, and my oldest daughter Leslie [Denbo]. They're all 62 years of age. Marc Michelson is a very famous doctor, by the way, who travels all over the world and lectures on corneal transplant. Margaret, the daughter of Holocaust survivors and my daughter. The head principal of high school who decided that Rosh HaShanah and Yom Kippur would not be an excused absence. Well, Julian, being a Holocaust survivor, he came completely emotionally unglued. There's a lot of story behind why he became unglued, naturally being slave labor for IG Farben. He married someone after his first family had been murdered. His wife and three children murdered. He met Frances, his wife, who later were married in America years later after the Holocaust. Anyway, he came unglued when they said that. So, they got together. Everybody said they’re mad. They’re going . . . I said, “Leave the principle alone. Let me handle it.” I went to the head of the school board, city school board. I sat down with him. I said, “I've got a serious problem that needs to be addressed.” I said, “You know, we have holidays just as dear to us as Easter Sunday or Christmas and Good Friday, but you have a principal that has decided it's not going to be an excused absence.” I said, “Every student, all three of those children are straight A students, but if you have an unexcused absence, all your grades go to a B. Not justice.” He said, “You're right. I will write a letter now to all the principals of all the schools. From this day forward that Jewish children will have an excused absence on Rosh HaShanah and Yom Kippur.” And it did. That ended it. Antisemitism? Don’t know. You think so? We think he was a fundamentalist Christian who hated Jews, you know, because we were Christ killers, in his eye. Like I say, my friend, the lawyer, who I'm going to give this to, lectures that no Jew ever killed Christ. Jews didn’t crucify. They didn't. They don't like to hear him in the churches, though, but he still lectures to. I’ve heard his lecture, by the way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1822.0,2017.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Was the integration of the schools here peaceful?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2017.0,2022.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e They were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2022.0,2023.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e How did that happen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2023.0,2025.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e It's interesting. They had they had black schools. It was by court order that integration took place, and there was no violence. There was no violence, although they had a school right up the street here, which is now a magnet school, was all black. Why did they build a school right across the sewer disposal plant? It smelled like, you know, only because they were black. When white kids started going there, guess what, they started raising Cain and they have to find methods. They finally got a method to deodorize the plant. But not while blacks were there. Prejudice? Yes. Prejudice. Still prejudice? Yes. Although, there was a city councilman, who was from his neighborhood, who was elected, of course. He's rather radical. I think he's anti-white in his principle. But, naturally, because of their background, he is elected by the people in the black neighborhood. Naturally, they want to do something beneficial for whites only, he opposes it, you know. Naturally so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2025.0,2108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Just to backtrack a little bit, the Holocaust couple that moved here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2108.0,2114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Julian and Frances Hirshfeld.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2114.0,2116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e How did they end up here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2116.0,2119.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e It is an interesting story. I'll tell you their story. Julian was a very brilliant man. He was a genius. He was a genius. He played concert piano at nine years of age with the Warsaw Symphony Orchestra. He was a very accomplished musician. They made a slave labor IG Farben. I told you. Frances also. Julian lost his family, his wife, and three children. They were murdered in the Holocaust. They met each other in concentration camps through the wire. Julian was finally liberated. His lungs were severely damaged. IG Farben is E.I. du Pont de Nemours  [Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours] of the United States. That's a German \u003cunintelligible\u003e. His lungs were severely injured by chemicals. They exposed him. Didn't give him any protection. He wound up in the United States. He had a textile, I guess the Sorbonne [University] in France. He had a textile engineering specialized. He was a doctor, Ph.D. in textile engineering. He was hired by Chemstrand Corporation. \r \u003cinterview pauses, then resumes\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2119.0,2206.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Julian, when he was in the concentration camp, fell in love with Frances. He was alone. He lost his family. The reason he came here, Chemstrand Corporation, which was a combination of Monsanto [Chemical] Company and American Viscose Corporation, were coming here to build a brand-new plant, which part of it still exists, to build a new product called Acrilan. You probably heard of the fiber, Acrilan. Julian came here to their dye department because Acrilan was very difficult to dye. He was the man that made the breakthrough that could dye Acrilan the black and navy-blue colors that didn't bleed. The first dark colors used to have like a white fuzz come up on it. He learned a way, he developed a method in the laboratory to dye it internally instead of externally. He made them hundreds of millions of dollars. Because of that, of course, he worked for them. What money he made, he bought a little baby grand piano that he used to play all the time. We used to go to the house, our children and friends, and we'd listen. We’d play the piano. We'd sing a few songs, Jewish stuff. Anyway, he came to the United States as immigrants. Family members brought him. Frances was left behind. Her uncle, she had an uncle in Jacksonville, Florida, who brought her over. They got together, of course, were married. They had children here. Two children. They both came here and really grew up here from little children. They grew up and graduated high school and moved away like all the other children move away because the town was too small. The daughter, Margaret, lives in New York City. The son in Washington, D.C., is commercial photographer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2206.0,2336.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did they ever talk about, you know, did he ever mention his experiences during the war and then coming to a city like Decatur in the American South when there was so much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2336.0,2354.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e We talked about that. He didn't want to talk about the Holocaust. You know, he joined the same temple that we belonged to in Huntsville. I remember he used to say a memorial prayer for a particular man. I finally asked him, “Julian, who was that?” He said he was the man that covered him up with burlap bags in Auschwitz [-Birkenau], like they covered the dead bodies up when they were evacuating Auschwitz. And his friend went to his death. He said that he remembered it. It touched him. It touched me. It still touches me when I think about that. But that is Jewish to remember someone who does something for you. Very Jewish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2354.0,2407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's talk a little bit about your own business [Tennessee Valley Recycling, LLC]. It started pretty small.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2407.0,2412.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Very small, and I was successful. I always lecture to young people. The way you are a success in business is that you're conservative and you have one wife and one family at a time. You do that, you can make it. I know a lot of people that violated that and have failed and failed and failed. Like I had a friend of mine in Chicago [Illinois], he had five wives. I mean, that’s, you know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2412.0,2443.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Have you ever regretted living in a small community?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2443.0,2447.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e You know, you have mixed emotions. You save for all of the investment we put here. Gigantic investment. Large machinery and equipment and land. We spread out and we got plants in other cities. You think with all this, you could have been a success in a major city. In a major city, you think, maybe you could be. You might not have. You might not have the opportunity. The fact that we’re a success here, with that money, I could go anyplace I want to. I always could. For 25 years every December, I spent a week in New York City in a business meeting. With money, you can go anywhere. You can travel the world, which my first wife and I did. My present wife [Ann Shirley Denbo] and I travel the world. We've been in every continent, almost, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia and enjoyed in many places. But in all those years, I told you, I just got back from England. That's the first time I've been in England. Because it wasn't too popular for Jews there. They had one synagogue in 1715.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2447.0,2522.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. And your children, was it a concern for you not having a Jewish pool of friends, and who they would date, and who they might end up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2522.0,2533.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e It was a concern. That's the reason why, for example, Joel went away to school, high school. He went to a private boy’s school. I don't know. But everybody is successful. What does it take to instill? The mama. Really. The father, too, but the mama first.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2533.0,2556.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e It sounds like your wife, really, it was important to her to have a Jewish household.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2556.0,2562.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did she make the holidays?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2562.0,2564.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Absolutely. We always did. We still do, by the way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2564.0,2570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did she incorporate any good old southern recipes into Jewish kinds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2570.0,2575.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Fried chicken. You could make into Jewish fried chicken. Yes. You can fry it two ways. You used to fry in the schmaltz. You know what schmaltz is? Now you don’t eat schmaltz because it'll kill you. We learned finally. I think more Jews were killed by chicken fat than were killed in the Holocaust.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2575.0,2595.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Maybe so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2595.0,2596.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2596.0,2600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e You seem so such a part of the community here in Decatur, but did you ever feel like an outsider?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2600.0,2609.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Not in recent years, because we defend ourselves. We can defend ourselves more than one way, believe it or not. We know the publisher, the editors of the newspaper. They said something we don't like, we’ll call them on the back end and tell them right in their face. We're friends with the sheriff. I happen to be a special deputy sheriff. So is my wife, a special deputy sheriff. The sheriff is a friend of ours. We know people in law enforcement. We know people in the legal system. The leading attorneys of the community are our attorneys, that type of thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2609.0,2644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e When would you have had to defend yourself?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2644.0,2646.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e We never really had to defend ourselves. There were instances where they published something we didn't like. We would call them on the back end and tell them we didn't like it. They would say . . . they apologized. They did this. They soft step everything, you know why.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2646.0,2664.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Were there any incidents during the 1950s and 1960s, the civil rights era that were really memorable, something that happened that you can recall?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2664.0,2676.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e I guess it was in the 1970s or 1980s, that incident. This was kind of a peaceful town. It was a peaceful town and really didn't have any trouble here. The only incident was that one incident that I say, the Tommy Lee Hinds case, who was severely mentally retarded. They blamed for raping a woman. He couldn't even find his way to the part of a woman you would rape. He was that mentally retarded. But, they figured a good way to get rid of them. They aren’t going to execute him. They didn't have to worry with him the rest of his life. He's incarcerated for the rest of his life in a mental facility.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2676.0,2713.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Is the Klan still active here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2713.0,2716.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e It still has activity here. There's the Southern Poverty Law Center. You're familiar with that. They show that Huntsville, Decatur, Hartselle, Alabama . . . more in Hartselle and Huntsville and Cullman, Alabama, have . . . and they have in Hartselle, which is a town 50 miles. Very active Klan. They still have a pasture out in Somerville, Alabama, where they burn the crosses and do all the things, you know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2716.0,2746.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Amazing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2746.0,2747.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, it isn’t amazing. It shows you, and I think if you really look at our society in America today, I have never seen a country with as much hate in this country as it is today. I know that Morris Dees, and you've heard that name, sends us information. There are over 960 private armies, militias, in the United States. God forbid the economic situation, which has been staved off, would really develop into a full depression. God knows what would happen in this country if some radical, maybe like [Adolf] Hitler, he did it in Germany, would put those 900 militias together. They could take a government any time because the soldiers are not going to shoot their own people, at least I don't think so, although they shot the Jewish kids up when they were demonstrating in the college. You know, that's past history. They have to be Jewish kids they kill.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2747.0,2813.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I wanted to, again, just backtrack a little bit. You mentioned that you were in the service.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2813.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I was in the Navy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2820.0,2823.80748"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you see any action?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2823.80748,2825.15298"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e I never went to combat. I was on the commissioning crew of the USSR [Union of Soviet Socialist Republics] \u003cunintelligible\u003e Navy. I have the picture on the wall just outside the office. But the war was over before we got the action. We were supposed to take that and go to the Pacific and fight, believe it or not, and the invasion of mainland Japan. I'm glad the war was not over, and I'm glad that [President] Harry Truman, the bravest president we've ever had, made the mind up to drop the two bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki [Japan]. And still, the Japanese military was not willing to surrender. They believed in Bushido, fight to the death. Everybody, every citizen, was due to die. So they critiqued. By the way, my first wife’s first cousin was a colonel in the [United States] Marine Corps, Second Marines. He was the group that critiqued the invasion of mainland Japan, where it was estimated a million men of ours would die, hand to hand fighting. That's the reason Harry Truman decided to end it. And it didn't end then. Only five days later, Emperor Hirohito, said enough. Although the military said fight to the death.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2825.15298,2899.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e That was such a patriotic time for our country, where everybody joined up or you were drafted, but you were glad to serve, for the most part. Do you think we still have the same kind of, our young people today, have that same sort of patriotism?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2899.0,2916.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I don't think so. I don't know why, but they don't. I am a member of a lot of veteran’s organizations. I'm a life member of the American Legion, life member of the Veterans of Foreign Wars, life member of the Elks Club. I don't think they have that same type of patriotism. I think they've lost respect for the United States flag. I don't know why.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2916.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e If you could think of a reason, what would you . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2940.0,2943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e I think the parents didn't teach it. My father taught us when the flag goes by, you stood at attention. You put your hand on your heart. I mean, you did things. It was taught in school. I don't know what they’re teaching today in school, but they are not as patriotic. After all, World War II was for a goal. Whatever propaganda, they convinced the people well. It was for a goal between the Nazis and the Japanese on the opposite side. Today, after that, we fought a lost war in Korea. We fought a lost war in Vietnam. We’re fighting a lost war right this very minute in Afghanistan. We fought in the lost war in Iraq. These are the lost wars. When we get out of there, they will revert to exactly where they were before. By the way, right now, we’re talking about war. Iran is visiting this week in Jordan with the preparation to launch an attack against Israel. It's going on right now. That's the reason [Prime Minister Benjamin] Netanyahu was just in Washington, by the way, to tell our President [Barack] Obama that's about to happen. If they ever attack Israel. They have 20,000 men ready from Iraq to move in armed. But if they attack Israel from Jordan, they will annihilate Iran, and rightfully so. But, the world has a strange double standard. If they kill Israelis, not so all bad. But if you kill Palestinians, Hamas, that's bad. That's terrible. Where they use women and children as their shields, and they use mosques as munitions depots. Different standards.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2943.0,3066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Changing the subject a little bit, again, going back to the scrap industry. Why do you think so many Jewish families went into the scrap business?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3066.0,3075.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Very simple, I think. When those Jews came to America, they were not allowed to be part of the steel industry at all. There were no Jewish officials in the steel industry, so they went into the scrap metal industry as a supplier to the steel industry. And the steel industry, up until recent years, hated the scrap dealers. They did. Because they said they took advantage of them when the price went up. That's not so. They were merchants, and they sold a product. They sold the product and sold it for the best price they could get just like any merchant itself sells clothes. He likes to make a good profit out of it. If not, he puts it on sale and sells it. Is that correct? Same thing on metallic scrap. But we now are considered manufacturers. With the amount of machinery and equipment we have operating in our operation, we actually manufacture a raw material which is readily accepted by steel mills and foundries. That is a manufacturing operation that we do. It's not what you think it was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3075.0,3147.44154"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Some of them and so many of them started out in the hide business.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3147.44154,3152.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e What they did in the provincial south, the provincial south, you found combinations of people buying scrap iron, hides, furs, wool, nuts, pecans and walnuts, and chickens and eggs. My father did that. He would have 500 tons of black walnuts, black walnuts, a season. You think of 500 tons of walnuts. What did they do with walnuts? They used the nuts in candy. They had a candy called Walnettos. You never heard of all Walnettos? Peter Paul, Mounds,   used to make Walnettos. The shells were used to make activated charcoal that we used in World War II in the gas masks. The canister.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3152.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e And the hides?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3210.0,3212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Hides. Absolutely. Hides, people used to kill hides. They used to have local small packing plant. They would buy the hides from them. People used to individually slaughter cattle. They would skin them properly. My father made a market for it. It was what they called farm produce. That was one of the products. How about sheepskin when they did the sheep.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3212.0,3236.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e What did they do with the hides then? Sell them . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3236.0,3238.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e The hides, they used to salt them and put them in a hide vac. Then they used to knock the salt off of them, pack them up, and send them to a tanning company where they proceeded to tan them. Most of that is done overseas now, but they still have cow hides. They salt them. Put them on containers and send them to China where they process the leather. In fact, I was in China and saw them processing the leather.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3238.0,3263.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e How do you think the scrap industry has changed over the years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3263.0,3268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e From a business doing small hand work, to manufacturing plants. From a junk dealer, to a metal processing facility. A lot of difference. That's when the advent of certain machines like the automobile shredding plant, costs $5 to $6 million a piece of plant. It shreds automobiles. We use 8,000 automobiles a month in this operation. Then we process it down to the finest metallic extraction that you could do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3268.0,3305.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e You mentioned earlier, well, your son mentioned, that he would be probably the last Denbo.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3305.0,3313.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right. The last Denbo. There are no more Denbo’s in the scrap business. Our son had three daughters. I had one son and two daughters. The daughters are away from here. All of his daughters will not be here. Who else is left?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3313.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e None of the son in-laws want to take over?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3330.0,3334.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e No, they are all rich. They are all stockbrokers. You know what I'm talking about. The granddaughter is a lawyer. Her husband is . . . They have a daughter, a doctor in Birmingham, whose husband is in the steel business. Nobody.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3334.0,3353.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e How do you feel about that, a 103-year-old business and then it won't be, eventually, in the family anymore?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3353.0,3364.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't feel bad about it. If everybody is successful and everybody is happy, and everybody is living a good life, what else is there? I like this business. I love this business. I don't know how to do anything else. You notice when you came in, I check every bill that comes into these, all our branches, and they get my approval. What does that mean? That means, as chairman, and I'm not working hard as chairman, that everybody everywhere knows that I'm looking. That puts the reins on people who might think they might do something incorrectly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3364.0,3411.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e In summation, how would you look at your life here in Decatur if you could sum it up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3411.0,3418.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e I live the good life. We all lived the good life. Look, in the business, in the beginning, you’re conservative. You struggle. You do better. Then you take the money and you do things for your children. You and your wife do things. We did. My first wife and I traveled. We went to Israel. I think, I was trying to remember the year. I'll have to go to my archives. I think 45, between 45 or 50 years ago, we went there to visit the sole survivor of my father's family. He wasn’t found until 1960, well, 1958. In 1962, she and her husband and two children, we were able to get them successfully moved from Russia to Israel. Her husband, my cousin's husband, had both his legs blown off at the Battle of Stalingrad. He had his right leg blown off below the knee, his left leg just above the ankle. He was crippled. The Russians let him go because he had a pension. He had to leave his pension behind. Of course, Israel, they opened the arms to him even though he was crippled. They had the two children. They came with them, young children. One was a nurse, the other became a member of Mossad. He was a colonel. He then worked for the nuclear reprocessing plant north of Tel Aviv [Israel] as a manager. He is retired now. They have an interesting name. Baryshnicov. Like Mikhail Baryshnicov. Their name is Baryshnicov.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3418.0,3511.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Finally, do you think the South, in general, just because you've lived in the South your whole life, do you think the South has been welcoming to Jewish people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3511.0,3524.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I don't really think so. I think that Jews still want to leave the small communities, as history has proven, because they are not accepted. Even though they may be accepted marginally, they want to move to the big cities where they are accepted with their own group like Birmingham, Atlanta, and Jackson, Mississippi. I mean, these are large Jewish communities. Birmingham, Atlanta, very large Jewish community. Birmingham, I think has 8,000 Jews. I think something like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3524.0,3558.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Three synagogues in Birmingham.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3558.0,3560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. You have four. You have the Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and the Chabad as the fourth one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3560.0,3567.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. Chabad.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3567.0,3571.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Like I say, lot of people there. With the Chabad, the ultra-Orthodox move there. I mean, beyond the Orthodox, ultra-Orthodox are moving there. Atlanta has their ultra-Orthodox too. They have a bagel factory. Like I say, that's where people want to be. They got the real delicatessens. Decatur has no delicatessens. It has no bagel factory. That's where Jews want to be. You know, there are two kinds of Jews. The religious Jews and the gastronomic Jews. The gastronomic Jews don’t practice Judaism except what they eat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3571.0,3613.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Was it ever hard for you to get the Jewish food? Was it hard for your wife to get some of the Jewish food she wanted to make for the holidays?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3613.0,3621.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e No. We would do it. We would go to Birmingham. We go to the right place. We would get the right food, and we'd have it. Yes, we always had it. We still practice Passover here. I mean, my wife cooks. Tell you an interesting story in Decatur. There was an ultra-Orthodox with the black hat, the beard, the four locks payot, with the tzitzit hanging out of his vest. He came here to do business. He came to see me. I thought he was begging for money, but he came in and said, no, I've come in doing business with the company. He was opening an additional kosher poultry processing plant in Brooklyn [New York]. There was a poultry processor here who killed chickens. He bought two trail loads of equipment to process chicken in Brooklyn. Here, they use hot water. There, they use cold water to process. Anyway, he came here. When he came to see me, he said, “I'm not familiar here. I'm looking for a truck line to haul my two trail loads of material to Brooklyn. I don't know what to do.” I said, “I've got traffic manager in the next office,” next door to us, a woman. She, by the way, that woman has been with me since 1957. Still here. She called up and found a truck line and quoted a rate. Two trail loads from the plant down here to travel to Brooklyn. Told him what the rate was. He said, “Okay, tell them we'll book them.” She said, “How are you going to pay for it?” He lifted up his tzitzit and lifted up his vest. He had a money belt on. He took $100 bills and stacked them. He said, “Here, pay them when they load it.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3621.0,3735.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e That’s great.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3735.0,3736.72727"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e It was funny. That really happened. I think to have that process. Empire [Kosher Poultry] is a large kosher chicken processor. They even sell Empire chickens in Publix here in Decatur. They have other brands in New York that you don’t see down south.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3736.72727,3755.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e On that note, I think we're finished. I really appreciate this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3755.0,3759.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e If there's something else, I can tell you many stories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3759.0,3762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e If you have any on the top of your head, I would love to hear them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3762.0,3767.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cUnintelligible\u003e interesting for history. There's a picture over here. You see, I'm hugging [President] Ronald Reagan. The man behind the Secret Service, he unbuttoned his coat when I hugged him. I'm not a Republican, by the way. But you have to meet them anyway. That's right. That's right. That's right. That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3767.0,3784.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3784.0,3784.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right. That's right. That's right. That's right. TYou have to meet \u003cunintelligible\u003e. The photo ops we had of my wife and I with Margaret Thatcher. Joel has pictures of Margaret Thatcher. I just saw Margaret Thatcher in London [England] when she went to visit the new prime minister at 10 Downing Street. She's wearing the same blue suit every time I've ever seen the woman anywhere in the world. That's a Coco Chanel suit. It's the same suit. She must have more than one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3784.0,3812.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I hope so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3812.0,3814.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Powder blue Coco Chanel suits. They last a lifetime, by the way. You ladies would be interested in that. I ran for public office here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3814.0,3826.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm very interested in that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3826.0,3828.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e I ran for city council. I never thought I could do something. But the Ku Klux Klan candidate defeated me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3828.0,3834.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Really?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3834.0,3835.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. He got more votes than I did. So, it didn't make any difference. I didn't need to do it anyway. I just thought I'd offer something to the city.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3835.0,3842.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you involved in . . . I meant to ask you this. I'm glad we continued a little bit. Were you involved in civic associations like the Lions [Club], the Kiwanis [International]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3842.0,3851.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I was a Kiwanis member. I’m still a Kiwanis member. I’m a life member of the Kiwanis Club. Exchange Club first. When I first came here in 1951 to 52, I joined the Exchange Club. It was very, very, very interesting. In 1951, it was. I'll tell you a story. A part of Southern history. Are you recording this? This will be great. One of the speakers at the Kiwanis Club sometime in the 1950s, there was a city called Phenix City, Alabama, which was known as a very, very mafia run town, a town of evil in Alabama. It had open gambling, open prostitution, drinking and everything. Anyway, the mafia murdered the man who was the attorney general elect of the state of Alabama. They murdered him because he used to work with them, and he knew all the insides. He became attorney general and he was going to turn \u003cunintelligible\u003e, so they murdered him right in the main street. I happened to be, unfortunately, that very night, I was passing through Phenix City and stopped for dinner. You could get the best steak in the country for cheap at the gambling establishment. I was on the west side of Phenix City, and I noticed all of a sudden there was a nervousness in the air. I mean, people were moving, rushing. I said, “They are going to raid it. I better get out of here.” I got a tune in radio Columbus, Georgia. It came over that the attorney general elect had been murdered. Anyway, that was an evil city. The man appointed, the governor appointed to clean up Phenix City, Mr. George Johnson out of Athens, Alabama. Our family knew him. Actually, he was an outstanding attorney. After he cleaned up Phenix City, he spoke to the Kiwanis Club. I can't remember the exact date, but he spoke to them. I'll never forget what his subject was. Women were not allowed on juries at that time. I remember he said it in his Southern drawl, and I’ll try to repeat exactly. He said, “Never shall the fair-haired ladies of the sovereign state of Alabama ever sit on a jury and have to listen to the licentious testimony.” When you move from the 1950s to now, it’s rather comical if you think about that. It shows you how old fashioned he was. “Never shall the fair-haired ladies of the sovereign state of Alabama ever have to sit on a jury and listen to the licentious testimony.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3851.0,4029.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you ever meet George Wallace?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=4029.0,4031.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=4031.0,4032.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was he like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=4032.0,4034.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e I have a word in Yiddish I use. He was really a mamzer. He was. And you know something, he brought out the worst in people. He brought out the hatred of people. He made state patrol murderers. He brought out the worst of the people of this state. And, the black Baptist Church forgave him. He'd been shot and crippled, and they forgave him. I wouldn't forgive him. How can you forgive somebody who does . . . . ? How can you forgive someone that murdered your people. Burned your church. If they burned your church, how do you forgive him? I wouldn't forgive him. But they did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=4034.0,4087.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's interesting because a lot of people felt after he'd been shot that he made this big change in character.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=4087.0,4092.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e He did. He did right before he knew had going \u003cunintelligible\u003e. Let me tell you something. I met two of his wives, His first wife, Lureen Wallace. I never met her, but she died of cancer early. He had her elected governor. I never met her when she was governor and then she got sick. Then she died of cancer. They named the University of Alabama the Lureen Wallace [Radiation Therapy and Tumor Institute].My first wife died there, too, from cancer. Sorry. Sorry. Sorry. Sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=4092.0,4125.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=4125.0,4125.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Sorry. Sorry. Sorry. Sorry. At that same institute. But, like I say, his next wife, she was a pretty girl and violated the marriage vows because he was crippled. Then he married a coal miner's daughter, and she was the worst. They had a big entertainment in Birmingham. They had a couple Hollywood stars. I went there, and she came with her chauffeur, who couldn't keep his hands off her. She was in an Angora dress. You could see all the panty lines and everything. He couldn't keep his hands . . . She had on these go-go boots, white go-go boots. Boy, you're talking about a country girl. She double crossed him. He divorced her. So, God does some punishment. Other types of punishment, both physically and emotionally, to those evil people in the world. You got to remember, I still believe there is a God in heaven who punishes if you don't do right. I really believe it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=4125.0,4182.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I think you're absolutely right. I love that story. On that note, I think, we’ll . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=4182.0,4188.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDENBO:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much. I appreciate it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=4188.0,4190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/transcript/83422/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBERMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=4190.0,4191.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Denbo, Morley  [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDecatur is the largest city and county seat of Morgan County in the state of Alabama. It is located in northern Alabama on the banks of Wheeler Lake along the Tennessee River. The population was 57,938 at the 2020 census\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=0.375,27.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Pulaski is a city in and the county seat of Giles County, which is located on the central-southern border of Tennessee. The population was 8,397 at the 2020 census. It was named after Casimir Pulaski, a noted Polish-born general on the Patriot side in the American Revolutionary War.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=27.0,133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Nathan Bedford Forrest (1821-1877) was a nineteenth century slave trader active in the lower Mississippi River Valley and a Confederate States Army general during the American Civil War. He was the founding member of the first Grand Wizard of the Reconstruction-era Ku Klux Klan, serving from 1867 to1969.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=27.0,133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle of Verdun was fought from February 21 to December 18, 1916, on the Western Front in France. The battle was the longest in World War I and took place on the hills north of Verdun. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=27.0,133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The .44  Remington Magnum, also known as .44 Magnum or 10.9x33mmR is a rimmed, large-bore cartridge originally designed for revolvers and quickly adopted for carbines and rifles. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=27.0,133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBarbara Palkes Denbo (1927-1981).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=27.0,133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBristol is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 17,219. It is the twin city of Bristol, Tennessee, just across the state line, which runs down the middle of its main street, State Street. As an independent city, Bristol is not part of any county, but it is adjacent to Washington County, Virginia. It is a principal city in the Kingsport–Bristol metropolitan area, which had a population of 307,614 in 2020. The metro area is a component of the larger Tri-Cities region of Tennessee and Virginia, with a population of 508,260 in 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=27.0,133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or “Knights of the Ku Klux Klan” today) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-Black secret society, whose methods have included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860s and then died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past it members dressed up in white robes and a pointed hat designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=27.0,133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=27.0,133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA grenadier is a specially trained soldier operating as part of a fireteam and proficient in the use of limited high-angle indirect fire over dead zones.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=27.0,133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=27.0,133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe GI Bill (Servicemen's Readjustment Act), was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944. It provided veterans of World War II funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=27.0,133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNashville, often known as Music City, is the capital and most populous city in the state of Tennessee. It is the seat of Davidson County in Middle Tennessee, located on the Cumberland River. Nashville had a population of 689,447 at the 2020 census, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States and the fourth-most populous city in the Southeast. The city is the center of the Nashville metropolitan area, home to 2.1 million people, and is among the fastest growing cities in the nation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=137.0,326.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Bristol is a city in Sullivan County, Tennessee. The population was 27,147 at the 2020 census. It is the twin city of Bristol, Virginia, which lies directly across the state line between Tennessee and Virginia. The boundary between the two cities is also the state line, which runs along State Street in their common downtown district. It is a principal city in the Kingsport–Bristol metropolitan area, which had a population of 307,614 in 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=137.0,326.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiami Beach is a coastal resort city in Miami-Dade County, Florida. It is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. The municipality is located on natural and human-made barrier islands between the Atlantic Ocean and Biscayne Bay, the latter of which separates the Beach from the mainland city of Miami. The neighborhood of South Beach, comprising the southernmost 2.5 square miles of Miami Beach, along with downtown Miami and the PortMiami, collectively form the commercial center of South Florida. Miami Beach's population is 82,890 according to the 2020 census. It has been one of America's preeminent beach resorts since the early 20th century\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=137.0,326.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eErnest Jennings Ford (1919-1991), known professionally as Tennessee Ernie Ford, born in Fordtown, Tennessee, was an American singer and television host who was successful in the country and western, pop, and gospel musical genres. Noted for his rich bass-baritone voice and down-home humor, he is remembered for his hit recordings of The Shotgun Boogie and Sixteen Tons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=137.0,326.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTsar (variations: Czar and Tzar) was the official title of the Russian Emperor from 1547 to 1721 (replaced in 1721 by Imperator), with the term remaining in common use outside Russia until 1917.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=328.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Broadway musical Fiddler on the Roof was based on Tevye and his Daughters (or Tevye the Dairyman), a series of stories by Sholem Aleichem that he wrote in Yiddish between 1894 and 1914 about Jewish life in a village in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia at the turn of the 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=328.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Ponevezh (Panevezys in Lithuanian) is the fifth-largest city in Lithuania and the eighth-most-populous city in the Baltic States. As of 2021, it occupies 19 square miles with 89,100 inhabitants. Ponevezh.lies on both banks of the Nevezhis (Nevezys) River in central northern Lithuania. Settlers began to settle on the right bank of the river at the beginning of the sixteenth century. It was there that the Old City Developed. The city later expanded to the left bank, where the New City was built, becoming the center of the Upyte County. The nearby village Upyte, nine miles away, was the administrative center of the area for hundreds of years. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=328.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLithuania is the southernmost of the Baltic States. Lithuania was an independent country from the end of World War I until 1940. Before World War II, the Jewish population was 160,000, about 7 percent of the total population. On January 16, 1939, Lithuania and Germany signed a nonaggression pact. Nevertheless, in March of that year Germany annexed the Lithuanian territory of Memel-Klaipeda, a region with an ethnic German majority. The Soviet Union occupied Lithuania in June 1940 and annexed the country in August 1940. By 1941, the Jewish population of Lithuania swelled by an influx of refugees from German-occupied Poland to reach about 250,000, or 10 percent of the population. The Lithuanians carried out violent riots against the Jews both shortly before and immediately after the arrival of German forces in June 1941. Then on June 22, 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union and Soviet forces fled the country. In June and July 1941, the Germans occupied Lithuania. The persecution of Jews was not solely the result of German actions. In occupied territories like Lithuania, Nazi leaders required the help or cooperation of locals. Throughout their occupation of the country, the Germans continued to recruit auxiliaries for their police forces, military units, and civilian administrations. The police played an especially vital role in the consolidation of Nazi power and the brutal persecution and mass murder of Jews. Prior to the German invasion, Soviet occupation (1940-1941) had brought traumatic changes to Lithuania, which fueled later violence by nationalists. As the Soviets took control of the country, they began targeting people declared to be enemies of communism. Politicians, intellectuals, and community leaders were purged and executed in an atmosphere of lawlessness and extreme violence. The Soviets also began to nationalize farms, factories, and mines, transferring both people and equipment inland as part of their economic strategy. The Soviets sent tens of thousands of Lithuanians to Siberia for internment in labor camps (gulags). Although some Jews supported a version of socialism or communism, the majority did not. This fact did not prevent Lithuanian nationalists and others from claiming that Jews were collaborating with the Soviet occupiers. Others openly accepted the claims of Nazi antisemitic propaganda. These factors set the stage for a brutal display of hostility and vengeance toward the Jews. In June and July 1941, detachments of German Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units), together with Lithuanian auxiliaries, began murdering the Jews of Lithuania. By the end of August 1941, most Jews in rural Lithuania had been shot. By November 1941, the Germans also massacred most of the Jews who had been concentrated in ghettos in the larger cities. The surviving 40,000 Jews were concentrated in the Vilna, Kovno, Siauliai, and Svencionys ghettos. In 1943, the Vilna and Svencionys ghettos were destroyed and the Kovno and Siauliai ghettos were converted into concentration camps. Some 15,000 Lithuanian Jews were deported to labor camps in Latvia and Estonia and about 5,000 were deported to extermination camps in Poland. Shortly before their withdrawal from Lithuania in the fall of 1944, the Germans deported another 10,000 to concentration camps in Germany. By the time Lithuania was liberated, about 90 percent of Lithuanian Jews had been murdered—one of the highest victim rates in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=328.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cossacks are a predominantly East Slavic Eastern Christian people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of eastern Ukraine and southern Russia. Historically, they were a semi-nomadic and semi-militarized people, who, while under the nominal suzerainty of various Eastern European states at the time, were allowed a great degree of self-governance in exchange for military service. Although numerous linguistic and religious groups came together to form the Cossacks, most of them coalesced and became East Slavic-speaking Orthodox Christians. The rulers of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russian Empire endowed Cossacks with certain special privileges in return for the military duty to serve in the irregular troops.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=381.0,434.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHamburg is the second-largest city in Germany after Berlin and 6th-largest in the European Union with a population of over 1.9 million. The Hamburg Metropolitan Region has a population of over 5.1 million and is the eighth-largest metropolitan region by GDP in the European Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=381.0,434.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAthens is a city in the county seat of Limestone County in the state of Alabama. It is included in the Huntsville-Decatur-Albertville, Alabama area. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 25,406.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=381.0,434.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Panic of 1907, also known as the 1907 Bankers' Panic or Knickerbocker Crisis, was a financial crisis that took place in the United States over a three-week period starting in mid-October, when the New York Stock Exchange suddenly fell almost 50 percent from its peak the previous year. The panic occurred during a time of economic recession, and there were numerous runs affecting banks and trust companies. The 1907 panic eventually spread throughout the nation when many state and local banks and businesses entered bankruptcy. The primary causes of the run included a retraction of market liquidity by a number of New York City banks and a loss of confidence among depositors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=439.0,514.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Louis Miller arrived in Huntsville in 1916 where he became the manager and then owner of Tennessee Poultry \u0026amp; Hide Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=518.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHuntsville is the most populous city in the state of Alabama. The population was 215,006 at the 2020 census and was estimated to be 235,688 in 2024, making it the 95th-most populous city in the United States. The Huntsville metropolitan area had an estimated 527,000 residents in 2023 and is the second-most populous metro area in the state, after Birmingham.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=518.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVerdun is a small city in northeast France, on the banks of the Meuse River. It’s known as the site of the WWI Battle of Verdun. Verdun's battlefields are marked by museums and memorials, such as the Douaumont Ossuary, with the remains of more than 100,000 soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=518.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries, it started in about 1929, when the American stock market crashed, and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century. The Great Depression is often seen as the major turning point in 20th-century world history. In Europe, World War I had a long-term impact on the economy and financial stability. Postwar inflation spiraled into hyperinflation by the 1920’s and European banks struggled to stay open. Exasperating the situation were skyrocketing unemployment rates. The Great Depression had immediately visible political and social ramifications in Europe, including increased antisemitism and nationalism.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=518.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and financial center of New England, a region of the Northeastern United States. It has an area of 48.4 sq mi and a population of 675,647 as of the 2020 census, making it the third-largest city in the Northeastern United States after New York and Philadelphia. The larger Greater Boston metropolitan statistical area has a population of 4.9 million as of 2023, making it the largest in New England and the eleventh-largest in the country.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=518.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBirmingham is a city in the north central region of Alabama. Birmingham is the county seat of Jefferson County, Alabama's most populous county. As of the 2023 census estimates, Birmingham had a population of 196,910 down 2 percent from the 2020 census, making it Alabama's second-most populous city after Huntsville. The broader Birmingham metropolitan area had a 2020 population of 1,115,289, and is the largest metropolitan area in Alabama as well as the 47th most populous in the United States. Birmingham serves as an important regional hub and is associated with the Deep South, Piedmont, and Appalachian regions of the nation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=518.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHotel Hillman was a luxury hotel located on the northeast quarter of Block 72, southwest of the intersection of 4th Avenue North and 19th Street, across from Birmingham City Hall. It was constructed in 1901 by the Hillman Hotel Company, which had been formed the previous June by Thomas Molton, Benjamin Roden, and M. V. Joseph. Leo Steiner joined later and succeeded Roden as vice-president. The hotel was named for Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company vice president T. T. Hillman. The six-story Renaissance Revival-style hotel was designed by Stone Brothers, Architects of New Orleans, Louisiana. It was arranged in an H-shape with the courtyards filled on the first and second floors for the lobby and ballroom spaces. Over the entrance, the date was inscribed as \"MDCCCCI\". The rest of the ground floor was filled with barbers, shoe repair shops, and cafés, including P. H. Linnehan jeweler and optician, and Bearmen's Men’s Clothes. Projecting brick bands marked the lower floors, while quoins distinguished the corners of the upper levels. The attic story was lit with arched windows and shaded by a deep cornice. Completed in October 1901, the Hillman was the city's premiere hotel until the completion of the Tutwiler Hotel on 20th Street in 1914. Among the hotel's innovations was its use of a prototype Lansden electric wagon to carry guests and their luggage back and forth from Union Station four and a half blocks away.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=664.0,758.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Tutwiler Hotel was a 13-story, 425-room brick and limestone luxury hotel on the southeast corner of 5th Avenue North and 20th Street in downtown Birmingham. It was constructed in 1914 by a group of local investors. It closed in 1972 and was demolished in 1974. Another Tutwiler Hotel, named for the original, opened in 1986 in the former Ridgely Apartments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=664.0,758.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDorchester is a neighborhood comprising more than six square miles in the city of Boston, Massachusetts. Originally, Dorchester was a separate town, founded by Puritans who emigrated in 1630 from Dorchester, Dorset, England, to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. This dissolved municipality, Boston's largest neighborhood by far, is often divided by city planners in order to create two planning areas roughly equivalent in size and population to other Boston neighborhoods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=664.0,758.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Order of the Eastern Star is a Freemasonic appendant body open to both men and women. It was established in 1850 by lawyer and educator Rob Morris, a noted Freemason. The order is based on teachings from the Bible, but is open to people of all religious beliefs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=664.0,758.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Scottish Rite is one of several Rites of Freemasonry. It is also known as the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry. A Rite is a progressive series of degrees conferred by various Masonic organizations, each of which operates under the control of its own central authority. A Master Mason may join Scottish Rite for further exposure to the principles of Freemasonry.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=664.0,758.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry is a rite within the broader context of Freemasonry. It is the most widely practiced Rite in the world. In some parts of the world, and in the Droit Humain, it is a concordant body and oversees all degrees from the 1st to 33rd degrees, while in other areas, a Supreme Council oversees the 4th to 33rd degrees. It is most commonly referred to as the Scottish Rite.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=664.0,758.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The Order of the Eastern Star and Thayer Masonic Lodge.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=664.0,758.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Legend has it that in the late 1800s, Katherine Lackner (d. 1947) was a wife, mother, and community member of the Tennessee River town of Decatur, who became the lover of the legendary riverboat captain William Simpson \"Simp\" McGhee as well as the madam of his Bank Street brothel. McGhee’s legend was so ingrained in Decatur lore that when Robert and Jenny Lind Riddle opened their restaurant in 1986, they named it Simp McGhee’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=962.0,993.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Simpson “Simp” McGhee (1859-1917). According to the 1970 book The Story of Decatur, Alabama, by William Jenkins and John Knox, McGhee's career on the river began when he went to work for the Tennessee River Navigation Co. when he was 13 years old. He eventually rose through the ranks to captain several boats, including the Chattanooga and the James Trigg. He worked the route to Chattanooga, Tennessee, and back, and was required to pass through a dangerous area known as “The Chute.” Law required riverboat captains to use a winch-and-rope apparatus to pull their boats through the risky pass but the operation took three hours and Simp wasn’t a patient man, especially when Kate was waiting on the other side. He was known to push his boats through the pass at full throttle, risking his crew and the boat. He was finally caught in 1917 by federal agents who took his license. He reportedly moved in with Kate in the brothel, which was just one of several businesses McGhee reportedly owned, including taverns in Decatur and Huntsville. He died three months later in 1917.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=962.0,993.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Antisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=993.0,1000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e In 1978, Tommy Lee Hines, a 26-year-old man with a severe intellectual disability, had been charged with raping three white women in Decatur, Alabama. Because his lawyer argued that he could not get a fair trial in Morgan County, it was moved to Cullman, where an all-white jury convicted him of one rape and sentenced him to 30 years in prison. Two years later, a different jury found him mentally incompetent to stand trial, and he was transferred to Partlow State School and Hospital in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, where he stayed for more than a decade.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1080.0,1083.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Hartselle is the second largest city in Morgan County, Alabama, 13 miles south of Decatur. It is part of the Decatur Metropolitan Area and the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1201.0,1240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple B’nai Sholom in Huntsville, Alabama, was founded in 1879 as a Reform congregation. The current building was dedicated in 1899. As of 2022, it is currently led by Rabbi Eric M. Berk.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1282.0,1333.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Florence is a city in Alabama in the state's northwestern corner, with a population of 40,184 in the 2020 census. Florence is located along the Tennessee River and is home to the University of North Alabama, the oldest public college in the state. Florence is located about 70 miles west of Huntsville, Alabama, and about 115 miles northwest of Birmingham, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1282.0,1333.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e A shofar is an ancient musical horn made of ram's horn, used for Jewish religious purposes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1282.0,1333.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe High Holy Days are the two holiest times of the Jewish calendar: Rosh HaShanah (Jewish New Year) and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1282.0,1333.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh HaShanah [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh HaShanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippur may revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1282.0,1333.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Hebrew school can be either the Jewish equivalent of Sunday school (an educational regimen separate from secular education, focusing on topics of Jewish history and learning the Hebrew language), or a primary, secondary, or college level educational institution where some or all of the classes are taught in Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1362.0,1364.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Confirmation is a coming-of-age ritual that originated in the Reform movement, which scorned the idea that at 13 years of age a child was an adult. They replaced bar and bat mitzvah with a confirmation ceremony at about age 16 to 18. In some Conservative synagogues the confirmation concept has been adopted as a way to continue and child’s Jewish education and involvement for a few more years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1364.0,1392.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e William Bradford \"Bill\" Huie (1910-1986) was an American journalist and novelist. He wrote several books about controversial topics related to World War II and the Civil Rights Movement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1431.0,1556.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMud on the Stars by William Bradford Huie, is largely autobiographical and is set in the years 1929-1942. As in many of his later books, the theme here is of the education of the inexperienced youth. Drawing on his own boyhood, Huie gives the reader a detailed account of rural life and race relations in the Tennessee Valley in the early years of this century, including a vivid picture of college life at The University of Alabama during the Great Depression. Through a careful weaving of characters and events, fact and fiction, Huie’s novel captures the tumultuous times before World War II in the urban South, times of social unrest and testing of new political ideologies. The book’s publication in 1942 was a huge financial success, by the economic standards of the day, and not only brought Huie the acclaim his talent warranted but also focused an approving national spotlight on this prolific Alabama writer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1431.0,1556.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBryce Hospital opened in 1861 in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. It is Alabama's oldest and largest inpatient psychiatric facility. It has been in continuous operation since 1861. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1431.0,1556.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Jim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. The name seems to have originated in the song Jump Jim Crow, a song-and-dance caricature of Blacks performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in Blackface in 1832. As a result of Rice’s fame, “Jim Crow” became a pejorative expression meaning “Negro” by 1838 and the later segregation laws became known as “Jim Crow” laws. Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the southern states of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly “separate but equal” status for Black Americans, although in reality this was not so. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and Blacks. Private businesses, political parties, and unions created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring Blacks from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc. In the middle twentieth century, the Supreme Court began to overturn Jim Crow laws on constitutional grounds. Rosa Parks defied the Jim Crow laws when she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, which became a catalyst to the Civil Rights movement. Her actions, and the demonstrations that followed, led to a series of legislative and court decisions that contributed to undermining the Jim Crow system. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially ended Jim Crow segregation laws.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1664.0,1675.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Tuskegee Airmen  were a group of primarily African American military pilots (fighter and bomber) and airmen who fought in World War II. They formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group (Medium) of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). The name also applies to the navigators, bombardiers, mechanics, instructors, crew chiefs, nurses, cooks, and other support personnel. The Tuskegee airmen received praise for their excellent combat record earned while protecting American bombers from enemy fighters. The group was awarded three Distinguished Unit Citations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1675.0,1809.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula. The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea, extending from the Strait of Otranto (where it connects to the Ionian Sea) to the northwest and the Po Valley. The countries with coasts on the Adriatic are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro, and Slovenia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1675.0,1809.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The Consolidated B-24 Liberator is an American heavy bomber, designed by Consolidated Aircraft of San Diego, California.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1675.0,1809.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II, a few Holocaust survivors, including Julian and Frances Hirshfeld, settled in Decatur, Alabama. A highly educated boy in Warsaw, Julian was a child prodigy on the piano and eventually attended the Sorbonne. He ultimately graduated with a doctorate in Textile Science. Arrested by the Nazis, he was sent to the Lodz Ghetto, where he met Frances. The Nazis soon transferred him to Auschwitz-Birkenau and then ultimately to the Buchenwald concentration camp. He was made a slave laborer for a pharmaceutical company, a task that left him with permanent damage to his lungs. As the liberating Russians drew near to the camp in 1945, the Nazis moved to expedite their mass murders. Julian was so emaciated that he was covered up with a burlap sack and left for dead. After Buchenwald was liberated and Hirshfeld was discovered alive, he reunited with Frances. They married in 1946. They eventually moved to Decatur and had two children. Julian had a successful career in Decatur working as a textile scientist for a major corporation, Chemstrand, but eventually passed away due to the chemical scars inflicted by the Nazis decades earlier.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1822.0,2017.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur [Hebrew: “day of atonement”] The most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1822.0,2017.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1822.0,2017.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e I.G. Farbenindustrie AG, commonly known as IG Farben, was a German chemical and pharmaceutical conglomerate. It was formed in 1925 from a merger of six chemical companies: Agfa, BASF, Bayer, Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron [de], Hoechst, and Weiler-ter-Meer. It was seized by the Allies after World War II and split into its constituent companies. Parts in East Germany were nationalized. IG Farben was once the largest company in Europe and the largest chemical and pharmaceutical company in the world.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=1822.0,2017.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for Black and white students unconstitutional. The ruling paved the way for integration and the civil rights movement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2025.0,2108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Warsaw Philharmonic, as it is formally known in English, is a Polish orchestra founded in 1901, one of the nation's oldest musical institutions. Its home is the Warsaw Philharmonic Hall. The building was built in 1918. It was completely destroyed in a German air raid on Warsaw in 1939. A new concert hall was built after the war.  \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2119.0,2206.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuPont de Nemours, Inc., commonly shortened to DuPont, is an American multinational chemical company first formed in 1802 by French-American chemist and industrialist Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours. The company played a major role in the development of the state of Delaware and first arose as a major supplier of gunpowder. DuPont developed many polymers such as Vespel, neoprene, nylon, Corian, Teflon, Mylar, Kapton, Kevlar, Zemdrain, M5 fiber, Nomex, Tyvek, Sorona, Corfam and Lycra in the 20th century, and its scientists developed many chemicals, most notably Freon (chlorofluorocarbons), for the refrigerant industry. It also developed synthetic pigments and paints including ChromaFlair.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2119.0,2206.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChemstrand is an associate company jointly owned by the American Viscose Corporation and Monsanto Chemical Company. It was chartered on May 16, 1949, to carry on research, development, manufacture, and marketing of synthetic fibers. The Chemstrand Corporation's world headquarters is located at Decatur, Alabama, also the site of Chemstrand's modern research and development facilities. The company operates its Acrilan* manufacturing plant at Decatur and the Chemstrand nylon plant at Pensacola, Florida. The Chemstrand nylon plant is the first wholly integrated nylon manufacturing facility in the United States and the largest of its type in the world.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2206.0,2336.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacksonville is the most populous city proper in the state of Florida, located on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida. It is the seat of Duval County, with which the City of Jacksonville consolidated in 1968. It was the largest city by area in the contiguous United States as of 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2206.0,2336.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAcrilan is a trademark and brand name for an acrylic fiber used in textiles, characterized chiefly by softness, strength, and wrinkle-resistant properties.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2206.0,2336.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, was about 2-1/2 miles away from the main camp. It had the largest total prisoner population. This is the camp with the big brick gate and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp and where the four gas chambers and crematoria came to be located.  The Monowitz camp also known as Auschwitz III or Buna, was about 4 miles east of the Auschwitz Main Camp. It was a complex built to house slave laborers for the German chemical firm IG Farben.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2354.0,2407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorley Denbo was a leading entrepreneur in the regional business community. In 1950, he moved from Bristol, Virginia, where he began his scrap metal recycling career, to Decatur, Alabama, when he bought his uncle's scrap metal recycling business, then known as B. Denbo Company. Morley grew the business into a major commercial empire. In continuous operation now for 109 years, the business became Denbo Iron and Metal Company, Inc., and then Tennessee Valley Recycling, LLC, and has employed hundreds in North Alabama and Middle Tennessee.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2407.0,2412.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChicago is the most populous city in the state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States. It is located on the shore of Lake Michigan. It had a population of 2,746,388, as of the 2020 census, it is the third-most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. As the seat of Cook County, the second-most populous county in the United States, Chicago is the center of the Chicago metropolitan area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2412.0,2443.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Schmaltz is rendered chicken or goose fat used for frying or as a spread on bread in Central European cuisine, and in the United States, particularly identified with Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2575.0,2595.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against Black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2664.0,2676.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Somerville is a town in Morgan County, Alabama. It is included in the Decatur Metropolitan Area and the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, the population of the town was 796.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2716.0,2746.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCullman is the largest city and county seat of Cullman County, Alabama. It is located approximately 50 miles north of Birmingham and approximately 55 miles south of Huntsville. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 18,213, with an estimated population of 19,913 in 2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2716.0,2746.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit legal advocacy organization specializing in civil rights and public interest litigation. Based in Montgomery, Alabama, it is known for its legal cases against white supremacist groups, for its classification of hate groups and other extremist organizations, and for promoting tolerance education programs. The SPLC was founded by Morris Dees, Joseph J. Levin Jr., and Julian Bond in 1971 as a civil rights law firm in Montgomery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2716.0,2746.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorris Seligman Dees, Jr. (b. 1936) is an American attorney known as the co-founder and former chief trial counsel for the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), based in Montgomery, Alabama. He ran a direct marketing firm before founding SPLC. Along with his law partner, Joseph J. Levin Jr., Dees founded the SPLC in 1971.  Dees and his colleagues at the SPLC have been \"credited with devising innovative ways to cripple hate groups\" such as the Ku Klux Klan, particularly by using \"damage litigation.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2747.0,2813.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2747.0,2813.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union or informally as Communist Russia, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. During its existence, it was the largest country by area, extending across eleven time zones and sharing borders with twelve countries, and the third-most populous country.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2825.15298,2899.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW), formally the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States, is an organization of United States war veterans who fought in wars, campaigns, and expeditions on foreign land, waters, or airspace as military service members. Established on September 29, 1899, in Columbus, Ohio, the VFW is headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri. It was federally chartered in 1936.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2916.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks (BPOE; also often known as the \"Elks Lodge\" or simply \"The Elks\") is an American fraternal order founded in 1868, originally as a social club in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2916.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Legion, commonly known as the Legion, is an organization of United States war veterans headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana. It comprises state, United States territory, and overseas departments, in turn made up of local posts. It was established in March 1919 in Paris, France, by officers and men of the American Expeditionary Forces (A.E.F.). It was subsequently chartered by the 66th U.S. Congress on September 16, 1919. The Legion played the leading role in drafting and passing the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, commonly known as the \"G.I. Bill.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2916.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2943.0,3066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war began in 2001 after the 9/11attacks in an effort to topple the Taliban government and establish an internationally recognized Islamic Republic. The war end in 2021 when the Taliban retook control of the government and removed the establish Islamic Republic. In August 2021, as the Taliban quickly retook control of the county and it became necessary to evacuate interpreters and others who worked with the US and the coalitions forces, ethnic minorities and women faster than expected. For more than two weeks, the airlifts were conducted to get these groups out of the Kabul airport before the Taliban took complete control of the country. From August 14-25, the United States evaluated about 82,300 people and other coalition governments also conducted airlifts. The airlifts turned more chaotic as the Taliban took control of Kabul and more individuals attempted to leave then the coalition forces were able to airlift out by the agreed August 31 deadline. Many individuals that had helped the US and coalition forces were left behind and are still trying to leave the country to avoid retaliation or execution by the Taliban government.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2943.0,3066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The Iraq War, also referred to as the Second Gulf War, was a prolonged conflict in Iraq lasting from 2003 to 2011. It began with the invasion by a United States-led coalition, which resulted in the overthrow of the Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict persisted as an insurgency arose against coalition forces and the newly established Iraqi government. US forces were officially withdrawn in 2011. In 2014, the US became re-engaged in Iraq, leading a new coalition under Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve, as the conflict evolved into the ongoing Islamic State insurgency. The Iraq invasion was part of the Bush administration's broader war on terror, launched in response to the September 11 attacks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2943.0,3066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. With a multi-ethnic population of nearly 86 million in an area of 636,372 square miles, Iran ranks 17th globally in both geographic size and population. It is the sixth-largest country entirely in Asia and one of the world's most mountainous countries. Officially an Islamic republic, Iran is divided into five regions with 31 provinces. Tehran is the nation's capital, largest city and financial center.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2943.0,3066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJordan (officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan) is an Arab country in southwest Asia, in the Middle East, in the southern part of the Levant region, and the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Jordan has borders with Syria to the north, Palestine and Israel to the west, Iraq to the east, Saudi Arabia to the east and south, and the Gulf of Aqaba to the southwest, where the city of Aqaba is next to the Red Sea. The capital of Jordan is Amman. Aqaba is the only sea port for Jordan with only 16 miles of coastline. Jordan is named after Jordan River, which passes on its western borders.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2943.0,3066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine is an area in the eastern Mediterranean region. Today, the region is made up of modern Israel and the Palestinian territories of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2943.0,3066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIslamic Resistance Movement, abbreviated Hamas, is a Palestinian nationalist Sunni Islamist political organization with a military wing, the Qassam Brigades. It has governed the Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip since 2007. On October 7, 2023, Hamas and other Palestinian militants attacked Israel killing nearly 1,200 Israelis, about two thirds of them civilians\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2943.0,3066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Korean War was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the support of the United Nations, principally from the United States). The war began on June 25, 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and insurrections in the south. The war ended unofficially on July 27, 1953 in an armistice\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2943.0,3066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBarack Hussein Obama II (b. 1961) was the 44th President of the United States, serving two consecutive terms from 2009-2016. He is the first African-American elected as president in United States history. Although Obama declared himself a Christian, rumors began that he was a Muslim. Whether the rumors were an effort to discredit him or to equate him with a faith some Americans perceive as negative, the rumors persisted throughout his presidency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2943.0,3066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in West Asia. Situated in the Southern Levant of the Middle East, it shares borders with Lebanon and Syria to the north, Jordan to the east, Egypt to the southwest, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. It occupies the Palestinian territories of the West Bank in the east and the Gaza Strip in the southwest. Israel also has a small coastline on the Red Sea at its southernmost point, and part of the Dead Sea lies along its eastern border. Its proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, while Tel Aviv is the country's largest urban area and economic center.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2943.0,3066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Netanyahu (b. 1949) is an Israeli politician and current prime minister (2021) of Israel. Netanyahu was born in Israel, served in the Israel Defense Force, and then went into politics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2943.0,3066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The Vietnam War occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from November 1, 1955 to the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975. This war fought between North Vietnam—supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies—and the government of South Vietnam—supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=2943.0,3066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalnettos were introduced by the J. N. Collins Company of Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1919. Walnettos were one of America's most popular candies in the 1920s and 1930s.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3152.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The Peter Paul Candy Manufacturing Company is a candy-making division within the Hershey Company. Mounds is a candy bar made by the Hershey Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3152.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943) was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II, beginning when Nazi Germany and its Axis allies attacked and became locked in a protracted struggle with the Soviet Union for control over the Soviet city of Stalingrad (now known as Volgograd) in southern Russia. The battle was characterized by fierce close-quarters combat and direct assaults on civilians in aerial raids. The battle epitomized urban warfare, being the single largest and costliest urban battle in military history. It was the bloodiest and fiercest battle of the entirety of World War II—and arguably in all of human history—as both sides suffered tremendous casualties amidst ferocious fighting in and around the city. The battle is commonly regarded as the turning point in the European theatre of World War II, as Germany's Oberkommando der Wehrmacht was forced to withdraw a considerable amount of military forces from other regions to replace losses on the Eastern Front. The German 6th Army and 4th Panzer Army had been destroyed. The Soviets' victory at Stalingrad shifted the Eastern Front's balance of power in their favor, while also boosting the morale of the Red Army.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3418.0,3511.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Tel Aviv, Israel, is located on the Mediterranean coast. It is considered the economic and technological center of Israel. It is the country’s second most populous city after Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3418.0,3511.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePopularly known as Mossad, the Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations is the national intelligence agency of the State of Israel. It is one of the main entities in the Israeli Intelligence Community, along with Aman (military intelligence) and Shin Bet (internal security).Mossad is responsible for intelligence collection, covert operations, and counter-terrorism. Its director answers directly and only to the prime minister.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3418.0,3511.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Mikhail Nikolayevich Baryshnikov (b. 1948) is a Latvian and American dancer, choreographer, and actor. He was the preeminent male classical ballet dancer of the 1970s and 1980s. He subsequently became a noted dance director. Born in Riga, Latvian SSR, into a Russian family, Baryshnikov had a promising start in the Kirov Ballet in Leningrad before defecting to Canada in 1974 for more opportunities in Western dance. After dancing with the American Ballet Theatre, he joined the New York City Ballet as a principal dancer for one season to learn about George Balanchine's neoclassical Russian style of movement. He then returned to the American Ballet Theatre, where he later became artistic director. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3418.0,3511.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Chabad-Lubavitch is a Hasidic movement in Orthodox Judaism\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3560.0,3567.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3560.0,3567.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3560.0,3567.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Reform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3560.0,3567.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUltra-Orthodox Judaism, any of several groups within Orthodox Judaism that strictly observe Jewish religious law and separate themselves from gentile society as well as from Jews who do not follow the religious law as strictly as they do. Ultra-Orthodox communities are found primarily in Israel, where they form about 13 percent of Israel’s population; North America, particularly in New York City; and western Europe. Ultra-Orthodox neighborhoods are generally composed of only Haredi Jewish families. Such communities are highly family-oriented with a high birth rate and a near absence of interfaith marriage. They have their own synagogues and schools. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3571.0,3613.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrooklyn is a borough of New York City located at the westernmost end of Long Island in the State of New York. Formerly an independent city, the borough is coextensive with Kings County, one of twelve original counties established under English rule in 1683 in the then Province of New York. As of the 2020 United States census, the population stood at 2,736,074, making it the most populous of the five boroughs of New York City, and the most populous county in the state.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3621.0,3735.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3621.0,3735.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Tzitzit are the four special fringes attached to the four corners of the tallit (prayer shawl) and tallit katan (everyday undergarment), one at each of the four corners. Any other tassels are just decorative. The four tzitzit are ritually constructed very carefully according to Hebrew law. The making of the tzitzit is commanded in Deuteronomy 22:12: “You shall make yourself twisted threats, on the four corners of your garment with which you cover yourself.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3621.0,3735.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePayess or payot [Hebrew: sidelocks or sidecurls] are worn by some men and boys in the Orthodox Jewish community based on a Biblical injunction against shaving the “corners” of one’s beard. They generally take the form of long, curled sideburns.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3621.0,3735.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3621.0,3735.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Empire Kosher Poultry, Inc. is the largest producer of kosher poultry in the United States. The company's headquarters, hatchery, and processing facility are located in Mifflintown, Pennsylvania. Empire Kosher was founded in 1938 in Liberty, New York, by Joseph N. Katz, an Austrian-Jewish immigrant to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3736.72727,3755.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Gabrielle Bonheur \"Coco\" Chanel (1883-1971) was a French fashion designer and businesswoman. The founder and namesake of the Chanel brand, she was credited in the post-World War I era with popularizing a sporty, casual chic as the feminine standard of style. She is the only fashion designer listed on Time magazine's list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.[3] A prolific fashion creator, Chanel extended her influence beyond couture clothing into jewelry, handbags, and fragrance. Her signature scent, Chanel No. 5, has become an iconic product, and Chanel herself designed her famed interlocked-CC monogram, which has been in use since the 1920s.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3814.0,3826.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Kiwanis International is an international, coeducational service club founded in 1915. It is a volunteer-led organization dedicated to building better communities, children, and youth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3842.0,3851.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLions Clubs International (LCI) is an international non-political service organization established originally in 1917 in Chicago, Illinois, by Melvin Jones. It is now headquartered in Oak Brook, Illinois. As of January 2020, it had over 46,000 local clubs and more than 1.4 million members (including the youth wing Leo) in more than 200 countries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3842.0,3851.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Exchange Club is a service organization with 700 clubs and more than 21,000 members throughout the United States and Puerto Rico. Founded in 1911 in Detroit, Michigan, by businessmen who wanted to “exchange” ideas on making their community better. For a hundred years, the Exchange Club volunteer efforts have supported the needs of the country and of local communities, making it the country's oldest American service organization operating exclusively in the United States. During the 1940s, Exchange had organized its club activities around seven areas of service that included education, agriculture, aviation, citizenship, commerce and industry, federal youth rehabilitation, youth and geriatrics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3851.0,4029.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhenix City is a city in Lee and Russell counties in the state of Alabama, and the county seat of Russell County. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 38,817.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=3851.0,4029.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Corley Wallace, Jr. (1919-1998) was an American politician and the 45th Governor of Alabama, having served two nonconsecutive terms and two consecutive terms as a Democrat: 1963-1967, 1971-1979 and 1983-1987. He made unsuccessful runs for the presidency in 1964 and 1968. He is remembered for his segregationist attitudes during the mid-20th century period of the civil rights movement. A 1972 assassination attempt left Wallace paralyzed, and he used a wheelchair for the remainder of his life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=4029.0,4031.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMamzer is a Yiddish word meaning bastard.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=4034.0,4087.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405/annotation_set/2006/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154174/file/283405#t=4034.0,4087.0"}]}]}]}