{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/h41jh3dw4m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Freedman, Adalbert"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1990-12-15 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAdalbert Freedman interviewed by Lila Beth Young on December 15, 1990.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eAdalbert Freedman was born in Strasbourg, France. He came to the United States in 1921 to join his uncle in Philadelphia. His first employment was at Sears, Roebuck and Co. and Peoples Bank and Trust Company. He attended Temple University in Philadelphia, graduating in 1932 with a law degree. In 1934, he settled in Atlanta, where he was first employed by the Federal Reserve Bank. He was active in the Zionist movement and was an active member of B’nai B’rith and the Zionist District of Atlanta. In 1939, he and Miriam were married. They were members of the Temple in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eAdalbert Freedman begins the interview talking about his grandparents and their roots in Czechoslovakia and Vienna. He talks about his father, who was born in Hungary, and his livelihood as a tailor of lady’s clothing to order. He reflects on his father’s socialist and secular background. Mr. Freedman talks about his childhood in Strasbourg, France, and attending school. He reflects on antisemitism in Europe, how little of it he saw, and how it changed after World War I. He speaks in great detail about the history of Jews in Europe and Palestine and traces the history in Europe that led to the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMr. Freedman talks about leaving Europe at the age of 18 and coming to the United States. He discusses the various employment opportunities he had in Philadelphia and his decision to attend university. He discusses living in Savannah before moving to Atlanta. He discusses his employment opportunities in Atlanta. He talks about his active participation in the local Zionist movement and how his concern for the Jews in Europe had galvanized his activism. He discusses organizing Zionist groups and the support he received from Zionist-oriented rabbis. He talks about meeting his wife, Miriam, in Atlanta and their double dates. He tells of their interest and participation together in the Zionist movement.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28796"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Freedman, Adalbert (personal name)","Strasbourg, France (geographic term)","Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (geographic term)","Sears, Roebuck and Company (corporate name)","Peoples Bank and Trust Company (corporate name)","Temple University (corporate name)","Atlanta, Georgia, USA (geographic term)","Zionist District of Atlanta (corporate name)","Freedman, Miriam (personal name)","Zionism (topical term)","Jews in Europe (topical)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAdalbert Freedman interviewed by Lila Beth Young on December 15, 1990.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdalbert Freedman was born in Strasbourg, France. He came to the United States in 1921 to join his uncle in Philadelphia. His first employment was at Sears, Roebuck and Co. and Peoples Bank and Trust Company. He attended Temple University in Philadelphia, graduating in 1932 with a law degree. In 1934, he settled in Atlanta, where he was first employed by the Federal Reserve Bank. He was active in the Zionist movement and was an active member of B\u0026rsquo;nai B\u0026rsquo;rith and the Zionist District of Atlanta. In 1939, he and Miriam were married. They were members of the Temple in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdalbert Freedman begins the interview talking about his grandparents and their roots in Czechoslovakia and Vienna. He talks about his father, who was born in Hungary, and his livelihood as a tailor of lady\u0026rsquo;s clothing to order. He reflects on his father\u0026rsquo;s socialist and secular background. Mr. Freedman talks about his childhood in Strasbourg, France, and attending school. He reflects on antisemitism in Europe, how little of it he saw, and how it changed after World War I. He speaks in great detail about the history of Jews in Europe and Palestine and traces the history in Europe that led to the Holocaust.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMr. Freedman talks about leaving Europe at the age of 18 and coming to the United States. He discusses the various employment opportunities he had in Philadelphia and his decision to attend university. He discusses living in Savannah before moving to Atlanta. He discusses his employment opportunities in Atlanta. He talks about his active participation in the local Zionist movement and how his concern for the Jews in Europe had galvanized his activism. He discusses organizing Zionist groups and the support he received from Zionist-oriented rabbis. He talks about meeting his wife, Miriam, in Atlanta and their double dates. He tells of their interest and participation together in the Zionist movement.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Freedman_Adalbert.mp3"]},"duration":6689.09714,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/148/470/original/Freedman_Adalbert.mp3?1643627687","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mp3","duration":6689.09714,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Adalbert Freedman [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNG: This is Lila Beth Young interviewing Adalbert Freedman December 15.\nTell me what you recall about your grandparents and their background. Where they\nwere born.\n\nFREEDMAN: My grandfather on my mother's side was born in Czechoslovakia. His\nname was Joseph Fischer. I don't recall my grandmother on my mother's side, but\nshe was born in Vienna. My grandparents on my father's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were born in Nagyvárad,\nHungary. His name was Sigmund Freedman. Her maiden name was Bergenshafer [sp]. I\nremember that about her. I remember them dimly on my father's side. On my\nmother's side, I remember them better. My grandmother on my mother's side, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\ndon't remember. My grandfather had remarried. She was the second wife. She was\nnot my grandmother. I don't remember my grandmother on my mother's side at all.\nBut my grandfather I remember because I spent a year in Vienna at the end of\nWorld War I.\n\nYOUNG: You lived with him?\n\nFREEDMAN: At the end of World War I. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were secular truce. I mean, they\ndidn't keep [indistinct]. This was pretty much the case of my grandparents too.\nMy father was decidedly secular. He was a socialist in those days under the\nKaiser and that wasn't so kosher.\n\nYOUNG: What did he do?\n\nFREEDMAN: But there was a socialist party ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under the German Reich. The German\nsocialist, as is well known, agreed to Germany's entrance into World War I,\nwhich was held against them by the socialists international. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"situation was\nsimply that we were not exactly . . . I was not removed from Jewish life for the\nsimple reason that we belonged to the [indistinct]. We had a Sunday school\nthere. Aside from that, my parents did not participate in anything in particular\nand did not observe much in the home.\n\nYOUNG: Were you socially intermingled with other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religions?\n\nFREEDMAN: Absolutely. In Strasbourg [France], at the time, there was very, very\nlittle antisemitism. In fact, it did not come into play until the end of World\nWar I when [Adolf] Hitler and his group played it up. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't recall exactly\nwhen Mein Kampf was written, but it was written in the early 1920s when Hitler\nwas in jail in Lüneburg [West Germany]. We never suffered from any antisemitism\nexcept that I do remember one instance. We were only about five Jews in my\nclass. The class consisted of about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"45 or 50 pupils. There was one pupil in\nthere, one of our Jewish group. His name was Samelson. You spell it\nS-A-M-E-L-S-O-N. One of the teachers, evidently, was a little bit antisemitic.\nEvery time he called him by saying Sam Wells, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not Samelson. Sam Wells to let him\nknow. He changed his name. That wasn't actually the name that he had been . . .\nshould have gone under. He should have hid himself, which he couldn't do very\nwell either because he was very Jewish looking. Aside from that, I don't recall\nany instances of discrimination or antisemitism at the time.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNG: What did your father do?\n\nFREEDMAN: My father was what you would call a glorified tailor. He would make\nlady's garments to order. Actually, he got a job in Alsace-Lorraine [France]\nbecause he had a reputation for doing good work. A firm called Karp and Company\noffered him a job. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My parents married, and they moved to Strasbourg. Actually,\nthey did not meet there. They were not married there. They were married in a\nplace called Memel [Lithuania], which is today [indistinct], which belongs to\nItaly. After he got this job, they moved to Strasbourg. He stayed with that firm\nfor a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"number of years and then went into business for himself. This is how I\nhappened to be born there because the background is Austria-Hungarian. This is\nthe background of the family. In other words, we didn't actually fit into the\nmilieu of the settled French Jews who had been living there. We were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of\ninterlopers. So were the German Jews for that, matter, because Alsace-Lorraine\nbecame German in 1871 at the close of the Franco-Prussian War, when under the\ntreaty of peace, they took Alsace and Lorraine away from the French and gave it\nto the Germans. But most of the Jews, we shall call anciens juifs, the ancient\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews, the settled Jews there, had French sympathies all the time because their\nrecord went back decades before that time. So, the German Jews and Jews like us,\nAustro-Hungarian Jews, were immigrants who came into Alsace-Lorraine after 1871.\nIn 1918, at the close of World War I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the French took Alsace-Lorraine back,\nthe German Jews and we were the first ones to be expelled. I wasn't expelled,\nbut my father died before the order of expulsion came through. My father died in\n1920. I was left there with the business. They appointed a guardian for me. The\nguardian liquidated . . .\n\nYOUNG: You were an only child?\n\nFREEDMAN: I was an only child. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They liquidated the business. What I did after\nthe business was liquidate. I moved to Vienna with my grandfather on my mother's\nside where I stayed one year.\n\nYOUNG: How old were you?\n\nFREEDMAN: I was at the time, let me see, 18 years of age. The conditions in\nVienna were such after World War I, I mean, everything was chaotic. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Austrian\nEmpire had collapsed. The economy was in a shambles. I happened to get a job\nwith a Polish export-import firm, a Jewish Polish export-import firm.\n\nYOUNG: How did you get that job?\n\nFREEDMAN: I got that job through . . . I had an aunt on my father's . . .\nactually, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she was the daughter of my father's second marriage. She had been\nworking with them. It was an export-import firm. The name was Kollovski and\nPalpantasous [sp]. One of the partners was a Jew from Lódź, Poland. The other,\nPalpantasous, was a Greek. They formed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that firm, and I worked for them a year.\n\nYOUNG: What language did you speak?\n\nFREEDMAN: The language that I spoke was German.\n\nYOUNG: What did they speak? How did you communicate?\n\nFREEDMAN: They spoke German. They spoke a broken German, but I had no problem\nwith them. For one thing, Kollovski spoke, of course, a good Yiddish. I didn't\nknow any Yiddish, but I picked up his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish. I know today that Yiddish is a\nmedieval German jargon. Sixty percent or seventy percent of it comes from German\nroots, so I picked it up very, very easily. In fact, later on when I came to\nPhiladelphia, I used that to advantage in a Jewish bank. I don't want to get\nahead of myself. I stayed in Vienna, Austria. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It so happens--and this was really\na miracle--I had at the time an uncle in Budapest who was my father's youngest\nbrother. He was in the haberdashery business. He had kept in touch with another\nbrother of my fathers who had married a Jewish woman from Kaschau, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary,\nwhich is now Czechoslovakia, and come to the United States. This brother visited\nme. Every time he came on a sales junket to Vienna, he called on us. He came to\nsee us. He was interested in how I was getting along. I was an only child. He\nfelt that he had a sort of a sense of responsibility for my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"welfare. He says to\nme, \"Why don't you get in touch with Uncle Eugene in the United States? He lives\nin Philadelphia.\"\n\nYOUNG: This is another brother?\n\nFREEDMAN: Yes. That's the other brother. That's the one that moved to the United\nStates. In other words, this is how I came to the United States through my Uncle\nEarnest in Budapest. My father had no connection with the brother in . . . even\nbefore the war, for the simple reason that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my father was not religious, and this\nother brother of his, Eugene, who lived in the United States, who had married\nthis Czechoslovakian woman. She was very, very Orthodox, and they used to get\ninto fights many years ago. So, there was no connection. Anyway, my father's\nyounger brother who visited me in Vienna ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"Why don't you get in touch with\nUncle Eugene in the United States because there's no future for you in Austria.\nI mean, there's a tremendous amount of antisemitism here. The economy is in\nshambles. What are you going to do? You're a young man. You're looking for a\nfuture. Get out of Europe, if you can.\" That was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1920 after I moved from\nStrasbourg to my grandparents. Well, I did that.\n\nYOUNG: How did your grandparents feel about that?\n\nFREEDMAN: My grandfather says, \"You go. That's perfectly all right. Because if\nyou don't do it, and we are commended that you try something.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This aunt of mine\nalso had a connection with some business people in Trieste, Italy. If I hadn't\ngone to the United States, they would have sent me to Trieste because there was\nno future in Austria. They told me that there was nothing doing here. You have\nno future. So, I wrote to my uncle in Philadelphia. He was a very, very nice\nguy. He sent me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an affidavit to come to the United States. I said, \"You don't\nhave to send me any money. My guardian has some money that was put in trust\nafter my father died. And that's enough for a boat ticket and incidentals. If\nyou will just send me an affidavit so that I can get a visa and a permit to come\nto the United States, it will be all right. That's all you need to do.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he\ndid that. I don't think that . . . today, as I reflect on it, I think that he\ntook his courage in both hands because I don't think that his wife was very much\nin favor of my coming to the United States. She didn't like anything about my\nfather or mother. As a matter of fact, he must have done it on his own. I don't\nthink that he asked many questions for his wife. Anyhow, I came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the United\nStates and immediately got me a job here. I was working as a stock boy in a\nclothing store in Philadelphia, $10 a week.\n\nYOUNG: Did you live with him?\n\nFREEDMAN: For a while. He got me a room with a German lady, not a Jewish lady.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He worked for the Philadelphia Electric Company, and she was a cleaning woman\nfor the Philadelphia Electric Company, a very nice woman though. She was a\nGerman Christian woman. She was looking for a lodger. He said, \"Look, Mrs.\nIrwinseth [sp] is looking for a lodger. She'll have a room for you.\" At that\ntime, even when you only make $10 a week, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you could spend $2.50 for lodging and\nthe rest you eat. Anyway, I went there and I stayed with her. I worked in that\nclothing store for about a year.\n\nYOUNG: Was that some connection of his that got you the job there? Did he know\nthe people?\n\nFREEDMAN: I'm coming to this. My father worked for the Philadelphia Electric\nCompany. One ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day, this lady with whom I roomed came to me. She says, \"Look,\nthey're looking for a clerk in the office. Would you like to have something\nbetter than what you got now?\" All you're doing right now is picking up clothes\nfrom the floor that the ladies after they tried them on. They throw them on the\nfloor. You have to pick them up and hang them up. There was no future in this\njob anyway, not that there was much future ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the Philadelphia Electric\nCompany as a clerk. Anyway, they paid better. So, I went to see the manager. The\nmanager offered me $12.50 a week. That was $2.50 more. In those days . . .\n\nYOUNG: Very good.\n\nFREEDMAN: I took it. I stayed with them for about a year. The Sears, Roebuck and\nCo. opened up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a big store in Philadelphia. Sears, Roebuck and Co. on [Roosevelt]\nBoulevard. I heard that they were looking for help. I went to Sears, Roebuck and\nCo. They paid me $20 a week.\n\nYOUNG: Wow.\n\nFREEDMAN: Quite an advancement. I went to Sears Roebuck and Co. I stayed with\nthem about a year. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I got into an argument with one of the bosses, and I got\nfired. They let me go. That was something that I didn't like, and my friends\ndidn't like it. I was sort of on my own, but I had saved some money, so I could\ntide myself ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over. Comes another break. Peoples Bank and Trust Company was\nlooking for somebody who could speak languages.\n\nYOUNG: How did you find out about that job?\n\nFREEDMAN: The Peoples Bank and Trust Company? I found it out through a friend of\nmine at the YMWHA. He had heard about the job from somebody. I don't know how,\nbut he told me that they were looking for somebody. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went to see them. They\noffered me a job with them in the foreign department at a salary of $25 a week.\nI took this job. Actually, I didn't spend much time in the foreign department.\nWhat they did is they moved me to the saving fund department. In the saving fund\ndepartment, I really brushed up on my Yiddish, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because in the saving fund\ndepartment, there were a lot of Jewish customers. It was located on 5th and\nBainbridge Street in a Jewish neighborhood. There were a lot of them there who\ncouldn't speak any English, particularly among the elderly ladies. They would\ncome in. Naturally, when you open up an account, you have to sign your name and\ngive them signature card with it. They didn't know how to sign their names, so\nyou had to take their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finger prints. They felt very humiliated when you did\nthat, but you had to do it. Anyway, I established a very happy relationship with\nall of these people there. I kept on saving money. I was active in the YMWHA. I\nbecame interested in debating. I became a member of the debating group. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There\nwere some people there who went to law school. I had an idea I wanted to become\na lawyer. What law school could I go to? I couldn't go to the University of\nPennsylvania because I didn't have any money. First of all, I took two years of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"college course.\n\nYOUNG: At night?\n\nFREEDMAN: At Temple University in Philadelphia. That prepared me for the\nso-called preliminary examinations for law school entrance. I took the\npreliminary examinations for law school. I went into law school in the afternoon\nand at night. I graduated from there in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1932. That was a bad year for anybody,\nlawyers, teachers, professional people of all kinds. Under the [Herbert] Hoover\nadministration, 1929, everything went to pot. The stock market went\n[indistinct]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lecturers at universities were standing at street corners. They\nwere hawking apples and delivering lectures in return for some money that was\nthrown their way. It was awful. No opportunities whatsoever. Lawyers became taxi\ncab drivers. They did anything under the sun. Well, I had another break. There\nwas a girl by the name of Becky Rosenthal who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lived in Savannah. She was a\nfriend of another one of my friends at the YMWHA. I had a lot of friends in\nthose days. She said, \"Why don't you come south? See what you can do in Savannah.\"\n\nYOUNG: Was she German? I mean, Austrian?\n\nFREEDMAN: No, Jewish.\n\nYOUNG: She was American?\n\nFREEDMAN: Becky was a Jewish girl. She had a father who was in a retail business\nin Savannah. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went down to Savannah. I soon found out that it wasn't so easy\nbecause, after all, I didn't know anybody except these people. It takes time for\npeople to get to know you before you can get a clientele. As a matter of fact, I\nhad to take the bar examination in Georgia in order to be admitted here. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\ndidn't do anything in the legal line for quite some time and went into the\ninsurance business. At least in the insurance business, you could solicit. At\nthat time, lawyers couldn't solicit. It's not like today on TV where you see law\nfirms solicit. It wasn't ethical to do it. Nobody did it. The family with whom I\nlived, the Shurkus [sp] in Savannah . . .\n\nYOUNG: How did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you come to live with them?\n\nFREEDMAN: The Shurkus were recommended to me through the Rosenthals because I\ncouldn't stay with the Rosenthals. They had a large family. They had no room, so\nI stayed with the Shurkus. Eli Shurkus [sp]. He decided to move to Atlanta. He\nsays to me, \"Why don't you come?\"\n\nYOUNG: Was he a young man? Was he in business?\n\nFREEDMAN: No, he was an elderly man. Wait a minute. Eli was his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"son's name. His\nfather's name, the first name, I don't recall. His name was Shurkus. They moved\nto Atlanta. In Atlanta, they told me there would be better opportunities, so I\nstayed with the Shurkus family in Atlanta. All of this was during the [Great] Depression.\n\nYOUNG: What were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they doing here?\n\nFREEDMAN: The son, I think, ran a shoe business here. The old man didn't do\nanything. I think he had been in the retail business in Savannah, but he didn't\ndo anything. He had a daughter by the name of Rose Shurkus [sp] who was working\nfor the government here. I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"telling you a fantastic story. All of these things\nI could only do because I was footloose. I was not married. I was a single\nperson. I didn't have any brothers and sisters. Whenever these things happened,\nthese opportunities came around, I could take care of it.\n\nYOUNG: How old were you then?\n\nFREEDMAN: When I came to Atlanta in 1934, that means I was 32 years of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"age. I\ngot this job with the Federal Reserve. They paid me $25 a week. I joined the\nB'nai B'rith Lodge and decided to become active in the Jewish community here. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A\nfriend of mine, who is still active in the Temple now, was going with a girl\nfrom Columbus, Georgia, who had come here to work for the HOLC. The Homeowners\nLoan Corporation. She was his girlfriend. He says . . .\n\nYOUNG: Who was it?\n\nFREEDMAN: I'm coming to it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He says, \"I want you to meet my girlfriend.\" I said,\n\"I'll be glad to. Any time.\" I knew some other girls by that time with whom I\nwas dating. I says, \"Why don't we double date, my girlfriend and I. You bring\nyour girlfriend along and we'll double date.\" Fine. But before we double dated,\nthe Philadelphia Orchestra came to town. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went to the Philadelphia Orchestra,\nand he and his girlfriend went to the Philadelphia Orchestra. During the\nintermission, I was looking down the balcony and I saw him standing with his\ngirlfriend down there. He waved me down. Came on down and talked to his\ngirlfriend. We had a little bit of a conversation. His girlfriend told me what\nshe did like and what she didn't like about the concert and all that sort of\nthing. I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they played Beethoven 7th Symphony. They played Pictures at an\nExhibition. [Modest] Mussorgsky. She liked the Mussorgsky very much. She didn't\nlike the Beethoven 7th. So, I said, \"Nice to meet you and see you again.\" Then\nhe calls me up and says about the double date and all. Get your date ready. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\ngot one of the girls that I knew to double date with me, and she double dated\nwith him. One day, I meet his girlfriend on Marietta Street. She says to me,\n\"Why don't you come up and see me sometime?\" I said, \"What's going on?\" I said,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Aren't you going steady with Arthur?\" She says, \"Well, yes and no.\" He and I\nwould eat lunch and stuff at the Greek restaurant called the Ship Ahoy on Luckie\nStreet. I said to him, \"You know, something very strange. Your girlfriend asked\nme to come up and see her.\" [indistinct] I said, \"Look, what's going on here? Is\nit all right with you?\" \"Sure.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He says, \"Sure.\" The outcome of the whole thing\nwas two years from that date, his girlfriend became my wife [Miriam Freedman].\n\nYOUNG: That's sweet. That's a wonderful story. Where was your wife from?\n\nFREEDMAN: Columbus, Georgia.\n\nYOUNG: She's a native.\n\nFREEDMAN: You'll meet her before you leave. She's sitting right in the den.\n\nYOUNG: Okay.\n\nFREEDMAN: She didn't . . .\n\nYOUNG: She didn't want to interrupt.\n\nFREEDMAN: In 1940, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I had been active in the Zionist movement . . .\n\nYOUNG: What year did you get married?\n\nFREEDMAN: We got married in 1939 on December 24. We'll have our 51st anniversary\non the 24th.\n\nYOUNG: That's marvelous.\n\nFREEDMAN: As I said, I was active in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"B'nai B'rith and in the local Zionist\ndistrict. The local Zionist district was very much concerned at the time,\nnaturally, this was early in 1934 or 1938, about the situation in Europe about\nthe persecutions of the Jews under Hitler. They asked me to present an analysis\nof the situation in Europe from my point of view, which I did.\n\nYOUNG: Did you still have family there? Did you still have family at that point\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Europe?\n\nFREEDMAN: At that point, no, my grandfather had died. My aunt was still living.\nAs a matter of fact, my aunt was among the survivors. She died only five years\nago. I was active in the Zionist District [of Atlanta]. Bob Travis, who was one\nof the leaders of Zionism in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city of Atlanta, said to me, \"We are going to\nexpand. It's not enough that we should have an organization here. But the kind\nof work that we have to do, considering the fact that Jews are being driven out\nof Germany and in all probability, there's no telling what Hitler will do. He is\nout to conquer Europe and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a large population in the Soviet Union and in Poland.\nWhat's going to happen to them?\" No country wanted to take Jews in. All\ncountries had restricted the legislation. Anyway, at that time in 1938, it was\nchiefly in Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia, which Hitler had taken.\nCzechoslovakia, he actually didn't take over, I don't think, until the spring of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1939. Austria, he took over in March 1938. But everybody could see which way the\nturn was going. He says, \"We are going to organize a Zionist Movement here,\"\nwhich had been pretty dormant between the two wars. The Zionist movement was\npretty dormant in the United States with the exception of when something\nhappened, like the Arab riots in 1929 and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then, again, the Arab riots in 1936.\nIt's an old story. They say that the Jews become alive when they are in crises.\nWhen there's no crisis, everything seems to be going well. Anyhow, he said,\n\"We're going to organize on a regional basis.\" He had contacts in Tennessee,\nAlabama, and Mississippi.\n\nYOUNG: How did he become the leader of this?\n\nFREEDMAN: He became the leader here because he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a very magnetic personality,\nfor one thing, and his wife was very active throughout the region in Hadassah.\nHe was a traveling man.\n\nYOUNG: What did he do for a living?\n\nFREEDMAN: He was a salesman in buttons. Fancy buttons for lady's wear. He\ntraveled in Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida. He established\ngreat contacts. While he was in those places, he would talk Zionism. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He had a\nvery attractive personality, both he and his wife. They were leaders. He had\nmade some very important contacts with a man like Mortimer May.\n\nYOUNG: Who was he?\n\nFREEDMAN: An industrialist in Nashville, Tennessee, and also people in Memphis,\nTennessee. Whether in Birmingham, Alabama, wherever he went, he had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pretty good\nconnections, particularly department store owners. Department store owners knew\nhim, not only buyers, but the buyers introduced him to the owner and the owner's\nson. He had wide contacts. He says that we have to use our contacts in order to\nbuild up this movement. He says, \"Will you help?\" I said, \"I'll do whatever I\ncan.\" Then it occurred to me, look, this sounds like a very, very interesting\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing to me. I said, \"What is your plan? How are you going to cover all this\narea? Volunteer work?\" He says, \"That's one way.\" He says, \"What we actually\nneed is a regional director to supervise this on a full-time basis.\" I said,\n\"How about me doing the job?\" He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"I'll do what I can.\" There where other .\n. . I had competitors.\n\nYOUNG: Why did you want the job?\n\nFREEDMAN: I wanted the job because I felt that the job presented a challenge.\nWhatever other job I had was pretty much a routine job. After all, you take\naccounting, routine accounting in a bank, or acting as a saving fund ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teller in a\nbank, or picking up clothes from the floor, or whatever it is, even if you go\ninto law work. Law work can be very dry. People think it's exciting when they\nsee one of these segments on TV where the lawyers make impassioned speeches to\nthe jurors. That's in criminal law. But the vast body of law is corporation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"law,\nbankruptcy law, collection law, and real estate law. All of these things are\ndry. We were still living in times of Depression, to a certain extent. After\nall, [President Franklin Delano] Roosevelt's different projects had shored up\nthe economy. We still had problems. You might say lots of problems. I felt that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this was a challenge. You go out. You sell to people on the idea of raising\nfunds for the Jews in Palestine and building up large memberships in the\ndifferent communities so that you have a powerful movement that can come to the\nAmerican government and say, look, we want you to use your influence and help\nus. We are a large segment of the American Jewish community. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Something has to be\ndone for these Jews. It was almost prophetic, because when Hitler invaded Poland\nin 1939, the Holocaust didn't start at that time. The Holocaust didn't start\nuntil about 1942. When he invaded, Hitler, and later on double crossed the\nRussians and started to go into Russia, and he went into Norway, and into\nDenmark, and then into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holland, Belgium, France. He took over everything. Those\nwho had said that he could not be stopped were prophets. All of these countries\nwere Jews, in each and every one of them. Many people say nowadays, you Jews in\nAmerica didn't do enough. All right. You went around and you made speeches. You\ncollected some money and so forth. You may have done some other things to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help\nsome of the shlakhmone from Israel. Give them some advice on how to do this and\nhow to do that. But you really didn't do anything. I take exception to that. I\ntake exception to that because we could not, the Jewish community itself, could\nnot have stopped the concentration camps. What could we do against the German\narmy? Ridiculous. Not only that, the American ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government was not too keen to\nintervene. We went to Roosevelt. Roosevelt said the main thing is to defeat\nHitler, then we'll talk. Roosevelt was begged to bomb the railroad tracks to the\nconcentration camp. He says, \"We can't spare any planes for that. Defeating\nHitler is the main thing.\" He wouldn't budge. What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could we do? After Hitler was\ndefeated, then really we could do something because then we went around\ncollecting money to help buy rickety boats and bring survivors into Israel. We\ncould raise money for arms, small arms, ammunitions. All kinds of things.\nWhatever they needed, food as well. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We could make ourselves useful in an active\nway by helping to channel refugees from the concentration camps in Europe into\nPalestine. Of course, we can't claim that we were instrumental in setting up the\nJewish state. We were not. They were. The Jews in Palestine were. They were the\nones who laid their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lives on the line. They were the ones who sent out the\nbeacon lights from shore to guide the refugee ships in and took a chance because\nif they got caught by the British Navy Patrol, they had to pay for it with imprisonment.\n\nYOUNG: Let me stop for just a second to turn the tape . . . Tell me how you\norganized the Zionist group. When you say we, who was we? How many people?\n\nFREEDMAN: Yes. What I did do was this. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, I knew the names of all the\nrabbis. Rabbis pro and rabbis against.\n\nYOUNG: How did you know that?\n\nFREEDMAN: We knew that from the pronouncements with each other [indistinct]. We\nknew who were Zionist-oriented rabbis and who were rabbis who were not\nZionist-oriented. I would, for example, get the names of the rabbis in the\ndifferent communities. That was easy because they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were, of course, listed. I\nmean, the Federations had them listed. There were community listings. Everybody\nknew who the rabbi was at this temple or at this synagogue.\n\nYOUNG: Where was your office?\n\nFREEDMAN: The office was here. Headquarters was in Atlanta.\n\nYOUNG: Where in Atlanta?\n\nFREEDMAN: Yes, here in Atlanta.\n\nYOUNG: Where?\n\nFREEDMAN: At the beginning, we had no office of our own. We used the law office\nof David Gershon, one of our friends. His secretary would always forward the\nmail that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I got to wherever I happened to be in the area. Later on, I opened up\nan office in the First National Bank Building. Then later, I opened up an office\nin the Peters Building, which was located right across from the First National\nBank Building. What I did was, I would send a letter on our stationary to the\nrabbi. I said, look, in some of the places, they had active Zionist districts\nand in others they didn't. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"others, there were dormant Zionist districts.\n\nYOUNG: They were what?\n\nFREEDMAN: Dormant.\n\nYOUNG: Dormant.\n\nFREEDMAN: Dormant Zionist districts. I would tell him I want to come in here and\nI want to talk to him about organizing a group. We'll furnish you with\nprogramming. We'll furnish you with speakers. We'll help you in every way to\nkeep it alive, and you get the members. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would come into the . . . they would\nusually, if they were favorably inclined, they would immediately send me a\nletter and say we'll be glad to have you. I don't know what I can do for you,\nwhether it's going to work in the community or not but, anyway, I'll be glad to\nsee you. Come on in. All right. So, I came on in. From there on, we worked. We\nhad some very good . . . Bob Travis had established, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I mentioned before,\nliaisons in a good many of the cities already, so he could help me out because\nhe had talked to some of those rabbis that support it. We came in there. I would\ngo in and say, \"Let's have a meeting and elect some officers. Then you'll need\nsome members. If you want me to go out with one of your key people to go and get\nmembers, I'll go with them, and we'll give them a sales talk and make ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"members.\"\nI spent part of the time organizing and programming and working on setting up\nfunctioning organizations with those rabbis. Then I would go with one of the\nbusinessmen who volunteered to do so and go to different stores and businesses\nand offices and talk to the people there and ask them to join and become members.\n\nYOUNG: What did it cost to be a member?\n\nFREEDMAN: At that time, it was very cheap. Five dollars.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNG: How many members did you have?\n\nFREEDMAN: In the beginning . . . I have the records here. In the beginning, we\nhad something like a little over 1,000. We brought it up to over 2,000 in the\nfirst year.\n\nYOUNG: My, that's very good.\n\nFREEDMAN: We got about 1,000 members the first year. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By the time that the State\nof Israel was established in 1948, we had 10,000 thousand members in the area.\n\nYOUNG: What area did it cover? What states?\n\nFREEDMAN: In the beginning, we covered Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee,\nand Florida. Later on, we took in the city of New Orleans, not all of Louisiana,\nbut just the city of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New Orleans, and South Carolina. We developed this region,\ngetting more members all along. In 1942, or was it in 1943, I don't know\nexactly. I could get all that information, but I haven't. We opened the youth\ndivision under the leadership of Herman Popkin, a young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"journalist from Augusta,\nGeorgia. He worked up a youth organization. The Zionist Organization of America\nalso had a youth department which was headed by Shlomo Bardin, since deceased,\nwho had a unique method of interesting people in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judaism and in Zionism by\nsetting up and operating camps. We had raised money for him. He set up a camp\nfor us in Hendersonville, North Carolina, known as the Brandeis Camp Institute.\nWe sent deserving youngsters there every year.\n\nYOUNG: How many years did that go on?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I would think that that went on for about six or seven years. Then he\ntook the Brandeis Camp and transferred it over to California. Of course, how it\ndeveloped in California, I don't know. The Brandeis Camp is no longer operating\nas such, but we have Young Judea Camps in that area. Our youth work was quite\nsuccessful. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We taught them to sing songs. They played the guitar. They did what\nyoung people do today in camps. They learned some Hebrew. While we had them,\nthey'd be indoctrinated with the Zionist idea. We worked up the youth movement\nbecause we felt that we needed leadership to provide some sort of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continuity.\nThis went on until the State of Israel was established in 1948. On May the 14,\n[David] Ben-Gurion read the proclamation proclaiming the Jewish State. That\nchanged the picture because when that happened, many of our activities were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"delegated to the government.\n\nYOUNG: Like what activities in particular?\n\nFREEDMAN: The government took over the control of settlement. The money, of\ncourse, which we raised, went to the Jewish Agency for Palestine. But they made\nout a [indistinct] for the government, upbuilding the land, constructing the\nroads, and all that sort of thing. But we had a state now.\n\nYOUNG: But didn't you still have to provide ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money for them for those things?\n\nFREEDMAN: We provided money for the Jewish Agency. We didn't give any money\ndirectly to the State, but the Jewish Agency which also incidentally by that\ntime had non-Jewish support. Not only from the Zionist Organization because with\nthe establishment of this Jewish State, there came about an entire reorientation\ntoward things Jewish within the Jewish community. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, a Jewish State. Who\ndreamt of it? It was a miracle. It's particularly appropriate that I should\nmention this to you at the present time because we are talking about miracles at\nHanukkah time.\n\nYOUNG: Right.\n\nFREEDMAN: I mean, miracles happen in some fashion in Jewish life. Here's a\nJewish State coming into being after 2,000 years. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People weren't used to it. It\ntook some time to get accustomed to the idea. A Jewish state with a government,\nwith a president, a prime minister, you know, taking care of immigrants,\nsettling them, bringing them in from concentration camps in Cypress or wherever\nthey happened to be where the British placed them during the mandate. As a\nmatter of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact, in a sense, people still don't understand how Jews came into\nPalestine. Some people think that the Jews sent an army there and conquered.\nThere's no such thing. The Jews bought the land. They bought the land from the\nlandowners. That's how they settled. That's how it gradually evolved. Then the\nJewish National Fund came along. The Jewish National Fund was supported by us.\nJewish National Fund bought ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"land which either belonged to nobody or it belonged\nto . . . of course, the Turkish government owned all the land. It wasn't that it\ndidn't belong to nobody, but some of the lands were government owned. Some of\nthe lands were privately owned by private Arab landlords who sold it to the\nJews. So, the Jews came in. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A lot of people don't know the standing of it. Now\nwe have Soviet immigration coming. For many, many years, we didn't dream that\nthe Soviet government would allow the Jews to go, but they're coming in now.\nThey're coming in in tremendous numbers. They're coming in in such numbers that\nthe government of Israel is not prepared to receive them. [They] don't know what\nto do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for them. They have to build tents. They put some of the immigrants in the\narmy bases. They put some of the immigrants into hotels, which happen to have a\nlot of room right now because the tourists are afraid of a war starting and they\ndon't go. Everything is in flux, but it keeps going. It keeps going. So, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were\nfaced with a situation where we were totally . . . we were actually nonplussed\nat the amount of success that we had. We all felt that we didn't deserve it\nbecause after all, how much did we do? I mean, raised a little money.\n\nYOUNG: Tell me about some of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people that were supporters of your movement.\nCan you remember any rabbis in particular that really helped you out in any communities?\n\nFREEDMAN: Of course, Rabbi [Harry] Epstein. He was a great supporter of the\nmovement. Today, all rabbis are pro-Israel. What happened, when the state was\nestablished and needed a lot of money, it organized the bond organization. It\ncame to the Federations, and that involved ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot of people who were not Zionists\nat the time. They came to the communities. The Zionists alone could not have\nraised all this money that the state needed. Since the establishment of the\nstate, the communities practically have taken over all the work for Israel,\nwhich presented a problem for the Zionist Organization. What was the Zionist\nOrganization going to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now that everybody else didn't do? The Zionist\nOrganization had a public relations program. The Zionist Organization had a\nfundraising program. But the funds are now raised by the Federations, and the\npublic relations program is being carried on by AIPAC [American-Israel Public\nAffairs Committee] up in Washington. AIPAC is the association of . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\npublic relations association for the Zionist movement. The communities are now\ninvolved, not only the Zionist organizations. That, of course, presented a\nproblem. The Zionist organizations are still in existence, but they really are\n[indistinct] because they don't know exactly what to do. Everybody else does\ntheir work.\n\nYOUNG: Tell me a little bit about the . . . I understand you wrote a very famous\nletter to the Temple.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: AIPAC, incidentally, means American-Israel Public Affairs Committee.\nThis is an acronym. You have a question.\n\nYOUNG: Yes. I was going to ask you how it came about that you wrote the letter\nto the members of the Temple.\n\nFREEDMAN: This is an interesting story.\n\nYOUNG: In 1943, I believe?\n\nFREEDMAN: That was in 19 . . . I have a copy of it here. If you would be\ninterested in having a copy, I'd be glad to let you have it.\n\nYOUNG: I would love to put it in with this, yes.\n\nFREEDMAN: You can get it in. I thought you would. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had a problem here. One of\nour biggest supporters here was Julian Victor Boehm, since deceased. I'm sorry\nthat I have to add that to most of the names I'm mentioning to you because I'm a\nlone survivor almost. Anyway, he worked with us, and he got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pretty much fed up.\n\nYOUNG: What did he do?\n\nFREEDMAN: He was an insurance man. He was quite a leader in the community,\nJulian Boehm, not only in the Jewish community, but I would say more in the\nnon-Jewish community than in the Jewish community. He was one of the most rare\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"individuals, coming from a German Jewish background who somehow or another\nbecame involved and interested in the Zionist movement. He worked with us. As a\nmatter of fact, he helped us to establish here in the city of Atlanta an\nAmerican Christian Palestine Committee so that we had a group of Christians who\nwere working with us here.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNG: Who was on that committee? Who out of the Christian community?\n\nFREEDMAN: The head of the committee was Dr. Philip Weltner. Dr. Philip Weltner,\nPresident of Oglethorpe University. Dr. Herman Turner, the pastor of the\nCovenant Presbyterian Church on Peachtree Street. They were the leaders. If I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went back to my records, I could give you about a dozen others. Anyway, they\nworked on it. We decided that we would call a meeting of Christian leaders from\nall strata of public life, business, industry, professions, clergy, to get\ninvolved in this. For this purpose, we brought Rabbi James G. Heller, a former\npresident, a reform rabbi. Brilliant speaker.\n\nYOUNG: From where?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Cincinnati [Ohio]. He was the rabbi of the Isaac M. Wise Temple in\nCincinnati. His father was a Zionist in World War I. He was famous in those\ndays. Nobody hears about him anymore. Just like Ludding Lewiston [sp], the\nwriter who used to work with us and subsequently became a professor at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brandeis\nUniversity. Let me not get ahead of things. The Christian Palestine Committee\nwas organized in 1941. We brought Rabbi Heller here. He delivered a marvelous\naddress at the old Hotel Ansley. We organized this committee here. We also\norganized committees in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the other towns in the area.\n\nYOUNG: Like what communities?\n\nFREEDMAN: Birmingham, Nashville. But it wasn't as far flung as . . . I mean, we\ndid most of the Christian-Palestine Committee work here in Atlanta. Because you\ncan't organize Christians the way you organize Jews on this. I mean, after all,\nthey come in as interested outsiders. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can't organize them the same as you\ncan organize Jews. You can give Jews a heart-to-heart talk. This is in the\nmishpocheh. This is in the family. These are our people. It's just different.\nWhen you talk to them, the Christians, you have to put it on a different basis.\nAfter all, we are the people of the book, of the Bible. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We believe in\npractically the same kind of ethics that you believe in with the exception of\nthe divinity of Christ. We sort of brushed over that very lightly. Can't give\nthem offense. Anyhow, we organized this. Julian Boehm was a key man. In other\nwords, he kept the committee going. He had a liaison. He went after Dr. Weltner\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Dr. Turner and after all the others and would invite them every time that we\nhad a good Zionist speaker. They would come and sit at the speaker's table and\nbe introduced and all that sort of thing, which was their main function. We\nwould ask them to put in a good word for the Zionist Movement with the Senators\nand with the Congressmen and all. That was their job. We did it too.\n\nYOUNG: Did they raise money at all? Did they contribute money?\n\nFREEDMAN: The American Christian Palestine Committee didn't have, no, we didn't\nraise money for it. If anything had to be done, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which required money, one of our\npeople, a group of people, would fork over the money.\n\nYOUNG: They were mainly to get political?\n\nFREEDMAN: Yes, that's right. In other words, whatever needed to be done. For\nexample, if people asked some of these Christian leaders to make a speech in\nanother town, probably would pay the traveling expenses. We would raise that\namong ourselves. That did not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"present a problem. They were glad to do it if they\nhad the time. Anyway, Julian Boehm kept that organization going, and it was\ngoing. It aroused the ire of the anti-Zionist element in the city of Atlanta.\n\nYOUNG: Why? Why was that?\n\nFREEDMAN: Because they were afraid of Zionists. They were afraid of Zionism,\nthat their loyalty to the United States would be questioned, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that people would\nsay, look, these Jews, they have a dual citizenship. They have a citizenship to\nthe United States and they're also aligned or practically citizens with the\nState in Palestine, in which they may have a greater interest even than the\nUnited States. It was a question of fear. In 1943, the American Council of\nJudaism was organized on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"national basis with Rabbi Elmer Berger and\nexecutive director and Lessing Rosenwald of Sears, Roebuck and Co. as president.\nThey set up a platform that there is no such thing as a Jewish ethnic\npopulation, that Judaism is a religion only, the same as Protestantism and\nCatholicism, and that Jews are American citizens like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody else, and\nWashington is our Jerusalem and not Jerusalem over there. In other words, they\nwanted to be 150 percent Americans. They were dead afraid that Zionist activity\nwould somehow question their loyalty to the United States, which was a lot of\npoppycock. Anyhow, they became quite irrational about it. The rabbi of the\nTemple, Dr. David ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marx, blessed be his memory, was one of their leaders. Another\nman who was in the . . . I don't know what kind of business he was in, but he\nwas chiefly known for making loans. He must have been in the [indistinct] or\nloan business or some other thing by the name of Armand May. He would once in a\nwhile write me letters of protest about my activities.\n\nYOUNG: Did he belong to the Temple too?\n\nFREEDMAN: Oh, sure. Not that he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went to services, but he belonged. He wrote\nletters and always signed his name in green ink, in very, very large letters,\nArmand May. He and Julian Boehm didn't get along at all, because he accused\nJulian Boehm of undermining the position of American Jews in the city of Atlanta\nbecause of Julian Boehm's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interest in the Zionist movement. On Rosh Ha-Shanah in\n1943, my wife and I go to temple, to services. Rabbi Marx, he delivers a sermon.\nIt was a viciously anti-Zionist sermon. It was not only occasioned because of\nthe work that the American Christian Palestine Committee ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did here, but also\nbecause Henry Monsky, who was at that time the international president of B'nai\nB'rith, convened what was known as the American Jewish Conference early in 1943.\nThe idea of the American Jewish Conference was--Henry Monsky was a Zionist--to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"act as an umbrella organization sponsoring the Zionist program for all the\nJewish communities in the United States. Of course, the American Council of\nJudaism didn't send in the delegates, as you can imagine. This was done. This\nwas quite an elaborate affair because this was done by electing delegates from\nthe communities to come to this conference. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The purpose of not only from the\nZionist Organization, but from B'nai B'rith or from American Jewish Committee or\nfrom the Synagogue Councils. They all elected delegates to come to this\nconference. This was a big deal. The purpose of this was to endorse the Zionist\nprogram. They didn't openly say so, but they said that we want to endorse the\nBiltmore ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Program. Now what was the Biltmore Program? Biltmore Program was\nadopted by Zionist Conference in 1942, in May 1942 to be exact. This conference\nwas attended by Ben-Gurion.\n\nYOUNG: Wow.\n\nFREEDMAN: Ben Gurion said, \"Look, I want you to adopt a program which\nspecifically mentions that Palestine shall be established as a Jewish\ncommonwealth, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not as a national home for the Jewish people.\" Because the term\nnational home for the Jewish people doesn't mean anything. In other words, the\nBalfour Declaration said that His Majesty's government, the British government,\nwas in favor of establishing in Palestine a national home for the Jewish people,\nestablishing it in it. That lends itself to misinterpretations. We have in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this\ncountry Indian reservations. Now their national home is for all the tribes, but\nthe Department of the Interior runs the reservations. In other words, they're\nnot independent states. They can't do exactly what they want to. They depend for\nsocial services and for culture services on the United States government. They\nhave litigation among one another and the government has ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to intervene and has to\nstraighten out. I mean, a reservation is a national home but it is not what you\nwould call a commonwealth where a majority has the right to govern itself\naccording to the dictates of its own conscience and with its own economic\nrequirements and cultural tendencies and all that sort of thing, and that's what\nwe wanted for the Jews in Palestine. In other words, as a matter of fact, from\nthat time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on, a Jew in the United States would be freer than he was before for\nthe simple reason that until the establishment of the Jewish state in Palestine,\nJews had no . . . they were either tolerated in a country or they were not.\nFortunately, in the United States, they became free citizens like everybody\nelse. But in places like Britain or France, if anything would happen, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and as\nGermany proved, if anything happened to a Jew, he had no way out. Today, a Jew\nhas a choice. He can stay here in the country in which he was born and of which\nhe's a citizen and to which he's acculturated, or he can go to Israel. He has a\nchoice. The same as a Frenchman has the choice to stay in France or to go\nsomewhere else. This was the big difference. He says, we have got to have a\ncommonwealth where we are the majority. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We determine our fate. To have a\nnational home, it means nothing. You must say commonwealth in plain words that\neverybody can understand. So, they adopted this. The question came up, Henry\nMonsky was now called upon to introduce this program at the American Jewish\nConference. The American Jewish Conference voted it overwhelming so that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nAmerican Jewish community as a whole became committed.\n\nYOUNG: Where you there?\n\nFREEDMAN: I wasn't there. I was doing my job somewhere else. No, I was not\nthere. The conference adopted this program overwhelmingly. But that infuriated\nthe anti-Zionists something awful. Getting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to Rosh Ha-Shanah Eve 1943, Dr.\nMarx delivered this scathing sermon. My wife and I went up to him after service.\nI said, \"Look, Dr. Marx, first of all, a lot of what you said is not true. In\nthe second place, it has no business in a sermon on a holiday which is\nexclusively devoted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to religious contemplation, to religious values, to personal\nintrospection, nothing to do with politics. [Indistinct] should be a state of\nIsrael, this is not the time to do it.\" Of course, we knew why he did it. He did\nit because on Rosh Ha-Shanah he gets a crowd. During the year, he didn't get a\ncrowd. You get many more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people at the Temple now than you did at those times\nbecause in the summer time, for example, they couldn't have Saturday morning\nservices because nobody would come. So, he got that crowd. We were quite angry.\nWe decided we're going to have to do something about it. I called up Saul\nGoldman, also a deceased member.\n\nYOUNG: Who was he?\n\nFREEDMAN: Saul Goldman was the secretary of the Temple. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"Saul, we would\nvery much like for you to go to the board of directors of the Temple and request\na meeting at which the question of Zionism can be debated, because Dr. Marx made\nstatements there which are totally unacceptable. We believe that the membership\nto the Temple has a right to know what the facts are.\" He says, \"I'll take it up\nwith the board.\"\n\nYOUNG: When you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say we, was it the Zionist group or you and your wife?\n\nFREEDMAN: No, the Zionist group. We didn't speak on behalf of [indistinct]\nZionists. It's true that my wife and I were the ones who talked to Dr. Marx. We\ntalked to him as Zionists. I knew that all the Zionists, in this particular\nrespect, we spoke for all the Zionists in the city of Atlanta. Something ought\nto be done. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We wanted a meeting, and we wanted to thrash this thing out. I want\ntime to answer. \"I'll take it up with the board.\" A week later, he calls me up.\nHe says, \"The board has denied your request. The board feels that now that the\nthing is over, we better let it die.\" We weren't going to let it die. What we\ndid, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided to send a letter to the membership. How to get a hold of the\nlist of the membership. They obviously weren't going to give it to us. Any time\nthey would see me, they'd see red. We were very fortunate that quite some time\nbefore that, the Atlanta chapter of Hadassah had gotten a list of their members\nfrom them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a very innocent purpose. It had nothing to do with Zionism, but\nthey had a certain project. I don't remember what it was. Anyway, they were\nsoliciting funds, I think, for a children's village or whatever it may. Youth\nAliyah. I don't know what. But they had a list. We told them what we wanted to\ndo, and they gave us the list.\n\nYOUNG: Was there somebody in particular who was . . .\n\nFREEDMAN: I don't know who. Frankly, I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know who gave us the list. This was\nin 1943. This is 1990. It's 47 years ago. You'll have to excuse me that I don't know.\n\nYOUNG: You're doing very well.\n\nFREEDMAN: Anyway, I drafted the letter. I submitted it to our Zionist board for\ncomments. We made certain corrections and some things I forgot to say that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should have been said. We drafted the letter. We decided to send a letter out\nover my name as an individual member of the Temple. We went to Stein Printing\nCompany, and we had the letter printed. This is the letter.\n\nYOUNG: Wonderful. I'll have to make a copy of this to put in. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you want to\nread it? Parts of it?\n\nFREEDMAN: Yes, you can read it. In fact, I have some extra copies besides this one.\n\nYOUNG: Do you want to read from any parts of it?\n\nFREEDMAN: I can read you the whole thing, if you want to.\n\nYOUNG: That would be good.\n\nFREEDMAN: The letter reads as follows. \"Dear Fellow Member: On the eve of Rosh\nHa-Shanah, September 29th, our rabbi, Dr. Marx, devoted his sermon to an attack\non the democratically elected American Jewish Conference and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Zionist program\nwhich it adopted with respect to Palestine, seeking, at the same time, to uphold\nthe American Council for Judaism, which organization was roundly condemned by\nthe Conference. While conceding to our rabbi, the freedom of his pulpit, I am\nnot certain as to the propriety of delivering a political address on a most\nsacred day, known for purely spiritual significance. Of this, however, I am\ncertain, that the issue is of sufficient importance to warrant a presentation to\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congregation of the other side of the picture. That seems to me the\ndemocratic way. Anti-Zionism is not the program of Reform Judaism in this\ncountry. It is not espoused by the Central Conference of American Rabbis, which\nvoted three to one at its recent convention in New York to ask the American\nCouncil for Judaism to disband. It is advocated by only a minority of the reform\nrabbinate. It is not a platform of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations,\nwhich gives a fair and unbiased ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"portrayal of the Zionist ideal in its Sabbath\nSchool text books. I do not question the right of any one to be a non- or\nanti-Zionist. Loyalty and devotion to American principles demand that we should\nrespect each other's viewpoint. Nevertheless, I must strongly and unequivocally\nprotest against any attempt to brand Zionism as secularistic, yea, even\nfascistic and un-American. The fact is that Zionism is deeply rooted in Jewish\ntradition and American democracy. It has been unanimously ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"endorsed by\nCongressional Resolution. It is directly responsible for the settlement of over\n500 Jews in Palestine who, but for its political activities, would not be there\ntoday. In order that you may have a better picture, I invite your examination of\nthe enclosed pamphlet. You should know what Zionism is, not what its opponents\nclaim it is, especially now that, through action of the American Jewish\nConference, it is no longer the program of a certain school of thought, but of\nthe overwhelming majority of American Jewry. I will ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appreciate your comments on\nthis letter and enclosure. Sincerely yours.\" I sent some literature with it. I\nonly wish I had kept all the letters that I got.\n\nYOUNG: Can you remember some of them?\n\nFREEDMAN: They wiped the floor with me.\n\nYOUNG: My goodness. Can you remember any in particular?\n\nFREEDMAN: One of them was a lawyer by the name of Albert Meier who practiced law\nin the . . . he comes from the old Jewish families, the original German Jewish\nimmigration. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were the ones who formed the Temple. My wife is also from\nGerman Jewish descent. She was considered a traitor. Anyway, this is the letter.\n\nYOUNG: Did you hear from Rabbi Marx?\n\nFREEDMAN: He never said a word. I never heard from him. Never heard from him.\nNever made a comment.\n\nYOUNG: Did you get any support from the letter?\n\nFREEDMAN: From among the Zionist-oriented members in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Temple, yes, certainly.\nI got support.\n\nYOUNG: But did you turn anyone around?\n\nFREEDMAN: I don't think that we convinced anybody. I didn't think that we would.\nIt wasn't our object to convince them. The objective of the letter was simply to\nclarify the facts. In other words, it didn't make any difference to me one way\nor the other whether they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agreed with my point of view or whether they didn't.\nThe thing that I was interested in was getting facts straight. That's the thing.\nI didn't want any distortions or outright lies of the picture. This is why I\nwrote the letter. If they wanted to continue to be anti-Zionist, well and good.\nThey have a right to be what they want to. But be fair and don't say things that\nare not so. Anyway, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it later on turned out that . . . history has very, very\ndeep ways of bringing about changes. Today in the Temple, we have a program of\neducation and a program of public worship that if Dr. Marx came to life today,\ncame back to life today, he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wouldn't believe his eyes. If he knew about it in\nthe hereafter, he would turn in his grave. Because this is a complete change.\nComplete change. But nobody remembers the letter, except a few people. All of\nthis is part of history. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It belongs in the archives. It's useful from that point\nof view. That was that. Then, in 1950, 1951, they decided to move the office\nback to Miami.\n\nYOUNG: The Zionist office?\n\nFREEDMAN: Zionist office. They decided to put the Zionist office to Miami. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". . .\nAtlanta decided to move the regional office to Miami. I knew my days were\nnumbered. First of all, we never had a very good relationship with Miami.\n\nYOUNG: Were they headquarters?\n\nFREEDMAN: Miami was controlled ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by people from the New York office. The reason\nthat was so is because a lot of Jews moved from New York to Miami in their\nretirement days. They went to Miami with a lot of money. They were wealthy Jews\nand they settled in Miami. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of them, some of the young people who had never\nbeen to New York but who came from other parts of the country also went to Miami\nbecause Miami offered a lot of opportunities. You could get rich quickly in\nMiami in those days if you were a professional person, particularly lawyers.\nThere was a lot of land to be acquired and hotels to be built ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Miami Beach all\nalong there. It was a very lucrative proposition. A lot of these young lawyers\nback in the 1940, around 1945, 1946, from there on out, they moved into Miami\nand they became rich. When you become rich, you very often become very\ndomineering. They had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other ideas for the Zionist Movement than we had here in\nAtlanta. They came around and said, \"Well, we have more people with money here.\nThere's a bigger opportunity for fund raising. You can't raise funds in Atlanta.\nWe can raise in Miami alone about five times the amount of money that you can\nraise in the whole region. We're going to move the office down here.\" First of\nall, I didn't want to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moved because by moving, I would become subordinate to\nthem. Since my relations with them were not of the best, I knew they would get\nrid of me. So, I decided to resign. I did that in 1951 at the regional\nconvention in Birmingham. My wife and I went into business in which we didn't do\ntoo well for the simple reason that we didn't have the experience.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNG: What kind of business?\n\nFREEDMAN: It was an advertising business. We had very little experience in\nadvertising. She got a very good position with a loan company. She's a loan\nofficer by profession. She knows that business very well. We sold the business\nin 1954. I then became southern representative of the American Zionist Council.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Zionist Council was not the same as the Zionist Organization of America.\n\nYOUNG: What was it?\n\nFREEDMAN: American Zionist Council was organized in 1949 as an umbrella\norganization for all the Zionist organizations in the United States. That means,\nthe Zionist Organization of America, Hadassah, the [indistinct], the Workers'\nZionist Organizations, they all came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under that umbrella. They were looking for\na representative down here, and I applied for it. I got the job because they\nknew me, most of them. Even in Hadassah, they knew me because I had worked with\nthose ladies, too. I stayed with them for about nine years.\n\nYOUNG: What exactly did you do?\n\nFREEDMAN: That was an interesting job. What I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did there is I brought speakers\nfrom Israel. Israeli professional people, university professors, scientists, and\nI got them to speak at American universities in the south. The way that was\narranged, I would telephone my contacts in the area. I still had the same\ncontacts which I had when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was with the Zionist Organization. I would telephone\nthem. I said, \"Professor so and so is coming to the United States. He's a\nphilosopher. I would like for you to get him speaking engagements at Vanderbilt\nUniversity in Tennessee,\" and they would do that. In that way, the purpose of\nthat was to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"establish some sort of a relationship on an individual basis between\nIsraelis and Americans, and establish liaison of understanding and of sympathy\nfor the State of Israel so that they would know how Israel operates and the\nother way around. They would make friends mutually. This was the main thing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\nother thing was to keep in touch with senators and congressmen. There are many\nJews in the United States who are politically active. A senator or congressman\ndoesn't have to worry much about Jewish votes because there aren't so many Jews.\nOn the other hand, Jews could make themselves very useful in many ways by\nraising money for them, as they even do now but through political action\ncommittees ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all that sort of thing. Even though there were no votes, I mean,\nthere was always money involved. A lot of Jews had developed over the year\nfriendships with the politicians. They would ask the politicians to speak\nsometimes if they were the kind of politicians who were knowledgeable or could\nbe used. Not all of them . . . most of them couldn't be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used in that way, but we\nhad to use our discretion. They were asked to vote a certain way in case a\ncertain thing comes up. We would send delegations sometimes to the American\nIsrael Public Affairs Committee convention in Washington. We would visit with\nthese people and explain to them our position on this sort of thing. We arranged\nall that.\n\nYOUNG: How many people? Were you the only person in Atlanta?\n\nFREEDMAN: This was an enlarged operation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I not only had the states which I\nmentioned to you before, but in addition to that, I got North Carolina,\nArkansas, Texas.\n\nYOUNG: You must have traveled a lot.\n\nFREEDMAN: I traveled an awful lot.\n\nYOUNG: Were there many Jews in Arkansas?\n\nFREEDMAN: I was on a plane most of the time.\n\nYOUNG: Were there many Jews in Arkansas, I mean, supportive of Jews?\n\nFREEDMAN: Very few. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can't give you the number of people we had at the time.\nThe thing is this they were all friendly with the politicians. They all voted\nthe Democratic ticket. I mean, at that time, none of those states was a\nbi-partisan state. Now it's different. You have Republican Jews too. Not too\nmany, I don't think, because most of the Jews still vote the Democratic ticket.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had my hands full with this type of work. The thing is this, we didn't have to\nraise any money, because the money for this thing was allocated from the Jewish\nAgency, from their funds, which in the final analysis proved to be our undoing.\n\nYOUNG: Why was that?\n\nFREEDMAN: Namely, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"word got out that we were carrying on political activities\nunder the guise of a charitable organization or a cultural organization. If that\nwas the case, we would not be tax-exempt.\n\nYOUNG: Who? When you say word got out, to the government or to the Jewish community?\n\nFREEDMAN: I don't know. The government was approached evidently by elements who\ndidn't wish us too well. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government notified us that the Jewish Agency, if\nwe depended on Jewish Agency money, which was Jewish Agency being an\norganization which only had a cultural purpose and had no connection with any\npolitical activity, such as going to senators or congressmen or anything of that\nkind, lobbying, that we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were also carrying on lobbying activities. That being\nthe case, we would not be tax exempt. So, they took the tax exemption away from\nus and we had to raise our own funds.\n\nYOUNG: Oh my.\n\nFREEDMAN: Then we got into trouble for the simple reason that we couldn't raise\nenough funds because we found ourselves in competition with every single\nFederation of every Jewish organization. We were late-comers. We didn't get the\nmoney. That was our undoing. That means that in 1963, we had to close our\noffices, one by one. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I closed my office in 1963. From 1963 on through 1981, I\npracticed law.\n\nYOUNG: Were you on your own?\n\nFREEDMAN: I was on my own. I got some business also from a bank which my wife\nwas loan officer. But I operated on my own.\n\nYOUNG: Was it hard to go back to law after so many years?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: Yes, because law, like everything else, is a fast-developing concept.\nI could only do those things which I knew that I could do. Like, for example,\ntitle searches, and that kind of business. I also did collection law for an\noutfit called the . . . what was their name? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Credit Control, who had\noffices in Peachtree Center Building. I worked for them for some time. In 1981,\nI decided to call it quits. From 1981 to 1990, I have enjoyed myself.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNG: That's wonderful.\n\nFREEDMAN: Not that I didn't enjoy what I was doing to a large extent. I don't\nwant to be facetious about it, but this is it now. I don't know what else I can\ntell you. If you have any questions, I'll be glad to answer them.\n\nYOUNG: Did you stay politically active?\n\nFREEDMAN: In the Zionist Movement?\n\nYOUNG: For instance, you mentioned Russian Jewish immigrants coming over.\n\nFREEDMAN: No, I don't understand any Russian. I don't know any. I don't see how\nI could make myself . . .\n\nYOUNG: By persuading the community.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: I'll tell you what I was interested in for quite some time. In fact,\nI'm still working on that. I got mail today from the American Association for\nEthiopian Jews. We, my wife and I, have been doing slide presentations for the\nAmerican Association for Ethiopian Jews, after 1981, during our retirement. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nwould go along and give illustrated slide talks on the history of Ethiopian Jews\nand their struggle to get into Israel at the present time. This is what I've\nbeen doing. I'm still doing some of that.\n\nYOUNG: Do you still belong to any particular Jewish organizations?\n\nFREEDMAN: I belong to the American Association of Reform Zionists. I belong to\nthe Temple. Of course, I belong to the Federation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is about it.\n\nYOUNG: Has your daughter continued any of your interests? Is she politically active?\n\nFREEDMAN: Well, my daughter has never been very active. She's a good Jewish\ngirl, but she's never been very active in Jewish organizations. She's interested\nin psychotherapy and that sort of thing.\n\nYOUNG: Do you have any grandchildren?\n\nFREEDMAN: Yes, I have two grandchildren. One adopted and one natural born. The\nnatural born ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one has been four times to Israel. Four times. One time in 1984.\nShe went there on a project sponsored by the St. Louis Federation. My daughter\nand her husband and children lived in St. Louis for a time. That was in 1984.\nShe got so enthusiastic she wanted to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ahead and go once again. She was\naccepted by the Isendrat Project [sp] for five months. She went to [indistinct]\nand then went to high school in the Leo Baeck High School in Haifa.\n\nYOUNG: That's marvelous.\n\nFREEDMAN: She came back from there and she still wanted to go back. She had an\nopportunity to go for two weeks to serve on an auxiliary women's army project in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1986. She worked for two weeks for the Israeli army. She's interested in\nphotography. She's a student at Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts.\nShe's going to major in photography. She's graduating this January. The reason\nshe's graduating in January, she should have graduated in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"May but she didn't do\nit. She went to Israel again for five months. She went into the refugee camps\nand took pictures over there and had the pictures published in the Haifa paper.\nShe wants to go back again, so we'll see what's going to happen.\n\nYOUNG: She's a true Zionist.\n\nFREEDMAN: Yes. She's quite the . . . she wants to make aliyah. She's constantly\npressuring ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for going.\n\nYOUNG: You're proud of that.\n\nFREEDMAN: Yes, we're very proud of that.\n\nYOUNG: What do you feel Jews . . . you said bad times are when Jews think about\ncauses and what not. How do you feel about the Middle East right now?\n\nFREEDMAN: The Middle East, right now. The Middle East always has been a riddle.\nAt the present time, I think it's a riddle more than ever. For me to make\ndefinitive statement ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be to enter into a fool's paradise which I am not\ngoing to do. I'm not going to do anything of the kind. My own feeling is that we\nwill have to see now what's going to happen after January the 15. I don't\nbelieve Saddam Hussein is going to attack Israel at the present ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. The reason\nwhy I don't believe, this is just a personal opinion, he's going to do it now is\nbecause that would immediately open up a second front. I mean, we would attack,\nnot on account of Israel, because that's in the mind of the [President George\nW.] Bush administration on account of Kuwait. When you listen to [Vice President\nRichard] Cheney, and when you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"listen to Powell, and when you listen to Bush, you\nget a very polarized version of the situation. In other words, they seem to\nthink that sanctions do not work, and they are intent of getting him out of\nKuwait. If sanctions do not work, then how are you going to get him out of\nKuwait unless you use the military option? It seems to me that they're bent on\ndoing that. I don't believe that with this kind of a prospect, and Saddam\nHussein has moved ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only recently, I understand, 20,000 additional troops into\nKuwait, that he's thinking of attacking Israel. Particularly, not at this time\nbecause Israel is ready for him. He's not going to take Israel by surprise. The\ngas masks are distributed. The air force is on the alert. Israel is a very, very\npowerful foe. If they strike, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he's going to be paid back in kind. Whether he\nwants to take a chance on doing this at the present time with 450,000 Americans\npositioned to take Kuwait away from him, is a question. Nobody can read that mad\nman's mind. But I don't believe that anything is going to happen to Israel\nmilitarily. What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"may well develop, and this is what causes me a bit of concern,\nis the Kuwaiti question, it will be solved in one way or another, either by\nsanctions or by application of military force or both. The Palestinian question\nhas already been mentioned. In other words, Saddam Hussein is trying to link up\nhis position with the Palestinian question, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which of course, is asinine for the\nsimple reason that he has been an outright aggressor. Nobody threatened him. He\nwent into Kuwait. He took the oil fields away from them. Didn't ask any\nquestions. Israel is on the West Bank because Israel had to defend itself\nagainst King Hussein of Jordan in 1967. They weren't in the West Bank before\nthat. They went in there because King Hussein of Jordan attacked them from\nthere, and they had to drive him out. They're still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there because somebody has\nto take the responsibility. Of course, there are individuals and factions in\nIsrael who have a greater Israel vision who don't want to give it back. All of\nthis is Israel. You have that. What I'm afraid of is that after the Kuwaiti\nissue will be settled, and Bush has already hinted, then we will get on the\nPalestinian question. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When they get on the Palestinian question, Israel may\nsuffer from great many pressures. They're going to say to them, \"Look, you've\ngot to be reasonable. You've got to give in on that. After all, we went in, we\nsolved the Kuwaiti situation. You don't have to fear anything from Saddam\nHussein for the time being anyway.\" Although this is a question because he just\ngets out of Kuwait and they don't take away the nuclear and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fire chemical\npossibility away from him. He'll have a nuclear bomb in about two or three years\nfrom now. They'll say that for the present time, you don't have anything to\nworry about. We'll talk about you making peace with the Palestinians. Just how\nthat's going to be settled, nobody knows, because the Palestinians don't want to\nmake peace with Israel. Israel seems to feel that you can't make any peace with\nthe Palestinians. The Palestinians want ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it all. A lot of the Israelis want it\nall. You can't give it to both of them. Then they're going to say, look, we've\nbeen supporting you all this time. We want you to be reasonable. We want you to\ntalk to the PLO [Palestinian Liberation Organization]. We can't have a situation\nas it exists in the Middle East forever. Something's got to give somewhere. Then\nthe lines will have to be drawn. What are they going to do? There are many\noptions, of course. You can have an autonomous unit in Palestine for about five\nyears. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You say, we'll see how this works out. If it works out after five years\nand they don't attack us, maybe we'll let them have a state. Who knows? There\nare many things. You can drag this thing out. Talks, they will be pressured into\nstarting to talk. With whom are you going to talk? All the Palestinians are\nenemies. Of course, then the United States is going to turn around and say, if\nthe Palestinians are not your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enemies, then there's no use to talking to them.\nThat's why we want you to talk to them, because they're enemies, in order to\nmake peace. It's a very complicated situation. Frankly, just how the Likud\ngovernment is going to handle that? I don't know of anyone in the government in\nIsrael. The [Israeli] Labor [Party] government would be . . . neither of them.\nThey need to be in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coalitions with the religious parties. They have a system\nthat, without the coalition of religious parties, they can't govern. That's a\nhandicap because religious parties are interested in Israel becoming a totally\nhalakhic state. They're not interested as much in Israel's security as they are\nin banning pork sales and rearing pork. A lot of people in Israel have been\nmaking a living by rearing pork, not eating it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"themselves, but rearing it and\nexporting it. They have trouble also with halakhi in regard to immigrants.\nThey're giving a lot of the Russian Jews trouble. A lot of the Russian Jews\ncan't prove that their mothers are Jewish. If they could prove it, they don't\nbelieve them. They want witnesses. They want all that. It's a messy situation.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not the kind of a thing that we had been working for 40 years ago. We never\nenvisaged that such complications would arise.\n\nYOUNG: How do you reconcile that? You weren't raised religiously.\n\nFREEDMAN: No.\n\nYOUNG: How do you reconcile, obviously, a strong state?\n\nFREEDMAN: I developed my interest in Zionism when I became a member of the\nYM-YWHA in Philadelphia. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I came to this country, I met many people, many\nJews in the Y from Eastern Europe. Don't forget that most of the Jews who were\nZionists were people from Eastern Europe. I met them in the YM-YWHA in\nPhiladelphia. They indoctrinated me. I met no East European Jews in Strasbourg, France.\n\nYOUNG: And you had no religious background so that you really didn't have those senses.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: We were told what Zionism was, but we didn't have a Zionist\norganization. We were taught that as a matter of a subject in school. Since in\nWorld War I it wasn't a question. Jews weren't fleeing from whatever like they\ndid under Hitler. Zionism was more academic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and more dormant than it is today.\nMy interest in Zionism developed more when I came to this country because I\nbecame interested in the position of Polish and Russian Jews. They were the ones\nwho had the real religious upbringing. I don't even know whether we should call\nit religious, because Zionism is not a religion. The need for a Jewish homeland\nis based on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact that Jews are more than a religion. Jews are a people. A\npeople needs a roof. A people needs a language. A people needs a homeland. Not\nonly the religion. Religion, it's true. It's part of Jewish culture and part of\nJewish life. There aren't any groups in the world anywhere who are Jews by\nreligion unless they are Jews first. But you can be a Jew also if you're not\nreligious. I mean, Jews are a people. They're an ethnic . . .\n\nYOUNG: Do you consider ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yourself religious now? Do you believe in God?\n\nFREEDMAN: My feeling towards religion is a very good one. I don't worry about\nGod. I don't worry about God. I say to myself, look. I do think, however, that\nthere is purpose in the universe. I think that there is some sort of a created\npower that keeps moving. In what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"direction, we don't know. I might say that I am\na follower of the Reconstructionist Movement, which was founded by Mordecai\nKaplan. Mordecai Kaplan was an orthodox rabbi who founded the Reconstructionist\nMovement. He himself did not believe in a personal God, in an anthropomorphic\nGod, a God who sits in the chair with a long beard, intercepting and holds sway.\nNo such thing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His idea of God is a process of living. That's a philosophy\nthat's hard to understand. How can the process of living the good life be called\nGod? He identified this process in his philosophy that God is in us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and propels\nus through improvement in our spiritual and social and cultural lives, trying to\nmake better beings out of us until the whole world will run like it's predicted\nin the Bible. In Isaiah, they would all come from the mountain and proclaim His\nname. I can understand this. I can understand the role of religion. I think it's\nan important role. I don't argue about whether ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"God exists or whether God does\nnot exist. Let anybody else . . . you ask me, I'll say I don't know. I do\nbelieve that if you cause order in the universe, and there is a lot of it.\nEverything is mathematically calculated and there's no chaos. If there's any\nchaos, we cause it. There must be something. What that something is, I call it\nGod. I have no problem with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going into a synagogue and praying, no problem at\nall. If the prayer sounds to me a little childish or a little bit like something\nthat I couldn't quite swell in my conscience, I have no qualms about it for the\nsimple reason that I'm praying with the community. It's not only my voice but\nthe voice of other worshippers and it's the way they express themselves. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/transcript/35333/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"join\nthem in a common expression. That's what the prayer is. I may not agree with\neverything the prayer says, but I go along with what the community goes along\nwith. Jewishly speaking, I have no problem.\n\nYOUNG: I want to thank you. You've really contributed to the community by your history.\n\nFREEDMAN: Thank you very much. Would you like to have a drink, a Coca-Cola or something?\n\nYOUNG: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=6660.0,6690.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the period of 1890-1914, Germany was a newly formed and growing nation. It pursued expansionist policies, led by Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm, which contributed to the causes of the First World War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/\u003cem\u003eKashrut\u003c/em\u003e is the set of Jewish dietary laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. Food that may be consumed according to \u003cem\u003ehalakhah\u003c/em\u003e (Jewish law) is termed ‘kosher’ in English. In a kosher kitchen and home, meat and dairy are kept separate, so a separate sets of dishes, cookware, and serving ware are needed. Food that is not in accordance with Jewish law is called ‘\u003cem\u003etreif\u003c/em\u003e.’ \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman \u003cem\u003eReich\u003c/em\u003e was the constitutional name for the German nation state that existed from 1871 to 1945. The \u003cem\u003eReich\u003c/em\u003e became understood as deriving its authority and sovereignty entirely from a continuing unitary German \"national people.\" That authority and sovereignty became a German state territory with variable boundaries.  The German word \u003cem\u003eReich\u003c/em\u003e translates to the English word \"empire.\" It also translates to such words as \"realm\" or \"domain.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and \u003cem\u003eFührer\u003c/em\u003e (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMein Kampf\u003c/em\u003e (German: My Struggle or My Fight) is a 1925 autobiographical manifesto published by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler in 1925. The work describes the process by which Hitler became antisemitic and outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlsace-Lorraine is an area bordering France and Germany that has been in constant contention, belonging to one or the other at various times. Both French and German people populate it. It was seized from France during World War II by the Germans and after the war returned to France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire (later the Third French Republic) and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. Lasting from July 19, 1870 to January 28, 1871, the conflict was caused primarily by France's determination to restore its dominant position in continental Europe, which it had lost following Prussia’s crushing victory over Austria in 1866.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Treaty of Versailles of 1871 ended the Franco-Prussian War. The treaty was signed by Adolphe Thiers of the French Third Republic and Otto von Bismarck of the newly-formed German Empire on 26 February 1871.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Young Men’s Hebrew Association was set up in various cities of the United States for the mental, moral, social and physical improvement of Jewish young men. The first YMHA was started in New York in 1874 and spread across the country in the following years. They still exist today and are more like social clubs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerbert Clark Hoover (1874-1964) served as the 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933. A member of the Republican Party, he held office during the onset of the Great Depression. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that lasted from 1929 to 1939. The timing of the Great Depression varied across the world; in most countries, it started in 1929. In the United States, it began after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors, and was made worse by the 1930s Dust Bowl. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB’rith Gate City Lodge was founded in Atlanta in 1870 and is the B’nai second oldest benevolent association in the United States founded by the Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement that supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890’s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert M. Travis (1900-1985) served as president of the Zionist District of Atlanta from 1937 to 1939. The Southeastern Zionist region was formed in 1938 along with Zionist leaders in Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, Florida and Mississippi.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War I, Britain took over Palestine. Although protested by the Arab states, the League of Nations authorized the British mandate over Palestine, which continued throughout World War II. Beginning in 1929, Arabs and Jews openly fought in Palestine, and Britain attempted to limit Jewish immigration as a means of appeasing the Arabs. Jewish immigration had already been restricted by a series of official reports (known as White Papers) issued in 1922 and 1930 by the British government. The Arab Revolt of 1936–1939 further caused Great Britain to dramatically limit the numbers of immigrants allowed into Palestine in subsequent years and throughout the Holocaust. In 1939, a third White Paper was issued, which limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 for the first five years, subject to the country's \"economic absorptive capacity,\" and would later be contingent on Arab consent. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHadassah\u003c/em\u003e, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer organization founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold, with more than 300,000 members and supporters worldwide. It supports health care and medical research, education and youth programs in Israel, and advocacy, education, and leadership development in the United States.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMortimer May (1893-1974) was the son of Jacob May, a German Jew who settled in the United States in 1879. May and his brother, Dan, operated the May Hosiery Mill in Nashville, Tennessee after the death of their father, Jacob. Mortimer is best known for his Zionism and his role in rescuing German Jews in the 1930s. During the years before World War II, Jacob and Mortimer May made five trips into Hitler’s Germany and managed to rescue more than 200 Jews before the flow of visas was cut off. Mortimer served as president of the Zionist Organization of America from 1954 to 1956 and was past chairman of the executive committee. He was also active in the Nashville Jewish Community, where he served as president of the Temple and the Nashville Jewish Community Council.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as ‘FDR,’ he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of the war. He was a Democrat. FDR was an avid horse rider and enjoyed an active early life. He was diagnosed with infantile paralysis, better known as polio, in 1921, at the age of 39. Despite permanent paralysis from the waist down, he was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the Germans to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of nearly 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShlakhmone\u003c/em\u003e is a Yiddish word meaning giving food or money to the poor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerman M. Popkin (1918-2002) was born in Augusta, Georgia. He served in the Signal Corps during World War II. After the war, he accepted a position as the regional director for the Zionist Youth Program before co-founding Blue Star Camps in Henderson County with his brothers Harry and Ben in 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1897, the Zionist Organization of America is the oldest pro-Israel organization in the United States.  It is dedicated to educating the public, elected officials, media, and college/high school students about Israel and to promoting strong United States-Israel relations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Shlomo Bardin (1898-1976) educator, was born Shlomo Bardinstein in Zhitomir, Ukraine, and emigrated to Palestine in 1918. He was founder‐director of what is now the Brandeis Institute, a center for training college‐age Jews in the traditions of Judaism. He studied at the University of Berlin and University College in London before coming to the United States in 1928. After receiving his doctorate from Columbia University in 1932, he founded and headed the Haifa Technical High School and Haifa Nautical School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Brandeis Camp Institute was named to honor the first Jewish Supreme Court Justice, Louis D. Brandeis. The name of the Institute was changed to The Brandeis-Bardin Institute in August 1977, to honor the memory of its founder, Dr. Shlomo Bardin. Known today as the Brandeis-Bardin Campus of the American Jewish University.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCamp Judea is a Jewish, Israel-centered summer camp for boys and girls ages seven through fifteen. It was established in 1961 near the town of Henderson, in the mountains of western North Carolina.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Ben-Gurion (1886-1973) was one of the primary founders and the first Prime Minister of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Israeli Declaration of Independence, formally the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, was proclaimed on May 14, 1948 by David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization, Chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, and soon to be first Prime Minister of Israel. It declared the establishment of a Jewish State in Eretz-Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, which would come into effect on termination of the British Mandate at midnight that day.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Agency for Israel is the largest Jewish nonprofit organization in the world. Previously called the Palestine Zionist Executive, it was designated in 1929 as the \"Jewish agency\" provided for in the League of Nations' Palestine Mandate. The Jewish Agency played a central role in the founding and the building of the State of Israel and continues to serve as the main link between Israel and Jewish communities around the world.  Since 1948, the Jewish Agency for Israel has been responsible for bringing 3 million immigrants to Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: dedication] is an eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar. \u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rules of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the \u003cem\u003emenorah\u003c/em\u003e but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil. This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The \u003cem\u003eHanukkah menorah\u003c/em\u003e, or \u003cem\u003ehanukiah\u003c/em\u003e, with its nine branches, is used to commemorate this miracle by lighting eight candles, one for each day, by the ninth candle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish National Fund (JNF) is a non-profit organization founded in 1901 to purchase land for Jewish settlements. Since its founding, JNF has evolved into a global environmental organization by planting more than 250,000,000 trees, building over 240 reservoirs and dams, developing over 250,000 acres of land, creating more than 2,000 parks, providing the infrastructure for over 1,000 communities, and connecting children and young adults to Israel and their heritage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Epstein (1903-2003) was a native of Plunge, Lithuania who served as the rabbi of Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia from 1928 to 1982. Under his leadership the congregation began to shift to Conservatism, which they adopted in 1952. Rabbi Epstein retired in 1982, becoming Rabbi Emeritus and Rabbi Arnold Goodman assumed the rabbinic post. He was educated in a yeshiva in Chicago, where his father was a rabbi, and in New York. He was ordained in 1926 after studying at the Slobodka Yeshiva in Lithuania and the Hebron Yeshiva in Palestine. In 1927, he became a pulpit rabbi at an Orthodox congregation in Tulsa, Oklahoma. In 1928, he took the rabbinate position at Ahavath Achim Congregation in Atlanta, Georgia, where he introduced a Sunday school, mixed seating of men and women, and the \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e ceremony for girls. He earned a B.A. Degree in Philosophy and an MA. Degree in Theology from Emory University in Atlanta and a Ph.D. Degree in Theology from the University of Illinois School of Law. He was married to Reva (Rebecca) Chashesman and had two daughters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDevelopment Corporation for Israel, commonly known as ‘Israel Bonds,’ is a broker-dealer that underwrites securities issued by the State of Israel in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) is a lobbying group that advocates pro-Israel policies to the Congress and Executive Branch of the United States. The AIPAC was incorporated in 1963.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or ‘Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,’ is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1,500 families (2015).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJulian Victor Boehm (1878-1960) was an insurance agent and a civic leader in Atlanta, Georgia. He was an amateur magician, known as the “Dean of Southern Magicians.” He had a distinguished career as a performer entertaining for civic groups and veterans' hospitals. He performed for President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the polio stricken children at Warm Springs on three consecutive Thanksgivings. Boehm was the first president of the Civitan Club of Atlanta. He was honored by the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce with a citation as \"Atlanta's Outstanding Citizen\" in1935. He served as a president for the Gate City Lodge of B’nai B’rith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Christian Palestine Committee was a politically influential group of Protestant leaders who supported the establishment of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhilip Weltner (1887-1981) was a native New Yorker who lived in Atlanta. He attended the University of Georgia and Columbia Law School. He was an attorney in private practice as well as Chancellor of the University System of Georgia for two years and president of Oglethorpe University for nine years. He was a close advisor to Robert W. Woodruff, president of the Coca-Cola Company.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Gutheim Heller (1892-1971) was born in New Orleans to the famous Reform rabbi Maximilian H. Heller. He received an undergraduate degree from Tulane University, a graduate degree from the University of Cincinnati College Conservatory of Music, and was ordained a rabbi at Hebrew Union College. Heller was rabbi of Congregation Bene Yeshurun (Isaac M. Wise Temple) in Cincinnati from 1920-1952, and was involved with several organizations including the Central Conference of American Rabbis, the Labor Zionist Organization of America, and the State of Israel Bonds Organization. He was an active Zionist, and introduced Youth Temple, which was designed to bring young individuals together for religious education. Heller was also a composer and musician who wrote program notes for the Cincinnati Symphony. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Isaac M. Wise Temple (formerly the Plum Street Temple) is the historic synagogue erected for Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise (1819-1900) and his congregation in Cincinnati, Ohio. Wise was among the founders of American Reform Judaism. The temple building was designed by prominent Cincinnati architect James Keys Wilson. The design was inspired by the Alhambra at Granada. It was built by members of the Lodge Street Synagogue. It was built during the Civil War. The temple was dedicated on Friday, August 24, 1866. It is among the oldest synagogue buildings still standing in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMishpocheh\u003c/em\u003e is a Yiddish word, meaning family, including relatives, ancestors, and lineage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Council for Judaism (ACJ) is an organization of American Jews committed to the proposition that Jews are not a nationality but merely a religious group, adhering to the original stated principles of Reform Judaism. The ACJ was founded in June 1942 by a group of Reform rabbis who opposed the direction of their movement, including the issue of Zionism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Elmer Berger (1908-1996) born in Cleveland, Ohio, was a Jewish Reform rabbi widely known for his anti-Zionism. He was the executive director of the American Council for Judaism from its founding in 1942 until 1955. After this time, he served as a consultant until he was forced to resign in 1968, when he founded American Jewish Alternatives to Zionism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLessing Julius Rosenwald (1891-1979), born in Chicago, Illinois, was the eldest son of Julius Rosenwald, a clothier who became part-owner and president of Sears, Roebuck and Co. from 1908 to 1923, and chairman from 1923 to 1932. Lessing left Cornell University and went to work for Sears in 1911 as a shipping clerk. In 1920, he was given the responsibility of opening a catalog supply center for the growing mail-order company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi David Marx was a long-time rabbi at the Temple in Atlanta, Georgia. He led the move toward Reform Judaism practices. He served as rabbi from 1895 to 1946. When he retired, Rabbi Jacob Rothschild took the pulpit that Rabbi Marx had held for more than half a century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArmand May (1882-1972) was born in Marseilles, France and resided in Atlanta from childhood. As a businessman, he was president of American Mills Company in Atlanta, a cotton mill, and American Associated Companies, a textile firm and exporter. He was appointed to the advisory committee for the Export-Import Bank of Washington in 1934, shortly after President Franklin D. Roosevelt organized it. His service on the board of Atlanta’s Hebrew Orphan’s Home and its successor, the Jewish Children’s Service, spanned 40 years from 1918 to 1958. He was president of both agencies from 1935 to 1958.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: head of the year; i.e. New Year festival] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e may revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Monsky (d. 1947) was chairman of the Interim Committee of the American Jewish Conference and president of the B’nai B’rith. He was the prime mover behind the organization of the American Jewish Conference in 1944. Monsky served first as one of three co-chairman of its Interim Committee and was elected to head the committee. He as a native of Omaha and received his education in that city. By profession, he was a lawyer. His work with Jewish and non-Jewish welfare groups included government advisory bodies and had won him nation-wide recognition.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB'nai B'rith International [Hebrew: Children of the Covenant] is the oldest Jewish service organization in the world. B'nai B'rith states that it is committed to the security and continuity of the Jewish people and the State of Israel and combating antisemitism and bigotry. Its mission is to unite persons of the Jewish faith and to enhance Jewish identity through strengthening Jewish family life, to provide broad-based services for the benefit of senior citizens, and to facilitate advocacy and action on behalf of Jews throughout the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn organization created to unify American Jewry for the purpose of planning their post-World War II policy. It began as an ad hoc organization that first met in Pittsburg in January 1943, and had its first official conference in August 1943. The initial meeting included delegates from thirty-two national Jewish organizations. It was called to decide upon the role that the American Jewish community would play in representing Jewish demands after the war and helping to build Jewish Palestine. The result was the creation of the American Jewish Conference, which consisted of sixty-four Jewish groups, including the American Jewish Committee. Despite its good intentions, the American Jewish Conference did not successfully unify American Jewry or gain the recognition of the US government as the American Jewish authority on rescue, Palestine, or postwar matters. The conference was dissolved in 1949.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Biltmore Conference, also known by its resolution as the Biltmore Program, was a fundamental departure from traditional Zionist policy with its goal that that Palestine be established as a Jewish Commonwealth. The meeting was held in New York City at the Biltmore Hotel from May 9 to May 11, 1942 with 600 delegates and Zionist leaders from 18 countries attending. The Biltmore Program has been described by a number of historians as \"a virtual coup d’etat\" within the Zionist movement, in which more moderate leaders were replaced with leaders with more aggressive goals.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 2, 1917, Arthur J. Balfour, British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, sent a letter to Lord Rothschild indicating that the British government was in favor of establishing a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine. On November 2, Balfour Declaration Day is observed as a semi-holiday in Israel to commemorate a turning point in modern Jewish history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHadassah\u003c/em\u003e Greater Atlanta (HGA), the metro Atlanta chapter of Hadassah, was founded in 1916.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYouth \u003cem\u003eAliyah\u003c/em\u003e is a Zionist organization that rescued over 5,000 Jewish children by the time World War II broke out in 1939. \u003cem\u003eHadassah\u003c/em\u003e supported Youth \u003cem\u003eAliyah\u003c/em\u003e from its inception in the 1930’s, when it helped young Jewish refugees resettle in Palestine. The organization provided training for the youth and arranged for their resettlement at kibbutzim and villages in Palestine. Henrietta Szold was Palestine director of Youth \u003cem\u003eAliyah\u003c/em\u003e until her death. Since 1935, Youth \u003cem\u003eAliyah\u003c/em\u003e has been the principal organization in the United States supporting Youth \u003cem\u003eAliyah\u003c/em\u003e, providing about 40 percent of its world budget (as of the 1970’s). These funds were used to train and rehabilitate over 135,000 children from 80 countries in installations in Israel, particularly those from the Soviet Union and Africa. As of 2016 they have five youth residential villages in Israel where the children receive housing, educational and recreational activities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/annotation_set/658/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Central Conference of American Rabbis was founded in 1889, is the oldest and largest rabbinic organization in North American. 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Tell me what you recall about your grandparents and their background. Where they were born.\nFREEDMAN: My grandfather on my mother's side was born in Czechoslovakia. His name was Joseph Fischer. I don't recall my grandmother on my mother's side, but she was born in Vienna. My grandparents on my father's were born in Nagyvárad, Hungary. His name was Sigmund Freedman. 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Anyhow, I came to the United States and immediately got me a job here. I was working as a stock boy in a clothing store in Philadelphia, $10 a week.\nYOUNG: Did you live with him?\nFREEDMAN: For a while. He got me a room with a German lady, not a Jewish lady. He worked for the Philadelphia Electric Company, and she was a cleaning woman for the Philadelphia Electric Company, a very nice woman though.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=898.0,1477.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/index/50422/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1930s","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bar examinations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clothing stores","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Great Depression","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigrants--United States--Biography","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Insurance, Business","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish neighborhoods","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"law schools","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lawyers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LSAT (Educational test)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Peoples Bank and Trust Company","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Philadelphia (Pa.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Philadelphia Electric Company","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"retail industry","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rosenthal, Becky","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Savannah (Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sears, Roebuck and Company.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shurkus family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"solicitors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Temple University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish language","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Young Men's and Young Women's Hebrew Association, Philadelphia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=898.0,1477.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/index/50422/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Early years living in Atlanta, 1930s-1940s","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1477.0,2139.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/index/50422/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FREEDMAN: . . . They moved to Atlanta. In Atlanta, they told me there would be better opportunities, so I stayed with the Shurkus family in Atlanta. All of this was during the [Great] Depression.\nYOUNG: What were they doing here?\nFREEDMAN: The son, I think, ran a shoe business here. The old man didn't do anything. I think he had been in the retail business in Savannah, but he didn't do anything. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1477.0,2139.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/index/50422/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1930s","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1940s","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta (Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"B'nai B'rith Lodge","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Columbus (Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dating (Social customs)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Freedman, Miriam","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Great Depression","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hadassah, the Women's Zionist Organization of America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler, Adolf, 1889-1945.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews--Georgia--Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"May, Mortimer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Philadelphia Orchestra","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"retail industry","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"salesmen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ship Ahoy restaurant (Atlanta, Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shurkus, Rose","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Travis, Bob","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wedding","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wedding anniversaries","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionist District of Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionist movement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=1477.0,2139.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/index/50422/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working for the Zionist movement in Atlanta in the 1940s","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470#t=2139.0,2914.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/63899/file/148470/index/50422/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNG: Why did you want the job?\nFREEDMAN: I wanted the job because I felt that the job presented a challenge. Whatever other job I had was pretty much a routine job. After all, you take accounting, routine accounting in a bank, or acting as a saving fund teller in a bank, or picking up clothes from the floor, or whatever it is, even if you go into law work. Law work can be very dry. 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