{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/hd7np1x08b/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Bertone, Goldie Traub"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2019-10-28 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives for Southern Jewish History William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGoldie Bertone interviewed by Sandra Berman on October 28, 2019 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eGoldie Traub Bertone was born in a DP camp in Bad Worishofen, Germany. Her mother, Bella Urbach Solnick, and father, Pinkus Solnick, were both survivors originally from Poland. Two of her father’s brothers also survived, but her mother was the only survivor of her immediate family. When Goldie was an infant, her family immigrated to the United States and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Within a few years, her father had opened a grocery store. Later he became a successful real estate developer. Goldie and her two younger sisters enjoyed a comfortable childhood in a nice home with many friends. The family belonged to Ahavath Achim synagogue and forged close relationships with the families of other survivors. Goldie belonged to the inaugural class at the Hebrew Academy. After graduating from Grady High School, she attended the University of Georgia. Today, Goldie and her sisters actively share their family’s experiences with new generations at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum as well as the Florida Holocaust Museum.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eGoldie introduces her parents and their arrival in the United States. She recaps her father’s early career. Goldie relates how her mother came to meet and marry her father in a DP camp. She recalls her family’s relationships within the Holocaust survivor community in Atlanta. Goldie describes the black community in downtown Atlanta where her father owned a grocery store. She recounts multiple robberies during the 1960s. Goldie explains how her father moved into real estate development. She recalls her family’s social activities. Goldie recollects about her parents’ opening up about their experiences. She reflects on the challenges her mother faced in trying to begin a new life while adapting to a new country. Goldie shares why she feels it is important to remember her parents’ story. She reminisces about her father. Goldie considers her parents’ perspectives on civil rights in the South. She mentions her enrollment in the Hebrew Academy. Goldie reflects on how her parents’ experiences influenced here. She talks about the food and participants in social outings. The interview closes with Goldie’s assessment of her parents’ success.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/27931"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Jewish Grocers (topical term)","Holocaust (named event)","Associated Grocers Co-Op Inc. (corporate name)","Buford North Apartments (corporate name)","Civil Rights Movement (named event)","Hebrew Academy (corporate name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGoldie Bertone interviewed by Sandra Berman on October 28, 2019 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGoldie Traub Bertone was born in a DP camp in Bad Worishofen, Germany. Her mother, Bella Urbach Solnick, and father, Pinkus Solnick, were both survivors originally from Poland. Two of her father’s brothers also survived, but her mother was the only survivor of her immediate family. When Goldie was an infant, her family immigrated to the United States and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Within a few years, her father had opened a grocery store. Later he became a successful real estate developer. Goldie and her two younger sisters enjoyed a comfortable childhood in a nice home with many friends. The family belonged to Ahavath Achim synagogue and forged close relationships with the families of other survivors. Goldie belonged to the inaugural class at the Hebrew Academy. After graduating from Grady High School, she attended the University of Georgia. Today, Goldie and her sisters actively share their family’s experiences with new generations at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum as well as the Florida Holocaust Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGoldie introduces her parents and their arrival in the United States. She recaps her father’s early career. Goldie relates how her mother came to meet and marry her father in a DP camp. She recalls her family’s relationships within the Holocaust survivor community in Atlanta. Goldie describes the black community in downtown Atlanta where her father owned a grocery store. She recounts multiple robberies during the 1960s. Goldie explains how her father moved into real estate development. She recalls her family’s social activities. Goldie recollects about her parents’ opening up about their experiences. She reflects on the challenges her mother faced in trying to begin a new life while adapting to a new country. Goldie shares why she feels it is important to remember her parents’ story. She reminisces about her father. Goldie considers her parents’ perspectives on civil rights in the South. She mentions her enrollment in the Hebrew Academy. Goldie reflects on how her parents’ experiences influenced here. She talks about the food and participants in social outings. The interview closes with Goldie’s assessment of her parents’ success.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/096/838/small/Bertone_Goldie.mp4_1599498568.jpg?1599484172","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Bertone_Goldie.mp4"]},"duration":2753.771,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/096/838/small/Bertone_Goldie.mp4_1599498568.jpg?1599484172","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/096/838/original/Bertone_Goldie.mp4?1617652359","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2753.771,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Goldie Bertone [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is October 28, 2019. I am with Goldie Solnick Bertone, who has\nagreed to participate in the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project at\nthe William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. I know it is a mouthful. I am so glad\nyou decided to do this--I know you are busy--and give us this bit of time. We've\ninterviewed your parents and I know your mother's story. You come and speak\nabout your mother's story. Both of your parents were Holocaust survivors. We are\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not really here to talk about those experiences. We are here today to speak to\nthem coming to Atlanta and their early years here. If you could, begin by\ntelling me their full names and how and when they got to Atlanta.\n\nBERTONE: Okay. Bella Urbach Solnick was my mom.\n\nBERMAN: How do you spell [her maiden] name?\n\nBERTONE: U-R-B-A-C-H. My father is Pinkus Solnick. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They got married in 1946 in a\nDP, displaced persons camp in Bad Worishofen, Germany. They actually first\nwanted to go to Israel. They got married in 1946 and immediately afterwards they\nstarted having families. My mother was pregnant. She went over to Cyprus and\ntried to get on a ship. I don't know if it was the Exodus ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or one like the\nExodus. They asked her if she was pregnant and she said, \"Yes.\" She didn't know\nthat she shouldn't have said that. She said that she went back crying to\nGermany. In September of 1949, America opened their immigration laws and my\nfather must have been one of the first ones to stand in line and this time he\ngot on a ship--the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"General Eltinge--that landed here on October 8, 1949 in New\nOrleans [Louisiana] with baby Golda. They were told where to go. They didn't\nhave any sponsors. Each community was absorbing a certain amount of people. They\nwere given Atlanta. As my mother said, she didn't know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where she was going. She\nwas going to this place called \"Atlanta Gee-org-iah.\" Years later, I met the\nwoman--her name was Sarah Stone and ironically she was good friends with my\nex-mother-in-law--who greeted the ships back in New Orleans. She told me that\nthey took everybody to the JCC and put white [table] cloths [down] and gave them\na meal. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I asked Mother about that and her memory of that. She said, \"You know, I\ndidn't speak English at that time. I didn't know where I was going. But I\nremember it was the first time in all those year that I sat at a table with a\nwhite table cloth.\" Then they came to Atlanta and were greeted by HIAS and taken\nover to an apartment that was set up for them. My father was an electrician,\nwhich is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what saved his and his brothers' lives in the camps. He was actually\nliberated from Auschwitz-Birkenau. He said several times that he was chosen by\n[Joseph] Mengele but they needed electricians. He became an electrician here in\nAtlanta. My sister and I could not remember but I think he actually worked for a\nradio station, WSB on Briarcliff Road. I remember him doing some work there. He\nwas an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"electrician for a few years. Then the whole Associated Grocer thing\nhappened and he opened up his first grocery store the same year my sister,\nBetty, was born, 1952. I was a three year old then. I have some memories of my\nfather being an electrician, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was so young. I do remember the first grocery\nstore, Pete's Grocery Store.\n\nBERMAN: What street was it on?\n\nBERTONE: That was on Grey Street.\n\nBERMAN: I want to go back to the DP camp for just a minute. They met in the DP\ncamp. Did either one of them tell you the story about how they met there?\n\nBERTONE: Yes. Mother escaped on the death march ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Dachau and was hidden by a\nfarmwoman. Then Mother had TB and the woman got TB. She took Mother over . . .\nThis is putting everything in a nutshell. My father, who was liberated on the\ntrain from Auschwitz-Birkenau, was brought over to Bad Worishofen [Germany] to\nrecover, he and his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two brothers. Mother was brought to the same DP camp because\nit was close by to where the woman lived in Bavaria. My father used to proudly\ntell in Yiddish that he looked outside his window and saw his little blonda\nketseleh [Yiddish], which means blonde kitten. He said, \"I'm going to marry that\nwoman.\" He says, \"I had to fight with that Litvak, [Lithuanian] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I got her.\"\n\nBERMAN: Someone else was in love with her as well?\n\nBERTONE: Yes, somebody was vying for her as well. She was very pretty. I\nremember she said she told him, \"I can't marry you. I don't have a dress to\nwear.\" He said, \"I'll take care of that.\" She never knew--or at least she never\ntold--where he came back and got that dress for her. They got married. His two\nbrothers also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got married in that same time. I don't know the sequence of who\nmarried first.\n\nBERMAN: They come to Atlanta once immigration in 1949 opened. Did they get\ninvolved immediately within the Holocaust survivor community that was here?\n\nBERTONE: Immediately.\n\nBERMAN: Can you describe that early . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERTONE: I have early memories of like Hanukah parties or get-togethers that . .\n. They just banded together because all of them were learning English, all of\nthem were applying for citizenship, all of them--we were young--started\nproducing, all of them had children right away, so we had little play periods.\nToday they would call them play dates. Back then it was a group and it was\ngrowing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and growing. I just remember names of people that we played with. Some\ndisappeared. I don't know where they are. Others I am still in contact with.\n\nBERMAN: Can you name some of those families?\n\nBERTONE: Yes. Hannah Eisler; Rhona Storch--her older sister, Mary, was my age;\nJeannie Elkan; Saba Wise a couple of years later --she came a little bit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after\nwe did . . .\n\nArona Zelman. The Zelmans taught everybody Hebrew. They were actually from Israel.\n\nBERMAN: Did you all join the same congregation?\n\nBERTONE: We lived down the street from the old AA synagogue on Washington\nStreet. I remember going there but I also remember Beth Jacob for a while and\nShearith Israel for a little while. Ultimately they all settled at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ahavath\nAchim synagogue, but I think there was a little period where they were going\naround to synagogues and trying to find their place.\n\nBERMAN: So many of the survivors were from different countries in Eastern\nEurope. Was Yiddish the common language?\n\nBERTONE: Yiddish was the common language. Yiddish was what I was brought up\nwith. When they wanted to speak and not have us understand, they spoke Polish.\nMy memories of them sitting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in living rooms or wherever, where they did not tell\nus what went on. They talked among themselves but they did not share with us. I\nremember walking into the room and everybody going, \"Shh. Shh. Shh.\" They\nthought they were protecting their children. I wish I could go back and ask\nquestions. I was too young to ask other than, \"Why don't I have a grandmother?\nWhy don't I have a grandfather?\" Those were the questions ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I asked.\n\nBERMAN: What was her answer?\n\nBERTONE: \"A man named Hitler took them away,\" and \"Aunt Sarah is your\nGrandmother.\" And I'd go, \"How can Aunt Sarah,\"--it was Sarah Kinsler--\"be my\ngrandmother?\" She kept trying to say, \"I'm your grandmother.\" I knew she wasn't\nmy grandmother, but people were stepping in. A cute story that happened back\nthen--and fast-forward to today--my sister is Betty Solnick Sunshine, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married to\nAlan Sunshine. His grandfather offered to put my father in business back then.\nHe offered to give him a loan. My father, being the proud man that he was, said,\n\"No, I'm going to make it myself.\" Fast-forward, their children get married.\n\nBERMAN: Amazing. He goes into the grocery [store business]. Associated Grocers\nhelped a lot of the survivors. Can you estimate how many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the survivors in the\ncommunity were in the grocer business?\n\nBERTONE: I have no idea. I know ten of fifteen. I don't even know how many then.\n\nBERMAN: Was it difficult in the beginning without having a mastery of English?\nHow did they navigate?\n\nBERTONE: I don't know because I was learning to speak. I was an infant. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they\nmanaged. They studied. They wanted to learn the language. Actually, working in\nthe grocery store, my father spoke a kind of Ebonics English. That's where he\nlearned his language, working in the grocery store.\n\nBERMAN: He opened the store in what year?\n\nBERTONE: That was 1952, the first store that he opened. I remember it as being a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small store, really very rustic, things piled on top of things.\n\nBERMAN: Who was the clientele?\n\nBERTONE: The clientele was the black neighborhoods then. Mother felt very\ncomfortable with them at the beginning. It was very . . .\n\nBERMAN: What was the relationship like?\n\nBERTONE: A good one. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was Mr. Pete. They couldn't say Pinkus, so he was Mr.\nPete. There was always, \"Mr. Pete.\" My memories . . . because I went to the\nHebrew Academy and I didn't have to go to Sunday school, they worked six and a\nhalf days a week. I went to help them every Sunday morning in the grocery store.\nI remember getting in trouble a few times cause I stole the Chunky candy bars. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nremember one time--you might have to cut this out--climbing on top because\nsomebody asked me for something, and I went on top, and it was a condom. They\nhad everything back then, those little grocery stores. Whatever anybody needed,\nthey went out and got and they had it there. They had produce, they had meat,\nthey had candies, they had condoms, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever was needed.\n\nBERMAN: Were your parents equal partners in the grocery business? Did one have a\nspecific job?\n\nBERTONE: No, my mother didn't work fulltime. She would go in and help him some\nif he had to go off, if he had to go buy at the farmer's market or the co-op.\nThere was a co-op that he had to go to. She would go in, take the bus down\nthere. I can't even remember when they bought the first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"car, but it was a green\nand white Chevy. I don't even know what year, but [my father] proudly bought the\nfirst car. Until then, she would take the bus, and bring us with her, and go\nhelp out, and they would just manage somehow. Like my father always said, they\nsaved pennies. They didn't buy anything on credit.\n\nBERMAN: When did the situation with the neighborhood start to change?\n\nBERTONE: I just remember they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started getting hold ups when I was already in\nhigh school . . . That would be like the early 1960s. I think that's when things\nstarted happening that we started being unsafe. The areas started being unsafe.\n\nBERMAN: Why do you think it changed? Was there an event that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"precipitated?\n\nBERTONE: No. I don't know.\n\nBERMAN: The racial tension?\n\nBERTONE: I'm sure that was the big thing and nobody trusting anybody anymore.\n\nBERMAN: Did your parents talk about it?\n\nBERTONE: Like they always hid and they always tried to protect us from things,\nbut we found out. You told me you have articles. I never saw those articles of\nmy father.\n\nBERMAN: I'll give you copies before you leave . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But they didn't talk about\nbeing fearful to go? Did you know what was happening when they were robbed?\n\nBERTONE: Yes, because I was old enough by then to know. I remember crying and\nsaying, \"We don't want you to go there.\" What were they going to do? My father\nwould leave at seven in the morning and come back at ten at night, stay open\ntill . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was he going to do? What was his other occupation going to be?\nLittle by little they saved enough money to go on to the next step with the\ngrocery business but yes, it became very dangerous.\n\nBERMAN: Do you know how many times they were actually robbed?\n\nBERTONE: I do not know how many, but my father several times. My mother, I can\nonly think of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one or two because she wasn't there that much, of course.\n\nBERMAN: You related an unbelievably funny story--not that a robbery can ever be\nfunny--but an unbelievably funny story about your mother and the robber. If you\ncan relate that for the tape, I'd appreciate it.\n\nBERTONE: Mother was in the grocery store. I'm forgetting what year. You may know\nwhat year because the article said that.\n\nBERMAN: It was in the 1906s.\n\nBERTONE: Yes, it was the 1960s when things started changing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was old enough to\nremember her saying that she was robbed. She was watching the grocery store with\nsomebody else. She had a helper. It was never her alone. It was always with\nsomeone else that was assisting. It was two men. One was young. One was a\nteenager. They had a gun. My mother said to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"young man that was holding the\ngun facing her \"Young man, does your mother know that you're doing this right\nnow?\" [She] proceeded to say, \"You mother is going to be very upset.\" She said\nthis in her Yiddish accent. He took the butt of the gun--or the other guy\ndid--and knocked her out. She was flat out. Months later when they caught them\nbecause there was a string of robberies, there was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"line up. My mother went up\nto him, shaking the finger, [and said,] \"I told you. I told you your mother's\ngoing to be upset.\" That was my mom.\n\nBERMAN: Was that the way she always was?\n\nBERTONE: I don't know that she though she was funny, but I think in retrospect .\n. . I remember my oldest son at about age twelve or thirteen saying to me, \"You\nknow, your mom, Nana, is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so funny. She's got the best sense of humor.\" I went,\n\"My mother has a sense of humor?\" It was so different from one generation to the\nother. I was being a teenager when all that was happening, in my own little world.\n\nBERMAN: You said they went to the next level. Did they stay in the grocery\nbusiness? Did they move?\n\nBERTONE: They did not stay in the grocery business. My father made some good\nconnections. I think my mother was also very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important in this, in kind of\npushing him towards, \"Let's get out of this.\" They connected . . . at that time,\nRosa Dziewienski came in and Jerry Blonder. He became partners with them in some\nland that they were buying way out [on what is] called Buford Highway. He bought\nsome land.\n\nBetty did not remember it, but I remember this clearly. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a moonshine\nstill on his land, on his property. He came home with jugs of moonshine and\neverything. [He] had to clear it. Ultimately, they went into the apartment\nbusiness. He was a very proud American because he went to New York City and they\ngave him a loan to build \"apartaments.\"\n\nBERMAN: That's a remarkable story. I had no idea that he went into business with\nJerry Blonder.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERTONE: Yes, that was the first one who ultimately . . . He wasn't in that one,\nbut Cherry Hill Apartments were the first.\n\nBERMAN: A lot of the Holocaust survivors seemed to move from the grocery\nbusiness to real estate. How did that happen? Do you know?\n\nBERTONE: Just because what else could they do? I mean, they did not have\neducation. A lot of them, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was just smart business moves. They saved pennies,\npennies, pennies. Their goal was to educate their children, have weddings for\ntheir daughters, and provide. My father proudly said he never took a loan out\nfor a car. If he couldn't pay for it in cash, he wasn't going to buy it. He was\nso proud. I remember . . . As a matter of fact, I'm wearing the ring he bought\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my mother for when he said he'd made it in America. He went to New York and got\nthis ring. I love wearing it.\n\nBERMAN: Can you show it for the cameras?\n\nBERTONE: It's a pretty ring.\n\nBERMAN: Yes, that's beautiful.\n\nBERTONE: I think it was like 1968 or 1969. His apartments were being built and\nhe felt secure.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What year was the grocery business closed?\n\nBERTONE: I think 1968 or 1969. I know that the apartments were being built.\nBuford North Apartments were his. That was his proudest moment. [He was] so\nproud that he was able to achieve that.\n\nBERMAN: Did they stay in contact with other Holocaust survivors? Was that their\nsocial circle?\n\nBERTONE: Always, yes.\n\nBERMAN: Did they have an organized group or was it . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERTONE: Eventually it was [Eternal Life-Hemshech]. They built the memorial.\nThere were some instrumental people in Hemshech [like] Rubin Lansky. There were\nthree or four of them--names are escaping me right now--that got involved in\nthat and kept it together. There was always the yearly Hanukah party that we all\nlooked forward to. But then I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember that they splintered off into groups of\nwho was at Shearith Israel, who was at Beth Jacob became more religious, who was\nat the AA . . .\n\nBERMAN: What about your generation? Was that your social circle as well?\n\nBERTONE: Kind of. Me at the Hebrew Academy, it wasn't necessarily survivors but\nit was a very small Jewish group. Then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my younger sisters went to public\nschools. It was still very Jewish neighborhoods around what is now\nVirginia-Highlands. Back then we walked to the Hebrew Academy, which is where\nShearith Israel is. It was a very safe environment. There were not very many\nnon-Jews in my life. There were some babysitters ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that sort of a thing, yes,\nbut . . .\n\nBERMAN: Your parents. I know that you said they always went, \"Shh,\" whenever you\nwalked in the room. In later years, did they discuss any of their experiences\nwith you?\n\nBERTONE: Yes, later.\n\nBERMAN: When did they decide it was appropriate and okay?\n\nBERTONE: Let's see, when Mother started being asked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to speak at churches in\nsouth Georgia with . . . Alex Gross. Then we got these beautiful letters from\nyoung children and I didn't know the stories, so it was time to sit down and\nhear. I'd heard bits and pieces but not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything and I probably will never\nhear it, know everything. There's just no way they would say everything.\n\nBERMAN: Did both of your parents tell you then or just one or the other?\n\nBERTONE: At different times, pieces together. Ironically, my ex-husband--who was\nprobably their first boy, their first son--spent hours talking to my dad. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My\nfather would open up to him more than he would me. To this day, he reminds me of\ncertain things that happened. You know, my . . . No, we didn't . . . My parents\npracticed their English on us. That's what they wanted to learn. I recall, being\nthe oldest one, coming back and telling them things, like spending the night at\na friend's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house who had a very beautiful, elegant home. [Her name was] Daryl\nSerocki. I remember coming back and saying to Mother, \"You have to have a top\nsheet. It's not just the bottom.\" [I was] American-izing them, [instructing,]\n\"You've got to do this. You're supposed to do that.\" I remember being\nembarrassed because my parents cooked all these weird foods, right? Now, these\nfriends say, \"My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"favorite meals were when I came to your house.\" But as we were\ntrying to be more American, those were embarrassing moments.\n\nBERMAN: A lot of the survivors in retrospect, when they talk about first coming\nto Atlanta, they have mentioned that the organized community was not that helpful.\n\nBERTONE: They weren't.\n\nBERMAN: Did your parents ever talk about that?\n\nBERTONE: Yes. They didn't want to hear. What my mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said was they were told,\n\"Just go about your lives. Forget about it. Don't even talk about it. Forget\nabout it. Go forward.\"\n\nWhen we moved into our first house--I think I was in first grade at that\ntime--on Noble Drive, our next door neighbor, Charlotte Bigner, was her first\nreally American friend who befriended her, said, \"You got go take your children\nto a dentist. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You got to do this . . . \" Things that we know but all that was\nmissed while they were in internment. Charlotte later told me things. Charlotte\ntook care and helped Mother very much. Okay, but there was a lot of times that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mother was left out, too. Betty reminded me of a time that the next-door\nneighbor was having a big party. There was Mother sitting in the window looking\nout at it because she hadn't been invited.\n\nBERMAN: All these years later, that must be hurtful for your mother.\n\nBERTONE: I think about that. Mother got so excited because this woman befriended\nher but didn't invite her to parties. Later ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in life, of course that happened,\nbut . . .\n\nBERMAN: Right, but in the beginning . . .\n\nBERTONE: [Not] in the beginning. I have a friend I remember saying to people,\npointing at me, \"She was a refugee.\" I was eight months old when I came here. I\ndidn't think of myself as a refugee but I guess I was to some people.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: If there were anything you could ask your parents now, what would it be?\n\nBERTONE: It would be about what their home life was before all that happened,\nthe normal parts. I want to hear the normal parts.\n\nWe lived on Noble Drive; behind us was a train track. Later in life . . . Of\ncourse, I was young and didn't know it, but I remember things would [startle\nand] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"set my mother off [like,] \"What is going on?\" Later on in life I remember\nshe said, \"Every time I heard a train, I want into a panic attack.\" I'd go, \"But\nMom, we lived right on a . . . There were trains every day.\" [She said,] \"I know.\"\n\nBERMAN: Was her whole immediate family . . . Her brother survived you said?\n\nBERTONE: No, my father had surviving brothers. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had no one, no. She had one\nbrother who was in the concentration camps with her. When he died of typhoid or\nTB, they cut her hair. Mother had this beautiful, thick blonde hair that she was\nso proud of. Then they had to shave her head. That's what she remembered. She\nwent into trauma.\n\nBERMAN: To have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived the death march, to have had the gumption to escape . . .\n\nBERTONE: That's a great story. We tell her story because it's like a book.\n\nBERMAN: Why is it important for you to come to the Breman and speak?\n\nBERTONE: Because what's going to happen in a hundred years? Who's going to\nremember? Who's going to care? We've got to pass these stories on. You've got\nnaysayers now. I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what in a hundred and fifty years will anybody even\nremember? We've got so many Holocaust museums right now. The question is, do we\nneed to keep building so many? Are people coming? But I think right now there's\nmore of a curiosity about it than there was forty of fifty years ago.\nIronically, the more people want to know, the actual ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivors are dying. I\nmean, they're almost all gone. Who's left to say? I've got grandchildren of my\nown now. They need to know. They need to know what their background is.\n\nBERMAN: Did your children or your sisters' children ever speak to your parents\nabout it?\n\nBERTONE: Yes, my children did. My son used to write little articles about it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\ndon't know how in depth they went. I think again they were trying to be\nprotective and not say the worst of the worst.\n\nWe do remember my father's number: B13465. \"B\" for Birkenau. That's another kind\nof funny, sweet/sad story was when he had Alzheimer's. He had early onset\nAlzheimer's, which a lot had to do with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his past experiences. My son said, \"Why\ndon't we change the code to the house, to get the alarm code so he can look [at\nhis tattoo on his forearm] and remember it?\" We actually used that number.\n\nHe's got one brother who's still alive. Uncle Sam is 97, living in Del Ray\n[Beach, Florida]. They're incredible people.\n\nBERMAN: They are incredible. So many of them I know lived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"long lives and I think\nit's the resiliency and determination.\n\nBERTONE: The resiliency and also . . . I laugh. I think of my father always\ntelling a joke, always being funny. He used to say, \"I love to tell a joke but I\nwill never do it anybody's expense. I'll never hurt anybody's feelings.\" He was\njust . . . I think in another life . . . To me, he was just the most handsome\nman. He was so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talented. He could dance. He and Mother always won all these\nwaltz contests and he would sing. In a different world, maybe he would have been\non stage. He was that sort of person.\n\nAfter his death, Cantor Isaac Goodfriend, who grew up down the street from my\nfather, came and told us, \"You father used to say he would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go through the\nHolocaust all over again if he knew what a beautiful family he was going to have.\"\n\nBERMAN: Wow. That is a wonderful story.\n\nBERTONE: He called my three sisters and mom his little blonda ketseleh, all of\nus. We were blonda ketseleh, his blonde kittens, always climbing all over him,\nkissing and hugging on him.\n\nBERMAN: Were you all blonde, all three girls?\n\nBERTONE: All three of us, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yes.\n\nBERMAN: Before we conclude, I'll give you a minute to think about it. Are there\nany other really funny or interesting stories from the grocery store that you\ncan think of?\n\nBERTONE: Those were my teenage years and at a certain point, I was no longer\nrunning to the grocery store with them. But I do remember going out the farmer's\nmarket. Those were wonderful years, going to the farmer's market, which was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way\nout, where they picked up bushels of collard greens, and bushels of beans, and\nall the meats, and everything, and rushed back and put it in the freezer. Those\nwere great times. Those were my times to be with my dad. He and I alone.\n\nBERMAN: I do have one final question. Later--I think it was ten or fifteen years\nlater--Andrew Young actually wrote an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"article about how the Jewish groceries\ntook advantage of the African-American communities, and they charged too much,\nand the produce wasn't as good. Can you address that at all, how you feel? Do\nyou remember when that happened?\n\nBERTONE: I just know that my father gave credit to people constantly. He was not\nletting anybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go out hungry. That never happened. I did not know about that\narticle but it just makes me so angry. I'm sure that they . . . I can't swear. I\ndon't know what really happened. I just know that because of their own\nexperiences, they never let anybody go hungry. My father would stand up and . .\n. I remember him speaking one time at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emory [University] before he got\nAlzheimer's. He said that he remembers in 1951--two years after coming here--[he\nwas] downtown. A puppy dog was run over. All these people were crying and\nscreaming about the puppy dog being killed. He said, \"But nobody cried when we\nwere all being killed.\" Those thoughts ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were in him. They stood up. My mother was\nso defensive of any kind of civil rights any thing. I recall an incident on the\nbus when we were riding downtown--my mother, Betty, and I. I must have been\nseven or eight. Betty was five. We get on the bus and there were no seats up\nfront. There was a seat in the back. Mother walked us back there, told Betty to\nsit down ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"next to a black man. A white woman came over, got in Mother's face, and\nsaid, \"She cannot sit back here.\" My mother turned around to Betty and said,\n\"Sit.\" She said, \"She cannot sit back here.\" My mother said to her in her very\nbroken English, \"Hitler couldn't take me; I'm not scared of you. Betty, sit.\"\nInterestingly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enough, and I remember this as clear . . . The man got up and\nmoved. He didn't want any trouble.\n\nBERMAN: Did the woman back down at all?\n\nBERTONE: She [realized] my mother was not going to give in. My mother was not\ngiving in to that. Can you imagine from their point of view coming to the South\nand seeing . . . She said the first time she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"realized what was happening, she\nwas at a doctor's office. There was one room for \"coloreds\" and another room for\neverybody else. She said that was the first time she realized. That was her\nfirst memory of that.\n\nBERMAN: I've often thought about how similar Jim Crow was to the Nuremberg Laws.\n\nBERTONE: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: If you put one set next to the other, the similarity . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think\nit is so remarkable that your mother talked about that because a lot of the\nHolocaust survivors were almost afraid to rock the boat.\n\nBERTONE: They didn't at first. Like I said, they were encouraged not to talk.\n[They were told,] \"Do not talk about it. Do not think about it.\" There was no\npost-war stress syndrome. There was no such thing. They [were told,] \"Just don't\ntalk about it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bury it.\" We could see, like my father, his mind would wander off\nat certain moments. We didn't know what was happening. We were children. We\ndidn't know the things they were going through. They just wanted to protect us\nand do the best for us. Like I said, I ended up at the Hebrew Academy. I asked\nMother, \"Why? How did that happen? The first class. How did that happen?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She\nsaid, \"They were just starting the school and Betty Zelman said, \"Let's go in.\"\nActually, I was a year younger than everybody else, but they kept passing me up.\nWe were the experiment to see if Atlanta could support a Jewish Day School.\n\nBERMAN: Look at it now.\n\nBERTONE: Look at it now. My children and grandchildren . . . It's kind of cool.\n\nBERMAN: That is great. Did they end up later on during the 1960s ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting\ninvolved in any of the Civil Rights . . .\n\nBERTONE: Not really.\n\nBERMAN: Did any of the survivors that you know of?\n\nBERTONE: When confronted with it, I think so, that they spoke their mind, but\nthey had their own issues still trying to make it in a foreign country. They\nwere aware that they didn't speak perfect English.\n\nMother was asked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to speak here many times. In early years, she did, but then it\nwas too disturbing to speak because after she spoke, she would be in bed for a\ncouple of days. She just couldn't do it. We finally said, \"You don't have to.\"\n\nBERMAN: What about antisemitic incidences here? Did they confront any of that?\nDo you remember any incidences?\n\nBERTONE: For myself, I don't think . . . I mean, Hebrew Academy, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know . . .\nand then Grady High School, no. Even at [the University of] Georgia, no. It was\nlater in life that I saw that, but, no, I didn't feel that.\n\nNow, the stories that I heard . . . To this day, I have a hard time hearing\nGerman. I have a hard time with it. To this day, I look at German Shepherds and\nget ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a chill. My husband wants so badly to go to Germany and I just can't do it.\nI know my limitations.\n\nBERMAN: Have you been back to Poland to see where your . . .\n\nBERTONE: No, but I want to go. [My] sisters [and I] talked about doing that.\nMother went back one time once the Soviet Union dispersed. She saw the building\nthat her grandfather owned. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had graffiti all over it. That just disturbed\nher. This beautiful, big commercial building that he owned and now its all . . .\nThen when she tried to get it back and prove she was the only surviving\nrelative, they said, \"Fine. You owe the Russian government this much money for\ntaxes, and upkeep, and everything.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the end, my father made it in America and\nwe were able to have a good life eventually.\n\nBERMAN: I want to thank you for doing this. I know you are extremely busy\ngetting ready for your trip.\n\nBERTONE: [I am] involved with the Holocaust Museum in Florida, too. That's going\nto be my passion forever.\n\nBERMAN: I really appreciate this. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This grocery store story about the survivors,\nand what they went through, and how they managed to make lives for themselves in\nthe grocery store business is going to be a part of this new exhibition that we\nare doing, so we are excited.\n\nBERTONE: Yes. I'm going to throw one little thing in. Memories are coming back.\n[On] Sundays after we went to the grocery store in the mornings and we left\nabout one o'clock, that's when the families would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get together. We would go to\nLake Spivey or somewhere and have big picnics. You asked how we got together.\nThere'd be six or seven families. Everybody would bring . . . Mother's famous\npotato salad and so-and-so brought the chicken. They made their own little world.\n\nBERMAN: Besides cooking their Old World recipes, did they learn how to make\nfried chicken and all that other stuff?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERTONE: Kind of. Never a hundred percent. I was cooking by the time they would\nlearn Southern food. At the end, my mother was eating healthy food. She was not\ndoing all those schmaltz things. That was in the past. She wasn't doing chopped\nliver or this thing called Galar.\n\nBERMAN: What was that?\n\nBERTONE: It was like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bone marrow. It was like a jelly with . . . But those\nchunks were good. It was stew beef kind of.\n\nBERMAN: Right. Final question: Who were the families that you hung with at Lake Spivey?\n\nBERTONE: She is now . . . There was a little group. They had groups. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\ngrouped off by these are Polishers, the Litvaks . . . They grouped by where they\nwere from and they told their stories by that. My mother's group was Mary and\nMorris Elkan--that was Mother's good friends; Rubin and Lola Lansky; Rose and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Handy--later Tuchman. It was like five or six couples that we were all\nalways together.\n\nBERMAN: That is great.\n\nBERTONE: They made their way. They rose up and they went forward, but there were\nflashbacks. I always say my parents did amazing . . . from the time they came to\nAmerica in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/transcript/18479/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1949 to the time they built a home in Buckhead--although it wasn't\nbig--in 1969, that's only twenty years. Think about that.\n\nBERMAN: It is a remarkable story truly. Thank you, Goldie. I really appreciate it.\n\nBERTONE: Thank you, Sandy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2730.0,2760.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Goldie Bertone [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBella Urbach (1926-2016) was born in Zdunska Wola, Poland. Bella was the second of seven children born to Abram and Golda Taube Urbach. She was the only one of her immediate family to survive the Holocaust. She escaped Dachau on a death march in March of 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePinkus Solnick (1924-2001) was born in Lodz, Poland. He was liberated from Dachau in 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP Camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBad Worishofen [German: Bad Wörishofen] is a popular spa town about 85 kilometers (52 miles) to the west and south of Munich, Germany. After World War II, it was the site of a displaced persons [DP] camp. The camp was supported by UNRRA and largely housed Lithuanian Jewish survivors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Republic of Cyprus is an island in the eastern Mediterranean that is separated into a Greek south and Turkish north.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Exodus 1947 was a ship that carried Jews intent on entering Palestine illegally. At the time the British, who had restricted entry, controlled Palestine. Most of the passengers were Holocaust survivors who had no legal immigration certificates to Palestine. The ship left France on July 11, 1947. Following wide media coverage, the British Royal Navy seized the ship and escorted it to the port of Haifa. The passengers were put on three different ships and returned to France. When they got there they refused to get off and went on a hunger strike. The British government refused to back down. Further negotiations resulted in them being sent them to DP camps in Germany. The women and children got off voluntarily but the men had to be removed forcibly. Eventually most of the refugees made it to Palestine via Cyprus, illegal smuggling, or legal immigration after Israel became a nation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUSS General LeRoy Eltinge (AP-154) was a transport ship for the US Navy in World War II. She was named in honor of US Army general LeRoy Eltinge. She was transferred to the US Army as USAT General LeRoy Eltinge in 1946. In 1949, the General LeRoy Eltinge was used to transport emigrants from Displaced Persons camps of World War II. In 1950, she was sent to operate in the Western Pacific and later in the Korean War. She was scrapped in 1980.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) was founded in 1881.  Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian in relocating.  During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East.  They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas.  After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Mengele was born in 1911. He became a doctor and joined the SS. He was notorious for being one of the physicians who sorted newly arrived prisoners on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, picking out those he wanted for his medical experiments—especially twins—thus earning him the nickname the ‘Angel of Death.’ Many survivors recall being selected by Mengele, but caution should be used because Mengele only arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau on May 24, 1943. He fled the camp before the Russians arrived and turned up in Gross-Rosen for a while and a few others camps until he assumed the guise of a Wehrmacht soldier and tried to flee west undetected. However, the Americans, who did not know who he was or what he had done, captured him. He was released in June 1945 under the name ‘Fritz Hollman.’ From July 1945 until May 1949 he worked on a farm in Bavaria and then fled to Argentina. He moved through several countries in South America, always being pursued to be brought to justice.  He died in Brazil on February 7, 1979.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWSB is a commercial AM radio station in Atlanta, Georgia. It airs a news/talk radio format, simulcast on co-owned 95.5 WSBB-FM. WSB is the flagship station for Cox Media Group; in addition to WSB and WSBB-FM, it owns three other Atlanta radio stations and Atlanta's ABC Television Network affiliate, Channel 2 WSB-TV. WSB was one of the first radio stations in the South. It first aired on March 15, 1922.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAssociated Grocers Co-op Inc., originally founded as Atlanta Saving Stores in 1929 and later known as Quality Service Stores, bought merchandise collectively, and in turn, sold it to their member owners at the lowest possible cost. Eight Atlanta Jewish grocers, who met at the home of Dr. Irving Greenberg, founded it. The membership remained entirely Jewish until the 1930’s, when it expanded to include grocers from the general community. Most of the small stores were not passed down to the next generation and simply went out of business. Associated Grocers Co-op closed in 1988.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and tens of thousands were literally worked to death. American troops liberated the camp on April 29, 1945. Just three days before the liberation of the Dachau camp, the SS forced approximately 7,000 prisoners on a death march south to Tegernsee. During the six-day death march, anyone who could not keep up or continue was shot. Many others died of exposure, hunger, or exhaustion. The surviving prisoners reached Tegernsee on May 2, 1945 and were soon liberated by American troops.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTuberculosis is a potentially fatal contagious disease that mainly affects the lungs. It can usually be cured with antibiotics but before they were discovered in the 1940’s tuberculosis was a common cause of death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBavaria, officially the Free State of Bavaria, is a landlocked federal state of Germany, occupying its southeastern corner. Bavaria is the largest German state by land area. Bavaria borders Austria, the Czech Republic, Switzerland (across Lake Constance). Bavaria’s main cities are Munich, Nuremberg, and Augsburg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1924 Immigration Act set annual quotas based on a prospective immigrant's country of birth, which were still in place at the end of World War II. After the war ended, President Harry S. Truman favored efforts to ease US immigration restrictions for Jewish displaced persons but existing laws had no provisions for displaced persons until Truman issued a directive on December 22, 1945, ordering the State Department to fill existing quotas and give first preference to displaced persons. Then in 1948, Congress passed legislation to admit more DPs to the United States. The 1948 Displaced Persons Act authorized the entry of 202,000 displaced persons over the next two years but within the quota system.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA hanukiah (or chanukiah) is the proper term for candelabra with nine branches that is lit during Hanukkah.  Since Hanukkah lasts for eight days it permits the lighting of eight candles, one for each day, by the ninth candle. Generally, the candelabra used at Hanukkah are almost always called a menorah. However, the menorah, which has only seven branches, is an ancient symbol of the Jews and which has become connected with Hanukkah. According to the Talmud, after the desecration of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, there was only enough pure oil left to fuel the eternal flame in the Temple for one day. Miraculously, the oil burned for eight days, which was enough to make new pure oil. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHannah Eisler is the daughter of Martin (1922-2013) and Dora (1923-2011) Eisler. Martin was liberated from the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in 1945. He immigrated to the United States in 1949 where he owned and operated grocery stores, gift shops, a restaurant and a coin laundry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRhona and Mary Storch are two of three children born to Dora Gutman Storch (1923-2009) and Marty Storch (1924-2007). Dora and Marty were both Polish survivors who immigrated to the United States in 1949, where they opened a grocery store with Marty’s brother, Jack (also a survivor). Dora and Marty were founding members of Eternal Life-Hemshech. The Storch family’s testimonies are housed at the Breman Museum’s The Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJeannie is one of two daughters born to Mary Stawska Elkan and Morris Elkan, Polish survivors who met in a labor camp and married after the war. Mary and Morris immigrated to the United States in 1949 and opened a beauty shop in Atlanta. The couple was members of Ahavath Achim Synagogue. Mary’s testimony is housed at the Breman Museum’s The Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSaba Wise is one of two daughters born to Sam and Ida Wise. Sam Wise (1910-2002) was born Smerel Visgardiski in Lithuania. Sam met Ida Baron (1922-1995) in 1941 in the Kovno ghetto in German-occupied Poland. In 1949, Sam and Ida joined Sam’s brother, Isaac, and his wife, Rachel, (also survivors) in Atlanta, Georgia. Isaac and Sam opened Wise Brothers Grocery. The Wise family’s testimonies and papers are housed at the Breman Museum’s The Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArona Zelman is the daughter of Betty (1927-) and Joseph Zelmanowicz (1913-), who were both born in Poland and immigrated to the United States in 1940 from Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim (often referred to as “AA”) was founded in 1887 decent in a small room on Gilmer Street. Jews of Eastern European organized it. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. The final service in that building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation. Beth Jacob is now Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation. The congregation first met in a rented grocery store on Parkway Drive. It moved to a permanent location on Boulevard when it purchased and renovated a two-story apartment building. In 1956, it converted the Tabernacle Baptist Church on Boulevard to a synagogue. It built its current synagogue building on a five-acre lot on LaVista Road in 1961.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960’s, they removed the barrier between the men and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlan Sunshine is the grandson of Harry Sunshine, who immigrated to the United States in 1909 from Russia at the age of seventeen. He served in World War I before marrying Lillie Shemper, with whom he had four children. After settling in Atlanta, the couple started a clothing business that blossomed into Sunshine's Department Store. He and his wife, Lillie had four children. Harry was actively involved in both the Jewish and general communities and generously supported a number of different causes in Atlanta and in the State of Israel. He was a member of Ahavath Achim Congregation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew Academy of Atlanta was established in 1953 as the first all-day Jewish day school in Atlanta, with Alex E. Milt chairing its organization committee. It was renamed the Katherine and Jacob Greenfield Hebrew Academy. In 2014, the Greenfield Hebrew Academy (grades pre-K through 8) and Yeshiva High School (grades 9-12) merged into one college preparatory day school that was renamed the Atlanta Jewish Academy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosa (Ruth) Dziewienski (1922-2009) was born in Lodz, Poland. In 1939, she married Felix Dziewienski (1987) and had one son, Shlomo, who was killed in the Holocaust as an infant. She and Felix survived and had one other son who was born after the war and raised in Germany, where they lived for 15 years. Rosa and Felix came to the United States in 1962, joining Felix’s two brothers (also survivors) in Atlanta. They soon began a successful real estate Company, Tempo Properties. Rosa’s testimony is available from The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and has been published in William B. Helmreich's book Against all odds: Holocaust survivors and the successful lives they made in America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerald Alvin (Jerry) Blonder (1932-2006) was a native New Yorker who moved to Atlanta, Georgia in the early 1950s, where he became a successful developer. His two businesses, called Tempo and Focus Group, eventually included apartment complexes on Buford Highway in Atlanta, and in Alabama, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Mississippi. Jerry’s success in the apartment industry led him to be one of the founding members of the Apartment Association in Atlanta, and later vice president and president of the National Apartment Association. Jerry and his wife, Lois, were active members of the Atlanta Jewish community and supported multiple philanthropic organizations. Among many other things, they endowed the Blonder Family Heritage Gallery at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum; and the adult enrichment program and the Blonder Center for Developmental Disabilities, both at the Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.  He was a member of Ahavath Achim Synagogue, Temple Sinai and Congregation Or VeShalom. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuford Highway is a major roadway that connects three metro Atlanta counties. It stretches north from Midtown Atlanta to the Dekalb-Gwinnett County line. The Buford Highway also refers to the community around the roadway (also known as the Buford Highway Corridor and DeKalb International Corridor), which spans along either side of a stretch of Georgia State Route 13 (SR 13) in DeKalb County. Buford Highway is an ethnically diverse, linear community made up of apartment complexes, suburban neighborhoods and shopping centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEternal Life-Hemshech is an organization of Atlanta Holocaust survivors, their descendants and friends dedicated to commemorating the 6,000,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Approximately 100 Holocaust survivors living in Atlanta, Georgia founded Eternal Life-Hemshech in 1964. Hemshech is a Hebrew word that means “continuation.” Their purpose was to \"perpetuate the memory of their beloved families along with all of the six million Jewish victims of the Holocaust.\" The group wanted the memorial to serve as a place to say Kaddish, the Jewish prayer for the dead. The committee was comprised Abraham Gastfiend, Mala Gastfiend, Gaston Nitka, Rubin Lansky, and Rubin Pichulik. Dr. Leon Rosen served as chairman and Lola Lansky and Nathan Bromberg were co- chairs. The Memorial to Six Million was dedicated in Atlanta’s Greenwood Cemetery in 1965.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRubin Lansky (1923-2005) was a Polish Holocaust survivor who had a successful career as a real estate owner and manager in Atlanta, Georgia. He and his wife, Lola Borkowska, (also a Holocaust survivor) were very active in the Atlanta Jewish community. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVirginia-Highlands is a neighborhood in Atlanta, near Emory University.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlex (Yankele) Gross was born in Palanok, Czechoslovakia in 1928. He, his five brothers, and one sister survived the Holocaust. Alex immigrated to the United States after World War II and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Alex and his first wife, Linda (who died in 1983), had four children and were founding members of Eternal Life-Hemshech. Alex’s testimony is available from The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and has been published as Yankele: A Holocaust Survivor's Bittersweet Memoir.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Holocaust, concentration camp prisoners received tattoos only at one location: the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp complex. Tattooing was introduced at Auschwitz in the autumn of 1941 for Soviet prisoners of war. In March 1942, tattoos were used to identify prisoners at Auschwitz II (Birkenau). By the spring of 1943, the SS authorities throughout the entire Auschwitz complex adopted the practice of tattooing almost all previously registered and newly arrived prisoners, including female prisoners. Prisoners were given tattoos on their forearms of their camp serial number, which was also sewn onto their uniforms. Only prisoners selected for work were registered and given serial numbers; those that were sent directly to the gas chambers were not registered or given tattoos. Until 1944, both Jewish men and women were ascribed with numbers from general series. In May 1944, the camp authorities decided to distinguish all Jewish prisoners with a separate system of numbered series. An assumption was to start the Jewish women and men series with subsequent letters of the alphabet. In such a system, from May 1944 until the end of the camp's functioning, there were: 20,000 numbers with a letter \"A\" issued to male Jewish prisoners; 15,000 numbers with a letter \"B\" issued to male Jewish prisoners; 30,000 numbers with a letter \"A\" issued to female Jewish prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Birkenau camp (designated Auschwitz II between November 22, 1943 and November 25, 1944) was the largest of the more than 40 camps and sub-camps that made up the Auschwitz complex. It was established in the village of Brezezika (renamed Birkenau, German for ‘birch woods’), near the original Auschwitz concentration camp. During its three years of operation, it had a range of functions. When construction began in October 1941, it was supposed to be a camp for 125 thousand prisoners of war. It opened as a branch of Auschwitz in March 1942, and served at the same time as a center for the extermination of the Jews. In its final phase, from 1944, it also became a place where prisoners were concentrated before being transferred to labor in German industry in the depths of the Third Reich. Birkenau was unique in that it combined the functions of a killing center (Birkenau had gas chambers) with that of a concentration camp. The majority of victims of the Auschwitz complex—about 90 percent, or an approximate total of 1 million people, the majority of whom were Jews—died at Birkenau. The majority of those who perished in Birkenau during its three years of operation were Jewish (about 90 percent). In addition, roughly 70,000 Poles, as well as 20,000 Gypsies, Soviet prisoners of war and thousands of non-Jewish prisoners of other nationalities were killed in Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlzheimer’s is the most common form of dementia. There is no cure for the disease, which worsens as it progresses and eventually leads to death. The early stages are difficulty remembering recent events after which comes confusion, mood swings, trouble with language and long-term memory loss. Gradually bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCantor Isaac Goodfriend (1924-2009) served at Ahavath Achim in Atlanta from 1966 until his retirement in 1995 as Cantor Emeritus. Cantor Goodfriend was born into a Hassidic family in Poland. At the age of 16, he was interned in a German labor camp in Piotrkow, Poland. Escaping in 1944, he was hidden by a Polish farmer and was the only member of his family to survive the war. After the war, he attended the Berlin Conservatory of Music, McGill Conservatory of Music in Montreal, Conservatoire Provincial de Quebec, and later in Ohio at the Music School Settlement and Baldwin Wallace College. Before coming to Atlanta he served as cantor at Shaare Zion in Montreal, Canada in 1952, and later at Cleveland, Ohio’s Community Temple.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAndrew Jackson Young (b. 1932) is an American politician, diplomat, activist and pastor from Georgia. He has served as a Congressman from Georgia's 5th congressional district, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, and Mayor of Atlanta. He served as President of the National Council of Churches USA, was a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) during the 1960’s Civil Rights Movement, and was a supporter and friend of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 2006, Andrew Young was interviewed for a Los Angeles Sentinel article. At the time, Young worked for Wal-Mart providing public relations. Young was asked whether he was concerned that Wal-Mart was driving smaller, mom-and-pop stores out of business. “Well, I think they should; they ran the ‘mom and pop’ stores out of my neighborhood,” the paper quoted Young. “But you see, those are the people who have been overcharging us, selling us stale bread and bad meat and wilted vegetables.” He continued, “I think they’ve ripped off our communities enough. First it was Jews, then it was Koreans and now it’s Arabs; very few black people own these stores.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965.  The name seems to have originated in the song “Jump Jim Crow,” a song-and-dance caricature of blacks performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in blackface in 1832.  As a result of Rice’s fame, “Jim Crow” became a pejorative expression meaning “Negro” by 1838 and the later segregation laws became known as “Jim Crow” laws.  Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the southern states of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly “separate but equal” status for black Americans, although in reality this was not so. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks.  Private businesses, political parties and unions created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring blacks from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc. In the middle twentieth century, the Supreme Court began to overturn Jim Crow laws on constitutional grounds.  Rosa Parks defied the Jim Crow laws when she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, which became a catalyst to the Civil Rights movement.  Her actions, and the demonstrations that followed, led to a series of legislative and court decisions that contributed to undermining the Jim Crow system.  The Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially ended Jim Crow laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the years between 1933 and 1939, Nazi Party leaders began to persecute Jews through a series of antisemitic legislation that included more than 400 decrees and regulations restricting all aspects of their public and private lives. The anti-Jewish policies brought radical and daunting social, economic, and communal change to the German Jewish community. The Nuremberg Race Laws formed the cornerstone of the German Nazi Party’s racial policy and were introduced in September 1935. They heralded in a new wave of antisemitic legislation that brought about immediate and concrete segregation. Among other prohibitions, the Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of German citizenship.  Part of the Nuremberg Law passed in 1935, the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor banned marriage between Jews and non-Jewish Germans. It also criminalized sexual relations between them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Florida Holocaust Museum is a Holocaust museum located at 55 Fifth Street South in St. Petersburg, Florida. Founded in 1992, it moved to its current location in 1998. Formerly known as the Holocaust Center, the museum officially changed to its current name in 1999.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSchmaltz is rendered chicken or goose fat used for frying or as a spread on bread in Central European cuisine, and in the United States, particularly identified with Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGoldie is referring to Galaretka [Polish: gelatin], a Polish dish that is jellied pork or chicken with small pieces of vegetables such as carrots.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLola Borkowska Lansky (1926-1999) was a Polish Jew who survived the concentration camps of Auschwitz-Birkenau, Ravensbruck, Buchenwald, and Bergen-Belsen. In 1964, she co-founded Eternal Life-Hemshech, a membership organization for survivors living in Atlanta, and in 1965 led the campaign to have a Holocaust monument erected in Atlanta. Her efforts resulted in the Memorial to the Six Million at Greenwood Cemetery. Lola was married to Rubin Lansky, another Holocaust survivor. The couple had two children. Lola and Rubin’s testimonies and papers are housed at the Breman Museum’s The Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/annotation_set/449/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRose and her second husband, Fred Tuchman, were founding members of Eternal Life-Hemshech.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2670.0,2700.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Goldie Bertone [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=49.0,295.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Goldie's parents married in 1946 and arrived in New Orleans, Louisiana on October 8, 1949. They were later sent to Atlanta. Her father worked as an electrician for a while before opening his first grocery store: Pete's Grocery Store on Grey Street.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=49.0,295.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are here today to speak to them coming to Atlanta and their early years here. If you could, being by telling me their full names and how and when they got to Atlanta.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=49.0,295.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bella Urbach Solnick","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pinkus Solnick","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sarah Stone","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=49.0,295.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Associated Grocer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bad Worishofen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dispalced Persons Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Exodus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family history","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"General Eltinge","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIAS","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marriage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=49.0,295.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How Her Parents Met","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=295.0,526.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Her mother caught TB after escaping Dachau and her father was liberated while on the train to Auschwitz-Birkenau. They were brought to the same DP camp near Bavaria. After finding her a dress to wear, her father married her mother. Once in Atlanta in 1949, her parents got involved in the Holocaust survivor community and the AA synagogue.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=295.0,526.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They met in the DP camp. Did either one of them tell you the story about how they met there.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=295.0,526.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arona Zelman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bella Urbach Solnick","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hannah Eisler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jeannie Elkan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mary Storch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pinkus Solnick","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rhonda Storch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Saba Wise","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=295.0,526.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ahavath Achim Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bad Worishofen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dachau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=295.0,526.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Ups and Downs Of Growing Up In Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=526.0,1102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Goldie speaks about growing up with Yiddish and wishing she had asked more questions of the adults instead of \"Why don't I have a grandmother? Why don't I have a grandfather?\" Later, Alan Sunshine's grandfather (her sister's father-in-law) offered to give Goldie's father a loan to get into the grocery business. Many survivors entered the grocery store business. Her father opened his store in 1952, known as \"Mr. Pete\". The area began getting \"unsafe\" by the time Goldie was in high school and, many times, they were robbed.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=526.0,1102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish was what I was brought up with. When they wanted to speak and not have us understand, they spoke Polish.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=526.0,1102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alan Sunshine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bella Urbach Solnick","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Betty Solnick Sunshine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pinkus Solnick","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=526.0,1102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Associated Grocers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=526.0,1102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From Groceries To Apartments","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1102.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Her parents left the grocery store business. Her father partnered with Jerry Blonder in buying some land and going into the apartment business. The grocery store closed in 1968-1969.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1102.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You said they went to the next level. Did they stay in the grocery business? Did they move?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1102.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bella Urbach Solnick","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jerry Blonder","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pinkus Solnick","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rosa Dziewienski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1102.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Buford Highway","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Buford North Apartments","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cherry Hill Apartments","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Real Estate","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1102.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life As Holocaust Survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1290.0,1691.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Her family regularly got together with other Holocaust survivors in her community, though they splintered off by synagogue. She and her sister also spent time with their own Jewish circles when they attended Hebrew Academy. Goldie grew up hearing bits and pieces from both parents about their experiences, and Goldie claims to have tried to \"American-ize\" her parents. Her parents didn't find the organized community that helpful because of their push to forget about what had happened to them, and her mother felt left out by the community.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1290.0,1691.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did they stay in contact with other Holocaust survivors? Was that their social circle?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1290.0,1691.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alex Gross","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bella Urbach Solnick","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Betty Solnick Sunshine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charlotte Bigner","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daryl Serocki","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pinkus Solnick","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rubin Lanksy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1290.0,1691.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eternal Life-Hemshech","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew Academy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Virginia-Highlands","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1290.0,1691.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passing The Stories Down","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1691.0,2026.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Goldie wishes she knew about how normal life was for her parents before the Holocaust. While her father had surviving brothers, her mother's family was gone. Goldie says it's important to pass these stories on. Her children, and her sister's children, talked to their grandparents about their experiences.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1691.0,2026.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If there were anything you could ask you parents now, what would it be?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1691.0,2026.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bella Urbach Solnick","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Canto Isaac Goodfriend","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pinkus Solnick","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Uncle Sam Solnick","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1691.0,2026.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alzheimer's","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Noble Drive","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=1691.0,2026.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Experiences With Civil Rights Issues","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2026.0,2427.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Goldie remembers going to the farmer's market and gathering produce for the grocery store. With regards to the report that the Jewish grocers took advantage of the African-American communities, she recalls that her father didn't let anybody go hungry, especially because of what he had gone through. She also remembers a time where she, her mother, and her sister, were on a bus and a woman argued with her mother about letting Betty sit next to a black man.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2026.0,2427.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Are there any other really funny or interesting stories from the grocery store that you can think of?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2026.0,2427.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Andrew Young","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bella Urbach Solnick","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Betty Solnick Sunshine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Betty Zelman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pinkus Solnick","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2026.0,2427.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emory University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jim Crow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg Laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2026.0,2427.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Memories of Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2427.0,2565.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Goldie doesn't recall much antisemitism growing up, but realizes more growing up. Although her husband wants to go to Germany, she can't. Her mother visited Poland after the fall of the Soviet Union and saw a building her grandfather owned covered in graffiti.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2427.0,2565.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What about antisemitic incidences here? Did they confront any of that? Do you remember any incidences?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2427.0,2565.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bella Urbach Solnick","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pinkus Solnick","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2427.0,2565.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grady High School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew Academy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet Union","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2427.0,2565.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Picnics At Lake Spivey","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2565.0,2753.771"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Goldie recalls having big picnics on Sundays after working in the grocery store. They would be joined by 6 or 7 families and bring food. The families grouped up by nationality (Polishers, Litvaks, etc.) and told stories.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2565.0,2753.771"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm going to throw one little thing in. Memories are coming back.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2565.0,2753.771"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Handy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lola Lanksy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mary Elkan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Morris Elkan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rose Handy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rubin Lansky","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2565.0,2753.771"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838/index/47157/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Buckhead","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lake Spivey","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29192/file/96838#t=2565.0,2753.771"}]}]}]}