{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/h707w69015/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Vayman, Daniel"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2010-12-06 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Vayman, Daniel (Interviewee)","Vayman, Mira (Interviewee)","Einstein, Ruth (Interviewer)","Berman, Sandra (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDaniel and Mira Vayman were interviewed by Sandra Berman and Ruth Einstein on December 6, 2010 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eDaniel Vayman was born in Daugavpils, Latvia on December 17, 1922. He was the youngest son of five children born to an Orthodox family. Daniel’s father, Boruch Mordoch Veyman (1892-1942), owned a grocery business and Daniel enjoyed a comfortable childhood. In June 1941, just before the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Soviet soldiers arrested Daniel’s father. Meanwhile, Daniel was deported with his mother, brother Jakob (b. 1920), and sister Malka (b. 1933) to Siberia. They spent the next six years in a labor camp, enduring hard labor in brutal conditions. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Daniel, his mother, Jakob and Malka had to remain in Russia. Daniel’s sister Rebekah, and her husband returned to Latvia. They soon learned Daniel’s brother Shmuel (1919-1941) had been drafted into the Soviet Army and died on the front lines while their father had died in a Vyatlag labor camp. In 1947, Daniel, his mother, brother and sister were allowed to move to the town of Kansk, in central Russia. They rented an apartment and Daniel found a job at a textile plant. In Kansk, Daniel met Mira Alper (1924-2020).\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMira Alper was born in Riga, Latvia to Esther and Perets Alper. Perets, a successful furniture store owner, was also arrested in June 1941. Mira, her mother, and her brother Meyer (b. 1928) were deported to Siberia and spent the war in a labor camp. In 1948, Mira and her family were allowed to move to Kansk, where she also began working at the textile plant.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOn March 19, 1949, Daniel and Mira married. A year later, their son, Boris, was born. In 1958, after seventeen years in Russia, Daniel was permitted to return to Latvia with his wife and son. They settled in Riga and Daniel began working at a radio factory. They immediately applied for visas to emigrate and two decades later, in 1979, were finally given permission. Daniel, Mira, Boris, and Boris’ wife came to the United States. They settled in Atlanta, Georgia, near extended family. Daniel found work at an electronics company and Mira worked as an esthetician. They eventually bought a home in Kennesaw, Georgia and joined Ahavath Achim Synagogue. In 1999, they retired. Daniel and Mira enjoyed the freedom to practice their religion, gathering with family and friends, and traveling. Daniel passed away on March 18, 2015 and Mira passed away on passed away on April 20, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eDaniel summarizes his background and how his family came to Siberia. He recalls the trip to Siberia and what happened to his siblings. Daniel describes the labor camp in Siberia. He relates what happened to his family after the war. Daniel talks about working in a textile factory. He reads from Mira’s memoir. Mira discusses her family and deportation to Siberia. She remembers life in Russia and Siberia. Daniel reminisces about meeting Mira. He talks about his wedding to Mira. Daniel reports on observance in the Soviet Union. He chronicles their return to Latvia and attempts to emigrate. Daniel comments on prewar antisemitism and modern prejudice. He details working in the United States. Daniel recounts trying to leave the Soviet Union. He narrates anecdotes about adjusting to life in the United States. Daniel expresses his pleasure in spending time with family and the freedom he has found in the United States. He discusses their quality of life. Daniel shares a story about the extremism of Soviet ideology. He considers why he does not miss Latvia. Daniel traces Jewish history and the history of his and Mira’s families. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDaniel and Mira Vayman were interviewed by Sandra Berman and Ruth Einstein on December 6, 2010 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDaniel Vayman was born in Daugavpils, Latvia on December 17, 1922. He was the youngest son of five children born to an Orthodox family. Daniel\u0026rsquo;s father, Boruch Mordoch Veyman (1892-1942), owned a grocery business and Daniel enjoyed a comfortable childhood. In June 1941, just before the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Soviet soldiers arrested Daniel\u0026rsquo;s father. Meanwhile, Daniel was deported with his mother, brother Jakob (b. 1920), and sister Malka (b. 1933) to Siberia. They spent the next six years in a labor camp, enduring hard labor in brutal conditions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Daniel, his mother, Jakob and Malka had to remain in Russia. Daniel\u0026rsquo;s sister Rebekah, and her husband returned to Latvia. They soon learned Daniel\u0026rsquo;s brother Shmuel (1919-1941) had been drafted into the Soviet Army and died on the front lines while their father had died in a Vyatlag labor camp. In 1947, Daniel, his mother, brother and sister were allowed to move to the town of Kansk, in central Russia. They rented an apartment and Daniel found a job at a textile plant. In Kansk, Daniel met Mira Alper (1924-2020).\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eMira Alper was born in Riga, Latvia to Esther and Perets Alper. Perets, a successful furniture store owner, was also arrested in June 1941. Mira, her mother, and her brother Meyer (b. 1928) were deported to Siberia and spent the war in a labor camp. In 1948, Mira and her family were allowed to move to Kansk, where she also began working at the textile plant.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eOn March 19, 1949, Daniel and Mira married. A year later, their son, Boris, was born. In 1958, after seventeen years in Russia, Daniel was permitted to return to Latvia with his wife and son. They settled in Riga and Daniel began working at a radio factory. They immediately applied for visas to emigrate and two decades later, in 1979, were finally given permission. Daniel, Mira, Boris, and Boris\u0026rsquo; wife came to the United States. They settled in Atlanta, Georgia, near extended family. Daniel found work at an electronics company and Mira worked as an esthetician. They eventually bought a home in Kennesaw, Georgia and joined Ahavath Achim Synagogue. In 1999, they retired. Daniel and Mira enjoyed the freedom to practice their religion, gathering with family and friends, and traveling. Daniel passed away on March 18, 2015 and Mira passed away on passed away on April 20, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDaniel summarizes his background and how his family came to Siberia. He recalls the trip to Siberia and what happened to his siblings. Daniel describes the labor camp in Siberia. He relates what happened to his family after the war. Daniel talks about working in a textile factory. He reads from Mira\u0026rsquo;s memoir. Mira discusses her family and deportation to Siberia. She remembers life in Russia and Siberia. Daniel reminisces about meeting Mira. He talks about his wedding to Mira. Daniel reports on observance in the Soviet Union. He chronicles their return to Latvia and attempts to emigrate. Daniel comments on prewar antisemitism and modern prejudice. He details working in the United States. Daniel recounts trying to leave the Soviet Union. He narrates anecdotes about adjusting to life in the United States. Daniel expresses his pleasure in spending time with family and the freedom he has found in the United States. He discusses their quality of life. Daniel shares a story about the extremism of Soviet ideology. He considers why he does not miss Latvia. Daniel traces Jewish history and the history of his and Mira\u0026rsquo;s families.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/269/926/small/Vayman_Daniel.mp4_1744634559.jpg?1744634559","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Vayman_Daniel.mp4"]},"duration":6759.3526,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/269/926/small/Vayman_Daniel.mp4_1744634559.jpg?1744634559","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/269/926/original/Vayman_Daniel.mp4?1744634554","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6759.3526,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Vayman, Daniel [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Today is December 6, 2010. My name is Sandy Berman. I am the archivist with the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. I am very pleased that Daniel Vayman has agreed to be interviewed for the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project of the Bremen Museum. Thank you, Daniel. I am very glad to meet you. We are gonna do this a little bit differently today. You are going to be reading a memoir that you wrote about your experiences during World War II and after, in the Soviet Union. I would like to just let you begin and hopefully be able to interject at some point, so let us get started.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=0.0,49.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Thank you. I will tell you the story a little bit about our life--very short--about the life before the Second [World] War, and then in the time of the Second [World] War, when we were in exile [in] Siberia, a little about how I met my wife, and a little maybe about our lives after we came back from Siberia to Riga. We are from Latvia. We were born in different cities. Mira was--my wife--from Riga, and I was from Dvinsk, Daugavpils. That is the two big cities in Latvia. My father, Boruch Mordoch Vayman, was born in Poland, in the town of Medzhybizh, into an Orthodox Jewish family. My father owned a big grocery store. He supplied dozens of shops with groceries. He worked ten, eleven hours a day. He was more an Orthodox Ashkenazi believer. In the same time, he was a chairman of the Hachnosas Kallah community that helped the brides from poor families. He collected money from the Jewish people and helped the poor brides to do the wedding. Before deportation, I was a member of the Zionist organization Hashomer Hatzair. At our meeting, we were told about the kibbutz in Israel, and cooperatives, and everything. In August 2001, I and my wife visited Medzhybizh. We wanted to see the city where my father was born. Medzhybizh was a city of a number of famous people in Poland. The successor of the founder of Hasidism, Rabbi Dov Ber, lived in Medzhybizh. He was appointed by the founder of Hasidism, Baal Shem Tov. My father was arrested by the Soviet KGB on June 14, 1941, when he was 52 years old. To our knowledge, he died on February 14, 1942, eight months later in the Vyatka hard labor camp in the Kiev [Ukraine] region.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=49.0,212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Can I ask a question very quickly?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=212.0,214.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=214.0,215.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Do you remember, were you at home when your father was arrested?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=215.0,220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, we were. Everybody was at home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=220.0,222.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Can you describe [that]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=222.0,225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, that is the deportation to Siberia. On June 1941, at 2 A.M. in the morning, Russian KGB agents with guns and bayonets came to our home. Our family members were ordered from our beds and forced to stand against the wall. The KGB began tearing apart everything in a search for hidden ammunition. Shortly, orders came for the family to dress and not to take anything because in the new place whatever we needed would be provided. My father, mother, brother, eight-year-old sister, and I were taken directly to the local railroad station, which was overflowing with thousands of local people. At the station, our father, who was at the time, like I told you, 52 years old of age, was taken away. They separated Father from the family. Forty of us were loaded into a windowless boxcar. Toilet facilities were holes cut in the floor. The train stopped once a day for food at railroad stations. We got water and soup with young horse meat once a day. Only one time, they stopped and they gave us a little bit of soup. There was young horse meat, but we were hungry and it was a little help for us. They fed us. After staying 22 days locked up in the boxcars, under the convoy of armed guards, our special train had stopped. We were inside 22 days and nights. The guards opened the doors and let us step out. We counted 42 cars in the train and estimated the total number of people was about 1,600. It was the 5th of July, 1941. The guards informed us we were in Siberia. We did not believe them as we thought they were joking. In our childhood, we had a notion of Siberia. There is winter there year-round, severe frosts, bears, and labor camps. But on that day, the temperature was eight, ten degrees Celsius, or 40 Fahrenheit. The sun was shining, majestic tall trees stood close to one another, and there were many guards around with dogs. While walking along the station, I met many of my classmates, and some other boys, and girls from our school and city who had been brought here by the same train.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=225.0,407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: How old were you at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=407.0,409.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: I was 17 years old, 18, almost 18 years old. I just graduated from high school. In our country, high school was only ten years, not twelve like it is in America. We had seven and then three more years high school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=409.0,430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Did you have any brothers or sisters?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=430.0,432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, I said that I have...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=432.0,435.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: I did not get their name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=435.0,437.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, my brother and my sister, they were together with me, but I had one more brother and sister. The older sister, Rebecca, she was married and she used to live in a different city, Rezekne, in Latvia, but it was a different city. That is why she didn't ... wasn't deported with us. My brother, one of the older brothers after the sister, Shmuel, a day before that, he said to my mother, \"Mom, I will go and visit Riva, to Rezekne for a couple of days.\" My mother said, \"Okay,\" and in that night when they arrested us, he was with my sister. The same day, they knew what is going on because in all cities was the same, and he came to the station. We were there still and the sliding doors of the boxcar was open. They allow only about 20 meters, that is 60 feet. He asked my mother what he has to do, to go with us, or to stay with his sister. But that was two weeks before the Second [World] War started and we didn't know that there will be a war. My mother said, \"No, stay with Riva, we don't know where we will go. Stay with your sister.\" When started the Second [World] War, my sister with her husband and my brother, the sister's husband had a horse, and they evacuated into deep Russia. They drafted him into the army, my brother. He was killed in the Second World War on the front line. He was killed. He was born in 1919. In that time, he was 22 years old. My sister, after the war, came back with her husband. Her husband was in the army too, on the front line. He was wounded but not killed. They came back to Riga, but my brother, Shmuel, was killed. My brother Jakob, who was one and a half years older than me, and my sister, Malka, who was 10 years younger than me, and my mother, we four were departed to Siberia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=437.0,589.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Do you remember how, especially your younger sister ... Did you tell her story? You said she was only eight years old when she was in this horrible situation. Do you remember how your mother tried to comfort her or how you tried to comfort her?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=589.0,607.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: You see, when we were 22 days and nights locked in the boxcar, we didn't know where we were going, what would happen with us. My mother was crying all the time because there was no food. They gave us a little bit less than a pound of bread for everybody, a little soup. After the good life what we had before and you get in a condition like that, it was a terrible 22 days and nights. It was terrible later, too, but we didn't know what was going on, why they did that, what we do. My father was a businessman--and the same [with] Mira's father; [he was a] businessman--but in that night, two o'clock at night, when they took everybody, that was not only businessmen, that was all the wealthy families, the lawyers, doctors, who had some stores, companies. [It was] not only Jewish, but the most lawyers, doctors, and businessmen were Jewish. But there was Latvian people, too. And that is what they did. They decided that they cannot keep the wealthy businessmen and doctors to keep here maybe because they knew that it will start a war in the near future, and the war started after two weeks. [Joseph] Stalin knew about that and he decided the Germans will come to the country. They will support the German regime because nobody knew that they will killed six million people, and that is they were afraid of the wealthy families, they decide better to put them somewhere isolated from the other people. That is what they did. About one and a half hours later, when we arrived in Siberia, we were lined up and led to a district center under heavy guard. Everybody was given a half pound of bread, a chop made of meat, and boiled water with sugar. Being tired, we laid down on the floor and placed coats under our heads. In the morning, we were loaded into trucks and taken deep into the taiga forest, taiga. They call taiga a forest where the trees are very huge and they're very close one to the other. They called that taiga. There is Siberia, the most Siberia is in the forest, millions, billions of trees. That is when they built the labor camp in taiga.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=607.0,781.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: For triple forestry, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=781.0,782.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, most of Siberia was labor camps.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=782.0,792.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=792.0,792.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: It was some small villages, some small cities, but the most was labor camps, where they put the people not only from our country, but from Russia. When they did a crime, they didn't keep them in a prison, in a building like here. They kept them before the court. But after the court, when they get 10 years or 15 years or 5 years, they put them in Siberia because they needed workers to cut the trees, to have the ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=792.0,825.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=825.0,825.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: ... material. They needed wood material. Yes, after a two-hour drive, we were brought to the labor camp. It was ... The territory was encircled with barbed wire two meters high, or 60 feet. There were a great number of new log cabin barracks with small windows. Each family was given one room and there was a kitchen shared by five families. Bathing took place in a special communal barracks. It was quite clear that the operation of deporting thousands of thousands of people from the Baltic Republics and Karelia Finnish Republic had been prepared and planned beforehand. On the following day, all people were gathered in a square and an NKVD ... NKVD is the People Commissariat of Home Affairs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=825.0,894.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: NKVD there is like the KGB, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=894.0,896.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=896.0,896.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: No. You see, you have CIA and you have FBI, right? FBI is more like NKVD and KGB is more like ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=896.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: CIA.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=907.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: CIA. That is the difference. An officer appeared. He introduced himself as the Commandant of the camp, and he informed us that, in compliance with the government, we had been deported here to serve a term of 20 years. We are to work in the forest eight, nine hours per day without any compensation and for our labor, we would receive one pound of bread each, several potatoes, and soup. The portion of bread for sick and disabled people was a half pound. All people were ordered to sign papers to confirm they had been informed about their twenty-year term of exile.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=907.0,961.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Did they tell you what your crime was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=961.0,964.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=964.0,966.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: No?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=966.0,967.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: No. They said that is the decision of the Russian government and that is it. I don't think they knew something more because the KGB was a very secret organization. They gave a command to do that and that, and that is it. Why and what, they didn't know anything. To protect the face from gnats, we had to put on masks or some clothes, leaving our eyes free to wear glasses. But the most difficult thing was to endure starvation. All our thoughts were focused on food, on our empty stomachs. Two months later, it became evident that we would die of starvation lest some miracle happened. There is nothing more dreadful than the grief of a mother who is helpless, witnessing the suffering of her starving children. That very thing was happening all through the autumn and winter of 1941, when the exiled children, their mothers, and grandmothers, were dying one after another, consigned to oblivion by G-d and people. The main work was concentrated on tree cutting. It was extremely strenuous physical work, taking into account the fact that we had not reached the age of 12 yet. As a rule, the snow fell during the nighttime and it was quite impossible to open the outside door. In Siberia, the snow ... I don't know why it's like that, but always at night. Every night, all night, it's snow and sometimes the snow reaches four feet, five feet. One had to climb out through the window and clear the door first, and only after that could we leave the house and set out [for] the work site. All the roads in the forest were covered with heavy snow. In order to reach the working place, we took one another by hand, formed a long chain of 20 or more people, down the snow at a distance of more than one kilometer to reach our destination. The usual winter temperature was 40, 45 degrees below zero. Boys cut the trees, girls chopped the branches off and pulled them to the distance of 15, 20 meters. At the end of 1947, we were allowed to move to Kansk, a town situated about 90 kilometers away from the place where we had been living in the labor camp for more than six years. We were six years in the labor camp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=967.0,1149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Do you know the name of the place that you were, the city or village?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1149.0,1153.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, that is Tinskaya. The name was Tinskaya. I don't know what name is that, but that was the name of the location where was the labor camp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1153.0,1164.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Can you spell that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1164.0,1165.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, that is T-I-N-S-K-A-Y-A, Tinskaya. That is the name of the station, but the station was about 50 kilometers from the labor camp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1165.0,1184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: While you were in the labor camp for six years, did you know what was happening in the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1184.0,1189.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes. No, we didn't know what happened, but we know that it's a war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1189.0,1192.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: But you did not know who was winning ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1192.0,1195.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1195.0,1195.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: ... what was happening?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1195.0,1195.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: No, nothing. No newspapers, no radio, no nothing. We didn't know. We know that it's going [on], a war, and we worried what is with our brother, with our sister. That is what we were thinking all the time. What is with our father? Is he alive or not? Where he is? We didn't know. We knew that he is in another labor camp. We knew that. But in which labor camp and where he is? After the war, when we came back to Riga, we met a man who was in the labor camp with our father. About maybe five to ten percent stayed alive after the labor camps, where my father was. He was one of the lucky who was alive. He came back and he said that \"I was together with your father.\" He knew my father very well. We were from the same city. [He said,] \"And your father died on June 14, 1941, after eight months. Not only your father, 95 percent of people from our country, from Latvia, died in the labor camp,\" because they worked very hard and no food. The starvation, that was ... For our young people, the biggest problem was the starvation. We were young, the cold was cold but, you know, you was thinking the whole day about where to get something to eat and you work eight, nine hours a day cutting the trees. It was the biggest problem, the starvation. There was many more problems, but the starvation is terrible. I think you don't understand what is not to have enough food to eat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1195.0,1310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1310.0,1310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: We were allowed to move to Kansk, a town situated about 90 kilometers away from the place where we had been living in the labor camp for more than six years. Kansk is a town on the river Kan. There was a big river with the name Kan. At that time, 90,000 people inhabited it. The main branches of industry were textile, sewing, and hydrolytic. The Kansk-Achinsk coal basin with its deposits of 1,200,000,000 tons and the annual production of 8,000,000 tons is widely known. That was the coal. It was a very famous region. They had a lot of coal in the region. It has remained a puzzle for us why the KGB people allowed us to move there. It was so difficult to describe how happy we were to be away from the hard labor camp life, gnats, inhumane daily life conditions. We were strictly warned to come to KGB office every month and provide our signature, thus proving that we had not escaped from the town. Each month on the 15th--everybody had to come the same date, on the 15th of the month--and to sign that you are here, you didn't escape. After we rented a one-room flat, we started seeking jobs. I decided to start with the integrated textile plant. From the place where we rented the flat, one had to go there by bus across the River Kan, for about half an hour. I took into account the fact that it was a large enterprise with a staff of 9,000 employees, so I hoped there would be some job for me there. As I had a six-year working experience and a high school education, I intended to ask for some job other than physical to be able to continue my studies. In the personnel department, they had a new vacancy. When I was told the name of the offered position--Deputy Manager of the Fuel Department--I got completely confused. Till then, I had never had anything to do with fuel. As for coal, I have never seen it in my life either, but I hoped to cope with firewood. They explained to me that it was a big department headed by Pavel Leoncevich Czerny. The manager, the supervisor, was Pavel Leoncevich Czerny. His name was that. He was an attractive man, about six feet in height, of a dark complexion. I met all their requirements. The department I was to start working in had a state timber enterprise at its disposal, 80 kilometers from the plant. The timber was stored up by 9,100 workmen. The fuel department had a team of tarry men for loading and unloading coal. The most difficult thing was to get along with the men [on the] team. They required special attention as they were hard labor camp prisoners in the recent past and alcoholics. All the prisoners in Russia, who was located to Siberia in the labor camp, after the terms of ten years or whatever they had, they couldn't come back to their location, to their city. They had to stay five or ten more years in exile in Siberia. Then, they could come back. That was the law. All prisoners had to stay, after the labor camp, five or ten more years, in exile. Staying in the exile, they met a lady, they married, they worked, and they had children, and after that, some of them didn't want to come back. They stayed there and that was the population of Siberia. That is all the past prisoners.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1310.0,1589.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: A quick question before you continue reading. Your sister, again, who was eight ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1589.0,1597.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1597.0,1597.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Did you try to help continue her education while she was in Siberia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1597.0,1601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, in the labor camps they have kindergartens and they have schools for children this age. Our son was born there. They keep the children in the kindergarten. You can visit them after the work, but you cannot take them to your apartment, to your room. There was not an apartment. In the barracks, you had one room [for] my mother, and my brother, and me, and my sister, but when our son was born ... When we returned back to Latvia after Siberia, he was seven years old. And they had schools for children, for eight, ten years, yes, but not college ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1601.0,1648.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1648.0,1648.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: ... only elementary schools. These tally men required special attention as they were [or] had [been] labor camp prisoners in recent past and alcoholics. After working three, four months on my new job, my boss was killed on the street. It happened when he, with two friends, walked in the evening. A bandit walking in the front of them turned around and fired at the three men point bank. He died on the spot. The two others were wounded. It was so nice and easy to work with him and be on friendly terms. I was in a state of shock. About 10 days had passed after the funeral of my friend and supervisor. I was overcome with emotions. What would have become of me? Who would be appointed to the position instead of Czerny? Unexpectedly, the president's secretary rang me up and said that the president, Smirnov, summoned me. When I arrived, my knees kept trembling. Now the new supervisor would be introduced to me and I would be offered another job. When I entered the president's office, there was the chief engineer and deputy president. President Smirnov offered me to take a seat and said he had agreed with the local KGB, with the chief engineer, and deputy president, and took into account the late Pavel Czerny's--my previous supervisor--favorable references, and they approved my nomination as head of the department. I didn't expect that it will happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1648.0,1755.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: I am sure not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1755.0,1758.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Here, I will cut the chronology of my narration and tell you how I got acquainted with my wife. [This is where] my wife tells the story. 'I, Mira, was born into a well-to-do family in Latvia, Riga, the capital city. Other big town is Daugavpils, so Dvinsk, where my husband was born. Latvia is a democratic state, became independent on November 18, 1918. It covers the territory of 67,000 square kilometers with a population of two and a half million, very small population. The standard of life was relatively high. I was the first child in the family. Four years later, my brother, Meyer, was born.' The father was an owner of a furniture plant and two furniture stores. 'Our family was arrested the same day and the same time, two o'clock at night. Our labor camp was in the far north of Siberia. There is nine months winter and three months only night.' My family was in the middle of Siberia, but their family, they put in different labor camps.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1758.0,1844.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: What was Mira's family name, surname?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1844.0,1853.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: It is here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1853.0,1854.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: It is here? Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1854.0,1854.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: It is here, yes. 'The work was back breaking and several weeks later, big boils appeared on my feet. There was only a nurse, who was not able to help me. The hospital is 25 kilometers from the labor camp. There was no transport between the camp and the district center. The only way was to go by foot, on my sore feet. But first, it was necessary to get permission from the KBG commander. When I showed him my feet, he gave a written permission to leave the camp in case it would be necessary to stay at the hospital. My ration was immediately reduced in half.' Instead of one pound, she got a half pound of bread. 'My mother and brother shared the ration with me. Late in the evening, I stopped in a village to find a place for night. I started knocking on the doors of each and every little house, one after the other. Nobody would answer or open the doors. It was pitch dark in the street and I lost any hope of being let in. Thank goodness, suddenly, an elderly woman opened slightly the door and asked who I was and why I had come. I showed her my feet, and explained where I was from, and what I wanted. The old woman took pity on me. She let me come in and lay down at the threshold, at the front door. It was very cold inside. I lay down on the bare floor and put my head a bit higher on the threshold, and I fell asleep in no time. When I woke in the morning, my hair got frozen to the thresholds.' Mira had in that time very long hair like that. 'I called the owner. She boiled some water and poured hot water to help me release my hair. Then, she treated me to breakfast, boiled water, some milk, and several crusts of brown bread. After breakfast, I thanked the lady for her hospitality and made for the polyclinic. If not for Henier--that was the name of the owner--I doubt whether I could have survived. I received first aid at the clinic and was warned of the necessity to come for the daily treatment. Thank G-d medical treatment in Russia was free as I had no money. My Russian was rather poor at the time. Before leaving Riga, we spoke Yiddish, Latvian, and German at home. At the polyclinic, I met a woman who spoke Yiddish and German. I asked her where I could find a temporary job. She advised me to go to the integrated plant. A woman, probably a director, looked at me with suspicion. However, she agreed to take me to the pottery shop. I found out later there were not many people who wished to do that hard work. An elderly man named Kurbatov met me in the pottery shop. He was the only worker in the shop. Kurbatov, a former prisoner, was serving his time in exile at the time. After I had briefly told him my story, he was deeply touched. By it, he started teaching me about the ceramic trade. I have always been a perfectionist in everything, as I like to do everything well and efficiently. Kurbatov was satisfied with his new apprentice. When I told him at the end of the workday that I had no place to stay overnight, he allowed me to remain in the shop and sleep on a wooden branch. He made kind of a pillow of clay and I was happy to have a bed for myself. In the daytime, it was warm, even hot, from the kiln for baking pottery. At night, it was very cold for sleeping there. I had no change of clothing, so when Korbatov went away, I closed the shop from the inside, took off my clothes, washed and dried them while the kilns was still hot. I wrote a letter to my mother. Korbatov gave me a stamp for it. That was the only means of communication at that time. I explained to her that I appealed to the KGB asking permission for my family to move to Irbit. That was Irbit, the village with the polyclinic, the clinic. The name was Irbit. The city where I am now. Two months later, I got the permission and my mother and brother moved to Irbit. I met a family that had been departed from Estonia. We became friends. They allowed us to settle temporarily in a corner of their room. Quite unexpectedly, we were informed that we were forbidden to reside in Irbit and we would be transferred to the far north of Siberia. That was in 1942. About 140 persons were deported and stationed on the riverbank in the open air. We had to live for two weeks under inhumane conditions on the riverbank, waiting for a barge to take us to the unknown destination. On our way to the north, we did many stops. In every populated area, the barge stopped sometimes for four or five days, and the KGB forced us to work. Several families disembarked in accordance with the order issued by the KGB. On one of the barge stops, we started storing up timber. The trees were cut down with a hand saw. Knots were chopped down with an ax, then the logs were blocked into five, six meters logs. The prepared lugs rolled down into the water and tied up securely into rafts. We made three rafts and divided ourselves into three groups. Every raft had big oar on its sides to steer it in a proper direction. While sailing downstream, we made some stops and loaded haystacks to supply horses of the integral plant with forage during the winter season. We were discharged on the last stop by the name Tura. I got a job in an integrated fish factory. I had to cut out a hole, 18 inches in diameter, and one, one and a half meters deep. That is 18 to 54 inches, depending on the thickness of ice. Then, you should sit and catch fish with the help of a spear. The daily norm [was] high, so one had to work hard to earn a full daily ration. On the 15th date of every month, we all went to the KGB office to appear before the official and confirm the fact that we had not escaped by signing papers. In August 1948, we were offered to move to a town, Kansk.' If you remember, we were moved in 1947, a little bit earlier, a half year earlier than their family. 'Our new life had begun in a new place. When I and my family settled down in our new place, I started looking for work just in order to have the money to buy food. My new friends advised me to try out the textile factory, which was the largest enterprise in town. It was here that my life had a complete turnover.' Let me continue how I got acquainted with my wife. It is the story of our acquaintance and true love that was to help us survive in those hard times, supported us, and brightened up our way during our lifetime. I lived with my family in the town of Kansk. I got to work to the other side of the River Kan by bus that went on schedule every hour. I recall a September day in 1948. In Siberia, it is already a cold season time. At the bus stop church, a girl stepped in through the front door. Usually, you step in the back door, but she used the front door. I was a little bit surprised. All the seats were occupied. I stood near the back door, but at once noticed the beautiful girl, as I could judge her by face a Jewish girl. I have never met such a beauty in the town before. She was dressed in a blue winter coat, the collar, head, and mouth lined with squirrel fur. The clothes did not look new, but they did not lessen the girl's attractiveness. I lacked the courage to approach and speak to her. Later, when I entered the administrative building on my job, what a miracle. I couldn't believe my eyes as I was really so lucky. The unknown beauty stood at the door of the accounting department. Mira was in accounting. She had a little bit of experience. Now, she seemed even more beautiful. She had thick, fluffy, dark brown hair and clever, deep hazel eyes. I made my mind not to miss my chance this time. I asked the girl what reason had brought her to the Integrated Textile Plant. She replied she was a bookkeeper and was seeking a job. I said that I knew the chief accountant and could help [her]. Thus, I came to Leonid Belyaev, who was the name of the chief accountant, and asked him to help my countrywoman. There were no vacancies in the accounting department, but taking advantage of my friendly relation with Leonid, I asked him to offer Mira other employment, at least temporary. Leonid called the personnel department and Mira was offered a job in the laboratory. I kept constantly thinking of the girl. I was already close to 26, so it was time to think seriously about my private life. Who knows, probably G-d had remembered me and sent me a chosen one. When the working day filled with pleasant emotions was over, I went to the bus stop. Mira was already there on the bus stop. I checked the schedule and find out that till the arrival of the bus is 25 minutes. I ran to the garage, found Ivan Cheyev, the driver of the car assigned to my department. He agreed to take me home. I seated myself in the cabin and we left the gate of the plant. When I saw Mira at the bus stop, I asked the driver to stop, got out, and offered to give the girl a lift to town. She got confused but did not reject the offer. I helped her take a seat in the cab and claimed the body of the truck. On reaching the town, the truck stopped. I inquired whether she lived there. She thanked me for helping her with the employment and said that she lived not far and preferred walking home. When I proposed a company here, she refused. As I got it, she did not want to show me where she lived. I introduced myself and in reply, she told me her name and surname, Mira Alper. Two days passed, and I fell out of the same small truck and got a clavicle fracture. I had to stay home for a week. My younger sister, which is ten years younger than me, told me they had at school a new pupil named Alper. I could not ... believe my earth. I asked my sister to inquire whether he had a sister named Mira. The following day, I received a positive answer. Right away, I wrote Mira a short letter and explained I was that very fellow who had helped you get the job. Because Mira's brother was in the same school with my sister, I sent with my sister a letter. I also explained what happened to me. The following day came, a door knock. G-d! Mira came! Mira came to visit me with flowers and thank me for assistance. I introduced her to my mother. However, my mother could not grasp why I got acquainted with an unknown girl when there are girls from our city. One week later, I resumed work and we started meeting each other. We had been meeting each other for six months. When my mother understood I was going to marry Mira and had already received her family consent, we agreed on holding our wedding on March 15, 1949. It is next to impossible to imagine now what it meant to arrange a wedding in Siberia, in exile, without any foodstuffs and drinks. We decided to arrange the wedding in Mira's flat, as the room occupied by them was larger than ours. In order to hold the wedding according to Jewish tradition, I invited our fellow countryman, a devout Jew under 60. I brought four poles for the chuppah from work. We tightened the tallit on top. That is the tallit that I received from my aunt from Atlanta. Our Aunt Zipporah had sent it to us from Atlanta. At last, the long-awaited day came. About 30 guests attended, including our families. Rabbi Nachimovsky read the Kiddush prayer and I crushed a glass with my foot. I was happy beyond measure that the Lord had sent Mira to me. After the wedding, we rented a room. The room was so tiny that only a single bed and a small table could fit into it. So, we turned from side to side simultaneously at one word of command in order not to fall out of the narrow bed, but we were extremely happy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1854.0,2891.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Can I ask a question very quickly? You talk a lot about faith. You thanked G-d that He had sent you, Mira. Was it difficult to keep your faith in Siberia? How did you manage to keep faith when so many tragic events had happened to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=2891.0,2912.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: You see, in Jewish faith, you have to keep kosher, you have to go and pray every day. We didn't have the opportunity to do that because when you get the coupons with one pound bread, one pound sugar for a month, so everything was on coupons, rationed, and you couldn't buy some more food that you couldn't keep kosher in that time. It was very difficult. But we tried not to eat milk and meat together or keep kosher-like. You eat meat six hours after milk, food. We tried to do that, but there was not a complete kosher like Jewish tradition. But because my father was an Orthodox Jewish, I tried to everything. I received a siddur and mahzor [Jewish prayer books] from Atlanta and that was a big help, davening, to pray in the morning, a little bit and the evening. I tried everything and we do the same now. Now, it's much easier, but in that time, in Siberia, it was very difficult to keep the faith.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=2912.0,2988.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Did you ever get angry with G-d?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=2988.0,2993.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: No, I cannot say that, no. I was thinking that ... I was hoping the future will be much better and that happened. G-d helped me, helped my wife, helped my family, my mother, my sister, my brother. I am always an optimist in my life. Even my friends now here, I have friends, a lot of friends here in New York, and in Cincinnati [Ohio], and in Chicago [Illinois], and they are laughing sometimes at me. They say, \"How can you be so optimistic always,\" that I say, \"Tomorrow will be better, don't worry, tomorrow will better.\" That is all my life. I was very optimistic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=2993.0,3041.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Do you think that optimism helped you survive?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3041.0,3043.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, I think it helped me a lot always. I was never mad. I knew that, in that time, it's not [just] difficult for us, but it's everywhere. It's a difficult time because of the Second [World] War. We didn't know what is going on with the ghetto, with the killing of the Jewish people, we didn't, but we know that it's a difficult time now everywhere and we have to hope for the better. That helped me a lot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3043.0,3074.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Can I ask ... Also in the same vein, you said that it was difficult to observe Jewish tradition, but was there any other sense of communal Jewish life or did Stalin totally ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3074.0,3089.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: No, nothing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3089.0,3092.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Could you be punished for having your siddur and for praying?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3092.0,3097.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: You see what, if the KGB would know that we made a wedding with a chuppah, they would put us back to the labor camp for ten more years. Everything you did secretly. Nobody knows about that. When I invited and Mira invited some friends to come to our wedding, our family was ten people. We invited [people] from our country, who were in the same village. And then ... You see, in Russia, they built houses. They built microphones in the... Each house has a microphone. In Russia, you cannot talk at home something about your life, whatever. If you need to say something, you go outside. Or when you cannot go outside, you put on the telephone some clothes and you talk very quiet. That is what we kept the same life in Siberia, not talking about the Soviet Union. We hate the Soviet Union. We hate them from the first day they arrived in our country. They occupied our country. We hate them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3097.0,3172.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: How did life change for you in your country, in Latvia--if you do not mind going back for just a second--when the Soviets took over Latvia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3172.0,3182.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: When we came back in 1958, after 17 years in Siberia ... We were there instead of 20 years; we were 17 years. Why they reduced to 17? Because in that time, Stalin died. He died in 1953. [Nikita] Khrushchev became the leader of Russia. It took four more years until Khrushchev decided that he has to bring back all the people. He sent us a letter saying that, \"We apologize that was done by Stalin. We didn't support him on that.\" They supported him. We know that, but he write in the letter that \"We didn't support him about that and we allow you to come back to our country.\" But when they took us on June 14, 1941, [they] took all our stuff, all the money, and the business, and the stores, everything. But when we came back, they didn't give us any apartment and I, Mira, and our son, who was seven years old at that time, we stayed three days outside on the street looking for somebody to allow us to get a room or to get in some apartment. After three days, Mira found a lady who had two rooms and she rented one room to us. We didn't have money, but she trusted. We told her we will find job, and we will pay her for the room. Almost three days we stayed on the street. The Russian government didn't give us anything. Only with the letter was they sent it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3182.0,3295.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: When you got back in 1958, all Jewish institutions had closed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3295.0,3301.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, everything was closed. Maybe you remember? It was the time in 1948, when they closed all the institutions and they killed the poets. And you remember that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3301.0,3319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: The purges.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3319.0,3320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, in 1948 it happened. It was closed, all the organization, everything. When we came back, we found a job. I found a job that was in Riga, a radio factory. It was a big plant, 10,000 employees, and we built radio. We built 5,000 radios a day. But the radio was very bad. They couldn't sell them. In Russia, you don't do what you want. Everything comes from Moscow. Moscow tells you, \"You have to do that. You have to that, or that, and that,\" and that was a big problem. The government take over on you and they tell you. Like now, they say you have to have insurance. If you will not have insurance, you will pay some fee. You cannot tell people, \"Buy insurance,\" if I don't want to buy it. It has to be private. And that looks a little bit like...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3320.0,3396.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Also, when you got back in 1958, were you at that point in time already thinking, \"I need to leave ...\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3396.0,3407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3407.0,3407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: ... that, \"We need to emigrate?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3407.0,3410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: In 1958, when we came back, we applied papers to the government to leave the country. Nobody could do that. But why I could do? Because my father was from Poland and the Russian government allowed all the people who had Poland's background to leave their country, to go back to Poland. When it was ... Only before 1958, January. We came in March from Siberia and they didn't take the papers. But we tried to apply, and apply, and applied, and it took 21 years until we get the permission to leave. Only in 1979 did they allow us to leave the country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3410.0,3464.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: This is during the Glasnost then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3464.0,3467.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: What?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3467.0,3468.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Glasnost ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3468.0,3471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3471.0,3473.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: ... and the change in policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3473.0,3475.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, but in 1991, when we were already here, Latvia got independent from Russia. When Soviet Union collapsed, and all countries in Europe, they got independent, and Latvia got independent in 1991. It changed a lot. We visited our country a couple of times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3475.0,3502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: How were the Latvians themselves, non-Jewish Latvians? How was that population? How did they react toward the Jews? Did they collaborate with the Nazis?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3502.0,3518.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: You see, when the Germans occupied Latvia, the most job of killing the Jewish people was done by the Latvian people. Latvians are very antisemitic people. They don't like the Jews. [At] all the factory plants in Latvia, the president was always a Latvian people. The vice president was always a Jew because they didn't know how to do the job. They took always the vice president, a Jewish, who could operate the plant, but they hated the Jewish people. Not the German people killed the Jewish people in Latvia. In Latvia, was 90,000 Jews [and] 80,000 was killed, 81,000. Everything was done by the Latvian people. They [did] this. They did the job for the Germans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3518.0,3583.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Has there been any sort of acknowledgement of that by the Latvian people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3583.0,3592.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: I think yes, and you know, there was a little bit different to people who, in that time, if you speak Latvian, then it's a little different. You come to an office--and like we, I and Mira, we speak Latvian--and they answer your questions. They speak to you. But the most people who lived in Latvia at that time after we came back ... There was a lot of people from Russia who came to live in Latvia. They didn't speak Latvian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3592.0,3631.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: They were forced to live in Latvia, right? I mean, they were ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3631.0,3633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Some of them were forced, some came by themselves, but they had a very difficult time because they come to an office and they start to speak in Russian, ask questions. The Latvian people, however, they sit like that, they don't look at you, they don't answer you the questions, they didn't want to talk to you. There's a big fight between the Latvians and the people from Russia who doesn't speak Latvian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3633.0,3657.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: I have a few questions before you continue with the narrative, just about life under the Soviets in Latvia when you came back in 1958. Was it difficult to find employment? Even though you were Latvian and spoke Latvian, because you were Jewish, was it difficult to find employment?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3657.0,3679.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: No, I cannot tell that [it was] very difficult. If you had education, and you speak Latvian, and they need you, they take you. You know, I cannot tell that was difficult. Like, I found [and] Mira found a job. She was an accountant. She found a job in a company and she became the chief accountant in the company. That is, she became ... Here, what she worked, treating the ... because she graduated the medical school. But before that, why she did that? When we decide to leave Latvia, and we know that Mira will not find here a job like an accountant because she doesn't know English, she went to medical school to get another profession. That is, she became an esthetician. That's why she worked here in Atlanta, like an esthetician. She treated the skin of the face. This is what she did and she did an excellent job. She had very good customer clients, very good. The most was in Buckhead [a district in Atlanta, Georgia]. She worked 20 years. She had her own office. After she retired ... I forced her to retire. She was already 75 years old and I was 77 when I retired. I am an electronic engineer. I found a job in an electronic company in Tucker [Georgia]. I worked till 77. She worked till 75. I decided to retire, and when I retire, my boss called me many time to come for part-time. I went a couple of times there because we build electronic equipment, and sold to many different countries, and to Israel, too. One time, he called me and said, \"Daniel, the equipment came back to our company after six, seven years\"--it was not big equipment, it was small--to have some problems, or checkup, or whatever. He called me and said, \"Daniel, I got seven units from Israel. You have to come and help me to do, to repair, to see what is the problem.\" Because he knew that if he will take somebody else, he has to teach, to show them, it is more expensive. [He asked] if I will come and do that. And he know how much I love Israel. I say, \"Sure, I will come. It's from Israel. I will come.\" I came, and checked them, and repaired what was needed. I worked for four days, and after two weeks, he sent me a check [for] twice more than I had to be paid. I called him and said, \"Why the checks are big?\" [He said,] \"I want you more to come more, many times to come.\" And then, a couple times I went and then I said, \"You know what? I appreciate that you ...\" I have so much respect from him, a lot of respect. When he went for vacation with his wife, he gave me always to take care of the company. There was many engineers in our company.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3679.0,3894.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: What was the name of the company?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3894.0,3897.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: That is B-E Electronics [Company]. He is a Jew from Israel, but he was graded [educated] here, Ben Eliezer. He is here for 50 years, I think, in America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3897.0,3915.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: I wanted to talk a little bit about the immigration process that you ... So, you were finally able to leave in 1979?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3915.0,3929.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, that wasn't Glasnost per se. That was under a different program. How did you find out that you were allowed to leave?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3929.0,3938.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Even in 1973, they started to allow people to leave. You remember what was going on, the demonstrations in all the world?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3938.0,3946.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Right, the Refuseniks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3946.0,3949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, the Refuseniks. And my brother and Mira's brother, they left Latvia in 1973.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3949.0,3956.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Why could you not leave then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3956.0,3959.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Because what happened [was that] we applied the papers in 1973. Our son already was graduated from college. He was in that time, in 1973, he was 23, 24 years old. He was very ready to go to Israel, to leave the country. Unexpectedly, he met a girl. He didn't have time to date some girls, whatever, because he was working, and studying, and he was very involved in sports. One date was about 10 o'clock in the evening. There was a call and called a girl who worked with him. She was in love with him. He didn't pay attention because he didn't think about it. He was thinking to leave the country. But she said, \"Boris, we have a party. There are many girls. Would you come for an hour to be with us?\" And he said, \"Okay.\" And we say, \"Boris, it's 10 o'clock in the evening.\" It is dangerous to go at that time. And [he said] that was not far, it was two blocks, and \"I will be there a short time. I will come back.\" But he never dated a girl before that. When he came to the party, and there was the girl's cousin, Lyudmila, who is now his wife. You know, there was a love ... How you say that? Was a ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3959.0,4071.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Love at first sight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4071.0,4071.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Instant love.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4071.0,4073.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes. He came home and he said, \"You know what, parents? I met a girl. I'm in love.\" I said, \"Boris, we are ready to leave. What are you talking about? We need to leave.\" But the problem was she was in the medical school the first year--he already graduated college--and to become a doctor, you have to study five, six years, then you have work one year. They don't give you the diploma immediately when you graduate, like here. You get the diploma after a year working like a doctor. I said, \"Boris, you will wait for six, seven years?\" He said, \"Yes, you go and we will come later.\" But we decided that she was very against to leave the country. They were different people, the family. They were communists, they believed in the regime and the country, and they couldn't understand how can you leave the Soviet Union, that is stupid to leave a beautiful country. Because the propaganda was terrible, you know? They show in the TV pictures, like the people are starving here, and they show some black people who is sleeping in the park, and they didn't say that he's resting, whatever. They say it because he doesn't have [any] where to stay at night. Then, they saw in the TV, they show a line. The line is to buy tickets to a movie or to a theater and they said that is a line for bread or whatever. Propaganda was terrible and people believed. We know that that is lie because we know what is Russia. That is why we had to stay six more years waiting until she graduated as a doctor. She said, \"I will not go to Israel. If I will go, I will go only to America.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4073.0,4191.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: When you started to get the process going to get the papers, was it harder for you? What did they ... Did they make your life harder, the government, because they knew you wanted to leave?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4191.0,4204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes. You know, the president, we called him 'director,' of our plant, Linov, he was a member of the big communist society. He was a very powerful man in our city. When my brother left in 1973, my brother was the supervisor of QC, Quality ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4204.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Control.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4230.0,4236.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, Control. In each plant in Russia, in each company, everywhere, you have a KGB office who is watching you. When my brother left, the KGB guy came to our director. I was a supervisor in that time in the plant. He say to the director that, \"You know that Jakob Vayman left to Israel? We cannot keep Daniel like a supervisor, because his brother has left to Israel and his wife's brother's left to Israel.\" And the director said ... In that time, the vice president was in the office, in the director's office, and he told me about that. The director said, \"It is okay. [As long as] I am the director, Daniel will stay on his position.\" I don't know why he support me. I cannot... But when I was ready to leave, they did a meeting of my department. I had a department for 170 people. They did a meeting and they said that if somebody will go to the station ... We had to go by train to Moscow, and from Moscow, we flew to Austria, to Vienna. And they said, \"If somebody would go to this station when Daniel is leaving, next day you will be fired.\" But some of them came. They said, \"We don't care.\" I was in a very good ... I worked 18 years in the [unintelligible], [as a] supervisor from 1958, 1959 maybe until 1979.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4236.0,4341.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: You went from Moscow to Austria. Then, did you have to stay in Austria first?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4341.0,4347.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: We stayed in Austria, in Vienna, for a week, and the Jewish Federation of America ... In Austria, they asked you, \"Where are you going? You're going to Israel or you're going America?\" And there was a fight with our daughter-in-law to go to Israel. She didn't want. She said, \"Only I will go to America.\" And her father, he said to our son, \"Boris, I will buy you a car. I will buy you an apartment. Don't do it. It's a stupid thing to go, to leave the country.\" But our son said, \"No, I don't need your car. I don't need your apartment. I will leave the county. I won't stay. If Lyuda will not go with me, I am going by myself,\" and she didn't have a choice. She had to go. In Austria, we said, \"Yes, we will go to America.\" [They asked,] \"Which city,\" and [we] say we would like to go to Atlanta because we have relatives there. They say, \"Okay.\" Then, they move us to Italy, to Rome. We stayed seven weeks in Rome. We applied the papers to the American government to allow us. We are legal. We're not illegal, like Mexicans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4347.0,4418.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4418.0,4419.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: We applied the papers through the government and we was waiting for seven weeks. The Jewish Federation from Atlanta gave us money to stay in Italy for food, for the apartment, for everything. Then, they sent us tickets to fly to Atlanta. And everything together--I don't remember how many, $3,000 or whatever they spent--when we start to work, we paid them back. Each month, we started to pay $50 a month. Then, we paid $75 a month until we paid over all the money they spent for us. But when we arrived here, the Jewish Federation met us in the airport and they already rented on Buford Highway an apartment. They brought us to the apartment and there was a refrigerator with food, with everything. They paid $280 a month. That was everything included, what we paid back later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4419.0,4483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Did you speak any English at all?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4483.0,4485.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Not at all, no. I knew, \"Okay.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4485.0,4489.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4489.0,4489.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: I knew \"Okay.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4489.0,4491.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: How difficult was that? It must have been very difficult.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4491.0,4495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: You see, for some people it was very difficult, but for us maybe it was not so difficult because we knew the life before the Soviet Union. We had the same life, even maybe a better life. We had a very good life. When you come to the same life that you had in your childhood, you remember the life. I don't think it was difficult for us. I don' think so. Our children already was here. Our son got a job and the daughter-in-law, she got a job as a doctor. I cannot tell that it was difficult for us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4495.0,4534.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Did you ever regret not going to Israel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4534.0,4538.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes. We love Israel, I and my wife. And you know what? Maybe it sounds nuts, but even today, if our children said, \"Let us go to Israel,\" we are ready, even today to go to Israel. We loved the country. We were four times and I have so many relatives, cousins in Israel, because in 1938, if you remember, the Crystal Night in Germany ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4538.0,4569.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: [Yes].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4569.0,4569.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: All my ... That is, my father's sister and brother, they used to live in Germany. When happened the Crystal Night on November 9, 1938, they escaped to Israel from Germany. That is now the children of my father's sister and brother. But we are ready always, even today, to go to Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4569.0,4596.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Did you go to night classes to learn English? How did you learn English?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4596.0,4599.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, we started to study English. There was a school, an evening school for people who don't speak English.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4599.0,4608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Who sponsored that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4608.0,4609.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Federation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4609.0,4609.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Federation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4609.0,4611.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Jewish Federation. Everything was done by the Jewish Federation. They helped us to find jobs and they helped us a lot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4611.0,4625.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Can you describe what your first sensations were when you got off the plane in America? How did you feel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4625.0,4635.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: You see, we arrived in America in the airport, it was my relatives who used to live here in Atlanta, it was the Federation, our children, our son and his wife. And everything was so beautiful, nice. We're in a free world. We got rid of the Soviet Union, which we hate very much because they killed my father for nothing. He was 52 years old. We had a good family. My brother was killed on the front line, you know. We were so happy to be here and to see all our relatives and children. We felt ... How to describe? We felt ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4635.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mira: Like in heaven.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4680.0,4682.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: In heaven, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4682.0,4685.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: What were some of the obstacles you faced when you first got here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4685.0,4690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: How nice are the people here, with a smile. When you would compare the people in our country and in other cities in the Soviet Union and the people here ... You met them, and even [though] you don't know them, and they always [ask], \"How are you,\" and they smile. They are so nice, the people here, comparing with the people in our countries. That was the biggest ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4690.0,4716.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Change?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4716.0,4718.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, persons are nice. And then, you know what ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4718.0,4724.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: What about being able to go to synagogue again? How did that feel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4724.0,4729.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, and that was very important for me, very important, with me and my wife. There was Shearith Israel, you know, synagogue, because we used to live on Buford Highway. That was our apartment for seven years right here. But the job that I found, the first job, was here in Kennesaw [Georgia]. To go from Buford Highway to Kennesaw was too far. We decided to buy a house here, closer to Kennesaw. Our son, he found this house. He brought us here and he showed the house was in a very good condition. Even now, it's an old house, but in a very good condition. We moved from Shearith Israel to AA [Ahavath Achim]. We immediately became members of AA and we are now more than 20 years, members in the AA. We go every Shabbat to the synagogue, every Shabbat. We don't miss one Shabbat. We try to keep kosher. I cannot tell you that we keep 100 percent, no. It's very difficult. You know, the kosher store, which is on La Vista, it's too far. You have to use sometimes Publix, sometimes ... That is a big problem for us. We don't have here closer kosher stores. But we are very pleased to be a member of the AA, very pleased.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4729.0,4827.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Can you describe, if you think back, how it felt after so many years of being denied the chance to go to synagogue? How it felt for the first time walking into a synagogue?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4827.0,4842.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Before we were deported to Siberia, before the Soviet Union came, my father, I told you, he was almost an Orthodox Jew. We went to the synagogue in our city every Shabbat, every Yontif, always went to synagogue. Some people who came to America, the first time they started to go to synagogue, we had the experience before. It was not a big difference for me because we were a very religious family and we enjoyed to be in the synagogue on Shabbat, you know. Not only Shabbat, sometimes in the summertime, when it's light outside, we go in the evening, too. We enjoyed that. We were big believers in G-d, my wife and my family, and the experience was from the previous life, the synagogue. We came here. It's a little bit different, but we had a big synagogue in Riga, a big synagogue, very nice, with good chazzan, with a choir, and everything. We had experience already brought with us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4842.0,4914.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: What about celebrating holidays again? That must have been a wonderful feeling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4914.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: A very wonderful feeling. When my cousin, Molly Glazer, was alive, she did always the big holidays, like Pesach, and Yom Kippur, and Rosh HaShanah. But after she passed away, we started to do it here, and our children and some of our relatives, they came to us. But when it's after Yom Kippur, after the fast, always Betty Sunshine invited us to come to their home. We stayed there for after Yom Kippur fast, breaking the fast in Sunshine's home. Last time, we were in Luci's home, in Sunshine ... Stanley, her husband is Stanley. That is Alan's brother. And now the last two years, our daughter-in-law, she doesn't allow us to do because the big job, you know, to prepare and Mira doesn't feel so good and she does everything. She likes to do the party of holiday in their house. That is an Alpharetta [Georgia] and because it's late in the evening, our son comes, he picks us up and brings us back. But when it's in the summertime, we can drive later. Then, we go by ourselves. I have a car and Mira has a car, or a car service. [They are] not new cars. They are 14 years. But they are good cars. I have an Avalon, Toyota Avalon. She has a Nissan Maxima. I take care of the cars. I do the most job of what is needed. And we are independent. We're independent. We go to our children and we celebrate. Now, is the New Year eve. Tomorrow is my birthday. Tomorrow, I will be 88.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4920.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Happy birthday.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5040.0,5041.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Thank you. We had a call. We were ready with Mira to prepare a little bit, not much, because we cannot do so much. We had before yesterday a call from our son, from our daughter-in-law, not to do anything. They already ordered catering and everything will be brought here for Sunday. They want to do that Sunday. They will come, the granddaughters, and the son with the wife. They did it. There will be a catering. Everything will be for birthday. We don't have to do. Mira say, \"I will do something. I will do herring.\" We like herring with potatoes, you know. And they screamed on the telephone, \"No! No, Mom, don't do anything. Everything will ready.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5041.0,5095.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: That is the way to go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5095.0,5098.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: And on the New Year Eve, she does a party always, our daughter-in-law, in her home, a party, and we stay there for the night.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5098.0,5108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: That is lovely. I have a question also, just about how you feel about America. How do you feel living here? How do feel about being Americans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5108.0,5123.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: After five years living here, we got the [citizenship]. We get passports every five years. When we worked, with Mira, we traveled a lot. One time, was once, we sail to Australia. In Australia, in Sydney, is Mira's cousin, first cousin. The sail was a very good sail. We went to Australia to visit Mira's cousins. We traveled a lot. You know, if you work, you can save money, you have a good life. It is completely different, like it was in our country. Even if you had a salary--not a better, medium good salary--but you didn't have the opportunity to buy because it was not enough money to have. Like, I have now maybe five suits. She has many different clothes, everything, and dress, and everything. We didn't have the opportunity to do that. There is much more opportunity. I say always, 'If you work.' You have to work. That is, I was fighting with my sister. She didn't like to work, she likes to get from the government, you know. I don't like living a life like that. You have to make your own money. You have to save and you have to get a good pension that I got after I retired because I worked twelve years later ... and we used ... I worked twelve years late more after retirement, 65. She worked ten years more. We got our Social Security [benefits]. Maybe it's not enough a little bit, but we saved, we have money to add. And we have completely independent, and you can go wherever you want, you can buy whatever you want. Some people doesn't. When they came to the country, they didn't live in a free country like America. One time, we were in a store, a big store--I forgot the name--on Buford Highway. I was talking with Mira in Russian, and one couple came to us, and they say, \"Oh, we are from Ukraine. You're speaking in Russian. Can we go in the store?\" Because it's a big store, they couldn't understand. A store like that, it was always private in Soviet Union. I said, \"Sure, everybody can go to the store. Why not? We can go and buy everything.\" I say, \"You can go and buy everything that you need.\" And then, in the story inside, we met them again. They were with the cart, and in the cart, was food for a cat. And I say, \"You arrived only yesterday. You have a cat?\" [They said,] \"No, we don't have a cat.\" But they say the food is for cat, because in our country, there was not food for cat and dogs. The cat and dog eat always the same what you eat. You eat, you make the dinner for you, and they make the dinner the same food for the cats and dogs. They couldn't imagine because they lived in the Soviet Union all their life. We knew that there is food. We had the same in our country. And I say, \"That is food for cat.\" They say, \"What does it mean for cat food?\" Cans with food, you know. And then, they put back on the shelf.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5123.0,5342.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Good thing they saw you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5342.0,5343.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, but we had more problems because our English was so bad. I came to the store and I say, \"In which line?\" You see, when you could translate from our language, 'line' is one word. Here, you have 'aisle.' 'Line' is when you say a line for a ticket, whatever. But that is a story. You say, \"In which aisle?\" And I said, \"In which line is bread?\" It was the first time when we arrived and they couldn't understand what I mean. And then came another from the store and they asked, \"What do you want? What are you looking?\" I said, \"I'm looking for bread.\" Then, they understood what I meant. We had problems like that, you know, with the language, the first time. But we were happy. We were here in a free country. We loved the country. We love it now. Most people who came here, they support the country and most of us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5343.0,5404.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Do you have a question?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5404.0,5406.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: I do. You mentioned that your sister wanted to be supported by the government. I know she's many years younger than you are and she really was educated in the Soviet Union. I mean, can you tell me whether you think that her Soviet education, the socialist or communist education, whether that had an influence on her, and why that was not as much of an issue for you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5406.0,5436.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: No, I don't think so because she ... We have five children [in my family] and she was completely different from all the brothers and sisters. She was in our country, in Latvia, she was a teacher of English. She graduated from a language college. She studied English. She came here to America with a good English and the daughter has a good English, but she didn't like to work in our country. Sometimes she works, sometimes she didn't work. [She is] a person like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5436.0,5472.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Just the personality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5472.0,5473.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: She is completely different. Completely different, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5473.0,5476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: That is a good question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5476.0,5479.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: I would like to have you continue with your narrative if you might, if you will. You were at the very end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5479.0,5486.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel:  Yes, that is a sad story. Okay. I am sorry, but you will like the story. You will understand what it means, Soviet Union, a little bit more understand the antisemitism and everything. That is why I included this story. In 1973, Mira's brother initiated the departure from Riga to Israel. His wife, Gerda, didn't want him to leave Riga. Being raised on the foundation of Soviet ideology, she didn't approve of his plan. At that time, they had two children, one daughter and one son. She argued that Israel was a capitalistic country which kills and torture Arabs, and therefore, she refused to settle in such a country. In order to force his wife to go with him, he threatened to take their son and leave their daughter with her. This threat changed her mind and she agreed to immigrate with him to Israel. A half a year later [after] her arrival in Israel, we received a letter. She wrote how stupid she was to believe in the Soviet propaganda. She shared how much she loved this country, Israel, and how she is kissing its ground and stones. I have the letter now. I kept the letter all the years. She sent a letter to her sister in Irkutsk--Irkutsk is a big city in Siberia, like Kansk, where we were--in Irtutsk, and asked her to come to live with her family. She assured her that she would be happy there. Gerda sent a package of clothes with her letter to his sister. As it turned out, her sister was even more indoctrinated with the Soviet propaganda than Gerda. Her sister returned Gerda's letter and clothes back to us, stating she didn't want any relationship with her sister. In her letter, she stated, \"A person is nothing to leave the Soviet Union.\" And she cursed to her when her sister was conceived in the same womb. That's what she wrote in the letter. She [could not believe she was] conceived in that same womb she is with her. We returned the package and clothes back to Gerda, but didn't include the nasty note from Eddie. Eddie, Gerda's sister, was born in 1934. She and her father were deported to Siberia, to the city of Irkutsk. She stayed there and worked as a English language teacher in an institute. In 1975, we received a call at 3 A.M. I jumped up from bed and wondered, \"Who would be calling at this time at night?\" [She said,] \"Hello, can you recognize me?\" I said, \"Of course, Eddie.\" [She said,] \"I am calling from Irkutsk. Can I come and visit you for a couple of days?\" [I said,] \"Certainly, we will be happy to see you. Just tell me the time of your arrival and we will meet you at the airport.\" Mira and I thought that Eddie wanted to move to Riga in order to reestablish a relationship with her sister. When we met with Eddie, she told us about her unhappy life in Irkutsk, as there was fighting and antisemitism. Luckily, Eddie is blonde and doesn't look like a Jew. At the institute where she taught English, people would tease her and wanted to kick her out of the institute. Her students called her \"kick,\" \"cake,\" I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5486.0,5734.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Kike.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5734.0,5735.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Kike, which was a derogatory insult to her. Although she was ashamed to face Gerda, she wanted to immigrate to Israel. Mira and I were shocked. Is this the same Eddie who just one year ago wrote such a nasty letter regarding her sister Gerda? One must be clobbered on the head in order to understand that in the Soviet Union there is no place for us. More than anything, Eddie was worried that Gerda may not forgive her. We showed her the several letters from Gerda in which she described her happiness of living in Israel. When Eddie read Gerda's letters, tears began rolling from Eddie's eyes. We assured Eddie that Gerda would forgive her. Eddie told us that she cannot submit documents in Irkutsk for immigration to Israel, for she felt maybe she'd be murdered. Therefore, it was necessary to register here in Riga. Eddie needed to live in Riga for six months before she could apply for immigration to Israel. For five days, Mira and I searched for a place for Eddie to live in Riga for a short time and she went back to Irkutsk, waiting for our answer. For a short time, we couldn't find an apartment in Riga for Eddie. We continued with our search to find Eddie an apartment. A little while later, Eddie stopped responding to our letters. We called her aunt in Moscow, and we were told Eddie was drowned on the shores of the river near the institute where Eddie used to work. It was a terrible end to an unwise and unhappy woman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5735.0,5849.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Oh, that is horrible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5849.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: She was thrown in the river.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5850.0,5853.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Was she murdered or ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5853.0,5855.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: They threw her in the river. They murdered her, a beautiful looking woman, a young woman. She would be happy in Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5855.0,5867.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: It is so sad.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5867.0,5868.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: The propaganda of the Soviet Union is just ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5868.0,5871.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mira: It's terrible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5871.0,5872.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Terrible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5872.0,5875.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Do you still have any family left in ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5875.0,5878.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: No, we don't have anybody in Riga. When we were in Riga, we met a lady. She's a doctor and she worked in a hospital. And then, we had a call from her that they fired her because she doesn't speak Latvian. She speaks only Russian. She worked for many years in the hospital. But then they said, \"Because you don't speak in Latvian, we cannot keep you anymore.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5878.0,5906.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mira: This is not right. When you live in a country, you have to know the language.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5906.0,5912.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: You have to study.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5912.0,5913.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mira: When you live America, you need to know English, not Spanish. Spanish is speaking in Spain. In America, you have to speak English. And this is the wrong way. You hear on the radio, on the telephone, \"Which language? English or Spanish?\" Why Spanish? You have to speak English.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5913.0,5939.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Well, one final question, is there anything that you miss about Latvia living there, being there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5939.0,5955.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: I apologize, but what you need to know...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5955.0,5956.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Is there anything that you miss? Is there a ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5956.0,5959.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: I miss?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5959.0,5964.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: [Yes].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5964.0,5964.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: We don't miss Latvia, no. Why we don't miss Latvia? Maybe we have something good to remember, the life we had before the Soviet Union. There was a good life. That life we miss, what we had before the Soviet Union, but after the Soviet Union, and even now when Latvia got independent again in 1991, and we were there a couple times, about four or five times in Riga. There is a very good resort on the beach with the ocean. The city of Rigi is a very beautiful city. The city is 800 years old, a beautiful city. But the Latvian people are not friendly to us. Even if we speak Latvian, we can feel that they're not friendly. And when you live in a country where you feel that that is not your country, and that is not the life that you would like to have, and you can have a much better life in Israel or even in America, you don't miss the country. You forgot about that. Let them live there. Let them stay. Some Jewish people are there. In Riga, they have a beautiful Jewish museum, beautiful museum. They have a beautiful synagogue. Some people stay, not many, maybe 10,000 Jewish people. But I would never go, even if they gave me the best apartment or the best job, I would never go back. I like here. I love the country. I love the people. And I have the opportunity to celebrate all my Jewish holidays and to be close to my relatives. I love them very much, the Sunshines, the Glazers. We are very close with our relatives. Very close. Unbelievable how close. And not only with the relatives who are here, the relatives which are in South Africa, in Johannesburg, in Sydney. I have a cousin in Belgium, in Brussels. We visited him four times and he visited with the family us four times. He was on the wedding of our granddaughter last year. We are very close and he is a very [religious], very Orthodox, and a very nice guy. He will be, after tomorrow, 70 years old, and a nice family. He had a sister in Israel. How they survived, in [World War II], I want [to] tell you that. When German occupied Belgium, his mother gave the two children--they were one year and two years old--to a Catholic family to escape the Germans, killing the people. They kept them. It was dangerous, but they kept them all four years in the occupation. After the war, the mother, she escaped, but she came to take the children, and the family didn't want to give them back. Then, they went to a priest, asking what to do. They told the story, everything, and the priest said to the family, the Catholic family, \"You have to give the children back to their mother. That is, thank you that you kept them alive. You had them for four years, for five years. But now the mother is alive, you have to give them back.\" And the Catholic family said, \"Okay, we will give them back, but we want every summer for two months to have them in our family,\" and the mother agreed. And every summer--not now, but [for] about 10, 15 years after the war ended--the mother brought them every year for two months in the summertime to the Catholic family. But they are a very religious family. Now, they have two children [who] live in Israel. One son, which is now 18 years old, two months ago, he was graduated from high school. Two months ago, they brought him to Haifa [Israel] and left him in Haifa to study in a medical school. And they plan to go to Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5964.0,6259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Very nice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6259.0,6260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, and we are very close, unbelievable. We called them, and they called us, and we have a completely different life here than we would have in Latvia or whatever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6260.0,6273.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Well, I think on that note, one more question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6273.0,6276.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: I have a question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6276.0,6277.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Better be better than the last one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6277.0,6279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: It's okay. It's all right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6279.0,6279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Sorry, Daniel. When did ... Where were you when you found out what had happened to the Latvian Jewish community during World War II, when the news started to filter in, and what was your reaction, and did you ever find out what happened to the relatives who stayed behind, other than your father?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6279.0,6301.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: You see, in 1940, [Adolf] Hitler sent people to Latvia--in Latvia, used to live a lot of German people--and to ask the German people to move to Germany. My father had some friends between the German people and they came to my father for advice what to do. My father said, \"I cannot give you an advice.\" But we didn't know that there would be a war and they moved. All the German people moved to Germany. When we found out about the Holocaust, about everything, I was studying a lot about that. In my book, there is a lot about the Holocaust--you can read that--a lot about the Holocaust in Latvia and the Holocaust in Poland. In Poland, was killed almost three million people, Jewish people. We saw the ghetto in Warsaw [Poland]. We saw that, everything. I was very involved in studying about the Holocaust. Then, if you see, the first part of the book is our relatives, the life of all our relatives and there is a family tree of each family. But when you take the second part of that book, there is summary [in] the second half of the book. That is the Columbus, a little bit, and the Jews in the Civil War. You know, the Civil War was here starting in 1865? You know that. I don't have to tell you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6301.0,6401.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Ended in 1865.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6401.0,6402.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Ended, yes. And there was a lot of Jewish generals, in the Second [World] War. Maybe, I'm sure you know about [Haym] Salomon, who gave money to Washington. I write about him in the book. [He] is a financial genius of the [American Revolutionary War]. Two millenniums of antisemitism. [Unintelligible] that was a story interesting story. Forward to the history of Holocaust, Crystal Night, the Second World War, 1939, when they start again to Poland in 1939 ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6402.0,6445.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: But were you not shocked? I mean, how could you have coped with hearing the news? You had been off in Russia and while you were living in a horrible ... you know, in the Gulag, I mean they are horrible circumstances--these events were unfolding in Europe. I mean, how did you put that all together when you ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6445.0,6463.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mira: We didn't know that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6463.0,6465.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: I know, but when you found out later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6465.0,6467.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, we read a lot of books and I have now in my library. I will show you my library. Yes, we have books. We've read--with Mira--a lot of the books. We studied. We made a lot of copies of articles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6467.0,6483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: I think Ruth is trying to get at: when did you first hear? Like, what year did you first hear what had happened?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6483.0,6490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, we started to hear when we were exiled to Kansk, when we were out of the labor camp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6490.0,6497.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: And that was in ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6497.0,6498.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: And then, we had ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6498.0,6499.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: What year was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6499.0,6500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: That was in 1958.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6500.0,6502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: So, you did not really know what had happened?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6502.0,6505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: No, not 1958. Nineteen forty-eight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6505.0,6507.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Forty-eight. So, you did not really know what had happen until 1948?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6507.0,6511.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: We didn't know so much, but we know a lot because my sister, after the war, she came back to Riga with her husband, and she started to send us letters, and she wrote a lot about what happened in Riga.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6511.0,6525.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: She found out what happened ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6525.0,6527.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6527.0,6528.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: ... to the family who had been left there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6528.0,6530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes. In Riga, we had my mother's sister with five children. Maybe you heard the story that they put 600 people--the Germans [did]--in the synagogue and explode the synagogue. There was my mother's sister, with her husband, with five kids. The other sister, my mother's sister who used to live in Lithuania, with six children, and they were killed all of them. And then, [I] went to Riga with Mira, and we planned to write a book. We came to the archive. When we came to the archive to get information about our relatives, and I saw a lady, a Jewish lady, and I stopped her and I say, \"Are you Jewish?\" She said, \"Yes, I'm Jewish.\" [I asked,] \"You work here?\" She says, \"Yes, I work here in the archive.\" And I say, \"Can I get information about my relatives? I would like to find out.\" I gave her a big list. The most was Mira's relatives. And she said, \"You have to do that by letters, and by money, and everything.\" I said, \"I don't want to do it this way. I want to only do it with you,\" and I took a $100 bill and I put it in the … Nobody was there. I say, \"What is your name?\" She said, \"Rita.\" I said, \"Rita, don't worry. We are from Latvia. We are from Riga. And don't be scared. But I need some information from you. That is my email address. And we live in Atlanta. And please send me all the information. I will pay you. That is not the pay what I give you now. I will pay you. I need information.\" You can't believe how much information this lady sent us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6530.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Wow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6644.0,6645.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Not only information, but all the pictures which are here in the book, that is what she sent me. The most was about Mira's family, because Mira had a lot of relatives in Riga. The father's brothers, and the mother's sisters, and when I got all the information about the relatives, the pictures and everything, and she sent a picture of Mira's mother when she was a girl, before she married. We never saw the picture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6645.0,6680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: How did they have all of that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6680.0,6681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: I asked her one time. I said, \"Rita, how do you have all the information?\" And she said, \"We have all copies of the passport, people who used to live in Riga. And from the passport we take the pictures. That is what I sent you.\" We were so happy when we received a picture of Mira's mother. We never saw the picture, you know. She gave me all the information. That [picture] is when I met [Mira].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6681.0,6712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Let us show that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6712.0,6717.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: You were beautiful. You still are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6717.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mira: I was just young.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6720.0,6723.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Just young.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6723.0,6724.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: And you were very handsome, Daniel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6724.0,6726.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes. That is the last. That is not when we married. [It was taken] a little bit later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6726.0,6732.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: [Yes].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6732.0,6734.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes, but that is what we were very young, and that is Khrushchev, you see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6734.0,6738.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: I see, with his hand in the air, [Leonid] Brezhnev. I do think we can conclude at this point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6738.0,6744.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: I want [to] show you one picture. That is my father.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6744.0,6747.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Oh, handsome man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6747.0,6751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6751.0,6752.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: Thank you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6752.0,6753.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: That's my father, yes. You can see that he's an Orthodox.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6753.0,6758.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mira: Daniel, show my father.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6758.0,6758.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/transcript/79379/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6758.0,6759.3526"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=0.0,49.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Union of Soviet Socialist Republic/USSR was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. It was made up of fifteen national republics. It was a communist state with the capital in Moscow. The nation had it foundation in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks established the Russian Soviet Republic. In 1922, the Bolsheviks and Vladmir Lenin proved victorious in the Russian Civil War and formed the Soviet Union. After Lenin’s death in 1924, Joseph Stalin came to power. Under his rule the country saw rapid industrialization and forced collectivization, which resulted in economic growth but also famine that killed millions. Stalin also conducted the Great Purge, which removed actual and perceived opponents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=0.0,49.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSiberia is an extensive geographical region in Russia that extends eastward to become what is often referred to as ‘North Asia.’ It is a sparsely populated area with long, cold winters. Siberia has been a part of Russia since the seventeenth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=49.0,212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLatvia is one of the Baltic States, situated between Estonia and Lithuania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=49.0,212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDaugavpils, also known as Dinaburg (German), Dvinsk (Russian) and Daugpilis (Lithuanian), is a city located in southeastern Latvia, along the Daugava River. In 1935, there were 11,106 Jews living in the city (about 25 percent of the total population). Ethnic Latvians made up about 34 percent of the population, about 20 percent were Russian, and 18 percent were Poles. Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Wehrmacht and a detachment of Einsatzgruppe [mobile killing units] occupied the town. By mid-July, at least 1,150 Jews had been killed by the Einsatzgruppe and the rest were concentrated in an enclosed ghetto. After a series of Aktions, less than 1,000 Jews remained in the ghetto by December. In October 1943, the ghetto was liquidated. Some Jews were killed, while others were sent to Riga and on to concentration camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=49.0,212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=49.0,212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAshkenazi Jews [also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim] are Jews who originally lived in northern and eastern Europe. They once lived around Rhineland and France and after the crusades they moved to Poland, Lithuania and Russia. In the 17th century, avoiding persecution, many Jews moved to and settled in Western Europe. As of 2018, Ashkenazim account for about 75% of the world's Jewish population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=49.0,212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHachnosas Kallah literally means “bringing in the bride,” and refers to the mitzvah of providing brides and grooms with everything they need to marry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=49.0,212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened, and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948, and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=49.0,212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHashomer Hatzair\u003cbr\u003e [Hebrew: The Youth Guard] is a Socialist-Zionist youth movement founded in 1913 in Galicia, Austria-Hungary (later Poland). Hashomer Hatzair believed that the liberation of Jewish youth could be accomplished by aliyah (immigration) to Palestine and living in kibbutzim. In 1939, Hashomer Hatzair had 70,000 members worldwide. After World War II began, its members focused on resistance against the Germans. Mordechai Anielewicz, the leader of the Warsaw Jewish resistance fighters was a member of Hashomer Hatzair. After the war, it participated in organizing illegal immigration of Jewish refugees to Palestine. It is the oldest Zionist youth movement still in existence and is based in Israel with about 7,000 members worldwide. Today, it is more of a scouting-type organization.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=49.0,212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidic Judaism [also sometimes called Chasidim (from the Hebrew word \"Chasid\" meaning \"pious”)] is a Jewish mystical movement that was founded in eighteenth century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith. Hasidic Judaism refers to a branch of Orthodox Judaism that maintains a lifestyle separate from the non-Jewish world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=49.0,212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Dov Ber ben Avraham was known as the Maggid (a teacher or priest) of \u003cbr\u003eMezeritch. He was born in present-day Ukraine, sometime around 1700 and died in 1772. He was a disciple of Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer (the Baal Shem Tov), the founder of Hasidic Judaism and was chosen as his successor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=49.0,212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Israel ben Eliezer (c.1700-1760), known as the Baal Shem Tov [Hebrew: Master of the Good Name], was a Jewish mystic and healer who is regarded as the founder of Hasidic Judaism. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=49.0,212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRiga is the capital, the primate, and the largest city of Latvia. The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava River where it meets the Baltic Sea.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=49.0,212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe KGB was the main security agency of the Soviet Union from 1954-1991. It was the chief government agency responsible for carrying out internal security, foreign intelligence, counterintelligence and secret police functions. KGB is an acronym for Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti [Russian: Committee for State Security].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=49.0,212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVyatlag is the name of \u003cbr\u003eone of the biggest concentrations of forced labor camps in the Gulag system. It is in a region of marshes and forest in northeastern Russia, about 1000 kilometers (621 miles) northeast of Moscow. In 1938, a special order from the USSR People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs established Vyatlag. Between 1938 and 1956, more than 100,000 prisoners from 20 countries were sent there. Although an official number does not exist, at least 18,000 died there. In 1940, special transports arrived from Soviet occupied Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. After 1945, captured German soldiers, Hungarians, Italians and other nationalities who had served in Hitler's armies, as well as people who had been deported from conquered parts of Europe were sent there. Today, it is still in use as a prison.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=49.0,212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Soviet Union occupied Latvia in June 1940. After Latvia was annexed into the Soviet Union in August, a period known as the “year of terror” ensued. About 35,000 Latvians, especially the intelligentsia, were deported to eastern portions of the Soviet Union, many to prison camps in Siberia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=225.0,407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the codename Operation “Barbarossa,” Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, in the largest German military operation of World War II. Although the Soviet Union had been Germany’s ally in the war against Poland, the destruction of the Soviet Union and conquest of territory in the East had long been one of Hitler’s proclaimed goals. The attack on the Soviet Union marked a turning point in both the history of World War II and the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=437.0,589.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMore than one million Jews from the former Soviet Union, Eastern Poland, the Baltic countries, Bessarabia, and northern Bukovina, managed to escape before German troops marched into their towns and villages, but the rapid advance of the German army prevented many from escaping. While many endured horrible conditions, this paradoxically saved the lives of a few hundred thousand.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=437.0,589.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Vissarionovich Stalin (b. Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili, 1878-1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920’s until his death. He is considered one of the most powerful and murderous dictators in history. His five-year plans, first launched in 1928, led to agricultural collectivization and rapid industrialization, thereby creating a centralized command economy. Resulting disruptions to food production contributed to a famine in 1932–1933 which killed millions, including in the Holodomor in Ukraine. Between 1936 and 1938, Stalin eradicated his political opponents and those deemed \"enemies of the working class\" in the Great Purge, after which he had absolute control of the party and government. Under his regime, an estimated 18 million people passed through the Gulag system of forced labor camps, and more than six million were deported to remote regions of the country, which together resulted in millions of deaths. In 1939, his government signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany, enabling the Soviet invasion of Poland. Germany broke the pact by invading the Soviet Union in 1941, leading Stalin to join the Allies of World War II. Despite huge losses, the Soviet Red Army repelled the German invasion and captured Berlin in 1945, ending the war in Europe. Following the War, the country experienced another famine and a state-sponsored antisemitic campaign culminating in the \"doctors' plot.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=607.0,781.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTaiga, or tayga, is a biome that is typically a swampy forest in the subarctic regions of Siberia and North America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=607.0,781.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGulag is an acronym of Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-Trudovykh Lagerey [Russian: Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps], the network of slave labor camps operated by the Soviet Union from the 1920s until around 1955. At its height, the Gulag consisted of thousands of camps, some of which were operated more like colonies in remote regions of the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=792.0,825.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (Karelo-Finnish SSR), also called Soviet Karelia or simply known as Karelia, was a republic of the Soviet Union. It was established in 1940, when Finland was forced to cede a portion of its territory, including the eastern part of Karelia, to the Soviet Union. The Finnish population—some 420,000 men, women, and children—were forcibly resettled to other parts of Finland. In 1956, it was made part of the Russian SFSR as the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Today, it is known as the Republic of Karelia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=825.0,894.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs [Russian: Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del; abbreviated NKVD] was a ministry of the Soviet government responsible for security and law enforcement. Established in 1917, it was originally tasked with conducting regular police work and overseeing the country's prisons and labor camps. The NKVD became known for its role in political repression and played a crucial role in the Joseph Stalin’s dictatorship.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=825.0,894.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKansk is a city in central Russia, on the Kan River. Founded in 1640 as a Russian fort, it is a center of the Kansk-Achinsk lignite basin, which in the early 1980s was being developed into one of the largest coal areas of what was then the U.S.S.R. It also has cotton, timber hydrolysis, and food industries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=967.0,1149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTinskaya is a small town in central Russia, located about 56 miles (90 kilometers) southwest of Kansk. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1153.0,1164.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1935, 94,000 Jews, or about 5 percent of the population, lived in Latvia. By the beginning of 1943, only about 5,000 Jews remained. By the time the Russian Army liberated Latvia in 1944, only a few hundred Jews remained in Latvia. After the war ended, about 1,000 Latvian Jews returned from concentration camps; several thousand others who had escaped to the Soviet Union during the war also survived.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1195.0,1310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLatvia existed under the control of Germany for centuries before becoming part of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth and later part of the Russian Empire. Latvia claimed its independence in 1918 and remained an independent nation until 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1758.0,1844.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIrbit is a town in eastern Russia, previously known as Irbeyevskaya Sloboda. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1854.0,2891.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA chuppah [Hebrew: canopy] is the canopy under which a Jewish wedding takes place.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1854.0,2891.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA tallit is a prayer shawl fringed at each of the four corners in accordance with biblical law. The wearing of tallit at worship is obligatory only for married men, but it is customarily worn also by males of bar mitzvah age and older. In non-Orthodox congregations, women may also wear the tallit if they so choose.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1854.0,2891.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKiddush [Hebrew: sanctification] is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Sabbath and Jewish holidays. In many synagogues congregants gather for Kiddush reception after the Friday night or Saturday morning service to recite the blessing over wine or grape juice and have something to eat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1854.0,2891.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the bride has been given the ring, or at the end of a Jewish wedding ceremony (depending on local custom), the groom breaks a glass, crushing it with his right foot. The origin of this custom is unknown, although many reasons have been given. One explanation is that it is a reminder that despite the joy, Jews still mourn the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=1854.0,2891.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\").\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=2912.0,2988.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavening is the act of reciting Jewish liturgical prayers during which the prayer sways or rocks lightly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=2912.0,2988.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommunist ideology asked Jews to assimilate and not to identify as anything but loyal to the state. Although the intensity of anti-Jewish policies and propaganda varied with the personalities of those in power and international affairs, deeply ingrained antisemitic attitudes remained widespread both within and outside the Communist Party. Religious practice was discouraged, if not banned outright in the Soviet Union. Atheism was propagated in schools, religious institutions had their property confiscated, and believers were harassed. Jews were dismissed from certain professions. Jewish cultural organizations were dismantled.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3097.0,3172.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1953, Stalin died after suffering a stroke and was succeeded as leader of the Soviet Union by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin's rule and initiated the \"de-Stalinization\" of Soviet society.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3182.0,3295.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNikita Khrushchev (1894-1971) was the leader or the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964. He came to power after Joseph Stalin’s death. While in power, he denounced Stalin’s crimes and established a policy of de-Stalinization. He pushed for the early Soviet space program and implemented moderate domestic policy reforms. In October 1962, tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union rose when the Soviet Union sought to install medium-range nuclear weapons in Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis ended after the Soviet Union offered to withdraw the missiles in exchange for the United States promise not to invade Cuba and a secret promise of the U.S. to withdraw missiles near Turkey. Khrushchev’s terms were seen as a defeat for the Soviet Union and by 1964, party leaders had pushed Khrushchev from power. Just prior to his death in 1971, the secret terms regarding Turkey were made public.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3182.0,3295.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn August 12, 1952, Stalin ordered the execution of 13 Jewish intellectuals. Held in the Lubyanka Prison in Moscow, they were convicted of treason and espionage and executed by firing squad. This mass-execution became known as the “Night of the Murdered Poets.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3301.0,3319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1948 and 1953, Soviet Jews were singled out in an anti-cosmopolitan campaign, which was an anti-Western campaign during the early years of the Cold War. “Cosmopolitan” was a Soviet euphemism for individuals or groups that lacked allegiance to the Soviet Union and was applied mostly to Jewish intellectuals. Many Soviet Jews were publicly persecuted and many lost their jobs, were imprisoned, or worse.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3320.0,3396.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGlasnost is a concept relating to openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union (USSR).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3464.0,3467.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the Second World War, the Cold War began with the Eastern Bloc of the Soviet Union confronting the Western Bloc, which was led by the United States and eventually NATO. In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union’s last leader Mikhail Gorbachev sought to implement various reforms. Additionally various Soviet satellite countries overthrew their Marxist-Leninist regimes. By 1991, a coup attempt against Gorbachev failed and the Soviet Union collapsed with various republics of the Soviet Union remerging as independent nations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3475.0,3502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrdinary citizens in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia were active and enthusiastic volunteers during the initial wave of German occupation, welcoming National Socialism after a brief period of Soviet rule. Many perpetrators associated Jewry with the horrors of Soviet Communism and sought revenge, security, and resistance against Stalinism. The Germans provided an opportunity to fight against the Soviet Union in 1941, entailing the mass murder of Eastern European and Soviet Jews with the mobile killing units of the Einsatzgruppen, in which Baltic citizens were highly represented. Specific battalions, most notably the Arājs Commando in Latvia, are used as examples to prove that entry into the killing units was voluntary and widespread, covering the full spectrum of Baltic society and crossing socioeconomic divisions. Reasons for joining the units varied: however, a euphoric wave of nationalism, antisemitism, and anti-Communism accompanied the early period of German occupation, or \"liberation” from the Red Army, and proved to be the overwhelming motive for Eastern Europeans to murder their Jewish neighbors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3518.0,3583.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe B-E Electronics Company, based in Tucker, Georgia opened in 1982. It is owned by Israel Ben-Eliezer, an Israeli immigrant who attended Georgia Institute of Technology in the 1960s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3897.0,3915.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRefusenik is an unofficial term for individuals—typically, but not exclusively, Soviet Jews—who were denied permission to emigrate, primarily to Israel, by the authorities of the Soviet Union and other countries of the Soviet Bloc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=3946.0,3949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Jewish Federation (often known as the \"Federation\" or the \"Fed\") is the secular primary Jewish nonprofit organization found within most metropolitan areas (or sometimes states) in North America that host a substantial Jewish community. Their broad purpose is to provide \"human services,\" generally, but not exclusively, to the local Jewish community. All federations at least operate an annual central campaign then allocate the proceeds to affiliated local agencies. There are 148 Jewish Federations. The national umbrella organization for the federations is the Jewish Federations of North America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4347.0,4418.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuford Highway is a major roadway that connects three metro Atlanta counties. It stretches north from Midtown Atlanta to the Dekalb-Gwinnett County line. The Buford Highway also refers to the community around the roadway (also known as the Buford Highway Corridor and DeKalb International Corridor), which spans along either side of a stretch of Georgia State Route 13 (SR 13) in DeKalb County. Buford Highway is an ethnically diverse, linear community made up of apartment complexes, suburban neighborhoods, and shopping centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4419.0,4483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e On November 7, 1939, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew living in Paris, shot German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath in Paris. Grynszpan apparently acted out of despair over the fate of his parents, who are trapped along with other Polish Jewish deportees in a no-man’s-land between Germany and Poland. The Nazis used the shooting as antisemitic propaganda fervor, claiming that Grynszpan was part of a wider Jewish conspiracy. When Vom Rath died two days later, the Nazis used the incidence to fuel violent pogroms. On November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called “Kristallnacht,” which means “Night of Broken Glass” and is sometimes referred to as “Crystal Night” because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. Thousands of German Jews and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany. Most were released within a few weeks, but only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4538.0,4569.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Congregation Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960s, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002. As of 2022, the current Senior Rabbi of the congregation is Ari Kaiman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4729.0,4827.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue (often referred to as \"AA\") was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2022, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area and its current Senior Rabbi is Laurence Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4729.0,4827.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos/Shabbes (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4729.0,4827.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePublix is a supermarket chain that was founded in 1930 by George W. Jenkins. It is headquartered in Lakeland, Florida. As of 2024, it has 1,361 stores in the Southeastern United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4729.0,4827.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYontif refers to a Jewish holiday, especially one on which work is prohibited, and is a term most commonly used among Orthodox Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4842.0,4914.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Peitav Synagogue or Peitav-Shul is an Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue in Riga, Latvia. Completed in 1905, it is the only one of fourteen synagogues in Riga to survive World War II. It is also the only active synagogue in Riga and one of the two active synagogues in Latvia (the other one is in Daugavpils). During the war, it was not burned for fear of fire spreading to nearby buildings and was used as a warehouse. Worship resumed in the synagogue after the war. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4842.0,4914.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe chazzan or cantor is the official in charge of music or chants and leads liturgical prayer and chanting in the synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4842.0,4914.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMolly Tabaksman Glazer (1921-1990) was born in Riga, Latvia and immigrated to the United States before World War II. She was married to Russian immigrant Morris Glazer (1912-1982), and lived in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4920.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach\u003cbr\u003e [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4920.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur\u003cbr\u003e [Hebrew: day of atonement] is the most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4920.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh HaShanah [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh HaShanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippurmay revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4920.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetty Sunshine is the daughter of Holocaust survivors who settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Betty has held various position in the community, including at Sandy Springs Arts Foundation, Ahavath Achim Synagogue, Women’ Philanthropy, Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4920.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlan and Stanley Sunshine are the children of Irving and Ann Sunshine. Irving was the oldest don of Harry and Lillian Shemper Sunhine, who operated the Sunshine Department Stores in Atlanta, Georgia. Luci is Stanley’s wife.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=4920.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIrkutsk is a city in Siberia. It is the 25th-largest city in Russia by population, the fifth largest in the Siberian Federal District, and one of the largest cities in Siberia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5486.0,5734.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe “Jews in Latvia” museum was founded in 1989 in Riga, Latvia by a group of Holocaust survivors. It is part of the Latvian Jewish community and one of the few private museums in Latvia accredited by the state. It is dedicated to the history of Latvia's Jewish community from the first Jews in the territory of Latvia in the 16th century to the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5964.0,6259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the World Jewish Congress’ 2023 estimates, Latvia is home to about 4,500 Jews in total, making it the largest Jewish community in the Baltic region.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=5964.0,6259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStalin and the Soviet government are generally believed to have been aware of the persecution of Jews, especially after Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941. Indeed, many events that have come to be called ‘the Holocaust’ took place on Soviet territory. Soviet forces also got a first-hand look at the atrocities inflicted upon Jews when they pushed west into Poland, Belarus, and Lithuania and began liberating extermination camps in the summer of 1944. However, Soviet propaganda tended to present the war with Germany as an ideological battle and focused on the total millions of civilians and soldiers that were killed or persecuted rather than presenting it as an experience unique to Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6279.0,6301.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1939 and 1941, a series of population transfers or tens of thousands of ethnic Germans and ethnic Russians took place according to an agreement between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Families of ethnic Germans, known as Volkdeutsche, were transported by ship and by trains from the Baltic States—especially Estonia and Latvia--and resettled in German territories. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6301.0,6401.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the Holocaust, Jews were the largest minority in Poland. On the eve of the German occupation of Poland in 1939, 3.3 million Jews lived there—more than any other country in Europe. Their percentage among the general population—about ten percent—was also the highest in Europe. Only approximately ten percent of Jews in Poland survived the Holocaust. In all, approximately 3,000,000 of a pre-war Jewish population of around 3,300,000 were murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6301.0,6401.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish community in Warsaw [Polish: Warszawa] was the largest in Poland, composing about 30 percent of the entire population of the city (about 337,000 Jews). Before World War II, Warsaw was a major center of Jewish life and culture. The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II. German authorities established it in November 1940. The Jews of Warsaw and the surrounding areas were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall. The ghetto population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews. The conditions in the ghetto were harsh. There was not enough food, coal in the winter, shelter, or basic necessities. Starvation and illness from the over-crowded, deplorable conditions inside the Warsaw ghetto killed many. From July 22 until September 12, 1942, about 265,000 Jews were deported from Warsaw to the Treblinka extermination camp while approximately 35,000 Jews inside the ghetto were killed. Then there was relative quiet until January 1943 when a second major wave of deportation started. When German SS and police units, assisted by auxiliaries entered the ghetto, they were surprised to be met with organized armed resistance and withdrew. When they returned on April 19, 1943, stiff resistance that continued for three weeks met the Germans. By the time the better-armed Germans ended the operation on May 16, 1943, the ghetto was largely destroyed. At least 7,000 Jews sided during the fighting, another 42,000 survivors were captured and deported, and approximately 10,000 escaped to the Aryan side of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6301.0,6401.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHaym Salomon (born Chaim Salomon; 1740-1785) was a Jewish businessman and political financial broker who immigrated to New York City from Poland during the period of the American Revolution. He helped convert French loans into ready cash by selling bills of exchange for Robert Morris, the Superintendent of Finance. In this way he aided the Continental Army and was possibly, along with Morris, the prime financier of the American side during the American Revolutionary War against Great Britain.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6402.0,6445.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Washington (1732-1799) was the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Washington was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6402.0,6445.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Revolutionary War, also called the “American War of Independence,” was fought between American colonists and Great Britain between 1775 and 1783. It resulted in the independence and formation of the United States of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6402.0,6445.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Germany attacked western Europe on May 10, 1940. On April 9, 1940, Denmark was occupied by Germany. Belgium and the Netherlands surrendered in May and France signed an armistice agreement on June 22, 1940. Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. The war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin. May 8 was celebrated by the Allies as “V-E Day,” which stands for “victory in Europe.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6402.0,6445.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore World War II, about 40,000 Jews lived in Riga, representing slightly more than 10 percent of the city’s population. By the time the city was liberated by the Soviet Army in October 1944, almost all of Riga’s Jews had been murdered. The Germans occupied Riga in July 1941. Mass murder began immediately. On July 4, 1941, Latvian rioters burned down the Great Synagogue with 400 to 500 Jews inside. By July 16, more than 2,400 Jews had been murdered. The Germans established a ghetto in Riga in August 1941. When it was sealed in October, it contained around 30,000 Jews from Riga and the surrounding area. In November and early December 1941, in a series of actions known as the Rumbula massacre, most of the ghetto inhabitants were taken to the nearby woods, shot, and buried in large pits that had been prepared. Around 5,000—mostly young men and women healthy enough to work—were spared and confined to a separate part of the ghetto known as the “Latvian ghetto.” From November 1941 until mid-1942, more than 22,000 German, Austrian and Czech Jews were brought to Riga and housed in what was known as the “German ghetto.” Jews in Riga’s Latvian and German ghettos were used for forced labor. The liquidation of the Riga ghetto occurred incrementally in the fall of 1943. Those who were deemed fit for work were gradually transferred to the Kaiserwald concentration camp and its sub-camps. Others were transferred to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The Soviets liberated Riga in October 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6530.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926/annotation_set/1889/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeonid Ilyich Brezhnev (1906-1982) was a Soviet politician who led the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982 as the General Secretary of the Central Committee (CC) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), presiding over the country until his death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146364/file/269926#t=6738.0,6744.0"}]}]}]}