{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/h41jh3g60b/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Zukor, Jeannette"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2025-12-02 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Zukor, Jeannette (Interviewee)","Cohn, Gail (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["The William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Jewish Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJeannette Zukor was interviewed by Gail Cohn on December 2, 2025, in Atlanta, Georgia\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eJeannette Pichulik Zukor was born to Holocaust survivors Rubin and Sara Greenblat Pichulik on May 13, 1948, in a displaced persons camp in Giebelstadt, Germany. She had one older brother, Louis who was born in Anapa, Russia. She was given the name Chanaleh by her parents, but later given the name Jeannette by a school teacher after arriving in the United States. In 1951, she and her family immigrated to the United States, and she grew up in Atlanta, Georgia. Her family attended the Ahavath Achim Synagogue. She was a member of B’nai B’rith Girls and other social clubs while. She graduated from Henry Grady High School.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter high school, she attended Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri and earned a degree in psychology. She worked as a secretary in Grady Hospital in different areas and volunteered in the burn unit. Jeannette later returned to school at Georgia State University and earned a degree in Community Health and Nutrition. She has been an active volunteer at the William Breman Museum including the Stones of Remembrance Project and with the Eternal Life-Hemshech group. In 1984, Jeannette married to Michael Zukor and they have one daughter, Laura.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eJeannette begins the interview by talking about being born in a displaced persons camp on Israeli Independence Day.  She discusses how despite being named after her two grandmothers at birth, she uses the name, Jeannette, which she received from a school teacher after arriving in Atlanta, Georgia. She recalls the school she first attended when she started school in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJeannette shares that her parents, Sara and Rubin, and her aunt and uncle, Lena and Chaskiel Pichulik were the Holocaust survivors. She talks about the different displaced person camps they lived in after the war ended. She recalls the Atlanta family that sponsored her family to come to the United States in 1951. She mentions her father working in the newspaper business before the war and his first job after coming to Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJeannette details her parents escape from Poland to Russia, their treatment in the Siberian labor camps and their release in 1943. She shares how her parents and aunt and uncle ended up in Anapa, Russia. She describes how her mother traded items on the black market, turning it into a flea market business until the Russians forced them back to Poland. She discusses her brother, Louis being born in Russia and her cousins. She talks about her parents returning to Poland and discovering that almost all of their families had been killed. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJeannette reflects on the family left after the war and that today she has only one living relative left, her cousin, Mike. She shares and describes a number of photographs of her family that she has brought and are shown up close to the camera. She recalls how upset her mother was that none of her family photos were saved, but how her mother had saved her father’s family photos. She also, spoke about her mom being sent to live with her aunt in Warsaw, Poland to give her more opportunities.  \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJeannette spoke about her time growing up in Atlanta, noting that her family belonged to Ahavath Achim Synagogue and how she did not have a bat mitzvah but she was confirmed. She shares an incident of antisemitism she faced as a young adult. She reflects on her memories of segregation after coming to Atlanta. She discusses about her activities to B’nai B’rith Girls and social clubs at Henry Grady High School.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJeannette remembers meeting her husband, Michael, through his brother, whom she befriended on her first trip to Israel with her brother Louis and his new wife Jo.  She mentions that Michael was already living and working in Miami, so she moved there when they first got married, but they decided to relocate back to Atlanta when she was pregnant with their daughter Laura.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJeannette shares how she got involved with the Stones of Remembrance Project and its importance. She spoke about volunteering with the William Breman Museum and with the Hemshech Group, which her parents and aunt were initially involved with. She further detailed how the Stones of Remembrance Project works.  \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJeannette spoke of the legacy her mother gave to her and her brother and the good Jewish start she had. She mentions attending Washington University in St. Louis and then working at Grady Hospital as a secretary and volunteering in the burn. She recalls her desire to work with people and as a result returned to school at Georgia State University to receive a degree in Community Health and Nutrition. She spoke of working with the Galloway School to bring change to their school lunch program with her experience as a nutritionist. Jeannette concludes the interview by expressing her belief that her legacy is in lifelong learning and in her volunteer work.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Zukor, Jeannette Pichulik (b. 1948) (personal name)","Zukor, Dr. Michael (b. 1952) (personal name)","Zukor, Laura (b. 1985) (personal name)","Pichulik, Riwen “Rubin” (1912-2009) (personal name)","Pichulik, Sara Greenblat (1916-2011) (personal name)","Pichulik, Louis (1945-2017) (personal name)","Pichulik, Mary Jo David (b. 1949) (personal name)","Pichulik, Lena Grynblat (1920-2001) (personal name)","Pichulik, Chaskiel (1910-1990) (personal name)","Perry, Michael “Pichulik” (b. 1944) (personal name)","Pichulik, Abraham “Jim” (1947-1999) (personal name)","Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945) (personal name)","Wiesel, Eliezer “Elie” (1925-2016) (personal name)","Zukor, Alan (b. 1950) (personal name)","Baxter, Liliane “Lili” Kshensky (b. 1947) (personal name)","Hirsch, Ben (1932-2018) (personal name)","Besser, Abraham (1925-2021) (personal name)","Giebelstadt, Germany (geographic term)","Siberia (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Warsaw, Poland (geographic term)","Sokolow Podlaski, Poland (geographic term)","Anapa, Russia (geographic term)","Boston, Massachusetts (geographic term)","Miami, Florida (geographic term)","St. Louis, Missouri (geographic term)","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum (corporate name)","James L. Key Elementary School (corporate name)","The International Committee of the Red Cross (corporate name)","Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) (corporate name)","Montag Brothers, Inc. (corporate name)","Unzer Express newspaper (corporate name)","Ahavath Achim Synagogue (corporate name)","Emory University Hospital (corporate name)","Fox Theatre (corporate name)","B’nai B’rith Girls (corporate name)","Henry Grady High School (corporate name)","Morningside Elementary School (corporate name)","Boys’ High School (corporate name)","Girls’ High School (corporate name)","Washington University in St. Louis (corporate name)","Hillel (corporate name)","Emory University (corporate name)","Weinberg Center for Holocaust Education (corporate name)","Eternal Life-Hemshech (corporate name)","Greenwood Cemetery (corporate name)","Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta (corporate name)","Marist School (corporate name)","Mary Lin Elementary (corporate name)","Grady Memorial Hospital (corporate name)","Georgia State University (corporate name)","The Holocaust (named event)","Yom Ha’Atzmaut (Israeli Independence Day) (topical term)","Brown v. Board of Education (topical term)","Yom Hazikaron laShoah ve-laG'vurah (Day of remembrance of the Holocaust) (topical term)","Displaced Persons Camp (topical term)","Slave Labor Camps (topical term)","Vilseck Displaced Persons Camp (topical term)","Giebelstadt Displaced Persons Camp (topical term)","Lager Lechfeld Displaced Persons Camp (topical term)","Foehrenwald Displaced Persons Camp (topical term)","Concentration Camp (topical term)","Nazi Party (topical term)","Black markets (topical term)","Bar mitzvah (topical term)","Bat mitzvah (topical term)","Orthodox Judaism (topical term)","Conservative Judaism (topical term)","Antisemitism (topical term)","Segregation (topical term)","Kosher (topical term)","The Stones of Remembrance Project (topical term)","Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation (topical term)","Kaddish (topical term)","Yad Vashem (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJeannette Zukor was interviewed by Gail Cohn on December 2, 2025, in Atlanta, Georgia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJeannette Pichulik Zukor was born to Holocaust survivors Rubin and Sara Greenblat Pichulik on May 13, 1948, in a displaced persons camp in Giebelstadt, Germany. She had one older brother, Louis who was born in Anapa, Russia. She was given the name Chanaleh by her parents, but later given the name Jeannette by a school teacher after arriving in the United States. In 1951, she and her family immigrated to the United States, and she grew up in Atlanta, Georgia. Her family attended the Ahavath Achim Synagogue. She was a member of B\u0026rsquo;nai B\u0026rsquo;rith Girls and other social clubs while. She graduated from Henry Grady High School.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter high school, she attended Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri and earned a degree in psychology. She worked as a secretary in Grady Hospital in different areas and volunteered in the burn unit. Jeannette later returned to school at Georgia State University and earned a degree in Community Health and Nutrition. She has been an active volunteer at the William Breman Museum including the Stones of Remembrance Project and with the Eternal Life-Hemshech group. In 1984, Jeannette married to Michael Zukor and they have one daughter, Laura.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJeannette begins the interview by talking about being born in a displaced persons camp on Israeli Independence Day. \u0026nbsp;She discusses how despite being named after her two grandmothers at birth, she uses the name, Jeannette, which she received from a school teacher after arriving in Atlanta, Georgia. She recalls the school she first attended when she started school in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJeannette shares that her parents, Sara and Rubin, and her aunt and uncle, Lena and Chaskiel Pichulik were the Holocaust survivors. She talks about the different displaced person camps they lived in after the war ended. She recalls the Atlanta family that sponsored her family to come to the United States in 1951. She mentions her father working in the newspaper business before the war and his first job after coming to Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJeannette details her parents escape from Poland to Russia, their treatment in the Siberian labor camps and their release in 1943. She shares how her parents and aunt and uncle ended up in Anapa, Russia. She describes how her mother traded items on the black market, turning it into a flea market business until the Russians forced them back to Poland. She discusses her brother, Louis being born in Russia and her cousins. She talks about her parents returning to Poland and discovering that almost all of their families had been killed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJeannette reflects on the family left after the war and that today she has only one living relative left, her cousin, Mike. She shares and describes a number of photographs of her family that she has brought and are shown up close to the camera. She recalls how upset her mother was that none of her family photos were saved, but how her mother had saved her father\u0026rsquo;s family photos. She also, spoke about her mom being sent to live with her aunt in Warsaw, Poland to give her more opportunities. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJeannette spoke about her time growing up in Atlanta, noting that her family belonged to Ahavath Achim Synagogue and how she did not have a bat mitzvah but she was confirmed. She shares an incident of antisemitism she faced as a young adult. She reflects on her memories of segregation after coming to Atlanta. She discusses about her activities to B\u0026rsquo;nai B\u0026rsquo;rith Girls and social clubs at Henry Grady High School.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJeannette remembers meeting her husband, Michael, through his brother, whom she befriended on her first trip to Israel with her brother Louis and his new wife Jo. \u0026nbsp;She mentions that Michael was already living and working in Miami, so she moved there when they first got married, but they decided to relocate back to Atlanta when she was pregnant with their daughter Laura.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJeannette shares how she got involved with the Stones of Remembrance Project and its importance. She spoke about volunteering with the William Breman Museum and with the Hemshech Group, which her parents and aunt were initially involved with. She further detailed how the Stones of Remembrance Project works. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJeannette spoke of the legacy her mother gave to her and her brother and the good Jewish start she had. She mentions attending Washington University in St. Louis and then working at Grady Hospital as a secretary and volunteering in the burn. She recalls her desire to work with people and as a result returned to school at Georgia State University to receive a degree in Community Health and Nutrition. She spoke of working with the Galloway School to bring change to their school lunch program with her experience as a nutritionist. Jeannette concludes the interview by expressing her belief that her legacy is in lifelong learning and in her volunteer work.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/312/700/small/Zuckor_Jeannette.mp4_1782128752.jpg?1782128757","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Zuckor__Jeannette.mp4"]},"duration":3649.05172,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/312/700/small/Zuckor_Jeannette.mp4_1782128752.jpg?1782128757","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/312/700/original/Zuckor__Jeannette.mp4?1782128743","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3649.05172,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Zukor, Jeannette [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e My name is Gail Cohn. Today's date is December 2, 2025, and I would like to thank Jeannette Zukor for participating in the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. For the purposes of this interview, would you spell your name for us, Jeannette, first and last?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2.0,27.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e Jeannette, J-E-A-N-N E-T-T E.  Zukor.  Z-U-K-O-R.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=27.0,35.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Would you mind telling us, to begin this interview, the date and the place that you were born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=35.0,43.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e I was born May 13, 1948, in a displaced persons camp in Giebelstadt, Bavaria, Germany. Should I tell my story? May 13, 1948, which my parents told me was the same as Israel's Independence Day, which actually is May 14, 1948.  My dad always explained that because of the time difference, I was born on Israel’s Independence Day.  They were very proud of that and [said] the whole Jewish world celebrated my birthday.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=43.0,87.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Wonderful. I understand though that your birth name was not Jeannette. What was your birth name and how did it come to be that you are now called Jeannette?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=87.0,100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. When I first started school in, we were already in the states at that point.  When I first started school in kindergarten we had Jewish teachers. It was a Jewish neighborhood, a Jewish immigrant neighborhood, Washington Street, near the Capitol. My parents called me Chanaleh. I was named after both of my grandmothers. My mother’s mother was Chana [Hannah], and my father's mother was Esther. My legal name on my naturalization papers is Anna Eta, Hannah Esther.  I was called Chanaleh, which is like diminutive of Hannah, or my grandmother, kind of like Johnny instead of John. When I got to school, the teacher recognized that I should assimilate, and I should be like the other kids. She assigned me a name. I was just delighted because I knew I wanted to be like the other kids in America. I knew that Chanaleh, I'm five years old, I knew that Chanaleh was a Yiddish name and I wanted to be American. I went home and I told my parents I’m being called Jeannette now. They were not happy. They named me after each of their grandmothers and here I am changing my name. It stuck with all my friends. It stuck with my brother. It took years and years for my parents to call me Jeannette. They kept calling me Chanaleh. Even as I got older, decades later, it would go back and forth, Jeannette, Chanaleh, that's how that was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=100.0,200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Where were you in school when this happened?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=200.0,204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e On Washington Street. We had an apartment on Washington Street, 801 Washington Street. We were just a few blocks from the school. It was James L. Key Elementary School. My brother and I would walk to school together. He started first because he was six years old when we arrived. I was three and a half. We would walk to school together. We'd walk home together. We moved after that, I don't know how far you want me to go with this. We moved, after that to another neighborhood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=204.0,235.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e I hear you mention your grandparents' names, particularly your grandmothers for whom you were named. Did you know any of your great grandparents?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=235.0,245.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e I did not, because both of my parents, Rubin and Sara Pichulik, were Holocaust survivors. They survived. My mom survived with one sister, her sister Lena. Out of six siblings those two survived. There were two brothers and three sisters, and my mother. On my dad's side there were five brothers. My dad was the youngest. He and the next youngest brother survived. The other three died in different ways that we can maybe go talk about throughout.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=245.0,286.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you recall what camps or where your parents were?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=286.0,291.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e A lot of camps. In over five years, they were at seven camps. I was born in the fifth, I think. They started out in Czechoslovakia at a camp before my brother and I were born. This is after they were released by the Russians. They spent the war years in Siberia. We can talk about that. They were at Czechoslovakia and then Austria. Then my dad's said a military camp. These were not very structured places. I don't know. I don't have any more information than that. I'm sorry I didn't ask enough questions. After that, they were at Vilseck in Germany, Bavaria. After Vilseck, it was Giebelstadt where I was born. Then we went to Lager Lechfeld where we spent three years of the five years. The last one was Foehrenwald in Germany. Just a few months in each of these camps. Imagine unpacking, gathering up your children. When we went from Vilseck to Giebelstadt, it was April 1948. I was born in May 1948. My mother was what eight, nine months pregnant packing us up, going to another camp. The reason we went to all these camps is because people would sign up with the Red Cross, I presume [thinking] that the war is over, and our family is dead, and we don't want to stay here anymore. We want to go to America, to Australia, to Israel, to Canada, to wherever they wanted to go, to continue their lives. My parents wanted to come to the United States, and they signed up for the United States. But at each camp, when more people were able to leave and go to their country of choice, and there were fewer people, not enough people in the camp, they'd close that camp, and they'd send you to the next camp. All this happened a few months later, then they pack up and go to the next camps, and a few months later pack up, and go to the next camp. The camps were cleaned up concentration camps and cleaned up military camps with light barracks. Instead of Nazis guarding the place there were United States soldiers guarding the place. People could work and come and go and people got married. My parents were already married because they got married eight months before the war started. They did this journey together throughout the Holocaust along with my aunt and uncle, Lena and Chaskiel Pichulik, my mother's sister and my dad's brother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=291.0,466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you get to the United States? Did you have a sponsor?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=466.0,471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, you had to have a sponsor. You couldn't come here unless you had a relative that was your sponsor. We had no relatives in the United States. We knew nobody here, so we put our name on the list, and our time came up December 7, I think it was. No, it was mid-November 1951 when we got our papers. It's in the museum, our papers that we were able to come to the United States. This nice family in Atlanta [Georgia] had registered through HIAS, I guess, Hebrew International Aid Society, that they were willing to take perfect strangers into their home. They were strangers to us, and we were strangers to them, and they gave us a room in their house. This was the Tates family. They give us a room in their house.  You had to have a job, and my dad got a job with Montag Paper Company, because he had worked in a newspaper, Unzer Express, in Warsaw, Poland, where they lived, my family lived, my parents. He worked in the newspaper, and he also had a printing business that published, that printed the paper, along with other stuff, they printed the newspaper. Because he has that experience, they gave him this job at Montag Paper Company. I think he was making 75 cents an hour.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=471.0,554.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e You said we can talk about Siberia if you like. This is your interview. Do you have something in particular you'd like to say about Siberia before we move on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=554.0,568.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. When [Adolf] Hitler invaded . . . my parents were married January 1, 1939. Hitler invaded Poland September 1, 1939. Then a week later, September 7, they were getting close to Warsaw [Poland] and the mayor of Warsaw got on the loudspeaker and also on the radio, made an announcement. These were loudspeakers out in the neighborhood. I think they still have these in some countries. He made an announcement that all you men, all you able-bodied men, should leave the city because Hitler is coming. Didn't tell women to leave, didn't tell children to leave. My dad is in his printing shop, and he looks outside and there's already a stream of men hurrying, rushing out of the city. He lived right across the street. He and my mom had an apartment across the street. The parents lived a few doors down. My grandfather had a herring business a few doors down. Everything was just right in walking distance. This was the Jewish neighborhood in Warsaw. My dad looks out, people are rushing down the street, so he quickly closes up the shop, and he runs across the street to where my mom is and he tells her, he says, \"I've got to go. The mayor's telling us to leave. I'm going to go check with my brothers,\" and again he had four brothers, \"and see if they want to come with me.\" He goes down to see his brothers. He was able to talk three of the four other brothers into leaving. One brother stayed behind with the parents, and they decided they were going to hunker down, and it won't be a long war, and our mighty Polish army is going to beat up those Germans, and so they stayed behind. My dad and his three brothers left on foot. My dad didn't even go back home to say goodbye to my mom. They were in a hurry. They thought they had to hurry. He didn't pack a bag. He had sandals on. He had a shirt and pants on. This is September. Didn't have any money. He had nothing. No food, no water, nothing. They started walking. They walked, I looked it up last night, 128 miles to the Russian border where Germany split up Poland in half and they crossed over the Bug River and got into Russia, walked 128 miles and got into Russia. From there they were able to communicate with my mother, sent a letter to my mother and said, “Pack all the bags and come meet me here.” My mother arranged, my mother grabbed, two of my dad's brothers, Simcha Binem, the oldest and the next oldest, Ariel Leib, grabbed those two brothers and my uncle Chaskiel that survived with my dad. Those three brothers came with my Dad. Two of the brothers were already married. Simcha Binem was married to Shoshana. They had a three-year-old, her name was Rose, I believe, and then the other brother's wife was pregnant. The mother with a daughter, the pregnant mother, my mother, they stopped at my mother's house in Sokolow Podlaski [Polish: Sokołów Podlaski], Poland, which was right on the line . . . the German side, of the line that separated Germany from Russia. She went back to her house to see who from her family would come with her into Russia. Only Lena wanted to come. Only her sister wanted to come. She left behind four siblings, her parents, and grandparents and whatever other family she had, and they went to meet my dad. Once they got into Russia, Russia declared that once you come to Russia, you are Russian citizens, turn in your Polish passports and pick up a Russian passport. My dad said, “No, I'm keeping my Polish passport” because he intended to go back home. He didn't want to be Russian. He wanted to be Polish. He refused to give up his passport, apparently Chaskiel as well. The other two brothers who were able to find work there. My dad couldn't find work, Chaskiel couldn't work from what their skills were. The two other brothers, Ariel and Simcha Binem, they each found [work]. One was a tailor for men, one was tailor for women, and they were able to make a little bit of money for their families. They stayed behind. They took Russian passports. Once my dad and my uncle refused to take Russian passports, they were deemed criminals and enemies of the state and they and Lena and my mom were sent to Siberia. They were put into a camp there. They were shipped by cattle car just like the Nazis did with the concentration camps in Poland. They were shipping cattle cars. It took several weeks to get there; four weeks I believe to get the where they were going. They had to chop down trees. When they got there the guard announced to the people there he said, \"Over here you will work and over there,\" and he's pointing to a cemetery, \"Over there you will die. You will work here and you will die here. Forget about going back home to your city. You'll work here, and you'll die here. Welcome to Siberia.\" They had quotas. They were in small groups, and they had areas that they had to chop down trees. They had quotas of how many trees they had to chop down. They voted my dad to be the leader of his group, so he's responsible for the group and they've got this quota. He said they never made 20 percent of their quota. My dad said, \"I worked in an office, I didn't do outside labor work, I wasn't used to this kind of work.\" Certainly, my mom wasn't used to this kind of work. They had to do that too. They only got 20 percent of their quota. As a result, they only got 20 percent of their food. What was the food? The food was bread. They were required to get something like 13 ounces of bread a day if they met their quota, which they never did. The little bit of bread they got, the guards would steal some of it to sell on the black market, whatever, or for themselves. Then the rest of it, to make up the difference in weight, because it had to weigh the 13 ounces, they would add water. This is what they got to eat after working all day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=568.0,1013.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e What a miracle that your parents survived.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1013.0,1015.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e Absolutely. The conditions were like minus 50 degrees centigrade. People were losing fingers and toes and ears and noses. My dad did contract typhus. They put him in the \"hospital.\" [interviewee makes air quotes] My mother was able to sell some things. Apparently there was a community out there to sell something and get some food to make special soup for him and she saved his life because other people were dying in the hospital of typhus. He survived that [and in]1943, I think 1943, they were able to leave. The Russians made an agreement with Poland to release the Polish prisoners. They were released and they were free. They could go, but they had no place to go. The war was not over yet until May 1945. This is 1943. Where were they going to go? They walked. They walked down Russia, packed up all their things, walked down Russia. They got to Anapa, Russia, on the Black Sea. Do you want to continue with the story?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1015.0,1101.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you want to continue with this story?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1101.0,1102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, okay, I'll tell the whole story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1102.0,1103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1103.0,1105.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e They're in Anapa on the Black Sea and when they get there, they need a place to stay. They're with my aunt and my uncle, the four of them stayed together the whole time. They meet a priest on the street and they ask the priest, “Do you know a place where we can stay?” The priest says, “Yes, there's an old lady and she lost all of her family in the war and maybe she'll take you in.” They go and they meet the lady, the babushka, and she says, “I'm going to take you in, but if I don't like you for any reason, you have to leave immediately.” “Yes, we will leave immediately.\" They all liked each other. They became a family. When my parents talked about this woman, they were just beaming. They became just a loving family to each other. They took care of each other. My dad was able to get a job in a wine factory. My mother was approached on the street by a stranger who said, \"You have to start a black market.\" She said, \"I don't know anything about a black market, and I've got nothing to sell.\" He was going to bring her things to sell. She started a black market, and he brought her things like clothes dye and needles and thread and essentials for people. During the war most of the resources went to the war effort so people didn't have things to buy, nice things certainly, and they didn't have money to buy it with. My mother had this flea market. She said the thing that was the best seller was the clothes dye because people couldn't buy new clothes, but they could change the color of what they had it felt like it was new. She'd wrap it up in little paper, little bits of clothes dye, like Rit dye. She said it was just flying off the table. Then the man was bringing her more things and soon it became like a flea market.  Soon boots were being sold, chickens were being sold, pots and pans were being sold. and it grew and grew. My parents were able to take care of their babushka. They were able to support themselves. My brother was born there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1105.0,1244.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me a little bit about your brother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1244.0,1246.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e My brother was born there in . . . Actually, he was born there September 1945, but my mother wrote on the papers that he was in born in November so that he would get two extra months of a milk allotment that he was able to get. My cousin was born there to Lena and Chaskiel. [They] got married along the way. They were not married. They knew each other, of course, but they were not married. They got married along the way. Then they had my cousin Mike, who is now Mike Perry, was born January 15, 1944. Louis was born November, well, September 15, 1945. They were able to stay there. They were making a good living. They were happy. But again, the Russians came along and said, \"You've got to take passports.\" \"We're not going to take passports.\" In 1946, the Russians got a train together to take them back to Poland. They went back to Poland. They looked around for their families, couldn't find any family members. Not in Warsaw for my dad, not at Sokolow Podlaski for my mom. There they heard about the displaced persons camp that we talked about, and they went to their first one in Czechoslovakia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1246.0,1340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Jeannette, I'm listening to this story in such awe at the resiliency of your parents, and I don't know how they did it, because I'm exhausted from them moving and reinventing themselves. It's quite remarkable. When I said to you, do you want to continue this story, that was meant just to be as an invitation for you to continue telling this amazing story. Do you have any surviving members of your family at this point, your brother? Do you have anyone?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1340.0,1379.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e Today, you mean.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1379.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1380.0,1383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e Two other survivors of the Holocaust were my mother's aunt, who was my [grandmother’s] sister, Eva. This was Eva Beagle, her married name Beagle. Because they were Greenblat. My mother was Sara Greenblat Pichulik. This was Eva Greenblat Beagle. They stayed in Germany after the war. She and her daughter, my mother's cousin, survived the war because they had blonde hair, and they pretended to be Poles, not Jews. They each got a job.  They worked on different farms in Poland. They had to find each other after the war. They survived. They remained in Germany after the displaced persons camps. We would visit them. They would visit us. Today, they're both gone. My cousin, my second cousin, I guess, Chanka, had a son, Jackie, who was about ten years younger than me. He died a couple of decades ago, had an accident, fell in the shower. He died. Eva has died, Chanka has died. Both of my parents have died. Unfortunately, my brother died in 2017, had a terrible heart attack. The only family member, my cousin Jim, who was born in the displaced persons camp, probably at Vilseck, because we left Vilseck right before I was born. I think my cousin was born at Vilseck August 1947. He died a couple of decades ago. My aunt and uncle are gone. The only relative I have left is my cousin Mike, who lives in Boston [Massachusetts] and we've become very close. Since all of our family is gone. He's got a big family. We go up every couple of years. One of his grandchildren is having a bar mitzvah, a bat mitzvah, and we go up regularly and so I see him and he comes down for our occasions in Atlanta. He's my only family member surviving today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1383.0,1519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's move you forward just a little bit and you're free to digress in any way you'd like, but I’d like to talk a little about your life now as a married person because you do have a daughter, correct? Right. Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1519.0,1534.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1534.0,1534.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. Right. Tell me about the life you've built as a married person and your daughter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1534.0,1542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm going to back up, I'm going to show you that picture, but I want to back up and just show you these pictures. [interviewee holds up a picture of a building and some people standing or walking in front of it for the camera]. Certainly. Certainly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1542.0,1547.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Certainly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1547.0,1547.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e Certainly. Certainly. This is, I looked this up on the internet, this is Camp Giebelstadt . . . This was probably in Germany military camp. These are nice homes. They also had barracks and no doubt we lived in barracks. Anyway, this is Giebelstadt, where I was born. [interviewee switches to a photograph of three children, one of whom is in an old-fashioned stroller, and a dog in front of a lake] Here we are in Lager Lechfeld. This is very out of focus, I'm sorry, but these are my cousins. I'm in the carriage and behind me is my cousin Jim, who was like six months older than me. My brother is on this side, and my cousin is on this side. My cousin Mike, my brother Louis, Jim behind me and I think there's a dog there at the bottom, if you can tell, a dachshund, Dully. Our dog, Dully, is down at the bottom, and here we are. This is not the displaced persons camp. We were on vacation. We were on vacation from the displaced person's camp in, oh gosh, now I've forgotten the name of it. Anyway, it was a resort. It was a resort in Germany, and there were mountains and lakes, and it was beautiful there. Catch up with those pictures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1547.0,1632.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e These pictures are remarkable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1632.0,1634.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e When my mother packed to meet my dad in Russia and she packed up everything, all their worldly possessions, whatever she could get. She remembered to pack my dad's pictures. She did not remember to pack her own pictures, and she was sad about that her whole life. She would mention that over and over again. She said she couldn't remember her mother's face. She grew up with, my mother, from Sokolow Podlaski being the oldest of the five children, the six children. Her parents decided . . . They came from a not terribly poor but kind of a not well-to-do family. They decided to send her to live with my aunt Eva, my great aunt Eva and Chanka. Chanka was an only child, and my mother's family had six children. Eva and my mom's mother, Chana, decided that Mom would live with Eva and Chanka. Chanka would have somebody to be with, and my mother would have more opportunities in a big city. She did have more opportunities. She met my dad, and they got married. The rest of the family stayed in Sokolow Podlaski. Where am I going with all this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1634.0,1719.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e You're going to show me the other picture, because I said it was remarkable that you have these pictures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1719.0,1726.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e This came later. These pictures are not before the war. These are after the war, but I'll show you my family after we got to Atlanta. [interviewee holds up a picture of a man, a woman, and two children] This is my mother, me, my brother Louis, and my dad Rubin. We are, you can't see much of the building, but this is the AA [Ahavath Achim] Synagogue at a temporary location on 10th Street. While they were building their new synagogue from Washington Street, they were building their synagogue on Peachtree Battle Avenue. I got here when I was three and a half, I'm probably about four there. This is an early picture of when we first arrived in the United States. You asked about my family today or not? Okay, well this is my family today. [interviewee holds up a picture with two women and a man dressed for a formal occasion] Yes. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1726.0,1778.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1778.0,1778.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Yes. This is my husband Michael and myself. We're at my niece Alyssa's wedding I believe, and my daughter, Laura. Laura today is a nurse at Emory University Hospital.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1778.0,1794.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e How old is she?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1794.0,1795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e She is today 40 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1795.0,1801.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e You were talking about the change with the AA and that you were around for that move. What are your recollections of growing up here in Atlanta about the congregation? Do you recall any special holiday celebrations or family gatherings or social endeavors? Because you were here from the beginning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1801.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e We went to synagogue. I will say, backing up to the Holocaust, a lot of people who survived the Holocaust weren't sure if there was a G-d, that how could G-d let this happen? I think it was Elie Wiesel that said, \"Don't ask where was G-d, ask where was man, Where was man to help with all this?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1830.0,1856.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Sophie's Choice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1856.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, that also, right. But we did, we joined a synagogue, Ahavath Achim. Although both of my parents came from very religious, Orthodox families, but we joined a Conservative synagogue.  My brother got bar mitzvah when he was thirteen. My mother decided, for whatever reason, I would have gone. I don't think she asked me, decided I didn't need to get bat mitzvah. All my, not all my friends it was kind of new back then, it was still kind of new. Some of my friends . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1860.0,1903.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Particularly for girls.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1903.0,1904.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, especially for girls. The boys were getting bar mitzvah, but the girls it was a choice. I never learned Hebrew. I couldn't read it. I do transliteration. I go to synagogue. I've memorized some of the prayers. I do the transliterations and for the rest of it, I just hum along. But yes, we went to synagogue early on. I had lots of friends and went to Sunday school. I was confirmed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1904.0,1933.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you encounter any type of antisemitism in this country as you were growing up and being Jewish and going to the AA?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1933.0,1946.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e My mother would periodically ask me, “Was I getting any antisemitism? Was I feeling that?” She was very concerned about that. I would say, as I was growing up, \"No, that doesn't happen here, Mom. This is America. That doesn't happen here.\" Lo and behold, as a young adult, I remember meeting this other young person, and we're having a conversation, and during the conversation I mentioned that I was Jewish and she looked at me and she said, “Oh, you don't look Jewish. I don't see any horns\" and I was just floored. This was the 1960's and 1970's even, maybe, and I'm thinking is this still out there? This person thinks Jews have horns. I was absolutely astonished. That was the only personal experience that I can recall that was just ridiculous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1946.0,2012.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you have any recollections about segregation or your feelings as you witnessed that in the South growing up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2012.0,2022.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e I can't remember if I actually . . . I don't remember exactly when they decided that the African Americans, the blacks, had to sit in the back of the bus and the Jews, not the Jews, the white folks got to sit on the front. I don't know when that went away. I don't know if I experienced it or if I just remember hearing about it. I do remember, I think I saw different water fountains, whites only, there were signs actually. Besides that, I know at the Fox Theater they had a back entrance for black people and a front entrance for white people. Let's see, we got here in 1951, the end of 1951. I don't know when all that went away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2022.0,2079.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e 1954 is going to be Brown v. the Board of Education, which is separate, is not equal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2079.0,2087.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e Is not equal, okay.  I probably saw a little bit of it and heard a lot more about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2087.0,2095.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e What about your social endeavors? Did you have a lot of social endeavors, clubs or Jewish interactions that shaped who you were in Atlanta, Georgia from whence you came?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2095.0,2112.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I was a member of BBG, B'nai B'rith Girls. . . In high school, we had social clubs. My social club was the Tides, we had Surfs. There were so many of our groups that we actually had split into two groups and some of us were Surfs and some of us were Tides, I don't know where they came up with these names.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2112.0,2142.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Where were you in school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2142.0,2144.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e I was in school at Grady High School. After my first elementary school, James L. Key School, we moved to Morningside and in Morningside neighborhood on Lennox Road, Lennox Circle, I lived on Lennox Circle, I went to Morningside Elementary School. From Morningside, there was no middle school at that time. You went straight, after seventh grade at Morningside, we went to Grady High School. Today it's called Midtown High School. Before Grady, it was called Boys High. There was a Girls’ High too at Roosevelt High School, I think. Grady has always been a wonderful school. My cousin Mike and I, when they were voting on changing the name of Grady, I was communicating with my cousin Mike, and he said, \"No they have to keep it Grady. They can't change it. We're going to call it Grady.\" Anyway, it became Midtown High School. Where am I going with this? Oh, the clubs, yes. While I was in high school, we had a social club. I became president of our social club senior year. We had service projects. One of our service projects for our social club was a . . . I think actually that was our service project for BBG. It was a home for boys. It was around the Amsterdam neighborhood, Amsterdam Avenue in Virginia Highlands. I can't remember exactly where it was. We would go and visit these young boys and keep them company, bring things that they might need. That was in high school. Jewish organization . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2144.0,2263.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e If I might, let me digress just a moment. I just want to clarify. I want to make sure I got your husband's name and tell me how you guys met.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2263.0,2278.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e I met my husband because my brother got married to a non-Jewish woman, Jo, Jo David, Mary Jo David. At the time, after college, we were not going to synagogue. My parents were going, but we were not going because we didn't want to pay dues, I guess. My brother, when he got married his wife got converted by the rabbi at Hillel at Emory and it was kind of an Orthodox conversion. They learned to be Orthodox and they kept kosher in their home. My mother kept kosher, but it wasn't strictly kosher. My brother was keeping strictly kosher in his home. Anyway, from Hillel, there was a trip to Israel, and my brother and Jo decided they were going to go and they invited me to go along. I was not married yet. They invited me to go along and I said, “Okay, I would go to Israel.” We went to Israel and there was a big group of married people all sorts of ages and there was a group of young people around our ages. There was my husband Michael's brother who went on this trip. At the time he was in dental school at Emory and going to Hillel, knew about Hillel, and he wanted to go on this trip. He actually invited Michael, who said he didn't want to go. Michael was not on this trip, but Alan was on this trip. I got to know Alan and we stayed friends. When Michael came to visit Alan, I met Michael. We went out a little bit and then there was nothing. Four years later, Michael calls me and he says, \"I'm invited to a wedding in Atlanta and can I see you.\" I said, \"Okay, fine.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2278.0,2407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Was he living here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2407.0,2408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e He was already working as an orthodontist in Miami, Florida. He was in Miami, Florida and he came up for the wedding. I accompanied him to the wedding and then it took off from there and we got engaged. We got married and we took our honeymoon in Israel. My second time, his first time in Israel. From there, he was already working and living in Miami. I packed up, got married, went to my honeymoon, and then went directly to Miami. We were there about a year before I got pregnant. I got pregnant about nine months later. We decided we wanted to move back to Atlanta. We came back to Atlanta, and he established an orthodontic practice in Atlanta and [I] gave birth to my daughter, Laura, and took off from there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2408.0,2471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e The rest is history, as they say. Jeannette, let's talk about you, the person. You have been involved in the Breman and after you tell us about your involvement in this wonderful museum and cultural center, then I'd like for you to also tell us a little bit about the Stones of Remembrance. If you would address those two things now, that would be wonderful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2471.0,2504.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e My father passed away in 2009, my mother passed away in 2011, and my brother and I, as they were aging and declining, were caretakers of them. We had live-in caretakers, but we were taking my parents out every day. My father had a grocery store in Atlanta, and from his grocery store, after his grocery store, he started buying real estate in Atlanta. Let's see, my brother worked with my dad in real estate, and later I worked with my dad in real estate. Now I've gotten lost again. Where am I going?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2504.0,2561.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e You're telling me about your life here in Atlanta and your involvement with the Breman and then Stones of Remembrance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2561.0,2570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e After my parents, I knew I would go off on a tangent, after my parent's passed away, just a couple of months later I saw a notice that they were looking for docents at the Breman. I thought I have to do this. I want to learn more now that my parents are gone, and I can't ask them any questions because I missed that opportunity. I did ask them questions, and they did interviews for the grandchildren when they had projects for school, when they were told to go interview your grandparents and see what you can find out. We got little bits of their history, but I didn't have the whole history until my dad did a Shoah interview testimony. That helped a lot. Once my parents both passed, I saw that they were looking for docents at the Breman, and I decided I wanted to learn more about the Holocaust and more about my parent’s experience, so I volunteered. I went through the program. It was Lili Baxter at the time who was the director of the Weinberg Center of Holocaust Studies. She recognized in me, because I was a second-generation Holocaust survivor that I should also belong to the Hemshech group that built the memorial to the six million at Greenwood Cemetery. She decided I needed to be more involved as a docent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2570.0,2662.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Just as a clarification, the Hemshech is for children of survivors. Is that correct?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2662.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2670.0,2671.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, would you clarify that for us? Obviously, I need that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2671.0,2678.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e Hemshech was started by Holocaust survivors in Atlanta. My mother and father, and my aunt were right there at the beginning, starting Hemshech. They gathered up their Holocaust friends. Their friends were Holocaust survivors. They had other friends, but their main group of friends were Holocaust survivors. They had heard that there was already a monument in some place in the United States, a Holocaust memorial. They said we need to do that. We don't have a place to say Kaddish for our relatives that have died in the Holocaust, and we should build a memorial. They decided they would build a memorial in a place that was accessible and wasn't going to move away, like at some building or some address. They decided it needed to be at a cemetery, and they put it at Greenwood Cemetery. Hemshech was the organization that these people formed. It means continuance. That was 1964. They got this group together. They built a memorial. It was built by Ben Hirsch, who was a Holocaust survivor, and also Abe Besser, who was a builder. Completely Holocaust survivor built and conceived and constructed and everything. Lili Baxter recognized that I should be part of that group as well. At the Breman, I was on the executive council of the docents, the volunteer museum educators, VMEs we call ourselves. I was on the committee, and I became chairperson of this group, of the executive council. I'm a docent, I'm on the committee, I was also on the board. Because I was chairperson of the committee, I was on the board a couple of years, board of trustees. Then for Hemshech, I am on the board even today of Hemshech. It's mostly second, and also we're bringing in third generation Holocaust survivors to this because we want this, it's continuance, we want this to continue, the memorial to continue. Every year we have a commemoration. When I was the chairperson, [interviewee touched the mic] I'm sorry, I shouldn't touch that. When I was the chairperson of Yom HaShoah, it was the 50th anniversary. We had a big celebration for the commemoration. That was 2015. Today, this year, 2026, is going to be the 61st year of the memorial. The Stones is a subcommittee of Yom HaShoah. The Breman is one of the sponsors, the Jewish Federation is a sponsor of Yom HaShoah and this commemoration, and Hemshech. It's Hemshech, the Breman, and the Jewish Federation that puts on this commemoration. Again, Lili put me on this committee. They needed somebody to lead this committee. It had sort of dropped the ball. It wasn't going and I became the chairperson of that committee. That was 2012, and today we've got 19 volunteers. There are 1,600 students who participate out of approximately 25 schools. What we do is we have a lesson plan, “The Significance of Names,” and the teachers get this lesson plan. The students learn that the Nazis took away everybody's names and gave them a number. That was part of their dehumanizing effort that people didn't even have a name anymore, you're just a number. But we have names that we've gotten from Yad Vashem Museum in Israel who's been collecting names of people that died in the Holocaust, and they have thousands of names, not all of them. I've been able to find about 10,000 names and we're going through them because there's 1,600 kids a year. We also have Atlanta names, families in Atlanta that have lost children to the Holocaust, my family being one. My dad's two brothers that lost one, one lost the three-year-old, one lost the baby. We have, I think it was Misha, was the little boy that was born and the little girl was Rose. The children get names, they get stones. We give them stones. We go to a stone center, our volunteers, we go to the stone center we pick just the proper stone. It has to be like the size of the palm of your hand, it has to be handleable. It should be a flat side to write on, light in color so it shows the writing. We provide the special pens for them to use that are permanent and waterproof. We provide the names, we provide the stones, and the teachers give the lesson to the kids. The kids learn about their own names. They learn the importance of names. They learn about own name. Who were they named after? Why were they named after that person? What were the characteristics, the qualities of that person that your parents decided to name you after? Then they share these stories with their classmates. They're proud to share these stories with our classmates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2678.0,3039.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e I may have missed this, you may have said this, where are these stones?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3039.0,3044.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e They are predominantly here at the Breman. The Breman has given us lots of space. I wish I had a picture of that. I probably have it on my phone. A lot of space with where we put these stones. But they are at other places, Marist School participates. They have kept their stones right outside of their little chapel. They have this little chapel, and the stones surround a statue of Mary. The kids add to that every year when they do the project.  The stones are at synagogues, the AA synagogue, other synagogues. There's one at Brook Run Park where the daffodil garden is. There are some stones out there. A lot of the schools keep their stones like Marist has kept their stones. I'm trying to think what other schools have kept their stones. Mary Lin Elementary School in Atlanta has kept their stones. They're at schools, they're at synagogues, and they're at other organizations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3044.0,3110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e How special and how wonderful. You've done so many wonderful things, Jeannette. Is there anything that comes to mind that you are the most proud of achieving or doing so far?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3110.0,3127.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm very proud of the stones. I think my mother gave both my brother and I a really good start. I took dance lessons. My brother and I took piano lessons. When my husband and I took a tour of Eastern Europe, we visited Warsaw where my parents lived and [Frédéric] Chopin was very prominent in Warsaw, Poland. People played his music on the streets. You'd sit on a bench and all of a sudden music would rise up out of the bench. He was very well respected. There are statues of him. I think my mother had a very big appreciation of music and piano music. Culturally, I think I had a really good start. I had good Jewish start at the AA Synagogue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3127.0,3190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e I think that you're touching on this, but when you talk about your history, your legacy, your values, what would you like for people to remember?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3190.0,3205.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e When I graduated from college, Washington University in St. Louis [Missouri], I got a degree in psychology because I liked people. I didn't know what else to major in, but I knew I liked the people, so I thought, okay, I'm going to study about people. I could not get a job in psychology, but I was able to get a job at . . . I started volunteering at Grady Hospital in the burn unit. They put me in the burn unit and these poor people, some of them children, who had these deep wounds and they're just missing flesh and they were doing grafting. I was there doing my little bitty part of just keeping these people company and talking to them and holding their hand if I was able to hold their hand and do whatever, help the nurses do whatever they were doing. Doing my small part. Volunteering there, volunteering here at the Breman, volunteering with Hemshech. What I realize is that when you volunteer, when you help people, when you educate people, you get at least as much back as you give, and really you get more back. I think part of my legacy I would like to be that I was a volunteer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3205.0,3306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e You've certainly made a difference in people's lives, for sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3306.0,3312.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e There's another part. The other part of my legacy is that when I started out, when I graduated from Washington University, I remember thinking, I'll never read another book. I was so burned out from all the studying and so much reading and staying up late at night. I told myself I will never read another book. But when I came home, back to my parents' house, I got myself a little book, taught myself yoga, started baking bread. I was coming back to myself and lo and behold, I did start reading again. But after working at Grady Hospital and being a secretary there and learning about medicine and meeting all the wonderful medical people there at Grady Hospital, I don't know if I talked about working at Grady hospital. I worked in anesthesia and I worked in neonatal pediatrics as a secretary. I decided I don't want to work with papers. I want to work with patients myself. I went back to school at Georgia State University, it was just down the street from Grady Hospital. Went over there and I said, “What can I do working with people?” I knew I didn't want to be a nurse because I didn't want to work with body fluids I decided. I wanted to be helpful though and they had a program in nutrition. I said, I like food. I think I can do this. I got a degree in Community Health Nutrition and I'm reading books again. I'm back in school and I started working in a sports medicine clinic in an athletic center as a nutritionist there. After that, this is another part of my story. After that I got married to my husband Michael, I got a job in a cardiac rehab center in Florida, in Miami. Once I had Laura, once we moved back to Atlanta, Laura was born, she went to school at Galloway School. She was two years old, barely, just barely two years old because they took kids when they were two years old. Back then they had to be diaper trained, I mean potty trained. She was potty trained. She got potty trained. At school I became a volunteer at the Galloway School. At the time, kids were bringing their own lunches. They didn't have a cafeteria. Everybody was bringing their lunches, I'm making Laura's lunch every day, making a different lunch, making it interesting, appealing they're trading sandwiches, whatever. At the time the upper learning kids were getting pizza once a week delivered. A Domino's truck was coming on campus and had pizza for the upper learning kids, but the rest of the school was bringing their lunch. I decided that we would expand on this lunch and have pizza for everybody, from two years old up through 12th grade. That was the whole school. We got a committee together. We started bringing pizza for all the kids one day a week, and then we started adding other lunches. We had Chick-fil-A one day, we had Goldberg's Po’ Boys one day. My job as a nutritionist was to provide the healthiest prepared food that I could find out there so yes, you could have pepperoni pizza, but you could also have cheese pizza, and you could have vegetable pizza and there was milk and there were fruit. We were trying to provide healthy food for the kids. I also started a snack bar at the Galloway School. Again, we had lots of volunteers to put this food together, deliver it to the classrooms. I'm very proud of that as well as part of my legacy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3312.0,3549.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e I continue to see this pattern over and over and over again where you educate yourself, you reinvent yourself in different ways, and it's all about those values of helping people and making people's lives better. I think this has been an incredible interview and your stories are quite remarkable. Before we conclude, I want to check in with you to see if there's anything else you'd like to add or any other details that you'd like to share.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3549.0,3587.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e I think I've covered everything. My volunteering . . . My legacy would be volunteering and lifelong learning. That as long as there's not a test at the end, although there was being a docent. There was a big test and I was terrified. We're all terrified, we're all terrified. Thank goodness I passed on my first try, I was determined to pass on my first try. They'll give you a second, third try. For my legacy I would say it's lifelong learning and volunteering and that as a volunteer you get back more than you give.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3587.0,3628.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e Jeannette, I want to thank you so much for this wonderful, wonderful interview and all the information that you have shared with us for the archives. With our appreciation, thank you so much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3628.0,3642.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eZUKOR:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you, Gail. I appreciate your interview me and getting to know you better. Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3642.0,3646.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/transcript/94601/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCOHN:\u003c/strong\u003e My pleasure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3646.0,3647.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGail Cohn (b. 1943) is an active member of the Atlanta Jewish community and President of her company LeaderShape Consultants. She earned her Bachelor of Science degree in Education from the University of Georgia in 1965 and her Master of Science in Human Resource Management from National Louis University in 1995. Gail was very involved in the civil rights movement and worked to desegregate high schools in Columbus, Georgia. She has served the community in a variety of roles, including as a corporate trainer for Blue Cross Blue Shield of Georgia, teaching workshops at DeKalb Technical Institute, Chattahoochee Valley Community College, and Columbus State University. Gail has also worked with the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, the Anti-Defamation League, and she was involved with JFGA’s Young Leadership Council.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2.0,27.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Atlanta celebrates and commemorates Jewish history, culture, and art through events and museum spaces. The Breman also contains the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History, which houses thousands of manuscripts, oral histories, and photograph collections, related to southern Jewish history and the Holocaust. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2.0,27.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWhen the war in Europe ended in May 1945, an estimated 7 million people were left displaced. Among them were up to 100,000 liberated Jews and approximately 6 million non-Jewish displaced persons (DPs) who had been deported as forced laborers by the Nazis. In the chaotic months that followed, many DPs moved through Germany and Eastern Europe in search of a way home. Jewish survivors emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to find a world in which they no longer had a place. Bereft of homes and families, many were reluctant to return to their prewar countries. At the same time, renewed antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, and the Soviet Union sparked violent attacks on Jewish communities, prompting more than 150,000 Jews to flee westward. In response, Allied authorities established displaced persons camps across Germany, Austria, and Italy, often in improvised facilities. These camps were administered by the Allies and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA). Initially housing Jewish and non-Jewish DPs together, the Allies soon recognized Jews as a distinct, stateless group and created separate Jewish DP camps, beginning with Feldafing in 1945. Between 1945 and 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish DPs lived in these camps, which became centers of communal and cultural life. Most camps closed by 1950, as DPs were repatriated, resettled in new countries, or emigrated outside Europe.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=43.0,87.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGiebelstadt is a municipality in Bavaria, Germany. In 1935, the construction of the Giebelstadt airfield was authorized and it was first operated by the German Luftwaffe in World War II. After the war, the United States occupied the airfield until 2006. The city was home to 5,786 soldiers and their families during the U.S. Army’s 62-year history. The town is surrounded by fields and characterized by a rolling landscape. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=43.0,87.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsraeli Independence Day, or \u003cem\u003eYom Ha'Atzmaut\u003c/em\u003e, marks the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel on May 14, 1948. It is celebrated in Israel with street parties, fireworks, concerts, barbecues, and military air shows. The day begins immediately after Yom HaZikaron (Memorial Day), reflecting a transition from grief to celebration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=43.0,87.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=100.0,200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJames L. Key Elementary School was located at Ormond Street and Capital Avenue in Atlanta, Georgia and was in existence from at least the 1940's through the 1960's.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=204.0,235.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRiwen “Rubin” Pichulik (1912-2009) was born in Warsaw, Poland to Esther and Isaac Myer Pichulik. At 12 years old, he began working at and later became a partner at \u003cem\u003eUnzer Express\u003c/em\u003e newspaper. In September 1939, he fled Poland to Russia, where he, his wife, Sara, brother, and sister-in-law were held in slave labor camps in Siberia. After the war, he and his family immigrated to Atlanta, Georgia. He eventually owned and operated a grocery store and later went into real estate. In January 1939, he married Sara Greenblat and they had two children, Louis, and Anna “Jeannette” Zukor. He, Sara, and his sister-in-law, Lena came up with the idea for a Holocaust memorial at Greenwood Cemetery. Rubin over saw the committee to build the memorial.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=245.0,286.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSara Greenblat Pichulik (1916-2011) was born in Sokolow Podlask, Poland. During World War II, she, her husband, sister, and brother-in-law were held in slave labor camps in Siberia. After the war, she and her family immigrated to Atlanta, Georgia. In January 1939, she married Riwen “Rubin” Pichulik and they had two children Louis, and Anna “Jeannette” Zukor. She and Rubin were members of Ahavath Achim Synagogue. She, Rubin, and sister, Lena founded the Holocaust memorial at Greenwood Cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=245.0,286.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe Holocaust was the systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=245.0,286.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLena Grynblat Pichulik (1920-2001) was born in Sokolow Podlask, Poland. During World War II, she, her husband, sister, Sara, and brother-in-law were held in slave labor camps in Siberia. She and her husband, Chaskiel had two sons, Michael and Jim, and they came to Atlanta, Georgia in 1952. She helped her husband with their grocery store, and she later owned and managed real estate property. She, sister, Sara, and brother-in-law help found the Holocaust memorial at Greenwood Cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=245.0,286.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChaskiel Pichulik (1910-1990) was born in Warsaw, Poland to Esther and Isaac Myer Pichulik. In September 1939, he fled Poland to Russia, where he, brother, Rubin, sister-in-law, Sara, and her sister, Lena were held in slave labor camps in Siberia. He and Lena eventually married, and they had two sons, Jim and Michael. He owned and operated a grocery store. They were members of Ahavath Achim Synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=291.0,466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=291.0,466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “concentration camp” refers to a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy. In Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945, concentration camps (Konzentrationslager; briefly “KL” or “KZ”) were an integral feature of the regime. The Nazis differentiated between concentration camps, which were used to contain slave laborers and prisoners of the Nazi state, and extermination camps, whose primary purpose was the systematic killing of prisoners. Shortly after coming to power in 1933, the Nazis began to set up a series of concentration camps across Germany. Those were mostly local initiatives: facilities that the SA, SS, and police established on an ad hoc basis, where they would detain and abuse real and imagined enemies of the regime. By 1934, there were over 100 of these early camps in operation. When the Nazi regime came to power, they systematically persecuted both Jewish and non-Jewish Germans perceived to be opponents of the regime. Political opponents (Communists, Social Democrats, liberals) were some of the first victims housed in “temporary” detention centers like Lichtenburg. Jews, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jehovah's Witnesses, clergy who opposed the Nazis, and any others whose behavior—real or perceived—could be interpreted as being in opposition to Nazi political and racial ideologies were also persecuted and incarcerated. The Nazi regime refused to tolerate criticism, dissent, or nonconformity from the German people. Non-Jewish German political activists were treated harshly but other political opponents remained potentially valuable members of the German race. The goal behind their internment in and subsequent release from concentration camps was often a kind of reeducation that would see them fall into line with the regime’s political and racial ideologies. Between 1933 and 1939, tens of thousands of Germans were sentenced by the criminal courts. If authorities were confident of a conviction in court, the prisoner was turned over to the justice system for trial. If the outcome of criminal proceedings were unsatisfactory, the acquitted citizen or the citizen who was sentenced to a suspended sentence would still be taken into “protective detention” and incarcerated in a concentration camp. The first concentration camps were established in 1933. Various authorities set up the makeshift “camps” in empty warehouses, factories, and other locations. Camps were established in Oranienburg, north of Berlin; Esterwegen, near Hamburg; Dachau, northwest of Munich; and Lichtenburg, in Saxony. By the end of July 1933, almost 27,000 people were housed in these camps. Most of the prisoners were political opponents of the Nazi regime. By the end of 1934, most of these early camps were disbanded and replaced by a centrally organized concentration camp system under the exclusive jurisdiction of the SS.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=291.0,466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe International Committee of the Red Cross (“Red Cross”) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland. The organization was founded in 1863 and among the founders was Henry Dunant and Gustave Moynier. At the end of World War II, the Red Cross worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected by the war and set up a registration and tracing service for missing persons.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=291.0,466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFoehrenwald was one of the largest Jewish DP camps in the American occupied zone of Germany. It was established in June 1945 near the town of Wolfrathausen, southwest of Munich. The buildings of the camp had previously been used to house IG Farben employees. The population varied, but in the early years, it was well over 4,000. Foehrenwald had a rich cultural, educational and social life. A school was opened for children as well as a vocational school run by ORT. A yeshiva with 150 students also operated in the camp. Theater and music groups functioned in the camp, and a weekly publication was put out entitled Bamidbar (In the Desert), which served as a forum for literary expression for the residents of the camp. Foehrenwald was the last remaining DP camp in Europe; it was closed in 1957.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=291.0,466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLager Lechfeld, located near Augsburg in Bavaria, Germany, served as a Displaced Persons camp after World War II. It housed thousands, primarily Jewish Holocaust survivors and Polish refugees. The individuals were housed in former military barracks, and it was located in the American occupation zone. It provided shelter and processing for those unable or unwilling to return home. It operated from 1945-1951.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=291.0,466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGiebelstadt, Germany served as a Displaced Persons (DP) camp in the American occupation zone after World War II. It primary housing Jewish survivors. In April 1948, it became a major relocation site for residents transferred from the closed Vilseck camp, with inhabitants, including many Jewish survivors, waiting to immigrate.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=291.0,466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVilseck, Germany was the location of a Displaced Persons (DP) camp, specifically known as Camp Vilseck Altneuhaus, which primarily housed Polish refugees after World War II. Operational in the American zone, the camp held significant populations of non-German nationals waiting for repatriation or resettlement before closing in April 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=291.0,466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSiberia is an extensive geographical region in Russia that extends eastward to become what is often referred to as ‘North Asia.’ It is a sparsely populated area with long, cold winters. Siberia has been a part of Russia since the seventeenth century. The majority of Soviet forced labor camps in the 1930’s through 1950’s were in remote areas of northeastern Siberia. The Siberian labor camps were used as a form of political repression and prisoners were often worked to death.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=291.0,466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCzechoslovakia was a state in Central Europe, created in 1918 when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. Between 1939 and 1945, the state ceased to exist, as Slovakia proclaimed its independence and Carpathian Ruthenia became part of Hungary. After World War II, Czechoslovakia was reestablished under its pre-1938 borders, except for Carpathian Ruthenia, which became part of the Ukrainian SSR (a republic of the Soviet Union). The Communist Party seized power in a coup in 1948. From 1948 to 1989, Czechoslovakia was part of the Eastern Bloc with a planned economy. In 1989, as Marxist–Leninist governments and communism were ending all over Central and Eastern Europe, Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their communist government during the Velvet Revolution, which began on 17 November 1989 and ended 11 days later on 28 November when all of the top Communist leaders and Communist party itself resigned. On 31 December 1992, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the two sovereign states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=291.0,466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUnzer Express\u003c/em\u003e was a popular, independent Yiddish daily newspaper published in Warsaw, Poland from 1926 to 1939. It was known for its low price to help gain a wider circulation. It was also known for its American-style reporting, and independence from political parties. The paper was one of six other Yiddish daily papers published in Warsaw during this period.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=471.0,554.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMontag Brothers, Inc. was established in 1896 in Atlanta by brothers Sigmund, Adolph, William, Edward, and Ludwig Montag. It became one of the leaders in the stationery industry and the largest stationery and school supply manufacturer and distributor in the Southeast. The company was well-known for marketing their “Blue Horse” school supplies with an annual contest for students to receive prizes by saving wrappers with the “Blue Horse” logo.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=471.0,554.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) is a Jewish American non-profit that provides assistance to refugees. Founded in 1881, its original purpose was the help the flow of Jewish immigrants from Russia in relocating. During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East. They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas. After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere. In 1975, the US State Department asked the organization to assist the incoming Vietnam refugees. Today, the organization continues to provide support to refugees and immigrates of all nationalities, ethnicities, and religions. The organization also works with people whose lives and freedom are believed to be at risk due to war, persecution, or violence. HIAS has offices in the United States and across Latin America, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Since its inception, HIAS has helped resettle more than 4.5 million people.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=471.0,554.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAtlanta, Georgia is the capital and largest city in the state of Georgia. During the American Civil War it was a strategically important city for the Confederacy until it was captured in 1864. The city was almost entirely burnt to the ground during General William Sherman’s March to the Sea. After the war, the city rebounded and became a national industrial center.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=471.0,554.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II, individuals and families looking to immigrate to the United States required sponsors, primarily facilitated by the Displaced Persons Act of 1948 and the Refugee Relief Act of 1953. Sponsors often included relatives, charities, or religious groups. The sponsors had to provide affidavits of support, guaranteeing housing and employment to ensure refugees did not become public charges.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=471.0,554.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e      Adolf Hitler applied for entrance into the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, Austria twice and was twice rejected, once in 1907 and again in 1908. For the next five years, Hitler struggled to earn money by selling small paintings, mostly images of buildings and other landmarks in Vienna that he copied from postcards. By 1914, Hitler was serving in World War I and would later enter politics. In his autobiographical manifesto, Mein Kampf, Hitler claimed that his antisemitic views formed during his time as a struggling artist in Vienna. His frustrated art career became part of the myth making—by Hitler himself and by his followers—that helped drive his fateful rise to power in Germany.                                                                                                                   \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e      Hitler was drafted for Austrian military service at the beginning of World War I but turned down due to lack of fitness. After moving to Germany, he enlisted as a German soldier in the summer of 1914 and was deployed to Belgium in October. Over the next two years, Hitler served first as an infantryman and then as a private. He won two decorations for bravery, including the Iron Cross First Class and was wounded twice. He was recovering from his second injury when the war ended.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e     Hitler loved animals in general, but his favorite were dogs and especially German Shepherds. He was known to have had several dogs during his lifetime. His ancestry has long been a source of controversy and intense speculation. Because his father was illegitimate—his father was not known—rumors existed even during his life that his paternal grandfather could be Jewish.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=568.0,1013.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoth the Russian and German armies invaded Poland in September 1939. On September 28, Germany and the Soviet Union reached an agreement partitioning Poland and outlining their zones of occupation. A demarcation line for the partition of German- and Russian-occupied Poland was established along the Bug River, between Krakow and Lvov. It is estimated that the number of refugees who crossed from the German-occupied part of Poland to the areas annexed by the Soviet Union totaled about 300,000. The Russians left the border freely open to traffic until the end of October 1939. From then until the end of 1939 a small number of persons still crossed the border. After that, it was completely sealed. Some refugees still attempted to sneak across the heavily guarded border, often at great danger. Those caught trying to cross between occupation zones or trying to flee without papers faced arrest and arbitrary violence at the hands of both Russian and German border guards. The demarcation line would remain in effect until June 22, 1941, when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in a military campaign codenamed Operation “Barbarossa.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=568.0,1013.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe Jewish community in Warsaw [Polish: Warszawa] was the largest in Poland, composing about 30 percent of the entire population of the city (about 337,000 Jews). Before World War II, Warsaw was a major center of Jewish life and culture. The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II. German authorities established it in November 1940. The Jews of Warsaw and the surrounding areas were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall. The ghetto population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews. The conditions in the ghetto were harsh. There was not enough food, coal in the winter, shelter, or basic necessities. Starvation and illness from the over-crowded, deplorable conditions inside the Warsaw ghetto killed many. From July 22 until September 12, 1942, about 265,000 Jews were deported from Warsaw to the Treblinka extermination camp while approximately 35,000 Jews inside the ghetto were killed. Then there was relative quiet until January 1943 when a second major wave of deportation started. When German SS and police units, assisted by auxiliaries entered the ghetto, they were surprised to be met with organized armed resistance and withdrew. When they returned on April 19, 1943, stiff resistance that continued for three weeks met the Germans. By the time the better-armed Germans ended the operation on May 16, 1943, the ghetto was largely destroyed. At least 7,000 Jews sided during the fighting, another 42,000 survivors were captured and deported, and approximately 10,000 escaped to the Aryan side of the city.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=568.0,1013.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePre-WWII Warsaw had a thriving herring business, as the fish was a staple component of Polish cuisine, often sold in large quantities to restaurants and households.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=568.0,1013.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSokolow Podlaski [Polish: Sokołów Podlaski] is a town in Poland, It is located about 50 miles east of Warsaw, Poland. The town lies on the Cetynia river and was chartered in 1424. During World War II, the community suffered heavy losses with between 30 percent of residential and 70 percent of the official buildings were destroyed with the population drastically reduced. In August 1941, the Germans created a ghetto where the remaining Jews were held until September 1942. A significant number of the Jewish population were killed in the ghetto, and others were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp. The city was liberated in August 1944. Before World War II, the community was known for being a vibrant commercial and artisan center with a very significant Jewish community. After the war, it developed various industries including chemical, furniture, and meat processing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=568.0,1013.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Holocaust, the Nazi regime used cattle cars (freight wagons) as a primary tool for the mass deportation of Jewish people and other targeted groups to concentration and extermination camps in occupied Poland. Originally designed for livestock or cargo, these cars became infamous \"death trains\" due to the lethal conditions inside.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=568.0,1013.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBlack markets emerged during and after World War II amid the shortages experienced due to the war and Holocaust. Although illegal, people used the black market to purchase necessary food and other items illegally. It provided opportunities for people to enrich themselves buy selling items on the black market.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=568.0,1013.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphus is a disease spread by lice, fleas or mites. During World War II, typhus epidemics killed many individuals in POW camps, ghettos and in concentration camps who were held in unhygienic conditions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1015.0,1101.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnapa, Russia is a port city on the Black Sea that dates back to the 14\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e century. It was occupied by German troops in August 1942. For more than a year, it was a key strategic point on the Taman Peninsula. The Russian Red Army liberated the city in September 1943. During the occupation, the city was severely damage. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1015.0,1101.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRit dye is a popular, versatile brand of household fabric dye used to color clothing, fabrics, and various materials. It is available in liquid and powder forms. Charles Huffman founded the company in 1918. The company was named for Louis L. Rittehouse, who helped the company financially and was its first vice-president.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1105.0,1244.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBabushka\u003c/em\u003e is the Russian word for grandmother, representing a caring, elderly woman figure in Slavic culture. It is often used to describe a headscarf tied under the chin worn by older women or used interchangeably for a Matryoshka \"nesting\" doll. The term is generally an affectionate, everyday term for a grandmother.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1105.0,1244.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMichael “Pichulik” Perry (b. 1944) was born in Russia to Chaskiel and Lena Grynblat Pichulik. After several years with his family in various Displaced Persons camp, they immigrated to Atlanta, Georgia. He attended Henry Grady High School and the University of Georgia. In 1971, he married Joy Linsky and they have three children. He has changed his last name to Perry. He and Joy live in Boston, Massachusetts.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1246.0,1340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLouis Pichulik (1945-2017) was born in Anapa, Russia to Rubin and Sara Greenblat Pichulik. After several years in various Displaced Person camps, he and his family immigrated to the United States in 1951. He grew up in Atlanta, Georgia. He attended Henry Grady High School and Tulane University. He worked in real estate including commercial real estate. In 1976, he married Mary Jo David, and they had four children, Elissa, Suzanne, Margo, who died as an infant, and David. He and Jo were members of Ahavath Achim Synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1246.0,1340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbraham “Jim” Pichulik (1947-1999) was born in Munich, Germany to Chaskiel and Lena Grynblat Pichulik. After a few years with his family in Displaced Person camp, he and his family immigrated to Atlanta, Georgia. He attended Henry Grady High School. He had four children with his first wife. He also had a step-son with his second wife, Bonnie. He attended Ahavath Achim Synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1383.0,1519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBoston, Massachusetts is the capital and largest city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The city was founded in 1630 by Puritan settlers. During the American Revolution, the city was the location of various key events including the Boston Tea Party, the Boston Massacre, and the siege of Boston.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1383.0,1519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: b’nai mitzvah] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1383.0,1519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bat mitzvah [Hebrew: daughter of commandments] is a rite of passage for Jewish girls aged 12 years and one day according to her Hebrew birthday. Many girls have their bat mitzvah around age 13, the same as boys who have their bar mitzvah at that age. The bat mitzvah girl is now duty bound to keep the commandments. Synagogue ceremonies are held for bat mitzvah girls in Reform and Conservative communities, but it has not won the approval of Orthodox rabbis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1383.0,1519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue (often referred to as \"AA\") was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2022, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area and its current Senior Rabbi is Laurence Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1726.0,1778.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Michael Zukor (b. 1952) was born in the Bronx, New York to Lee and Nettie Zukor. He attended Bronx High School of Science and New York University. He worked as an orthodontist in Miami, Florida and later Atlanta, Georgia. In 1984, he married Jeannette Pichulik, and they have one daughter, Laura.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1778.0,1794.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLaura Zukor (b. 1985) is the daughter of Dr. Michael and Jeannette Pichulik Zukor. She grew up in Atlanta, Georgia. She attended Galloway High School and Indiana University. Laura works a nurse at Emory University Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1778.0,1794.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University Hospital was opened in 1904 and was originally housed in a downtown Atlanta mansion that had be spared by General Sherman during the Civil War. In November 1922, it was moved to its current location in DeKalb County near the Emory University campus. The hospital has grown to a 733-bed facility that is staffed by the Emory University School of Medicine faculty.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1778.0,1794.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEliezer \"Elie\" Wiesel (1928-2016) was a Romanian-born American writer, professor, political activist, Nobel laureate, and Holocaust survivor. He authored 57 books, written mostly in French and English, including Night, a work based on his experiences as a Jewish prisoner in the Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps. In his political activities, Wiesel became a regular speaker on the subject of the Holocaust and remained a strong defender of human rights during his lifetime. He also advocated for many other causes like the state of Israel and against Hamas and victims of oppression including Soviet and Ethiopian Jews, the apartheid in South Africa, the Bosnian genocide, and the Armenian genocide. He was a professor of the humanities at Boston University, which created the Elie Wiesel Center for Jewish Studies in his honor. He helped establish the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. Wiesel was awarded various prestigious awards including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986. He was a founding board member of the New York Human Rights Foundation and remained active in it throughout his life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1830.0,1856.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Sophie's Choice” is a 1982 film adapted from William Styron's 1979 novel of the same name. In the story, Sophie, a Polish Catholic, is forced to make an agonizing decision while imprisoned in Auschwitz-Birkenau. The phrase has since become a cultural reference for any difficult choice where one must sacrifice something significant.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1856.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1860.0,1903.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1860.0,1903.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConfirmation is a coming-of-age ritual that originated in the Reform movement, which scorned the idea that at 13 years of age a child was an adult. They replaced bar and bat mitzvah with a confirmation ceremony at about age 16 to 18. In some Conservative synagogues the confirmation concept has been adopted as a way to continue and child’s Jewish education and involvement for a few more years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1904.0,1933.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1933.0,1946.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the antisemitic stereotypes about Jewish people is they have horns. The idea came from widespread medieval imagery that was based upon a misinterpretation of the Hebrew bible when it was translated into Latin. The Hebrew phrase garen pnei Moshe was translated as “horns around Moses’ face” even though garen alternative meaning was “glorified” or “rays of light.” The imagery was widely portrayed in art during the Middle Ages and led to the widespread idea that all Jewish had devilish horns. This stereotype and others were seized on by the Nazis to characterize Jews as sub-human or disfigured humans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=1946.0,2012.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUntil the Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially ended what were known as “Jim Crow” laws, racial segregation was mandated in practically every aspect of public life in the South beginning in the 1890's. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. Private businesses, political parties, and unions also created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring Blacks from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2012.0,2022.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Fox Theatre is located on Peachtree Street in Midtown Atlanta. The theater was originally planned as part of a large Shrine Temple as evidenced by its Moorish design. The theater was ultimately developed as a lavish movie palace, opening in 1929. The auditorium replicates an Arabian courtyard under a night sky of flickering stars and drifting clouds. The Fox Theatre now hosts cultural and artistic events, and concerts by popular artists.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2022.0,2079.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for Black and white students unconstitutional. The ruling paved the way for integration and the civil rights movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2079.0,2087.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB'nai B'rith Girls or BBG is the female order of the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (BBYO), a youth movement that grew out of B’nai B’rith International, a Jewish service organization. BBG was founded in 1944 for teenage Jewish girls. Chapters of girls soon sprung up throughout the United States and Canada. Today, it is an international sorority. The male brother order is the Aleph Zadik Aleph (AZA).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2112.0,2142.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVirginia-Highland (often nicknamed \"VaHi\") is an affluent neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia, founded in the early 20th century as a streetcar suburb. It is named after the intersection of Virginia Avenue and North Highland Avenue, the heart of its trendy retail district at the center of the neighborhood. The neighborhood is famous for its bungalows and other historic houses from the 1910s to the 1930s. It has become a destination for people across Atlanta with its eclectic mix of restaurants, bars, and shops as well as for the Summerfest festival, annual Tour of Homes and other events.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2144.0,2263.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGirls’ High School was one of seven schools as part of the original Atlanta public school system. It opened in 1872, and was the only public school in the area exclusively for girls. In 1947, Atlanta high schools became co-educational, and Girls’ High was renamed Roosevelt High School, which in turn closed in 1985 when it merged with Hoke Smith High School to become Southside High School (now Maynard H. Jackson High School). As of 2022, the building formerly housing Girls’ High School in the Grant Park neighborhood is a luxury apartment complex.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2144.0,2263.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoys’ High School was founded in 1924. It later merged with Tech High and became coeducational and became known as Henry W. Grady High School. It is part of the Atlanta Public School System. It has had many notable alumni, including S. Truett Cathy, the founder of Chick-fil-A. It is located in Midtown Atlanta. In 2020, the Atlanta School Board voted to rename the school “Midtown High School” beginning in the 2021-2022 school year.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2144.0,2263.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorningside Elementary School is an Atlanta Public School that opened in 1929 in the Morningside neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia. Morningside feeds into Inman Middle School and Grady High School. It serves the neighborhoods of Morningside, Lenox Park, Sherwood Forest, Piedmont Heights, and Ansley Park.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2144.0,2263.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorningside/Lenox Park is a neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia founded in 1923. It is located north of Virginia-Highland, east of Ansley Park and west of Druid Hills. Approximately 3,500 households comprise the neighborhood that includes the original subdivisions of Morningside, Lenox Park, University Park, Noble Park, Johnson Estates and Hylan Park. After World War II, residents of heavily Jewish Washington-Rawson and Summerhill neighborhoods south of the State Capitol relocated to northeast Atlanta including Morningside when those old Jewish neighborhoods were demolished to make way for the Downtown Connector freeway and Turner Field.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2144.0,2263.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMidtown High School, formerly Henry W. Grady High School, is a public high school located in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It began as Boys High School and was one of the first two high schools established by Atlanta Public Schools in 1872. The school began using the name Grady in 1947. In 2020, it was renamed Midtown High School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2144.0,2263.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMary Jo David Pichulik (b. 1949) was raised in Dewy Rose, Georgia. She attended Elbert County High School and the Medical College of Georgia for her master’s in nursing. In May 1976, she married Louis Pichulik and they had four children, Elissa, Suzanne, Margo, who died as an infant, and David.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2278.0,2407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life, also known as Hillel International, is the largest Jewish college campus organization in the world, working with college students globally. Hillel is represented at more than 850 colleges and communities. The foundation was founded in 1923 by Benjamin Frankel and today the organization aims to serve and support all kinds of Jewish students in expressing their Judaism. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2278.0,2407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2278.0,2407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2278.0,2407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlan Zukor (b. 1950) was born in the Bronx, New York. He is the son of Lee and Nettie Zukor. He attended dental school at Emory University. He practiced in New York and later in Florida. He is the older brother of Michael Zukor and brother-in-law to Jeannette Zukor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2278.0,2407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiami is a city located in south Florida on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. It is the second largest city in Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County. It is a major center and leader in finance, commerce, culture, arts, and international trade.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2408.0,2471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Stones of Remembrance Project is annual activity that is sponsored by The Breman Museum, the Lillian and Al Weinberg Center for Holocaust Education, Eternal-Life Hemshech, and the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta. It’s goal is to help memorialize the 1.5 million Jewish children who were killed during the Holocaust. The program involves students from public and private school in metro Atlanta. Participates are provided with the name of a murdered child, their date and place of birth, and their date and place of death. The information is written on the provided stone and they are decorated. The stones are added to Holocaust memorials at their school, The Breman, or they may take the stone home to place in a place of remembrance. Jeannette Zukor has been very involved in the program and has served as chair of the project.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2471.0,2504.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGreenwood Cemetery, opened in 1904, is designed in the Lawn style, with long vistas in all directions. Greenwood has a large Jewish section. Greenwood Cemetery is also the home of the Memorial to the Six Million, where Holocaust remembrance services are held every spring.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2570.0,2662.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Memorial to the Six Million is a granite monument topped by six torches, with each torch representing 1,000,000 Jews killed in the Holocaust. Eternal-Life Hemshech, an organization of Holocaust survivors, at Greenwood Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia erected it on April 25, 1965. It was designed by survivor and architect Benjamin Hirsch (1932-2018).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2570.0,2662.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEternal Life-Hemshech is an organization of Atlanta Holocaust survivors, their descendants and friends dedicated to commemorating the 6,000,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Approximately 100 Holocaust survivors living in Atlanta, Georgia founded Eternal Life-Hemshech in 1964. Hemshech is a Hebrew word that means “continuation.” Their purpose was to \"perpetuate the memory of their beloved families along with all of the six million Jewish victims of the Holocaust.\" The group wanted the memorial to serve as a place to say Kaddish, the Jewish prayer for the dead. The committee was comprised Abraham Gastfiend, Mala Gastfiend, Gaston Nitka, Rubin Lansky, and Rubin Pichulik. Dr. Leon Rosen served as chairman and Lola Lansky and Nathan Bromberg were co- chairs. The Memorial to Six Million was dedicated in Atlanta’s Greenwood Cemetery in 1965.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2570.0,2662.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Weinberg Center for Holocaust Education, located at The Breman Museum in Atlanta, provides education, remembrance, and community programs focusing on the Holocaust. Key initiatives include the \"Stones of Remembrance\" project for students, gallery tours, and survivor stories. It serves to educate on the past, fostering moral courage and preventing bullying.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2570.0,2662.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLiliane “Lili” Kshensky Baxter (b. 1947) was born in Stockholm, Sweden. Her parents were originally from Poland and were Holocaust survivors. She lost one brother in the Holocaust. Her family eventually immigrated to the United States. She grew up in New York and is a graduate of the Workers Circle Middle and High Schools. She holds at PhD from Emory University in Women’s Studies and Human Development. She began teaching women’s studies in 1970 at the University of Pittsburgh and nonviolence in 1979 in Atlanta. She later served as director of Nonviolence Research and Studies at the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. She returned to the Center in 2018 as Senior Nonviolence Trainer and Expert-in-Residence. Lili also served for over a decade as director of the Weinberg Center for Holocaust Education. She has served on national and international boards of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), the world’s oldest pacifist interfaith social justice organization. She has taught nonviolence around the world, including Russia, Japan and Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2570.0,2662.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFilm director Steven Spielberg (of Schindler’s List fame) established the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation in 1994 to gather video testimonies from survivors and other witnesses of the Holocaust. In addition to interviewing primarily Jewish survivors, homosexual survivors, Jehovah’s Witness survivors, liberators and liberation witnesses, political prisoners, rescuers and aid providers, Roma and Sinti survivors, survivors of Eugenics policies, and war crimes trials participants were also interviewed. In 2005, the collection was transferred to the University of Southern California. Today, it is known as the USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education and the collection includes nearly 52,000 video testimonies of Holocaust survivors. The archive has also been expanded to include another 10,000 testimonies of witnesses from other genocides, including Rwanda.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2570.0,2662.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaddish [Hebrew: holy] is a hymn of praises to G-d found in the Jewish prayer service that is recited aloud while standing. The central theme of the Kaddish is the magnification and sanctification of G-d's name. Along with the Shema and Amidah, the Kaddish is one of the most important and central elements in the Jewish liturgy. Mourner's Kaddish is said at all prayer services and certain other occasions. Following the death of a parent, child, spouse, or sibling it is customary to recite the Mourner's Kaddish in the presence of a congregation daily for 30 days, or 11 months in the case of a parent, and then at every anniversary of the death. It is important to note that the Mourner's Kaddish does not mention death at all, but instead praises G-d.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2678.0,3039.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBen Hirsch (1932-2018) was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany and was a survivor of the Holocaust. He immigrated to the U.S. after the war and settled in Atlanta. He graduated from Georgia Tech and became a well-known architect. He the architect of the Memorial of The Six Million at the Greenwood Cemetery and the Holocaust exhibit at the William Breman Heritage Museum. He served as the president of Congregation Beth Jacob and Yeshiva High School. Hirsch was also a founding member of Eternal-Life Hemshech, the Atlanta Holocaust Survivors organization. He and his wife, Jacqueline had four children and 23 grandchildren.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2678.0,3039.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbraham (Abe) Besser (1925-2021) was a Polish Holocaust survivor who immigrated to the United States in 1949 a and settled in Atlanta, where he opened a successful construction company. Abe built Eternal Life-Hemshech’s Memorial to the Six Million at Greenwood Cemetery. Abe and his wife, Marlene Gelernter Besser, were also the benefactors of the Besser Holocaust Memorial Garden at the Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta. Abe’s testimony is housed at the Breman Museum’s Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2678.0,3039.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Hazikaron laShoah ve-laG'vurah [Hebrew: Day of (remembrance of) the Holocaust and the Heroism] known colloquially in Israel and abroad as Yom HaShoah, or in English as Holocaust Remembrance Day. It marks the anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and is on the 27th day in the month of Nisan. In Atlanta, Georgia, a Yom HaShoah service is held annually at the Memorial to Six Million in Greenwood Cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2678.0,3039.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Jewish Federation (often known as the \"Federation\" or the \"Fed\") is the secular primary Jewish nonprofit organization found within most metropolitan areas (or sometimes states) in North America that host a substantial Jewish community. The national umbrella organization for the federations is the Jewish Federations of North America. The Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta was formally incorporated in 1967 as a merger of three precursor organizations: the Atlanta Federation for Jewish Social Service (founded in 1905), the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund (founded in 1936), and the Atlanta Jewish Community Council (founded in 1945). It is a regional branch of the Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA). The Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds, which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community. Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, and educational opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2678.0,3039.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYad Vashem is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, also known as Righteous Among the Nations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=2678.0,3039.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrook Run Park is the largest park in Dunwoody, Georgia. It includes about 110 acres and serves as a major community recreational hub in Dunwoody. The park includes a large playground, skate park, dog park, community garden, and amphitheater.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3044.0,3110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMary Lin Elementary is a public Kindergarten-fifth grade school is part of the Atlanta Public Schools in Atlanta, Georgia. It was built in the late 1920’s but was not open to African American children until 1965. It is noted for a strong focus on STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, Math) education. The school serves the Candler Park, Inman Park, and Lake Claire neighborhoods.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3044.0,3110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Daffodil Project was started in 2010 to organize annual plantings of thousands of daffodils The project’s goal is to plant 1.5 million daffodils to honor and represent the same number of children who perished during the Holocaust. The daffodil was selected for the project to represent the strength and resilience of the human spirit. The flower’s color symbolizes yellow stars that Jews were forced to wear during the Holocaust. Yellow is the color of remembrance and daffodils represent hope for the future.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3044.0,3110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarist School is an independent private Roman Catholic college preparatory school in Brookhaven, Georgia, north of Atlanta. It was founded in 1901, and is operated independently of the Archdiocese of Atlanta. The school originally was a boys’ military school, but later became a co-educational preparatory school.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3044.0,3110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrédéric Chopin (1810-1849) is widely considered to be one of Poland’s greatest composers. Chopin had a long-time love affair with French novelist Aurore Dedevant, also known as George Sand. The couple lived outside of Paris, France for many years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3127.0,3190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWashington University in St. Louis is a private research university in St. Louis, Missouri. It was founded in 1853 by a group of civic leaders and was named for George Washington. The university is made up of 10 schools. The Washington University School of Medicine was founded in 1891 and shares a campus with Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, and the Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3205.0,3306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSt. Louis is located in east-central Missouri near the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. Native Americans originally inhabited the area for generations before European settlers came. French fur traders founded the city in 1764 and named it for King Louis IX of France. By the 1800s, the city became a major port city on the Mississippi River. Today, the city is the second largest city in Missouri.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3205.0,3306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGrady Memorial Hospital is the largest hospital in Georgia, and the fifth-largest public hospital in the United States. It is considered one of premier public hospitals in the Southeast. The 961-bed hospital was founded in 1890.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3205.0,3306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorgia State University is a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia. It was founded in 1913 and today has seven campuses around the Atlanta metro area. It is part of the University System of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3312.0,3549.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Galloway School is a co-educational, private school in Atlanta, Georgia for students in grades kindergarten through ninth grade. It was founded by Elliott Galloway in 1969.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3312.0,3549.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDomino's Pizza is the world’s largest pizza chain. It was founded in 1960 in Ypsilanti, Michigan when brothers Tom and James Monaghan purchased a small pizza restaurant chain, known as DomiNick’s. In 1965, it was renamed to Domino’s. The companies logo of three dots on a domino represented the three pizzerias that Tom Monaghan had purchased by 1965.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3312.0,3549.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChick-fil-A is an American fast-food restaurant chain and the largest chain specializing in chicken sandwiches. It was founded in 1946 with its first franchise opening in 1967. It is headquartered in College Park, Georgia. The company’s value are still heavily influenced by the Christian religious beliefs of its late founder, S. Truett Cathy, and all the restaurants are closed on Sunday, Thanksgiving, and Christmas Day. The company’s conservative stance and opposition to same-sex marriage has caused controversy. In 2019, the company began to loosen its stance on the issue and agreed to stop donating to center organizations opposed to same-sex marriage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3312.0,3549.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700/annotation_set/2695/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGoldberg's Fine Foods is a popular Atlanta, Georgia-based Jewish deli and restaurant chain established in 1972. There nine locations are known for blending traditional deli fare with Southern comfort food including their bagels and Po’Boy sandwiches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/173590/file/312700#t=3312.0,3549.0"}]}]}]}